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Thollas. Under long wave ultra-violet light, the thallus in most species emits a bfight lemon yellow fluorescence, due to lichexanthone present in the cortex. This substance is not produced in Physcia and Dirinario. This is a useful aid for generic identification of sterile specimens(Swinscow & Krog 1975).

Hypothecium. In vertical sections of a mature apothecium, the region below the hymenium is composed of dark reddish-brown hlphae forming a lens-shaped hypothecium. This region also reacts K+ purple. A coloured hypothecium is absent in Phl.scio and where present in Dirinqrict is K-.

Lawer Surface. The lower surface of the thallus in Pyrlne is always black. Generally a specimen with a pale lower surface is referable lo Phlscia. The four speciesofPyrine found in Western are readily separated by the fol- iowing characters:

Soralia Medulla UV Light Chemistry coccifera red yellow negative atranorin & to white cocoes white white lemon- lichexanthone yellow petricola absent white lernon- lichexanthone yellow subcinerea white yellow lemon- lichexanthone yellow

Key to the Species 1. Soralia absent 2. P. petricoLa Soraliapresent ...... ,...... 2

Soralia red ..... 1. P. coccifera Soraliawhite ...... ,...... iJ 3. Medullawhite ...... ,...... 3. P. cocoes Medullayellow 4. P.subcinerea

Taxonomy 1. Pyxine coccifera (Fee)Nyl., Mem. Soc.Sci. Nat. Cherbourg5: I08 (7857).Parmeliq coccifereFee, Essai Cr1pt.:126 (1824).

Thallus on bark of trees, Ioosely attached; Iobes grey; pseudocyphellae red, linear, on lamina and lobe margins (Figure 1H), frequently developing into soralia with bright red granular soredia (Figure 1I); medulla creamy-yellow in the upper layers, white below. Apothecia not seen.

Chemistry. Cortex UV-; atranorin and pyxiferin (red pigment). Specimens exemined. : Reserve, Kimberley, A.S. George12730 p.p. (); Prince Regent River Reserve,Kimberley, A.S. George12301 p.p. (PERTH). 'r0lx, prprros rElnueJSpdr olur prdolr^dp delldqd\Jopndsd - 1)ttr d u 1r\d qtr^\ aqol IEudrEtr{ I (OZx) aeleqdtrtopnasd pal leur8rEln qlk\ saqol snlleql IPur;r eI I H or a}t '(0Ix) ErtEros leu€rettl luepunqE 8ul^\oqs seqol snflEqt Ipu$IeI I-C (ozx) EuIrud Jo soqtled :])urlsrP qll^\ saqol snllel{} IeulFrel'{ I saoru aulr,td '€qeros lEulBrplu Bur^\oqs (OZx) saqol snllEq'l leu€rEl\tr-g Daraunqns aulxld '(00Ix) Ltlnr.aqtod.{rt u.4\orq qslppar l.rEp ro :}uaur -dole^ap 8ul.1.oqs urmcaqlode arnlB[r Jo uor]rrs lEuLpnl€uo.I c[ (r3]e$ ur) sarodsorsE arnlEl{-J (olx) se8i1s lbluarudolarep snciue,r ur ercaqlody g (ozx.i srqol snllBq] lPur8rEl{-v D?or?Jlada!?rid I ern8ld

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'.{l!lInES eurr,{d N 282 Nul,tsiaVol.6. No.3 (1988)

