DOCSLIB.ORG

Policy System and Political Dynamics of Heritage Conservation in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

POLICY SYSTEM AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hyojung Cho, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Margaret Wyszomirski, Advisor Professor Amy Horowitz l Professor Wayne Lawson Advisor Professor Georgianna Short Graduate Program in Art Education © Copyright by Hyojung Cho ABSTRACT This study investigates the policy system and political dynamics in heritage conservation at the federal level. Problems, such as dichotomy in heritage, dispersion of administration and authority, and conflicts, often impede the view of the whole field; therefore, I attempt to perceive different types of heritage policy and politics from a big perspective through mapping. Different actors and their programs in the U.S. federal government will be identified, and their roles, policy tools and goals and multiple values will be analyzed. Further, one of the goals of this research is to explore the relationships and impacts among the actors and to pay attention to the communication and collaboration of actors in policy formation and implementation in order to understand the policy making system and dynamics in the field. The U.S. government has developed heritage policy to allow for a minimized input of resources at the federal level while raising the symbolic visibility to maximize the policy impact: the diverse values of heritage tend to impact policy and programs goals, and the types of heritage they relate to wield influence over the chosen policy tools. ii DEDICATED To my parents, Soon Seon Lee and Kyoung Ho Cho iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Traditionally, Koreans believed people can be born with certain fortunes, and one of them is the good fortune to have good people. I certainly realized that I have that luck in my life. I have met wonderful professors, colleagues, and friends in the Ohio State University and owe my gratitude to many people who have made this dissertation possible. My pursuit of a doctoral degree would have been impossible without the perceptive guidance of my esteemed advisor, Dr. Margaret Wyszomirski. She has provided continual support and encouragement that helped me overcome several difficult times in my graduate study, and her insightful comments and constructive criticism made this dissertation possible. I was also very fortunate to have my exceptional doctoral committee and am grateful to Dr. Wayne Lawson, Dr. Georgianna Short, and Dr. Amy Horowitz. Although writing a dissertation was a lonely enduring process, their perceptive suggestions and guidance have been very valuable. I extend many thanks to my friends and colleagues. I wish to thank Jennifer Sciantarelli for reading my manuscripts and encouraging me. In Sul Kim and Jeong Eun iv Song have always provided incredible support to me. I only hope I could be such support to them as they pursue their own scholastic works. Most importantly, I need to acknowledge my family for supporting me: my parents and my brother who have believed in me and my husband, Min Lee, who infuses hope and love in my life. Lastly, I appreciate the late Isabel Barnett and Mr. Lawrence Barnett as well as Mrs. Toby Barkan Willits for their financial support and dedication to art and education. v VITA EDUCATION 2002-2007 The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Cultural Policy and Art Administration 1998-2000 The George Washington University, Washington, DC M.A. in Museum Studies 1993-1998 Sang Myung University, Seoul, Korea B.A. in History AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS 2006-2007 Manuel Barkan Fellowship for Dissertation Writing 2003-2004 Lawrence and Isabel Barnett Fellowship 1998 Columbia Arts and Sciences Scholarship 1993-1998 Sang Lok Scholarship for Academic Excellence (4 times) PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2005 The Ohio State University - Newark Art Gallery, Newark, OH Graduate Administrative Associate 2004-2006 The Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Graduate Teaching Associate for Art Education 367.01- Ethnic Arts 2000-2002 National Women’s History Museum, Washington, DC Assistant Curator 2000 National Museum of American History, Washington, DC Volunteer in Collections Documentation Department vi 2000 National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, DC Intern in Collections Department 1999-2000 Freer and Sackler Gallery of Art, Washington, DC Intern in Education 1998 Kyunggi Provincial Museum, Kyunggido, Korea Intern, rotated in Curatorial, Registrar and Collections Departments PRESENTATIONS 2006 Presentation in Social Theory, Politics and the Arts, Vienna, Austria “The Policy System and Political Dynamics in the U.S. Heritage Conservation” 2005 Invited talk in the class Public Policy and the Arts, Columbus, OH “Heritage Conservation in the U.S.: History and Policy” 2005 Presentation in Social Theory, Politics and the Arts, Eugene, OR “Mapping Heritage Policy in the U.S.” 2004 Presentation in Social Theory, Politics and the Arts, Arlington, VA “Cultural Diplomacy between North and South Korea” FIELD OF STUDY Major field: Art Education Specialization: Cultural Resources Management / Policy and Administration in Heritage Conservation vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………...