DOCSLIB.ORG

Getative Tissues; the GDBH Predicts Metabolic Costs Associated with Them

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Getative Tissues; the GDBH Predicts Metabolic Costs Associated with Them J. Phycol. 35, 483±492 (1999) PHLOROTANNIN ALLOCATION AMONG TISSUES OF NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC KELPS AND ROCKWEEDS1 Kathryn L. Van Alstyne2 Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 James J. McCarthy III, Cynthia L. Hustead, and Laura J. Kearns Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022 Optimal defense theory (ODT) predicts antiher- Abbreviations: DM, dry mass; GDBH, growth±dif- bivore defensive compounds will be allocated so ferentiation balance hypothesis; ODT, optimal de- that the most valuable or most susceptible tissues fense theory will be best defended. The growth±differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) predicts that defense al- location will be a result of trade-offs between growth Plants allocate materials and energy among criti- and defense. Thus, these two theories predict op- cal functions such as maintenance, growth, repro- posite allocation patterns with respect to ``valuable,'' duction, and defense (Bazazz and Grace 1997 and actively growing meristematic and reproductive tis- citations therein). It is widely assumed the total sues. ODT predicts that meristems and reproductive amount of resources available for these functions is tissues should have higher defense levels than non- limited and all of these functions have signi®cant meristematic vegetative tissues; the GDBH predicts metabolic costs associated with them. Consequently, the defense levels of meristems and reproductive over evolutionary time there should be selection for tissues will be lower than vegetative tissues. We ex- individuals to distribute resources among functions amined allocation patterns of phlorotannins in 21 in ways that maximize overall ®tness, assuming that species of kelps (Order Laminariales) and rock- allocation strategies are not limited by physiological weeds (Order Fucales) from nine sites on the west or other constraints. coast of the United States to determine if allocation Two hypotheses have been proposed to predict patterns better matched the predictions of ODT or resource allocation to defense in plants: optimal de- the GDBH and to look for differences in allocation fense theory (ODT) and the growth±differentiation patterns among sites. Within-species differences in balance hypothesis (GDBH). ODT predicts that de- phlorotannin levels occurred in 10 of the 21 species fenses will be preferentially allocated to tissues with examined. Meristems of both kelps and rockweeds the highest ®tness value or tissues most at risk for had higher phlorotannin levels than nonmeristemat- attack (Rhoades 1979). According to the predictions ic vegetative tissues, consistent with ODT. Phloro- of this model, meristematic and reproductive tis- tannin levels in reproductive tissues of kelps were sues, which have a high ®tness value, should be bet- higher than vegetative tissues, but levels in repro- ter defended than nonmeristematic vegetative tis- ductive tissues of rockweeds were lower than vege- sues. The GDBH predicts trade-offs between growth tative tissues, indicating that allocation strategies and defense production (Herms and Matson 1992, may follow taxonomic lines. Allocation patterns dif- Tuomi 1992). According to the predictions of the fered among sites in four of the 16 species collected GDBH, actively growing tissues, such as meristems from more than one site. Differences in allocation or reproductive tissues, should produce lower quan- patterns among sites were usually changes in the ra- tities of defenses than nonreproductive vegetative tios of phlorotannins in well-defended compared to tissues. poorly defended tissues, rather than changes in Resource allocation patterns may also be affected which tissues were well defended or poorly defend- by environmental variability. Fluctuations in envi- ed. We concluded that environmental variability can ronmental conditions can produce changes in re- have large effects on the concentration of phloro- source pools within plants or affect foraging rates of tannins in algae but has limited effects on allocation herbivores (Boggs 1997). Many plants exhibit phe- patterns among tissues. notypic plasticity in resource allocation to defense, such as the production of herbivore-induced de- Key index words: allocation; chemical defenses; Fu- fenses (Karban and Baldwin 1997). Most work on cales; geographic variation; Laminariales; Phaeophy- resource allocation shifts in response to changing ceae; phlorotannins; spatial variation environmental conditions has focused on shifts be- tween major functions such as growth, reproduc- tion, and defense; little is known about shifts among 1 Received 14 September 1998. Accepted 22 January 1999. 