2. Pyxine petricola Nyl. ap. Crombie,J. Bot., Lond. 14:263 (1876).?1.pe: Island of Rodrigues,Dr. I.B. BaLfour2391, Venus Transit Expedition,9.x.18?4 (holo: BM). PyxtnemeissneriTuck. ex Nyl. var. endoleucaMuell. Arg., Flora, Jena 62:290 (18?9). ?ype: In territorio africano Djur, Seriba Ghattas, Schweinfurfh (holo: G). Pyxine subueJltaStirtoa, Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst. 30: 396 (7897).Type: Queensland, Jirrrbouron HaheaoLeifoLium, F. M. Bailey,June 1895(iso: BM). Thallus on bark of shrubs,rarely on rocks,firmly attached,lobes white to grey-white; pruina laminal, shiny, t-owardsmargins of lobes;soralia absent (Figure lA); hedulla white. Apothecia abundant, black, plane with distinct thalline maigins at first, be- comingstrongly convex at maturity (Figure1B); hypotheciumdark reddish-brown,lens- shaped(Figure 1E), sometimesthis colouration extendsdownwards to producean,,in ternal stipe";ascospores brown, bilocular, 16-18 x 5.2 6.5 pM (Figure1C). Chemistry.Cortex UV+; Iichexanthoneonly. Specimensexqmined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Houtmans Abrolhos, Suomi I.. M Sg4gry s n JPIRTH, hb. Sammy);Houtmans Abrolhos, E. Wallaby I., M Sammy s.n. (PERTH,_hb.Sarnmy); Houtmans Abrolhos, Shark I., M Sorum3rs.n.(PERTH, hb. Sammy);Lake MacIEod, near Carnarvon,N. Sammy s.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy); Monkey-Mia, Pero_n_Peninsula, Sh,ar\ Bay, N. Sammy s.n. (hb. Sammy); Beverl"ey SpringsHomestead, Kimberley, B.G. Muir s.n. (hb. Sammy);Head of Witsamunsun Creek.Kimberley. B.G. l\4uirs.n. thb. Samrnyt:Hidden Valley. Kununu"rra, Wesr Kimberley.C.G. Smith s.n. {hb. Sammv).

3. Pyxine cocoes (Sw.)Nyl., Mem. Sco.Sci. Nat. Cherbourg5;108 (I8b7).Ltchen cocoesSw., Nova Gen.Sp. Pl.: 146(1788). Pyxine meissneriTuck. ex Nyl. subsp.conneclans Vainio, Acta Soc.Fauna Flora fenn. 7(1):154 (1890). Pyxi.neconnectans (Vainio) Vainio, Suomal. Tiedeakat. Toim., Ser. A: 70 (1914).?ype: Vainio Lich. Brasil.Exsicc.62, Rio de Janerio,1885 (iso: BM). Pyxine cocoesf. sorediigeraMuell Arg., Bot. Jb. 20; 262 (7894).?ype: Usambara,I{olsf 1423(holo: G). Pyxine o-ceanica,Zahlbr. ap. Rock, Coll. Hawaii publ. Bull. 4: 37 (7976). Type: ZalhbrucknerLich. Rar. Exsicc.207, Oceania, insula Palmyra, /. liocA (iso:BM).- Thallus on bark of trees and shrubs,firmly attached;lobes ashy-white to grey-white, flat,_crowded and plicate; pruina Iaminal, shiny, towards margins ofthallus (Figure 1F); soraliaabundant, marginal, crowded towards centre of thallus (Figure 1G); soralia granular; medulla white. Apothecia not seen Chemistry.Cortex UV+; lichexanthoneonly. Specimensercmjned. W_ESTERNAUSTRALIA: , Chapman River Bridge, N. Sammys.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy);Houtmans Abrolhos, Suomi I., N. Sommr Jn. (PERTH, hb. Sammy);Houtmans Abrolhos, Shark I., M Sommys.n. (PERTH, hb. Fqql*yl; HoutmansAbrolhos, E. WallabyI., N. Sammys.n. (PERTH, hb. Sammy); NW of Lake Log'ue,S of Eneabba,M. BLqchu)elil2873(hb. Sammy).

4. Pyxine subcinerea Stirton,Trans. Proc. N.Z. Inst.30: 396 (189?).?ype: Queens- land,F. M. Baitey22 (holo:BM). Pyxinemeissneri Tuck. ex Nyl. var..soredlctaMuell. Arg., Flora, Jena 62:290 (1879). ?ype: Djur, Brauneisenstein,Seriba Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1877 (holo: G). Pyxine chrysanthaVainio, Cat. Afr. PI. Welwitsch 2: 412 (7907).?ype: Golungo.Alto, Angola,ad truncosarb. vigent. in sylvisprimaevis prope Sange, Weliitsch,1857 (lecto: BM). I N. I \; I I --r/'

