ANALYSIS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS UNCLE TOM IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE’S UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

Risma Kartika Dewi E-mail : [email protected] Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Gresik

Martha Indriani E-mail : [email protected] PT. Wilmar Nabati Indonesia

ABSTRACT A racial discrimination gives the impact to other people. A racial discrimination happens because white race is more dominant than black race. A white race feels more superior to the black race. The white race is dominated than black race. The Negro lives in poverty, slavery, human trafficking and physically abused. Many of the black people struggle against the condition of poverty, physically abused and many pressure of life. There is no law for black people’ right which dominated by the white race and the white race people’ action to the black race cannot be stopped. Furthermore, the researcher is interested to the topic of racial discrimination in the novel of Harriet Becheer Stowe’s Uncle Tom Cabin. The researcher analyzes three main problems that are how racial discrimination depicted in the novel, what are the factors of racial discrimination in the novel and what the effects of racial discrimination in the novel are. The thesis uses descriptive qualitative research method. The data is taken from the quotations in the novel and related to the theory and the quotations will become the proofs of the analysis. The researcher uses theory of race and racism based on Les Back and John Solomos’ book to analyze the data. The result of the research is that the factors of racial discrimination are slavery and human identity. The human identity refers to the identity of race. In addition, the effects of racial discrimination are human trafficking, family separation, physically abused and rebellion.

Keywords: racial discrimination, race, black race

I.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study In the literary works, there were good messages in their works. One of many good writers such as Tennesse the best writers was Harriet Beecher William, Ernest Hemingway, William Stowe. Stowe was born in Hartford, Shakespeare, JK Rowling, Stephen Connecticut in 1811 in to a family of King and many more who present some thirteen children. She had an ambition

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to write about slavery. She saw Pro- within a year and nearly one million in Slavery and Anti-Slavery forces England. Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom's collided in Cincinnati, a city of religious Cabin also swept across the European revivalism, temperance battles, and race continent. It was the most popular novel riots. Stowe believed that slavery was a which presenting the slavery with racial cruel behavior. Stowe's novel focuses discrimination among white readers. on the slavery including the whippings, The increase of the literacy rate in the beating and forced sexual encounter. United States was also crucial to She wrote the novel to be a force Stowe’s success which had made against slavery. Stowe was the most culture more democratic. The role of famous writer in the world in 1860. Uncle Tom's Cabin is as a cause of the Stowe was an American author and best American Civil War. known for Uncle Tom's Cabin. The Tom as the main character of the researcher chooses Harriet Beecher novel who got discrimination from Stowe because she is the greatest author white people. Tom was a Negro man who presents the literary works about and he was a religious man. Tom had racial discrimination. She picked the children and lovely wife who always topic of slavery in her novel. It means support him. However, slavery was that she criticized slavery through her affected to Tom’s life and other niggers. literary works. She found cruelty or Tom was a good man, religious man, crime among the slaveholders. In calm, sensible and loyal. He is a good addition, she presented the cruel slave. In other words, Tom was a good planters of Louisiana. Stowe was the Negro and he is a poor slave. He lived most bravery author who describes in poor condition. Tom sold and sent slavery and racial discrimination in down to the south. However, he sold by 1952 through her works. That was the his owner to another planter who is a most influential cruel person. Uncle Tom has physically Uncle Tom's Cabin is the most abused when he helps other slaves to popular and sensational novel in 1852. escape. The racial discrimination can be It was a novel of anti-slavery. Stowe's seen clearly in this story. novel Uncle Tom's Cabin as a symbol There are many cases of racial of cringing submission and disgraceful discrimination. It means that people self-abasement in a black, a figure who are under estimate of other race Lionel Trilling blamed on the stage will bring a problem to other person in adaptations that had little to do with the society or environment. The action Stowe’s creation. The novel Uncle of racial discrimination will give bad Tom's Cabin gives the phenomenon of impact to others. Someone who is slavery in the real life. Stowe described always bullying about his race will slavery and racial discrimination to become introvert person and afraid to show how racial discrimination make a social intercourse. In short, the happened. The novel Uncle Tom's researcher gives the attention to the Cabin described the soul of the slaves topic of discussion that is racial and slaveholders alike. Stowe's novel discrimination. The researcher wants to Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published show the cause and the effect of racial in a serial form. The novel published in discrimination in environment. Besides, March 1852 and sold ten thousand it also shows that racial discrimination copies in the first week. The novel also can bring the problem in one’s society. had been sold three hundred thousand It is also expected that the readers will