2 Present address and author for reprint requests: Shannon tissues within those functions. Point Marine Center, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, Tissue differentiation in seaweeds is generally less Washington 98221; e-mail [email protected]. complex than in vascular plants, making seaweeds 483 484 KATHRYN L. VAN ALSTYNE ET AL. an ideal system for testing the predictions of the gustifolia Bory (Tugwell and Branch 1989) and mer- ODT and GDBH models (Cronin and Hay 1996). istematic tissues or young tissues of the brown alga Among the seaweeds, the brown algae are particu- Zonaria angustata (Kutzing) Papenfuss (Poore 1994), larly useful in this regard. In the kelps (Order Lam- the kelps E. maxima, and M. angustifolia (Tugwell inariales) and rockweeds (Order Fucales), meri- and Branch 1989) have higher concentrations of stems and reproductive tissues are often distinctly phlorotannins than nonreproductive vegetative tis- localized; however, they can occur in different areas sues, consistent with ODT. of the thallus in the two orders (Bold and Wynne The goal of this study was to test the predictions 1985). Kelps have an intercalary meristem located of ODT and the GDBH by examining allocation pat- at the base of the blade. The meristem in rockweeds terns of phlorotannins in a large number of brown is located in the apical portion of the thallus. Many algal species across sites where environmental con- kelps produce reproductive sporophylls off the stipe ditions are likely to vary. We collected 21 species of or reproductive tissues within the blades. In rock- kelps and rockweeds from nine sites along the west weeds, reproduction occurs in apical receptacles. coast of the United States and measured phlorotan- Another feature of temperate marine kelps and nin concentrations in meristems, reproductive tis- rockweeds that makes them ideal for testing the pre- sues, and nonmeristematic vegetative tissues. The dictions of the ODT and GDBH models is they all speci®c questions addressed in this study were: (1) produce phlorotannins or polyphenolic com- Do patterns of phlorotannin concentrations among pounds. Phlorotannins are compounds that bind tissues follow the predictions of either the ODT or proteins and are ultimately derived from phloroglu- the GDBH? (2) Do allocation patterns of phlorotan- cinol (Ragan and Glombitza 1986, Steinberg 1992). nins across tissues vary among populations (sites)? They have antifeeding activity toward many, though (3) Do allocation patterns follow taxonomic lines; not all (Steinberg and van Altena 1992, Boettcher for example, are they different in the kelps and and Targett 1993), herbivores (Steinberg 1988, rockweeds? Steinberg and van Altena 1992, Winter and Estes 1992, Steinberg et al. 1995, Targett and Arnold MATERIALS AND METHODS 1998). Phlorotannins also have been hypothesized Collection sites. Kelps and rockweeds were collected over a 2- to serve a number of other functions, including pro- week period from nine sites, ranging from southern California to northern Washington, U.S.A. These sites included (1) the inter- tection from pathogens and UV damage (Pavia et tidal zone and a shallow Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh al. 1997). Concentrations of phlorotannins in ma- bed at depths from 2 to 10 m at Catalina Island, California (338239 rine brown algae range from undetectable to nearly N, 1188219 W); (2) an intertidal cobble beach at San Simeon, 20% of an alga's dry mass (Ragan and Glombitza California (358399 N, 1218139 W); (3) a kelp bed at 3±5 m depth 1986). Phlorotannin concentrations differ greatly off Lover's Point (368389 N, 1218569 W) near Paci®c Grove, Cali- fornia; (4) a wave-exposed intertidal promontory at Pigeon Point among species and among spatial scales, including (378129 N, 1228249 W) ;10 km north of Davenport, California; among tissue types in an individual (Geiselman (5) an exposed rocky shore at Mouda Point (418089 N, 1248109 1980, Steinberg 1984, 1985, 1989, Johnson and W) ;25 km north of Eureka, California; (6) an exposed rocky Mann 1986, Tugwell and Branch 