…………………….. ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………. iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….….. iv Vita…………………………………………………………………………………… vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………...… xii Chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………..………………..………………………... 1 The Purpose of the Study…………………………….……………...………….... 3 Problem Statement……………………………………..………………….…...… 8 Dichotomy in Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Heritage…………….… 8 Conflicts, Competition and Selection: Values………..………………….. 11 Conflicts, Competition and Selection: Cultural Diversity…………..…… 13 Dispersion in Administration and Authority…………………………...… 14 The Need for the Study…………………………………………………………... 17 Methodology…………………………………………………...………………… 19 The Limitation of the Study……………………………………………………… 23 Chapter 2 Review of Literature…………………………………………………………………. 25 Philosophic Approaches on Heritage…………………………………………….. 25 Studies on Historic Preservation Effort in the U.S…...………………………….. 28 Studies on Intangible Heritage…………………………………………………… 32 Studies on Public Policy…………………………………………………………. 41 Chapter 3 Conceptual Outline…………………………………………………………………... 47 Perspective of the Study on Heritage…………………………………………….. 47 Choice of Terminology………………...………………………………………… 48 viii Defining Heritage policy…..……………………………………………………... 49 Identification of Actors and Their Programs…………..………………………… 51 Framework for Analysis………………………………………..………………... 55 Types of heritage………………………………………...……………..… 55 Institutional Settings………..………………………………….………… 57 Core Values in Heritage…………...………………………...…………… 58 Political value……………………………...……………………….… 59 Preservation value……………………….………………………….... 61 Economic value………...…………………………………………..… 62 Artistic/Aesthetic value……………………………………………..... 62 Policy Types and Tools…...……………………………………………… 64 Direct government………………...……………………………….… 68 Grant distribution……………………………...……………….……. 68 Regulations………………………………………..…………………. 69 Dynamic elements………………...……………………………………… 70 Players Relationship in Policy Process……………...…………………… 71 Resources………………………………………………………………… 72 External Pressures………………………………………………………... 74 National environment……………………………………………….... 74 International environment………………………………………..…... 75 Chapter 4 Value Mechanism and Policy System in Tangible Heritage………………………… 78 Definition of Tangible Heritage………………………………………………….. 78 Issues in Tangible Heritage………………………………………………………. 81 Need of a Better Definition…………………...………………………….. 82 Registration of Historic Properties……...………………………………... 83 Historic Preservation as Liability………………………………………… 85 Rethinking Economic Benefits of Conservation…………………………. 86 Core Values in Conservation in Tangible Heritage……………………………… 88 Political Value……………………………………………………………. 89 Economic Value………………………………………………………….. 91 Preservation Value……………………………………………………….. 94 Political Tools in Conserving Tangible Heritage………………………………… 94 Direct Government for Conservation of Tangible Heritage……………... 95 Incrementalism in NHPA………………………………………………… 98 Grant Distribution to Support Tangible Heritage………………………... 102 Regulatory Tools to Support Tangible Heritage…………………………. 107 Redistributive Tool to Support Conservation of Tangible Heritage..……. 112 Constituent Tools to Support Conservation of Tangible Heritage……….. 114 Off-budget Programs……………………………..……………………… 116 Chapter 5 Players and Political Dynamics in Tangible Heritage………………..……………… 121 ix Institutional Settings…………………………………………………………...… 122 Players in Tangible Heritage Policy and Subgovernments………………………. 124 Policy Makers……………………………………………...…………….. 126 President…………………………………...…………………..…. 126 Congress…………………………………………...…………..…. 128 Courts………………………………………………………..…… 132 Administrators……………………………………………………………. 134 Department of the Interior……………………………………….. 134 National Park Service…..………………………………………... 137 Department of Transportation…………………...……………..… 144 Department of Housing and Urban Development……………..… 147 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation……………………… 151 General Services Administration……………………………….... 154 Partners………………………………………………...………………… 158 White House…………………………………………………….... 158 State Historic Preservation Officers…………………………….... 163 National Trust for Historic Preservation…………………………. 165 Emphasis on Partnership………………………………………………….
Recommended publications
  • Control Efforts for Invasive Northern Pike Esox Lucius on the Kenai Peninsula, 2007

