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Israel's Maritime Strategic Assessment: 2015 Annual Report

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Israel's Maritime Strategic Assessment: 2015 Annual Report Israeli Maritime Strategic Assessment 2015 October 2015 Israel's Maritime Strategic Assessment: 2015 Annual Report Project heads: Dr. Ehud Eiran Dr. Aviad Rubin Project editor: Dr. Tamir Magal Administrative assistant: Almog Paz The Haifa Research Center for Maritime Strategy thanks Professor Fred Tauber and Mr. Dov (Berale) Shafir for their generous support which made this report possible Israeli Maritime Strategic Assessment 2015 Table of contents 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................. 5 2. Global Trends ....................................................................................... 7 2.1. The Rise of China ........................................................................... 7 2.2. The American Response ................................................................. 9 2.3. Russian assertiveness .................................................................... 10 3. Major trends in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea ................... 11 4. The Superpowers in the Mediterranean ............................................. 13 4.1. The American presence ................................................................. 13 4.2. The Chinese presence .................................................................... 14 4.3. The Russian presence .................................................................... 16 4.4. Other navies .................................................................................. 18 4.5. International task forces ................................................................ 20 5. Regional Navies ................................................................................. 22 5.1. Eastern Mediterranean Navies ...................................................... 22 5.1.1. Israel ..................................................................................... 23 5.1.2. Turkey ................................................................................... 24 5.1.3. Greece ................................................................................... 25 5.1.4. Egypt ..................................................................................... 26 5.1.5. Syria ...................................................................................... 27 5.1.6. Lebanon ................................................................................ 28 5.1.7. Libya ..................................................................................... 28 5.1.8. Cyprus ................................................................................... 29 5.2. Non-state actors ............................................................................. 29 5.3. Comparative perspective ............................................................... 30 5.4. Red Sea navies .............................................................................. 32 5.4.1. Saudi Arabia ......................................................................... 33 6. International Law of the Sea .............................................................. 36 6.1. Legal application for the Mediterranean ....................................... 38 6.2. Israeli maritime boundaries ........................................................... 41 7. Oil and gas explorations in the Eastern Mediterranean ...................... 44 7.1.1. Israel ..................................................................................... 44 7.1.2. Cyprus ................................................................................... 46 7.1.3. Egypt ..................................................................................... 47 7.1.4. Greece ................................................................................... 47 7.1.5. Turkey ................................................................................... 48 7.1.6. Gaza Marine ......................................................................... 48 2 Israeli Maritime Strategic Assessment 2015 8. Naval transportation ........................................................................... 50 8.1. Cargo transportation ...................................................................... 50 9. Piracy.................................................................................................. 54 10. Immigration ........................................................................................ 56 11. Aquaculture, Mari-culture and Environmental concerns ................... 59 11.1. Environmental pollution ............................................................... 61 11.2. Israel's maritime environmental issues .......................................... 64 11.3. Israel's desalination project ........................................................... 65 12. Strategic importance of Israel's coastal region ................................... 66 13. Regulation of the maritime environment by Israeli government agencies .............................................................................................. 68 13.1. Designated areas ........................................................................... 69 13.2. Artificial islands ............................................................................ 70 14. Conclusions: Risks and Opportunities for Israel in the Maritime Domain ............................................................................................... 71 15. Appendixes ......................................................................................... 74 15.1. Appendix A: Delineation of the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea regions ............................................................................. 74 15.1.1. Delineation of the Mediterranean: ........................................ 74 15.1.2. Delineation of the Red Sea: .................................................. 75 15.2. Appendix B: Distinctions between types of vessel employed by local Mediterranean navies: ..................................................... 76 16. List of Notes and References ............................................................. 78 List of tables Table 01: Chinese investments and energy imports from the Middle East ................................................................................................ 15 Table 02: Comparing types of tasks performed by international powers in the Mediterranean ......................................................... 19 Table 03: Comparison of armed naval vessels in the Eastern Mediterranean ............................................................................... 23 Table 04: Comparison of land-based naval assets in the Eastern Mediterranean ............................................................................... 23 Table 05: Comparison of categories of vessels in the Red Sea navies .... 33 Table 06: Summary of terrestrial and maritime territorial regions of the Mediterranean countries .......................................................... 38 3 Israeli Maritime Strategic Assessment 2015 Table 07: Summary of terrestrial and maritime territorial regions of the Red Sea countries .................................................................... 39 Table 08: Piracy activities in the Gulf of Aden ....................................... 54 Table 09: Annual marine fishery capture (in thousand tons) .................. 59 Table 10: Annual inland-water aquaculture production (in thousand tons) ............................................................................................... 60 Table 11: Annual maritime aquaculture production (in thousand tons) ............................................................................................... 60 Table 12: Annual fishing capture in the Mediterranean by sub- regions (thousand tons) ................................................................. 63 Table 13: Types of important facilities along the Israeli coastal region ............................................................................................ 66 Table 14: Authority of government agencies over the maritime domain ........................................................................................... 68 List of figures Figure 01: Comparing patrol / combat capabilities in the EEZ among Eastern Mediterranean navies. ...................................................... 31 Figure 02: Comparing High Seas power projection capabilities among Eastern Mediterranean navies ........................................... 32 Figure 03: Saudi Arabia patrol and combat capabilities in the EEZ, in comparison with other regional fleets ....................................... 34 Figure 04: Status of maritime EEZ boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean ............................................................................... 40 Figure 05: Turkish claims for EEZ boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean ............................................................................... 41 Figure 06: Israeli EEZ boundary disputes and the location of proven off-shore gas fields ........................................................................ 42 Figure 07: Main Mediterranean trading routes and the trade volume of major trans-shipment ports ....................................................... 51 Figure 08: Mediterranean migrant routes ................................................ 56 Figure 09: Illegal seaborne migrant influx into Europe 2008-2015 ........ 57 Figure 10: Pollution hot spots along the Mediterranean coast ...............
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