Management of Genetic Variability in Rice (Oryza Saliva L
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we »0820^ «51 '990-18-13 Management of Genetic Variability in rice (Oryza saliva L. and O. glaberrima Steud.) by Breeders and Farmers in Sierra Leone Malcolm Solln Jusu Propositions 1. Never say never, for crosses between O. sativa and O. glaberrima species, given enough time and opportunities, where broad out-crossing is concerned (Norman Simmonds, pers. comm.). (This thesis). 2. Acknowledging local knowledge and cultural difference is essential in varietal development and for varietal adoption. Breeders must begin to take into account the local knowledge and culture (Ej) in addition to the conventional Genotype (G) and Environmental (Ej) interaction in breeding. (This thesis). 3. Farmers' choices are associated with local culture, historical and environmental circumstances. (This thesis). 4. Low resource farmers in difficult environments select appropriate planting material but need the skill and genetic diversity from both within and outside their locality. (This thesis). 5. Although women are considered as major players in genetic resource conservation, but the role of gender in this activity also depends on the economic importance of the crop and the leadership role in the family. (This thesis). 6. There is a large conceptual gap between what breeders and farmers think is important, but when both are selecting on the same range of materials, farmer- scientist selection exercises are feasible. (This thesis). 7. Growing rice varieties in mixtures may provide opportunities for out-crossing to take place and this may provide farmers with genetic diversity for further selection. (This thesis). 8. Fanner selection may be highly relevant to new approaches to plant improvement through apomixis. (This thesis). 9. Management of plant genetic resources by farmers and scientists is a socio- technical ensemble. (Paul Richards, 1995). 10. A bottom-up approach is necessary in technology development and adoption. (CBDC, 1993). 11. "If you do not know where you are going, you have to remember where you come from", (a Mende proverb). 12. " The rat is a great sorcerer but he never prays on a cat skin". (Krio proverb meaning development must always be appropriate to its context). Malcolm Sellu Jusu Wageningen University and Research Center, December 21, 1999 Management of Genetic Variability in rice (Oryza sativa L. and 0. glaberrima Steud.) by Breeders and Farmers in Sierra Leone. Malcolm Sellu Jusu Promotors: prof. dr. Paul Richards Hoogleraar in Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling prof. dr. ir. Piet Stam Hoogleraar in de plantenveredeling in het bijzonder de selectiemethoden en duurzame resistentie Co-promotors dr. Anne Elings Wetenschappelijk onderzoeker AB/DLO BIBLIOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITIIT WAGENTNfGEM ISBN 90-5808-182-6 Copyright® 1999 by Malcolm Sellu Jusu All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo, microfilm or any means, without written permission of the holder of the copyright. Cover photo by prof. dr. Paul Richards Management of Genetic Variability in Rice (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud.) by Breeders and Farmers in Sierra Leone. Malcolm Sellu Jusu Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit dr. C. M. Karssen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 21 December 1999 des namidags te half twee in de Aula TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 /. 2 The purpose of the present study 3 1.3 Chapter outline 4 2 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH AREA AND TO THE HISTORY OF RICE DEVELOPMENT IN SIERRA LEONE 6 2.1 General Background 6 2.2 Historical Background on rice andrice research in the area 9 2.3 Rice Research in Sierra Leone 12 2.3.1 Technology Transfer 12 2.3.1.1 Asian options for technology transfer 12 2.3.1.2 The indigenous alternative to technology transfer 13 2.3.2 The agricultural research base 13 2.4 Research Work at the Rice Research Station (RRS) 1934 to 1994 13 2.4.1 The specific objectives of RRS in 1934 14 2.4.2 History, research activities and achievement 14 2.4.3 Sources and Uses of Rice Genetic Diversity RRS 15 2.5 Government Efforts to increase Rice Production in Sierra Leone 17 2.5.1 Integrated Agricultural Development Programs (IAPDs) 17 2.5.2 Seed Multiplication Project (SMP) 19 2.5.3 Green Revolution Project 19 2.5.4 Internal war and new beginnings - the CBDC approach 19 2.7 Rice farming systems