1989, Tuomi et al. shore at Boiler Bay (448509 N, 1248049 W) ;5 km north of Depoe 1989, Van Alstyne 1989, P®ster 1992, Poore 1994), Bay, Oregon; (7) the intertidal zone of Tatoosh Island, Washing- ton (488239 N, 1248449 W); (8) a kelp bed at 5±8 m depth near among sites at scales ranging from tens of meters to the site of the former Cantilever Pier and off the ¯oating dock hundreds of kilometers (Steinberg 1989, Pavia and of the Friday Harbor Laboratories (488329 N, 1238029 W) on San Aberg 1996, Van Alstyne et al. 1998), and between Juan Island; and (9) a moderately wave-exposed intertidal site at global regions (Steinberg 1986, 1992, Van Alstyne Cattle Point (488279 N, 1228589 W) at the southern tip of San and Paul 1990, Steinberg and van Altena 1992, Tar- Juan Island. A map of these sites and a more detailed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes
    Algae & Marine Plants of Point Reyes Green Algae or Chlorophyta Genus/Species Common Name Acrosiphonia coalita Green rope, Tangled weed Blidingia minima Blidingia minima var. vexata Dwarf sea hair Bryopsis corticulans Cladophora columbiana Green tuft alga Codium fragile subsp. californicum Sea staghorn Codium setchellii Smooth spongy cushion, Green spongy cushion Trentepohlia aurea Ulva californica Ulva fenestrata Sea lettuce Ulva intestinalis Sea hair, Sea lettuce, Gutweed, Grass kelp Ulva linza Ulva taeniata Urospora sp. Brown Algae or Ochrophyta Genus/Species Common Name Alaria marginata Ribbon kelp, Winged kelp Analipus japonicus Fir branch seaweed, Sea fir Coilodesme californica Dactylosiphon bullosus Desmarestia herbacea Desmarestia latifrons Egregia menziesii Feather boa Fucus distichus Bladderwrack, Rockweed Haplogloia andersonii Anderson's gooey brown Laminaria setchellii Southern stiff-stiped kelp Laminaria sinclairii Leathesia marina Sea cauliflower Melanosiphon intestinalis Twisted sea tubes Nereocystis luetkeana Bull kelp, Bullwhip kelp, Bladder wrack, Edible kelp, Ribbon kelp Pelvetiopsis limitata Petalonia fascia False kelp Petrospongium rugosum Phaeostrophion irregulare Sand-scoured false kelp Pterygophora californica Woody-stemmed kelp, Stalked kelp, Walking kelp Ralfsia sp. Silvetia compressa Rockweed Stephanocystis osmundacea Page 1 of 4 Red Algae or Rhodophyta Genus/Species Common Name Ahnfeltia fastigiata Bushy Ahnfelt's seaweed Ahnfeltiopsis linearis Anisocladella pacifica Bangia sp. Bossiella dichotoma Bossiella
    [Show full text]
  • Fucus Vesiculosus Populations?
    l MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 133: 191-201.1996 Published March 28 1 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Are neighbours harmful or helpful in Fucus vesiculosus populations? Joel C. Creed*,T. A. Norton, Joanna M. Kain (Jones) Port Erin Marine Laboratory, Port Erin. Isle of Man IM9 6JA, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: In order to investigate the effect of density on Fucus vesjculosus L. at all stages of its development, 2 experiments were carried out. A culture study in the laboratory found that increased density resulted in depressed growth and a negatively skewed population structure during the first month in the lives of freshly settled germlings. Intraspecific competition acts even at this early stage, and the limiting factor was probably nutrients. 'Two-sided' ('resource depletion') competition and an early scramble phase of growth may explain negative skewness in plant sizes. On the shore experi- mental thinning by reduction of the canopy resulted in increased macrorecruitment (apparent density) from a bank of microscopic plants which must have been present for some time. With increased thinning more macrorecruits loined the remaining plants, making population size structures highly posit~velyskewed. Thinning had no effect on reproduction In terms of the portion of biomass as repro- ductive tissue. Manipulative weedlng allows an assessment of the potent~alspore bank in seasonally reproductive seaweeds and revealed that there are always replacement plants in reserve to compen- sate for canopy losses. In E vesiculosus the performance of individuals early on is crucial to their sub- sequent survival to reproductive stage, as neighbours are generally competitively harmful. However, a failure to 'win' early on may not necessarily result in the ending of a small plant's life - the 'seed' bank still offers the individual a slim chance of survival and protects the population from harmful stochastic events KEY WORDS: Culture .
