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Aleurites Moluccana (L.) Willd Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Ecology, silviculture and productivity Haruni Krisnawati Maarit Kallio Markku Kanninen Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Ecology, silviculture and productivity Haruni Krisnawati Maarit Kallio Markku Kanninen © 2011 Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved ISBN 978-602-8693-40-0 Photos by Haruni Krisnawati unless otherwise credited Krisnawati, H., Kallio, M. and Kanninen, M. 2011 Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: ecology, silviculture and productivity. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] www.cifor.cgiar.org Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the authors’ institutions or the financial sponsors of this publication. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Description of the species 1 2.1 Taxonomy 1 2.2 Botany 1 2.3 Distribution 3 2.4 Ecological range 3 2.5 Wood characteristics 3 2.6 Uses 3 3. Seed production 4 3.1 Seed collection 4 3.2 Seed preparation 4 3.3 Seed storage and viability 4 4. Propagation and planting 5 4.1 Sowing 5 4.2 Preparation for planting out 5 4.3 Planting 5 5. Plantation maintenance 5 5.1 Weeding 5 5.2 Fertilising 5 5.3 Replanting 6 5.4 Pruning 6 5.5 Thinning 6 5.6 Control of pests and diseases 6 6. Growth and yield 6 6.1 Growth rates 6 6.2 Height–diameter relationship 9 6.3 Stem volume estimation 9 6.4 Productivity 9 6.5 Rotation 9 References 11 List of figures and tables Figures 1. Three-year-old A. moluccana trees showing its characteristic ornamental shape 2 2. Stem bark of A. moluccana 2 3. Wavy leaves and inflorescence of A. moluccana 2 4. Whitish corolla of A. moluccana flowers 2 5. Fruits of A. moluccana 2 6. The relationships between age and diameter and age and height of A. moluccana trees 7 7. Mean annual increment (MAI) in diameter and height of A. moluccana trees 7 8. The relationship between height and diameter of A. moluccana trees 8 9. Total stem volume of A. moluccana taken from Hutadjulu’s table 10 Tables 1. Wood density of A. moluccana 4 2. Diameter and height of A. moluccana trees grown in several small farms in Indonesia 7 3. Parameter estimates, standard errors and related fit statistics of the height–diameter model for A. moluccana trees 8 4. Parameter estimates, standard errors and related fit statistics of the selected stem volume models for A. moluccana trees obtained by reanalysing Hutadjulu’s volume table 10 5. The development of diameter, height, basal area and wood volume of A. moluccana trees to 30 years in Camba Subdistrict, Maros District, South Sulawesi 10 Preface Smallholders in Indonesia have long been actively coordinated by CIFOR. This project was funded planting trees on private or community land. Various by Germany’s Advisory Service on Agriculture actors have encouraged this activity with the aim of Research for Development (BMZ/BEAF), through improving local livelihood security, environmental the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit sustainability and industrial wood supply. Such tree- (GIZ) for a 3-year period (2008–2010). planting efforts are generally successful, but they are often undertaken without technical assistance. This manual gathers as much information as possible Farmers often lack the necessary technical capacity on Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. from available and knowledge regarding proper management. The resources, with a focus on Indonesian sites. However, most common management activity is harvesting in terms of growth and yield (productivity), the products, with other management practices less availability of data for this species, particularly from frequently implemented. As a result, the quality smallholder plantations, is generally limited. Efforts and quantity of products may not be fulfilling their have been made to collect inventory data by measuring potential. The productivity of smallholder plantations some scattered trees grown in farmlands from our can be improved by enhancing smallholders’ research site in Ranggang village, Takesung Subdistrict, management knowledge and skills including species Tanah Laut District, South Kalimantan. We also drew selection (site matching), silvicultural management to on some data for older trees available from websites produce high-quality products, and pest and disease and reports. management. There is thus a need for manuals on ecology and silvicultural management of the selected The manual has been translated into Indonesian and tree species planted by smallholders in Indonesia. modified slightly to meet smallholders’ needs. The authors believe this manual will benefit smallholders This manual, ‘Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: ecology, and organisations involved in implementing