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be more respect toward other people are primitive people, become slaves. who have different race in their social The white people have superior power intercourse. in this era. The white people are more dominant than black people. It means 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM the impact of colonialism increases racial phenomenon. Racial To analyze the topic of discrimination refers to unequal discussion, the researcher gives the treatment of people or group based on attention to three main problems as their race or ethnicity. This has been follows: reflected in important and valuable 1. How does racial discrimination accounts of the impact of colonialism depicted to Uncle Tom in Uncle on our understanding of race and Tom’s Cabin? culture. In addition, racial 2. What are the factors that cause discrimination is a pervasive racial discrimination to Uncle phenomenon in the lives of many racial Tom in Uncle Tom’s Cabin? minorities. 3. What are the effects of racial It is also the case that the discrimination in Uncle Tom’s expansion of colonial power during the Cabin? nineteenth century helped to invent new images and to institutionalize specific II.RESEARCH METHOD forms of class, gender and racial relations. Chae states African American The researcher used a qualitative reports the high level of racial research method in this study to analyze discrimination in housing, employment the data found in the novel. Creswell and in daily interactions. The media stated that a qualitative research is an also reports exclusively among African approach for analyzing and describing American men which experiencing the meaning of the text of narrative racial discrimination. The racial studies without any survey and discrimination gives impact to poorer experimental research. The qualitative mental health among African research method emphasized the Americans such as a greater risk for description and interpretation of data. depression, anxiety, substance use and The data will be described and global psychological distress. interpreted to give the readers’ Racism designates into two understanding more clearly. In different things. The first is a matter of conducting the research, the researcher behavior. It is the manifestation of used descriptive qualitative method hatred or contempt for individual who because the collection data was in the well defined physical characteristics form of dialogues or quotations in the different from our own. The second is a novel. matter of ideology. It is a doctrine which is concerning human races. The two are not linked. In order to make III.FINDING AND DISCUSSION these two meanings separate. Racism as a term designed behavior and racialism 3.1 Racial Discrimination as a term reserved for doctrines. Racism The phenomenon of race and is an ancient form of behavior that is racism appears in colonial and post- probably found worldwide; racialism is colonial era. Most black people, who a movement of ideas born in Western

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Europe whose period of flowering sacrifice. Similarity,a substantive extends from the mid eighteenth century concept of religious beliefs defined to to the mid-twentieth before World War the supernatural. II, before the rise of nazism, before the end of great European empires and 3.3 Human Identity particularly before the decolonization of Africa, before the urbanization of the Racism designates into two U.S black population and the rise of the different things. The first is a matter of modern civil rights movement, race was behavior. It is the manifestation of still largely seen in Europe and North hatred or contempt for individual who America as an essence, a natural well defined physical characteristics phenomenon. There is a conflict different from our own. The second is a between races of white and black. Most matter of ideology. It is a doctrine which colored people are under control of is concerning human races. The two are white people. The racial discrimination not linked. In order to make these two appears in the slavery phenomenon. The meanings separate, Todorov obtains colored people lives in bad condition as "racism" as a term designed behavior a slave. The white people acts brutally and racialism as a term reserved for to colored slaves. Hooks states that the doctrines. Racism is an ancient form of conflict between black and white behavior that is probably found women did not begin with the twentieth worldwide; racialism is a movement of century woman's movement. It began ideas born in Western Europe whose during slavery. The social status of period of flowering extends from the white women in America has to large mid eighteenth century to the mid- extent been determined by white twentieth in american colonies and the people's relationship to black people. It United States, there are two labels of was the enslavement of African people people. Both labels of people are labeled in America's colonial that marked the black and labeled white. The racial label beginning of a change in the social is applied to people, ideas about what it status of white women. The subjugation refers to. The idea may be much less of black people allowed white people to consensual than application of the label. the role of a superior It comes to have their social effects. In particular, the labels can operate and 3.2 Religion shape what people want to call "identification": the process through In defining "religion" meaning is which an individual intentional shapes problematic with some definitions the projects and the plans for people threatening to drive theories. In the own life by reference of available label history of social science wanted a and identities. In addition, Appiah states minimum definition that would prevent that race is the major forms of categorizing primitive religions with identification that are central or spiritualism which was in disrepute in temporary identity such as white, Europe. Religion as something that yellow, black, Japanese, Korean- would exert a certain social control but American. he defined it as belief about the Unseen with such attendant feelings are fear, 3.4 Rebellion wonder, reverence, gratitude, love and Slavery concisely defines the effect such institutions as prayer, worship and that such an institution had on the entire