    [Show full text]
  • Processing of Allochthonous Macrophyte Subsidies by Sandy Beach Consumers: Estimates of Feeding Rates and Impacts on Food Resources
    Mar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00227-008-0913-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Processing of allochthonous macrophyte subsidies by sandy beach consumers: estimates of feeding rates and impacts on food resources Mariano Lastra · Henry M. Page · Jenifer E. Dugan · David M. Hubbard · Ivan F. Rodil Received: 29 January 2007 / Accepted: 8 January 2008 © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Allochthonous subsidies of organic material impact on drift macrophyte processing and fate and that the can profoundly inXuence population and community struc- quantity and composition of drift macrophytes could, in ture; however, the role of consumers in the processing of turn, limit populations of beach consumers. these inputs is less understood but may be closely linked to community and ecosystem function. Inputs of drift macro- phytes subsidize sandy beach communities and food webs Introduction in many regions. We estimated feeding rates of dominant sandy beach consumers, the talitrid amphipods (Megalor- Allochthonous inputs of organic matter can strongly inXu- chestia corniculata, in southern California, USA, and Tali- ence population and community structure in many eco- trus saltator, in southern Galicia, Spain), and their impacts systems (e.g., Polis and Hurd 1996; Cross et al. 2006). on drift macrophyte subsidies in Weld and laboratory exper- Such eVects are expected to be greatest where a highly iments. Feeding rate varied with macrophyte type and, for productive system interfaces with and exports materials to T. saltator, air temperature. Size-speciWc feeding rates of a relatively less productive system (Barrett et al. 2005). talitrid amphipods were greatest on brown macroalgae Ecosystems that are subsidized by allochthonous inputs (Macrocystis, Egregia, Saccorhiza and Fucus).
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Blade Morphology of the Kelp Eisenia Arborea: Incipient Speciation Due to Local Water Motion?
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 282: 115–128, 2004 Published November 16 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Variation in blade morphology of the kelp Eisenia arborea: incipient speciation due to local water motion? Loretta M. Roberson1, 3,* James A. Coyer2 1Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA 2Department of Marine Biology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands 3Present address: Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA ABSTRACT: The southern sea palm kelp Eisenia arborea produces wide, bullate (bumpy) blades in low-flow areas, whereas in adjacent high-flow areas blades are flat and narrow. Here we determine if morphological differences in these 2 closely associated populations are correlated with physical factors in the environment, and whether this response is a genetically fixed or plastic trait. Both phe- notypes were subjected to morphometric analysis, field and laboratory transplant experiments, and genetic analysis (M13 DNA fingerprinting). Physical variables (water motion, temperature, and light) were monitored simultaneously in the field. Results indicate that the 2 populations, separated by <10m, are genetically distinct and transplants in the field and lab remained similar to individuals from the original collection location, regardless of the imposed flow environment. Water motion var- ied significantly between the 2 populations and was the single physical variable that correlated with morphology. Based on bump heights and water velocities in the field, bullate blades could increase turbulent transport of nutrients 4-fold that of flat blades. The thicker blades and large holdfasts of the flat morph may impart higher survivorship under high-flow conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascophyllum Nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of Environmental Factors on Biomass and Plant Height
    Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Lilja Gunnarsdóttir Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland 2017 Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Lilja Gunnarsdóttir 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources MS Committee Mariana Lucia Tamayo Karl Gunnarsson Master’s Examiner Jörundur Svavarsson Faculty of Life and Environmental Science School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik, December 2017 Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Rockweed in Breiðafjörður, Iceland 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources Copyright © 2017 Lilja Gunnarsdóttir All rights reserved Faculty of Life and Environmental Science School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 101, Reykjavik Iceland Telephone: 525 4000 Bibliographic information: Lilja Gunnarsdóttir, 2017, Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height, Master’s thesis, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Iceland, pp. 48 Printing: Háskólaprent Reykjavik, Iceland, December 2017 Abstract During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice covered all rocky shores in eastern N-America while on the shores of Europe ice reached south of Ireland where rocky shores were found south of the glacier. After the LGM, rocky shores ecosystem development along European coasts was influenced mainly by movement of the littoral species in the wake of receding ice, while rocky shores of Iceland and NE-America were most likely colonized from N- Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Wave Exposure on the Morphology of Ecklonia Radiata
    Aquatic Botany 83 (2005) 61–70 www.elsevier.com/locate/aquabot The effect of wave exposure on the morphology of Ecklonia radiata Thomas Wernberg a,*, Mads S. Thomsen b a School of Plant Biology, Botany Building MO90, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia b Department of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand Received 3 August 2004; received in revised form 11 April 2005; accepted 31 May 2005 Abstract This study examined the consistency of the effect of wave exposure on the morphology of Ecklonia radiata, a small kelp, across a broad geographic range (>1100 km). Fifteen morphological characters were measured on individuals from sites of low (2.5 Æ 0.8 S.E.) and high (12.2 Æ 2.0 S.E.) wave exposure (Baardseth’s index) within six locations in southwestern Australia. With the exception of lateral width (P = 0.0001), none of the morphological characters were consistently statistically different (P > 0.06) between high and low wave exposure and correlations with wave exposure were generally weak (r < 0.60). While 12 of the 15 characters were statistically different (P < 0.008) between sites of different exposure within at least one location, the direction of difference (significant or not) was opposite between some locations for all but one character (lateral width). ANOSIM was not able to separate thalli from high and low exposure when all locations were pooled (Clarke’s R = 0.127), but within each location most sites showed better separation (0.126 < Clarke’s R < 0.829). Despite the lack of statistical differences, trends suggested that E.
    [Show full text]
  • ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS of PACIFIC COAST KELPS the Giant
    ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF PACIFIC COAST KELPS By D. R. HOAGLAND, Assistant Chemist, Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF WORK The giant kelps of the Pacific coast have been regarded during recent years as commercially profitable sources of potash and iodin. The high content of these constituents in the kelp was first given prominence by Balch (i),1 and later the Bureau of Soils of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture (4) made further studies and mapped out many of the beds. These investigations were followed by a widespread interest in kelps and it was the prevailing idea that these plants would furnish the raw material for industries of considerable magnitude. It seemed, however, that such predictions required further verification through more extended chemical studies than were available, since in many directions exact in- formation was entirely lacking. Accordingly the Chemical Laboratory of the California Experiment Station during the past year has carried on a general investigation of the subject the principal results of which are discussed in publications of this Station by Burd (3) and Stewart (32). While the potash and iodin values have, as a matter of course, received first attention in all discussions of a kelp industry, it has been apparent that any commercially valuable by-products of an organic nature would greatly enhance the possibilities of utilizing kelp with a margin of profit. Practically no studies of the organic constituents of the California kelps have been made prior to the writer's, and it is with this aspect of the investigations that the present paper deals.2 It is not the intention to regard the experiments herein described as forming in any sense a com- plete and final study of the numerous questions involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Seaweed and Seagrasses Inventory of Laguna De San Ignacio, BCS