    Control Efforts for Invasive Northern Pike Esox Lucius on the Kenai Peninsula, 2007

    Fishery Data Series No. 11-10 Control Efforts for Invasive Northern Pike Esox lucius on the Kenai Peninsula, 2007 by Robert L. Massengill May 2011 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mid eye to fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mid eye to tail fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co.
  • Heraldic Terms

    Heraldic Terms

    HERALDIC TERMS The following terms, and their definitions, are used in heraldry. Some terms and practices were used in period real-world heraldry only. Some terms and practices are used in modern real-world heraldry only. Other terms and practices are used in SCA heraldry only. Most are used in both real-world and SCA heraldry. All are presented here as an aid to heraldic research and education. A LA CUISSE, A LA QUISE - at the thigh ABAISED, ABAISSÉ, ABASED - a charge or element depicted lower than its normal position ABATEMENTS - marks of disgrace placed on the shield of an offender of the law. There are extreme few records of such being employed, and then only noted in rolls. (As who would display their device if it had an abatement on it?) ABISME - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ABOUTÉ - end to end ABOVE - an ambiguous term which should be avoided in blazon. Generally, two charges one of which is above the other on the field can be blazoned better as "in pale an X and a Y" or "an A and in chief a B". See atop, ensigned. ABYSS - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ACCOLLÉ - (1) two shields side-by-side, sometimes united by their bottom tips overlapping or being connected to each other by their sides; (2) an animal with a crown, collar or other item around its neck; (3) keys, weapons or other implements placed saltirewise behind the shield in a heraldic display.
  • Coins As a Heraldic Resource

    Coins As a Heraldic Resource

    COINS AS A HERALDIC RESOURCE by David F. Phillips Everyone who studies heraldry knows the importance of original sources such as manuscripts, seals and monuments. Since the revival of the scientific method in heraldic studies in the 19th century, these sources have been vital in documenting early heraldic practice and the development of style. But images from manuscripts are available to most scholars only through facsimiles. Seals are fragile and do not photograph well; facsimiles of seals in historical works are usually redrawn, with what distortions who knows? Coins are more durable and provide much of the same documentation – sometimes better, and for later periods substantially more. Images of coins are easy to locate and copy, and ambiguous details are relatively easy to clarify by comparison with other examples. But their use as an adjunct to heraldic research has largely been overlooked.1 Coins documented state symbols for thousands of years before heraldry – the owl on the coinage of ancient Athens is one of the most famous examples. Documents fade and burn, but coins persist. The provenance, authenticity and fidelity to blazon of designs on paper, painted on walls and wood and canvas, woven into tapestries, and so on are open to question, but with a coin you know where you are. And, conveniently, dates of issue are often integral parts of their design – even undated heraldic coins can almost always be located within a single reign. Sometimes mint marks tell exactly where a coin was made. Since the emergence of the art form in the 12th and 13th centuries, heraldic designs have been used to identify the state or other authority that issues a coin.
  • Protecting Cultural Heritage As a Common Good of Humanity: a Challenge for Criminal Justice

    Protecting Cultural Heritage As a Common Good of Humanity: a Challenge for Criminal Justice

