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Biometry of the Anterior Border of the Human Hip Bone: Normal Values and Their Use in Sex Determination

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Biometry of the Anterior Border of the Human Hip Bone: Normal Values and Their Use in Sex Determination J. Anat. (1992) 181, pp. 417-422, with 2 figures Printed in Great Britain 417 Biometry of the anterior border of the human hip bone: normal values and their use in sex determination L. GOMEZ PELLICO AND F. J. FERNANDEZ CAMACHO Department of Morphological Sciences and Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Alcald de Henares, Madrid, Spain (Accepted 25 August 1992) ABSTRACT Sixteen different variables and 3 indices for the anterior border of 42 human hip bones from a Spanish skeletal collection were studied. Values for 15 of these variables and for the 3 indices are reported. We were unable to detect statistically significant differences between means relating to side in any of the variables and indices studied. Statistically significant differences were detected between means in relation to sex for 4 variables (distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the iliopubic eminence, distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, length of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence). These variables could be used for sex determination from the human hip bone or its fragments. construction of the human hip bone (Fernandez INTRODUCTION Camacho, 1990). The distinctive morphology of the human hip bone (os coxae) and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interest from anatomical, anthropological and for- MATERIALS AND METHODS ensic points of view. Those authors who have studied We studied a random sample of 42 human hip bones this bone by osteometric methods have paid attention from the Mediterranean Caucasoid skeletal collection either to features relating to its total size or to those of of the Department of Morphological Sciences and various components, such as its inferior border, the Surgery of the University of Alcala de Henares. They greater sciatic notch, the symphysial surface, the were undamaged and showed no pathological alter- acetabulum, the obturator foramen, the arcuate line, ations that could lead to error in measurement; 26 or the distance between defined morphological points were from the right and 16 from the left; 27 were male on its borders (Verneau, 1875; Lazorthes & Lhez, and 15 female. 1939; Washburn, 1948; Sauter & Privat, 1951/52; For each hip bone the following 16 variables (Fig. Martin & Saller, 1957, 1959; Olivier, 1960, 1965; 1) on the anterior border of the bone were measured: Jovanovic & Zivanovic, 1965; Jovanovic et al. 1973; (1) the maximal width of the anterior border notch, Singh & Potturi, 1978; Kelley, 1979; Orban-Sege- i.e. the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine barth, 1984; Leopold & Novotny, 1985; MacLaughlin to the superior end of the symphysial surface & Bruce, 1986; Schutkowsky, 1986; Schulter-Ellis & (ASIS-SS); (2) the distance from the anterior superior Hayek, 1988; Tague, 1989; Budinoff& Tague, 1990; iliac spine to the pubic tubercle (ASIS-PT); (3) the Milne, 1990). However, we were unable to find any maximum width of the anterior interspinous notch, studies that set out to establish, by osteometric i.e. the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine methods, the morphological pattern of the anterior to the anterior inferior iliac spine (ASIS-AIIS); (4) border ofhuman hip bone, or the possible influence of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to sexual dimorphism or side on its morphology. We the iliopubic eminence (ASIS-IE); (5) the distance therefore decided to undertake the present study, from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the iliopubic which forms part of a larger systematic analysis of the eminence or maximal width of the notch between Correspondence to Dr L. G6mez Pellico, Department of Morphological Science, School of Medicine, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, 28071 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 418 L. Gomez Pellico and F. J. Fernandez Camacho 1 1 1 13 14 Al Fig. 1. Diagram illustrating variables studied. A, variables 1 (distance ASIS-SS), 15 (arch AB) and 16 (depth AB). B, variables 2 (distance ASIS-PT), 6 (distance AIIS-PT) and 8 (distance IE-PT). Al, variables 3 (distance ASIS-AIIS), 5 (distance AIIS-IE), 10 (arch AIN), 11 (depth AIN), 12 (arch AIIS-IE) and 13 (depth AIIS-IE). A2, variables 4 (distance ASIS-IE), 7 (distance AIIS-SS) and 9 (distance IE-SS). A3, variable 14 (length IE-SS). these points (AIIS-IE); (6) the distance from the end of the symphysial surface (IE-SS); (10) the arch anterior inferior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle of the anterior interspinous notch, i.e. the length of (AIIS-PT); (7) the