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR ÁREA DE CONOCIMIENTO DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR DEPARTAMENTO ACADÉMICO DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA PROGRAMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN BOTÁNICA MARINA Seaweed and seagrasses inventory of Laguna de San Ignacio, BCS. Dr. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez y Dr. Juan Manuel López Vivas Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado postal 19-B, km. 5.5 carretera al Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23080 México. Tel. 52-612-1238800 ext. 4140; Fax. 52-612-12800880; Email: [email protected]. Participants: Dr. Jorge Manuel López-Calderón, Dr. Carlos Sánchez Ortiz, Dr. Gerardo González Barba, Dr. Sung Min Boo, Dra. Kyung Min Lee, Hidrobiol. Carmen Mendez Trejo, M. en C. Nestor Manuel Ruíz Robinson, Pas Biol. Mar. Tania Cota. Periodo de reporte: Marzo del 2013 a Junio del 2014. Abstract: The present report presents the surveys of marine flora 2013 – 2014 in the San Ignacio Lagoon of the, representing the 50% of planned visits and in where we were able to identifying 19 species of macroalgae to the area plus 2 Seagrass traditionally cited. The analysis of the number of species / distribution of macroalgae and seagrass is in progress using an intense review of literature who will be concluded using the last field trip information in May-June 2014. During the last two years we have not been able to find large abundances of species of microalgae as were described since 2006 and the floristic lists developed in the 90's. This added with the presence to increase both coverage and biomass of invasive species which makes a real threat to consider.
    [Show full text]
  • Turf Assemblage of a Macrocystis Kelp Forest: Experiments On
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF A. Keith Miles for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Wildlife Science presented on June 16. 1986. Title: A m Macrosti t° Ex nmen n and Herbivory. Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: E. Charles Meslow Early and later successional stages of the assemblage of turf algae and sessile animals of a Macrocystis kelp forest were studied off San Nicolas Island, California from 1980 through 1981, and 1983 through 1984. Kelps were manipulated to determine if differences in illumination could account for dominance by turf algae or sessile animals. Caging and algal-removal experiments were conducted to determine if the effects of herbivory and competition could account for the low or variable recruitment and abundance of foliose turf algae. Plots were covered for different time intervals up to 1 year to determine if survival of overgrowth could explain the prevalence of competitively subordinate crustose coralline algae. Increased cover and recruitment of turf algae and decreased cover and low recruitment of sessile animals were correlated with the removal of canopy. In the presence of canopy, existing cover of crustose algae and sessile animalschanged little over time; sessile animals recruited at significantly higher levels thanalgae on cleared plots. Patiria (a common invertebrate grazer) removed certain ephemeral algae and appeared to slow recruitment by other algae, but had little effect on mature turf algae. These effects appeared dependent on a high density of Patiria. Algal recruitment on caged and open, near-bare plots was negligible, but sessile animals recruited heavily to these plots. These results were correlated with low illumination caused by a dense and persistent surface canopy of Macrocystis.
    [Show full text]
  • BROWN ALGAE · HETEROKONTOPHYTA (PART II) Notebook Requirements (12 Drawings) 1
    BROWN ALGAE · HETEROKONTOPHYTA (PART II) Notebook Requirements (12 drawings) 1. Macrocystis pyrifera – 4 drawings (thallus, scimitar blade (apical end), cross section of sporophyll, and sporophyll blade) 2. Nereocystis leutkeana –2 drawings (thallus and lateral section) 3. Laminaria setchellii – 1 drawings (thallus) 4. Alaria marginata – 1 drawing (thallus and cross section of sporophyll) 5. Egregia menziesii – 1 drawing (at least 2 different blade types and/or terminal blade) 6. Lessoniopsis littoralis – 1 drawing (thallus) 7. Unknowns – 2 Thallus drawings and steps in key C. Order Laminariales Family Laminariaceae Species: Macrocystis pyrifera • Examine and sketch the thallus of M. pyrifera. Label