    International Scientific and Professional Advisory Council of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme PROTECTING CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY: A CHALLENGE FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE Edited by Stefano Manacorda Arianna Visconti Selected papers and contributions from the international Conference on «Protecting Cultural Heritage as a Common Good of Humanity: A Challenge for Criminal Justice» Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy 13-15 December 2013 STEFANO MANACORDA Professor of Criminal Law, University of Naples II, Italy; Visiting Professor, Queen Mary University of London, UK; ISPAC Deputy Chair and Director ARIANNA VISCONTI Researcher in Criminal Law, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy ISBN 978-88-96410-03-5 © ISPAC, 2014 Via Palestro 12, 20121 Milano, Italy; phone: +39-02-86460714; E-mail: [email protected] ; Web Site: http://ispac.cnpds.org/ The views and opinions expressed in this volume are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the United Nations or the organizations with which the authors are affiliated. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photocopy, microfilm or any other means without prior written permission from CNPDS/ISPAC. Acknowledgements ISPAC wishes to thank the “Fondazione Centro Internazionale su Diritto, Società e Economia” and its President, Dr. Lodovico Passerin d’Entrèves, for their generous contribution towards the publication of this book. CONTENTS Preface STEFANO MANACORDA p. 9 Keynote Address JOHN SANDAGE p. 17 Part I – Illegal Traffic in Cultural Property: The Need for Reform Patrimonio culturale e beni comuni: un nuovo compito per la comunità internazionale UGO MATTEI p.
  • Cultural Heritage in the Realm of the Commons: Conversations on the Case of Greece

    Cultural Heritage in the Realm of the Commons: Conversations on the Case of Greece

    Stelios Lekakis Stelios Lekakis Edited by Edited by CulturalCultural heritageheritage waswas inventedinvented inin thethe realmrealm ofof nation-states,nation-states, andand fromfrom EditedEdited byby anan earlyearly pointpoint itit waswas consideredconsidered aa publicpublic good,good, stewardedstewarded toto narratenarrate thethe SteliosStelios LekakisLekakis historichistoric deedsdeeds ofof thethe ancestors,ancestors, onon behalfbehalf ofof theirtheir descendants.descendants. NowaNowa-- days,days, asas thethe neoliberalneoliberal rhetoricrhetoric wouldwould havehave it,it, itit isis forfor thethe benefitbenefit ofof thesethese tax-payingtax-paying citizenscitizens thatthat privatisationprivatisation logiclogic thrivesthrives inin thethe heritageheritage sector,sector, toto covercover theirtheir needsneeds inin thethe namename ofof socialsocial responsibilityresponsibility andand otherother truntrun-- catedcated viewsviews ofof thethe welfarewelfare state.state. WeWe areare nownow atat aa criticalcritical stage,stage, wherewhere thisthis doubledouble enclosureenclosure ofof thethe pastpast endangersendangers monuments,monuments, thinsthins outout theirtheir socialsocial significancesignificance andand manipulatesmanipulates theirtheir valuesvalues inin favourfavour ofof economisticeconomistic horizons.horizons. Conversations on the Case of Greece Conversations on the Case of Greece Cultural Heritage in the Realm of Commons: Cultural Heritage in the Realm of Commons: ThisThis volumevolume examinesexamines whetherwhether wewe cancan placeplace
  • Hungary: an Election in Question

    Hungary: an Election in Question

    To: Schmoozers From: Kim Lane Scheppele Re: Elections and Regrets 16 February 2014 I had hoped to join you all in beautiful downtown Baltimore, but I can’t come next weekend. The reason why I can’t is connected to the ticket I’m submitting anyhow. The Hungarian election is 6 April and I’m working flat out on things connected to that election. My ticket explains the new Hungarian election system, which I argue is rigged to favor the governing party. Hence the length: you can’t make an accusation like that without giving evidence. So, in a series of five blog posts that will (I hope) appear on the Krugman blog, I have laid out why I think that the opposition can’t win unless it gets far more than a majority of the votes. For those of you who haven’t been following Hungary, this new election system is par for the course. The government elected in 2010 has been on a legal rampage, remaking the whole legal order with one key purpose in mind: to keep itself in power for the foreseeable future. Toward that end, the government pushed through a new constitution plus five constitutional amendments and 834 other laws (including a new civil code, criminal code and more). As I have been documenting for the last several years, the governing party is expert at designing complex legal orders to achieve very particular results. For my writings on this, see http://lapa.princeton.edu/newsdetail.php?ID=63 . So my dissection of the new Hungarian electoral framework is what I’m submitting as my ticket for the Schmooze.
  • Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

    Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

    Army Regulation 310–25 Military Publications Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD) Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 15 October 1983 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 310–25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD) This change-- o Adds new terms and definitions. o Updates terms appearing in the former edition. o Deletes terms that are obsolete or those that appear in the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, JCS Pub 1. This regulation supplements JCS Pub 1, so terms that appear in that publication are available for Army-wide use. Headquarters *Army Regulation 310–25 Department of the Army Washington, DC 15 October 1983 Effective 15 October 1986 Military Publications Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD) in JCS Pub 1. This revision updates the au- will destroy interim changes on their expira- thority on international standardization of ter- tion dates unless sooner superseded or re- m i n o l o g y a n d i n t r o d u c e s n e w a n d r e v i s e d scinded. terms in paragraph 10. S u g g e s t e d I m p r o v e m e n t s . T h e p r o p o - Applicability. This regulation applies to the nent agency of this regulation is the Assistant Active Army, the Army National Guard, and Chief of Staff for Information Management. the U.S. Army Reserve. It applies to all pro- Users are invited to send comments and sug- ponent agencies and users of Army publica- g e s t e d i m p r o v e m e n t s o n D A F o r m 2 0 2 8 tions.
  • PDF (Fine Gael Manifesto 2020)

    PDF (Fine Gael Manifesto 2020)

    A future to Look Forward to Taoiseach’s Foreword Our economy has never been stronger. There are more people at work than ever before, incomes are rising, poverty is falling and the public finances are back in order. We have a deal on Brexit that ensures no hard border, citizens’ rights will be protected and the Common Travel Area will remain in place. The Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive have reconvened. However, it’s not enough. Brexit is not done yet. It’s only half-time. The next step is to negotiate a free trade agreement between the EU, including Ireland, and the United Kingdom that protects our jobs, our businesses, our rural and coastal communities, and our economy. Progress on health and housing is gathering momentum. I meet people every day and I know the worry, frustration and concerns around the pace of progress in health and housing. In this manifesto we lay out our plans to build on what has been done, with a particular focus on home ownership and universal healthcare. An improving economy and the careful management of our public finances, along with the sensitive stewardship of the upcoming Brexit trade negotiations, will enable us to drive that momentum and provide more houses, more hospital beds, more nurses and Gardaí, deliver climate action, and drive tax reform. We’ve been able to make good progress, but I know it’s not enough. I want us to do much more. I want people to start feeling the growing strength of our economy in their pockets – I want people to see it in their payslips and in their towns and parishes.
  • Ing Items Have Been Registered

    Ing Items Have Been Registered

    ACCEPTANCES Page 1 of 20 January 2008 LoAR THE FOLLOWING ITEMS HAVE BEEN REGISTERED: ÆTHELMEARC Ælfra Long. Device change. Per pale argent and lozengy argent and purpure, three domestic cats rampant contourny sable crowned Or. The submitter is a court baroness and thus entitled to display a coronet. The submitter’s previous device, Per pale argent and lozengy argent and purpure, three domestic cats rampant contourny sable, is released. Æsa Helgulfsdottir. Name and device. Per bend argent and sable, a flame azure and an arrow bendwise argent. Aquila Blackmore. Device change. Gules, on a lozenge ployé argent between in chief two coronets Or, a mullet sable, a bordure embattled argent. The submitter is a court baron and thus entitled to display a coronet. The submitter’s previous device, Argent, vetu ployé gules, a mullet sable within a bordure embattled argent, is retained as a badge. Beniamin Hackewode. Name and device. Vert, a wolf rampant contourny maintaining a halberd argent, in dexter chief a mullet Or. Brandubh Ó Donnghaile. Badge. (Fieldless) A drum bendwise argent. Catrijn van der Hedde. Device. Or, a dragon’s head cabossed sable and on a chief vert three triangles inverted Or. Éamonn mac Alaxandair. Name and device. Per bend sinister argent and Or, three dexter hands in bend sinister and a lion rampant gules, a bordure sable. As precedent notes: There was some concern whether this was too reminiscent of the Red Hand of Ulster, a prohibited charge in the SCA. It turns out that the Red Hand of Ulster was used as an augmentation, not as a main charge.
  • An Exploratory Study of Free Will in the Social Sciences