in Kambia District 21 2.7.1 Agricultural Production Systems and Farming Activities 24 2.7.1.1 Upland ecology 25 2.7.1.2 Inland Valley Swamps (1VS) 28 2.7.1.3 Mangrove Swamp ecology 28 2.7.1.4 Bolilands 29 2.8 Crop Diversity in the Kambia District 30 2.9 Summary of results of variety survey 34 3 FARMERS' RICE SEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FROM HARVESTING TO SEEDING IN SIERRA LEONE 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.3 Results and discussion 37 3.3.1 Farm labor force 37 3.3.2 Background of sample farmers 38 3.3.3.1 Age of farmers 39 3.3.3 Farmers' Varietal Development Activities 39 3.3.4 Seed reservation and gender factors 44 3.3.4.1 Time of seed harvest for next planting 44 3.3.4.2 Harvesting 45 3.3.4.2.1 Bulk harvesting 45 3.3.4.2.2 Panicle harvesting 45 3.3.4.3 Gathering 46 3.3.4.4 Threshing 49 3.3.4.5 Winnowing 50 3.3.4.6 Drying 50 v 3.3.4.7 Seed storage 51 3.3.4.8 Seed storage containers 51 3.3.5 Farmers' knowledge: varieties and soil type 52 3.3.6 Original sources of rice varieties among farmers 53 3.7 Genotype x Natural environment x Social environment 55 3.8 Summary 56 4 RICE VARIETAL SELECTION IN NORTH WEST SIERRA LEONE: FARMERS' AND SCIENTISTS' PERSPECnVES 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Materials and methods 58 4.2.1 Formation of CBDC farmers association 58 4. 2.2.1 Set of trials 59 4.2.2.2 Farmers' evaluation of varieties in Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) 59 4.2.2.2.1 Acquisition of planting materials 59 4.2.2.2.2 RRS - Masorie trial : 61 4.2.2.2.3 Farmers fieldtrial 62 4.2.3 Site selection for the PVS trials 62 4.2.4 Description oftrialsites 62 4.2.4.1 Rice Research Station (RRS) experimental site at Masorie upland (1996 and 1997) 62 4.2.4.2 Masorie on-farm trial (1996) in Magbema chiefdom 62 4.2.4.3 KambiKabaia on-farm trial (1996) in Tonko Limba chiefdom 63 4.2.4.4 Kawonsor on-farm trial (1996) in Bramaia chiefdom 63 4.2.4.5 Rokupr Junction on-farm trial (1997) in Magbema chiefdom 63 4.2.4.6 Sela Kqfta on-farm trial (1997) in Tonko Limba chiefdom 63 4.2.4.7Baghonyi Junction on-farm trial (1997) inBramaia chiefdom 63 4.2.6 Investigating how scientists think about institutional and farmer "ideotypes " 64 4.2.7 Problems in trial management 64 4.2.8 Data collection and analysis 65 4.2.8.1 Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) 65 4.2.8.2 Informal Research and Development 65 4.3 Results and discussion 66 4.3.1 Varieties 66 4.4.2 Characters 70 4.4.3 Multi-location Evaluation 75 4.4 General Discussion and Conclusions 81 4.5 Conclusion 84 5 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF LOCAL RICE GERMPLASM 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.1.1 African Rice (O. glaberrima Steud) 85 5.1.2 Asian Rice (O. sativa) 86 5.1.3 Spontaneous hybridization between O. glaberrima and O. sativa and/or wild relatives. 86 5.2 Materials and methods 87 5.2.1 Data collection 89 5.2.2 Data analysis 89 5.3 Results and Discussion 90 5.3.1 Morphological Characters 90 5.3.2 Characters: species, varieties and year interactions 94 5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 98 5.3.3.1 Principal Component Analysis of species 98 5.3.3.2 Principal Component Analysis for Chiefdoms 101 5.3.4 Cluster analysis 104 5.4 General Discussion and Conclusion 106 5.4.1 Distribution of genetic diversity within the collections. 106 vi 6 VARIETY MIXTURES 108 6.1 Introduction 108 6.2 Materials and methods Ill 6.2.1 Upland trials Ill 6.2.2 Data collection 113 6.2.3 Small plot/pot experiment 114 6.2.4 Data collection 115 6.2.5 Data analysis 115 6.3 Results and Discussion 116 6.3.1 Upland trial 116 6.3.1.1 Performance in mixtures 118 6.3.1.2 Grain yield (kg ha1) 121 6.3.1.3 Relative Yield Total (RYT) and Relative Crowding Coefficient 121 6.3.1.4 Other characters 122 6.3.1.4.1 Plant height at maturity 123 6.3.1.4.2 Duration (earliness) 123 6.3.1.4.3 Lodging. 125 6.3.2 Pot and plot experiments 126 6.3.2.1 Monoculture yield. 126 6.3.2.2 Grain yield. 127 6.3.2.3 Other characters 133 6.3.2.3.1 Number of tillers at two weeks 133 6.3.2.3.2 Number of panicle bearing tillers at maturity 135 6.3.2.3.3 Plant height at two weeks 136 6.3.2.4.4 Plant height at maturity 137 6.3.2.3.5 Days to maturity 139 6.4 General Discussion 140 6.5 Summary 142 7 FLOWERING BEHAVIOR OF LOCAL RICE VARIETIES IN NORTH-WESTERN SIERRA LEONE 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Materials and Methods 146 Data Analysis 146 7.3 Results and Discussion 146 7.4 General discussion •••• 153 8.