stipe, blades, sporophylls, holdfast, pneumatocysts and location of intercalary meristem • Examine and sketch the apical end of M. pyrifera noting the scimitar blade. • Draw a sporophyll blade and a vegetative blade. Q: Where is each type of blade located on the thallus? How can you visually tell them apart from each other? Species: Nereocystis leutkeana To transport sugars throughout the plant body of this large kelp, Nereocystis (and M. pyrifera) has sieve tubes in the outer medulla. • Draw the thallus of N. leutkeana, label stipe, pneuomatocyst, holdfast sporophylls, and sori (if present). • Prepare and draw a lateral section of the stipe. Identify and label mucilage ducts (if visible - in cortex), sieve plates (in medulla)/sieve elements (trumpet hyphae), cortex and medulla. Work on this together to get a good cross section. Q: What is the purpose of sieve plates? Q: Compare and contrast Macrocystis and Nereocystis: What morphological differences are there? Which species is annual? Which is perennial? What environment are each species found? (hint, check MAC) Q: What is the life history of Laminariales? Q: For algae in Laminariales – Is the macro-thallus (the algae we have in the water table) 1N or 2N? Understand the lifecycle of this order.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Kelp Phylogeny Sheds Light on the Evolution of an T Ecosystem ⁎ Samuel Starkoa,B,C, , Marybel Soto Gomeza, Hayley Darbya, Kyle W
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 136 (2019) 138–150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A comprehensive kelp phylogeny sheds light on the evolution of an T ecosystem ⁎ Samuel Starkoa,b,c, , Marybel Soto Gomeza, Hayley Darbya, Kyle W. Demesd, Hiroshi Kawaie, Norishige Yotsukuraf, Sandra C. Lindstroma, Patrick J. Keelinga,d, Sean W. Grahama, Patrick T. Martonea,b,c a Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada b Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield V0R 1B0, Canada c Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Quadra Island, Canada d Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada e Department of Biology, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 657-8501, Japan f Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Reconstructing phylogenetic topologies and divergence times is essential for inferring the timing of radiations, Adaptive radiation the appearance of adaptations, and the historical biogeography of key lineages. In temperate marine ecosystems, Speciation kelps (Laminariales) drive productivity and form essential habitat but an incomplete understanding of their Kelp phylogeny has limited our ability to infer their evolutionary origins and the spatial and temporal patterns of their Laminariales diversification. Here, we
    [Show full text]
  • Ochrophyta Part II Notebook Requirements (14 Drawings) 1
    Ochrophyta Part II Notebook Requirements (14 drawings) 1. Desmarestia sp.- 2 drawings (thallus from press and trichothallic growth) 2. Laminaria setchelli- 3 drawings (thallus and sorus cross section) 3. Macrocystis pyrifera – 4drawings (entire thallus, apical end, transverse cross section, longitudinal section) 4. Nereocystis leutkeana – 1 drawings (entire thallus) 5. Pterygophora californica – 1 drawing (entire thallus) 6. Alaria marginata – 1 drawing (entire thallus from press) 7. Egregia menziesii – 2 drawing (entire thallus of adult plant, one brach of a young plant) 8. Unknown(s) - steps to key D. Order Desmarestiales Species: Desmarestia spp. • Draw the entire thallus of Desmarestia. (Use the herbarium pressing) • Look at a prepared slide and draw what you see. Q: What kind of growth does Desmarestia exhibit? E. Order Laminariales Family Laminariaceae Species: Laminaria setchellii The holdfast of this species is composed of stiff, branched haptera. Each holdfast produces a single, long stipe. Sori appear as irregular darkened patches on the blades, but not all blades have sori. 1. Prepare and draw a cross section of the sorus. Look for and label sporangia, cortex and medulla. 2. Examine and draw the overall thallus. Label holdfast, stipe, blade, sori and the location of the meristem. 3. Look at the prepared slide, draw and label what you see. Species: Macrocystis pyrifera To transport sugars throughout the plant body of this large kelp, M. pyrifera has sieve elements in the medulla. • Examine and sketch the thallus of M. pyrifera. Label stipe, blades, sporophylls, holdfast, pneumatocysts and location of intercalary meristem. • Examine and sketch the apical end of M. pyrifera noting the scimitar blade.
    [Show full text]