    An Exploratory Study of Free Will in the Social Sciences

    AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF FREE WILL IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES A Thesis Presented to The Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University In Partial Fulfillment of the Program Requirement for Ashbrook Students Michael Byrne April, 2011 © 2011 Michael Byrne ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract This study is an exploratory analysis of the belief in free will within the social sciences. While free will is a common topic in many fields, currently, very little research has investigated this topic. As such, this study was based on the assumption that no statistical difference would be found between the social sciences on belief in free will. To investigate this hypothesis, a historical case study was used to analyze belief in free will among professionals in the social science fields. Three general problems were addressed. First, this study examined the consistency of the belief in free will or determinism across the major divisions of the soft sciences. Second, this investigation highlighted the differences found within anthropology and political science. Lastly, consistency and inconsistency in the belief of free will and determinism within the social sciences was discussed. Significance was found in political science and anthropology. Two potential implications are addressed for these findings. Firstly, anthropology and political science may not accurately be classified as social sciences. Secondly, a mobius model was introduced to explain the natural flow of quantitative and qualitative methods that define the social sciences. These results provide an understanding of the social sciences beliefs concerning free-will. As no research has investigated belief in this way before, this research provides a basis for further research.
  • “If You Don't Vote VMRO You're Not Macedonian”

    “If You Don't Vote VMRO You're Not Macedonian”

    “If you don’t vote VMRO you’re not Macedonian” A study of Macedonian identity and national discourse in Skopje. Morten Dehli Andreassen Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of Master of Arts Degree Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen June 2011 1 Frontpage pictures is from the Macedonia Square. They are all taken the same day. Before, and under a political rally for the Government party VMRO-DPMNE. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Map of Macedonia .......................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ Research Question ......................................................................................................................... 9 Theoretical Framework...........................................................................................................................................11 Ethnicity, Groups and Boundaries .............................................................................................. 11 Three Interconnecting Levels ....................................................................................................
  • Heraldry for Beginners

    Heraldry for Beginners

    The Heraldry Society Educational Charity No: 241456 HERALDRY Beasts, Banners & Badges FOR BEGINNERS Heraldry is a noble science and a fascinating hobby – but essentially it is FUN! J. P. Brooke-Little, Richmond Herald, 1970 www.theheraldrysociety.com The Chairman and Council of the Heraldry Society are indebted to all those who have made this publication possible October 2016 About Us he Heraldry Society was founded in 1947 by John P. Brooke-Little, CVO, KStJ, FSA, FSH, the Tthen Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms and ultimately, in 1995, Clarenceux King of Arms. In 1956 the Society was incorporated under the Companies Act (1948). By Letters Patent dated 10th August 1957 the Society was granted Armorial Bearings. e Society is both a registered non-prot making company and an educational charity. Our aims The To promote and encourage the study and knowledge of, and to foster and extend interest in, the Heraldry Society science of heraldry, armory, chivalry, precedence, ceremonial, genealogy, family history and all kindred subjects and disciplines. Our activities include Seasonal monthly meetings and lectures Organising a bookstall at all our meetings Publishing a popular newsletter, The Heraldry Gazette, and a more scholarly journal, The Coat of Arms In alternate years, oering a residential Congress with speakers and conducted visits Building and maintaining a heraldry archive Hosting an informative website Supporting regional Societies’ initiatives Our Membership Is inclusive and open to all A prior knowledge of heraldry is not a prerequisite to membership, John Brooke-Little nor is it necessary for members to possess their own arms. e Chairman and Council of the Heraldry Society The Society gratefully acknowledges the owners and holders of copyright in the graphics and images included in this publication which may be reproduced solely for educational purposes.