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shape of a nation: without slaver, one of its foothold in Pernambuco. The cannot understand freedom. The United company sent a ship from Brazil with a States thrived economically at the full complement of bond people to be expense of millions of men and women sold in northernmost colony. Despite of for hundreds of ears who were not a federal government decree abolishes permitted to realize the freedom and the trade in 1807. It revived in New right b their country. York in the 1850s. The final expression at the end of decade involved fitting out In addition, there was a fire on vessel for sale of human merchandise in Kensington estate in St. James. A slave the lucrative Cuban market. It began rebellion swept the Western parishes of with Brazil and ended with Cuba. The the island.in 1831. It was one of the other intriguing interlude came during most important sugar growing parishes the first half of the eighteeth century. in Jamaica with Negro slave rebellions The period resembles no other in the in the United States. The Jamaican long history of New York slave trade. rebellion was characterized by the fact In the first place, it rises to the New that missions were the source of the York professional, the few wealthy slaves' philosophy and the missionaries merchants who concentrated on the themselves were cast in the role of the trade in chosen carefully the slaves' allies. Further, a network of geographical range for supply and sale independent religious meetings which of captives. The second group is unique had developed round the mission to the period which consisting in churches served the slaves as a read merchant and traders who had abundant made political organization and thus Caribbean contacts from long ears in supplied an element for which there is the provisions trade. In addition, now it no parallel in American slave revolts began either dipping in and out of the The violent protest against slaver slave trade or receiving bond people in the form of rebellion had been from Caribbean on consignment for sale endemic in eighteenth-century Jamaica. on the mainland. The trade spread out The outbreaks occurred on average broadlyacross the Americans. As a every five years. The abolition of the result, a considerably larger proportion slave trade in 1808 and the stabilization of captives sent to New York which of areas of settlement produced more destined for sale to residents of the settled condition; the Negro villages province. It was the case of other were no longer dominated by immigrant northern slave trading colonies. The Africans and a creole slave society market fluctuations had immediate emerged. It was not until in 1820s under impact on African trade. In 1698 an Act the influence of the anti-slavery of Parliament finally banned the agitation in England. The most Madagascar slave trade after years of important was in Demerara in 1823; in pressure. It is happened in both the East Jamaica, the slave conspiracies were India Company discovered in 1823 and 1824.

3.5 Human Trafficking 3.6 Physical Abuse The history of slave trade in New york spans several countries. It In the post-colonialized era, the white began in 1646 when the Dutch West race maintained the social status India Company faced the imminent loss through the constant assertion of the

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superiority over the black woman and was not always successful. Michael man. The black women workers were Tadman is a historian who has exploited to enhance the social standing estimated that approximately one third of white families. All colonial of white of enslaved children in the upper South women, particularly those who were states of Marryland and Virginia slave mistresses, chose to differentiate experienced family separation. The their status from the slaves by treating family separation can be caused by the slave in a brutal and cruel manner. three possible scenarios such as sale When the enslaved black woman away from parents, sale with mother expressed contempt and disregard for away from father or sale mother or white female authority, the white father away from children. mistress often resorted to brutal punishment to assert her authority. IV.CONCLUSION AND However, even brutal punishment could SUGGESTION not change the fact that black women were not inclined to regard the white The researcher finds the proofs of female with the awe and respect they racial discrimination based on the white showed to the white male. people’ act, behavior, speech which refer to a bad thing. The racial 3.7 Family Separation discrimination can be seen through the master’s way in responding and talking Enslaved people lived with the to black people or slaves. The white perpetual possibility of separation people do not like black people because through the sale of one or more family they think that niggers are lazy people, members. Slave owners' wealth lay bad, deceiver and more sinful than largely in the people they owned, white people. Besides, the niggers are therefor, they frequently sold or poor and a lower class. The racial purchased people as finances warranted. discrimination also refers to the black A multitude of scenarios brought about people’ religion. The racial sale. An enslaved person could be sold discrimination shows how Africa as part of an estate when his owner expresses race. Many African slaves died, because the owner needed to live in poor condition and suffer. liquidate asset to pay off debts or Besides, there is no law for niggers or because the owner thought the enslaved slaves. The white people can do person was a troublemaker. A father anything brutally to black slaves might be sold away by his owner while without punishment from the law. The the mother and children remained white people or race does not care about behind or the mother and children might slaves’ life. Most white masters have be sold. Enslaved families were also tyrannical character and behavior. In divided for inheritance when an owner addition, there are also good white died or because the owner’s adult people or masters. However, most children moved away to create new masters or white masters are bad and lives, taking some of the enslaved cruel person. The slaves do not permit people with them. The decisions were to have animal and freedom. The slaves beyond the control of the people whose are in the lower race and level. That live they affected most. Sometimes an makes white people show their superior enslaved man or woman pleaded with character and action. an owner to purchase his or her spouse to avoid separation. The intervention

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