tree- silviculture and productivity’, is one of a series of five planting programmes. manuals produced as part of the research project ‘Strengthening rural institutions to support livelihood Haruni Krisnawati, Maarit Kallio and security for smallholders involved in industrial tree- Markku Kanninen planting programmes in Vietnam and Indonesia’ Acknowledgements We would like to thank the staff of the forest research institute of Banjarbaru for their help with data collection. We also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments, Imogen Badgery-Parker for her careful editing and Gideon Suharyanto and Ismail Malik for design and layout. This publication was produced as part of the project ‘Strengthening rural institutions to support livelihood security for smallholders involved in industrial tree-planting programmes in Vietnam and Indonesia’. We gratefully acknowledge support for this project from the Advisory Service on Agriculture Research for Development (BMZ/BEAF), through the German agency for international cooperation, Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 1. Introduction (Sumatra); kamere, kemiri, komere, midi, miri, muncang, pidekan (Java); keminting, kemiri Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., also known as (Kalimantan); berau, bontalo dudulaa, boyau, lana, candlenut, is one of the world’s great domesticated saketa, wiau (Sulawesi); kemiri, kemwiri, kumiri, mi, multipurpose trees. It is native to the Indo-Malaysia nena, nyenga (Maluku); tenu (Nusa Tenggara); anoi region and was introduced throughout the Pacific (Papua) (Martawijaya et al. 1989). islands in ancient times. In Indonesia, it has long been grown for both subsistence and commercial purposes, Common names in other countries: candlenut, sustaining people’s everyday lives, especially in the candleberry, varnish tree, Indian or Belgaum walnut eastern part of the country. The species can be used (England); lauci, nggerenggere, sikeci, sikeli, sikethi, for various purposes; the seeds provide material for toto, tuitui, tutui, waiwai (Fiji); bancoulier, noyer de lighting, cooking and pharmaceuticals, and the trunk bancoul, noyer des Moluques, aleurites, noisette, noix, is used for timber. noyer, noyer des Indes (France); Kerzennussbaum, Lichtnussbaum (Germany); lumbang (Guam); kuikui Aleurites moluccana is distributed across almost (Hawaii); rama (Mangareva); ama (Marquesans); all islands in the Indonesian archipelago. Despite tahii, tahiri, tiairi, ti‘a‘iri, tutui (Mauretania); tuitui this wide distribution, and although the species is (Mangaia [Cook Islands], Futuna, Makatea, Niue, easy to grow, it has not been planted in large-scale Tonga, Tubuai, Uvea); tutu‘i, ti‘a‘iri (Society Islands); plantations. It is extensively cultivated in home tutui (Rimatara, Rurutu, Tahiti); raguar (Caroline gardens, and in and around farms. The main A. Islands); sakan (Palau); sakan, shakan (Pohnpei); moluccana cultivation areas in Indonesia are in the calumban, noz da India (Portugal); lama (Samoa); provinces of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South arbol lloron, avellano, avellano criollo, nogal de la Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, West Java, West India, nuez (Spain); kandeltri (Vanuatu); lerit, nwa, Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, nwazet (Creole); ragaur (North Carolina) (Elevitch Bali, South Sulawesi, Maluku and East Nusa and Manner 2006). Tenggara. The total cultivation area of A. moluccana in Indonesia has been reported to be 205 532 ha 2.2. Botany (Directorate of Perennial Crop Cultivation 2008). Aleurites moluccana is a medium-sized tree with According to the 2003 agricultural census, as reported a large spreading crown (Figure 1) that can reach by the Ministry of Forestry and the National Statistics 20 m in height and 0.9 m trunk diameter (diameter Agency (2004), the provinces with the highest at breast height; DBH), although it typically grows number of A. moluccana trees planted by smallholders to 10–15 m in open areas. Crooked trunks and are East Nusa Tenggara and North Sumatra, with irregular, wide, spreading or pendulous side branches more than 2 million A. moluccana trees reportedly are typical. In narrow valleys, A. moluccana usually planted by households in each of these provinces. has a branchless trunk and achieves its greatest height. The bark is grey-brown in colour, and fairly smooth with fine vertical lines (Figure 2). It has very 2. Description of the species distinctive leaves, which are 3- to 5-nerved from the base, alternate and simple, with entire, wavy margins. 2.1. Taxonomy The leaf blades are 10–20 cm long with 2 glands at the junction of the leaf base and petiole that secrete Botanical name: Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. a sweetish
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