distance from the anterior inferior the border between the anterior superior iliac spine iliac spine to the superior end of the symphysial and the anterior inferior iliac spine (arch AIN); (11) surface (AIIS-SS); (8) the distance from the iliopubic the depth of the anterior interspinous notch (depth eminence to the pubic tubercle (IE-PT); (9) the AIN); (12) the length of the notch between the distance from the iliopubic eminence to the superior anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence Human hip bone 419 (arch AIIS-IE); (13) the depth of the notch between sample was subdivided according to side (26 right, 16 the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic left) and analysed in a similar way. eminence (depth AIIS-IE); (14) the length of the border between the iliopubic eminence and the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION superior end of the symphysial surface (IE-SS); (15) the arch of the anterior border, i.e. the length of the Table 1 shows the mean (x), S.E.M., S.D. and the upper border between the anterior superior iliac spine and and lower 95% confidence limits of the mean (95 % the superior end of the symphysial surface (arch AB); ci) for each variable and index for the total sample. (16) the depth of the anterior border (depth AB). Table 2 shows statistical data (x, S.E.M., S.D.) for the Each variable was measured 3 times at 3 different sex subsamples, and Table 3 those related to side. We only sessions by the same observer and the mean value of were able to find a reference in the literature for 1 the 3 measurements was calculated for each variable variable, the distance from the anterior inferior iliac for each bone. spine to the iliopubic eminence (AIIS-IE), i.e. the For the measurements of these variables we used an degree of widening of the notch between these 2 osteometric board, 2 callipers with an accuracy of points. According to Testut & Latarjet (1949), it than + 0.05 mm, inextensible thread, 2 metallic squares ranges from 25 to 30 mm, values that are lower capable of being held in one plane and a metallic ours (cf. Table 2). In addition, according to Martin & millimetre ruler. All measurements were made in Saller (1957, 1959) and Rak & Arensburg (1987), this millimetres to 2 decimal places. In order to avoid notch, through which the iliopsoas muscle extends, is man, measuring errors such as those reported by Clabeaux wide and excavated in Neanderthal although not Geise (1986), the observations were made on days these authors did give numerical values. Values for the 15 remaining variables and the 3 indices are when the relative humidity was under 55 %. Three additional indices were also calculated: (I) reported here for the first time. index of widening of the anterior border (Index I), i.e. Table 4 shows the significance levels, i.e. P values for the statistics F t separate and t pooled, depth x 100/maximum width of the anterior border; (Levene), (II) index of widening of the anterior interspinous obtained from the subsamples by sex and by side. data 95 % notch (Index II), i.e. depth x 100/maximum width of Table 5 shows the statistical (K., CIi, Xf, the notch between the anterior superior iliac spine and 95 % Ci, D, S.E. of the differences between the means, the anterior inferior iliac spine; (III) index ofwidening 95 % ci, P value) for the variables with statistically of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine significant differences of means related to sex. and the iliopubic eminence (Index III), i.e. depth From the observations given in Tables 4 and 5, x 100/maximum width of this notch. For each variable and index from the total sample Table 1. Values (variables in mm and indices in %) obtained from the total sample (n = 42) (n = 42) we obtained the following statistical meas- ures: maximum and minimum values, range, median, 95% ci mean, mode, variance, standard deviation (S.D.), coefficient of variation (c.v.), standard error of the Variable x S.D. S.E.M. Lower Upper mean 95 % confidence limits of the mean, (S.E.M.), Distance ASIS-SS 134.31 9.20 1.42 131.44 137.18 frequency distribution histogram, first quartile, third Distance ASIS-PT 119.61 9.18 1.41 116.74 122.47 quartile and interquartile ranges, and standard error Distance ASIS-AIIS 43.04 5.98 0.92 41.17 44.91 of the median. Distance ASIS-IE 78.55 7.12 1.09 76.33 80.77 Distance AIIS-IE 38.53 4.48 0.69 37.14 39.93 The total sample was then subdivided by sex to Distance AIIS-PT 84.93 6.89 1.06 82.78 87.08 obtain 2 subsamples, from the 15 females and 27 Distance AIIS-SS 101.01 6.88 1.06 98.87 103.16 males, respectively. For each variable and index, its Distance IE-PT 50.70 5.31 0.82 49.04 52.36 Distance IE-SS 66.08 5.71 0.88 64.30 67.86 histogram, mean, S.D., S.E.M., sample size and maxi- Arch AIN 46.26 6.78 1.04 44.15 48.38 mum and minimum values were calculated.
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