I I *, ( a J DaJaul)qns .lq/ d' du1ir';d '( o Dto.njad aulxiJ lfi '(r ) '(.) ) sroJor aulrtd D.tdlnxo) aulrId ErrErtsnv uratsaA ur sarrads el?r,{d Jo uortnqutsr( Z arnErJ rr asnEcaquol5ar Er€qlrd a5rpr aqr qroq ruasqE ",;l?,$":lt'ii;'Hn,.aJi#rffii:l:Ti alq€Ins Jo uorJpurJoJaql ol a^tDnpuoJ aurTls€ocuErTEJlsny uJalsoM aql u^\op gur,\our JuaJJnr ]luEato urJB,\\p Jo acuase.rdaql ,{q paureydxe aq {€ru (luputruop sur€J Ja}ur,\\) .(gg6I suor8al uJa_qlnosur auTrf.dJo sareadsaa.rq1;o acuauneto aqJ .{iuuregl sarc5di uaqcrl JoJ a8nJar B aq ol palDadxa aq ue3 ,erJ€rlsnv uJelsa]!\ lBf,rdot]'s[alJaqulry Io trlaq I€DrdoJl oql urqlr.'id aq] Jo uo€ar (luEururop sutBr rawurns) la,r\ dllBuosEasarlJ 'spuplq.Srq aql JSarof uado aJour l"JrdoJl Jo .lsarol aql qr Jo uorlpla8a^ IElseoJuo'lsaroJ-ur€J,ft€puocas uado ur punoJ aq uBJ ,sJtdorl lI urBJ urEJrAIo lu€lrqpqut tIB lou sr aa?rf,d aql ur JoqlnB aql {q ap€lu suor]B^ -rasqo uroJd puElsuaanb ur punoJ pup Jrurapua aJp sarcadsuerp.rlsny aorr{l,{luo .(gg6I uos[d) salElA qlnos idaN ur JnoJ puE puElsuaanb JoJ papJorar alp sarrads gI EtlpJl -snv uI BrsVls€a-qlnos ul JnoJpu€ ef,rJaurvr{lJoN ur xrs,Ecuaulv qJnos pup €aurn0 .t\aN €ndBd_roJ qcpa auru'BruJV lsEg roJ paproJar ar€ sarDadstA :(g16I llaod) plror\ aql Jo suofoJ lecrdo.rlqns pue IB)rdoJl aql ur u,ldoul auTxfd lo sarcads gg J.re a.reqj ,tqaIBrSoaSol.trld

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aur..r./ "\ttlnrPs N Nuytsia Vol. 6, No. 3 (1988)

Myoverseas traver r" .,"-,""1J"";:i:iill'13.." "ossibrebya grant riom the Scienceand Industry Endowment Fund (CSIRO).The curatorsof the British Museum (Natural History), the Conservatoireet Jardin Botaniques,Geneva and the Western Australian Herbarium are thanked for permission to examine specimens.I wish to thank Mr Peter James (British Museum) for many useful and relevant discussions;Mr Gordon Smith (University of Western Australia), Mr A.S. George(previously of the WesternAustralian Herbarium) and Mr R.B. Filson (National Herbarium of Victoria) who critically read the manuscript and suggestedimprovements; Dr M. Sargent,De- partment of Chemistry,University of WesternAustralia, who donatedsamples ofauth entic lichen acids and discussedlichen chemistry. I am grateful to my previous employer, Dampier Salt (Operations) Pty Ltd for allowing me time and facilities to complete this study.

References Awaslhi,D-D- (1975).A monographof the lichengcnns Dirinaria. BiblthcsLich. 2: 1,108. Culberson,C.F. (1972).Improved conditions and new data lbr the identification of lichenproducts by a stan dardisedthin-layer chromatographicmethod. J. Chromat. ?2: 113 125. Culberson,C.F. & Kristinsson, H. (1970).A standardisedmethod for the identification oflichen products.J. Chromat.46:85-93. Culberson,W.L. & Hale,M.E. (1965).Plrine caesiopr&inosoin the United States.Bryologist 68: 113 116. "Checklist Filson,R.B. (1983). of Australian Lichens."(National Herbarium of Victoia, Departmentof Con- servation,Forests & Lands: Melbourne). Imshaug,H.A. (195?).The lichen genusPl.r.ine in North and Middle America.Trans. Am. microsc.Soc. ?6: 246 269. Menlove,J.E. (19?4).Thin layer chromatographyfor the identification of iichen substances.Br. Lich. Soc. Bull. il,t:3 5. Poelt,J. (19?3).In Ahmadjian,V. & Hale,M.E. (eds.)"The Lichens."Pp.599 632. (Academic Press: London and New York.). Sammy,N. (1985).The distributionoflichens in WestemAustralia. W. Austral.Herb. Res. Notes t1:b3 11J. Swinscorv,T.D-V. & Krog,H. (1975).The genusP-yxine in East Africa.Norw. J. Bot.22: 43-68.