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Chapter 10 Habitats and Niches

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Chapter 10 Habitats and Niches AgriculturalAgricultural EcologyEcology ByBy Dr.Dr. RensenRensen ZengZeng DepartmentDepartment ofof EcologyEcology CollegeCollege ofof AgricultureAgriculture Email: [email protected] Phone: 38604978 ChapterChapter 1010 Habitats,Habitats, NichesNiches andand populationpopulation interactionsinteractions QuestionsQuestions What are population and community? Why do we study them in ecology? TheThe NatureNature ofof EcologyEcology BiosphereBiosphere ¾¾EcosystemEcosystem organizationorganization Ecosystems ¾¾OrganismsOrganisms ¾¾PopulationsPopulations Communities ¾¾CommunitiesCommunities Populations ¾¾EcosystemsEcosystems Organisms ¾¾BiosphereBiosphere Fig. 4.2, p. 72 1.1. HabitatsHabitats ((生境）生境） • Definition: The natural place of growth or occurrence of a species is called habitat. • A place where an organism lives or could be found. Crane in swamp 仙鹤 Penguin in polar region 企鹅 OceanOcean habitatshabitats HabitatHabitat isis thethe HomeHome ofof anan organismorganism However, due to human activity and disturbance, Habitats of many organisms are losing. These organisms are becoming Homeless and extinct HabitatHabitat lossloss duedue toto humanhuman activitiesactivities HabitatHabitat LossLoss • Single greatest threat to biodiversity – Approx. 50+% of all species extinctions have been involved habitat loss – Island biogeography theory predicts that around 50% of species are lost with 90% habitat loss ImpactsImpacts ofof HabitatHabitat ModificationModification • Loss of Habitat • Habitat Alteration • Fragmentation • Increased Human Presence • Introduced Species ImpactsImpacts ofof HabitatHabitat ModificationModification • Increased Human Presence – Alteration leads to more alteration – People arrive, then their influence expands and intensifies ImpactsImpacts ofof HabitatHabitat ModificationModification • Introduced Species – Other species come with us as we fragment – Intentionally – Unintentionally 2.2. NicheNiche 生态位生态位 • In ecology it came to stand for the precise way in which a species fits into its environment. • Total role of an organism in the environment •Multiple factors Æ •Factors interact •additive •multiplicative •A single factor may limit success -(Leibig’s law of the minimum) •Genetic variation •Dynamic environments •Lags in response Leibig’s law of the minimum Tradeoffs between A single factor may limit success interacting factors * niche (1)the limits, for all important environmental variables, within which individuals of a species can survive, grow, and reproduce. (2) The specific set of environmental/habitat conditions that permit the full development and completion of the life cycle of an organism (K) EcologicalEcological NicheNiche • Total role of an organism in the environment. • Fundamental Niche: Maximum niche a species can occupy, competition absent. • Realized Niche: Portion of the fundamental niche occupied by the species, competition present. (schematicRealized representation) Niche (n = number of parameters used to characterizeHigh the niche) Light Low n-dimensional hyper-volume Low Nutrients High Moisture High Low fundamental TheThe realizedrealized nicheniche ofof anan organismorganism niche isis smallersmaller thanthan thethe fundamentalfundamental nicheniche duedue toto competition,competition, realized predation,predation, parasitism,parasitism, andand niche recruitmentrecruitment limitationslimitations fundamental TheThe realizedrealized nicheniche ofof anan organismorganism niche isis largerlarger thanthan thethe fundamentalfundamental nicheniche duedue toto resourceresource realized enhancement,enhancement, habitathabitat amelioration,amelioration, niche predationpredation refuge,refuge, andand recruitmentrecruitment enhancementenhancement 生态位的重叠生态位的重叠 NicheNiche overlapoverlap • Niche of an individual or species is critical in determining the degree of competition with other species or individuals. • Large niche overlap generally results in intense competition WhatWhat happenshappens whenwhen thethe twotwo speciesspecies havehave thethe samesame niche?niche? CompetitiveCompetitive ExclusionExclusion PrinciplePrinciple TwoTwo speciesspecies competingcompeting forfor thethe samesame resourceresource cannotcannot existexist indefinitely.indefinitely. CompetitionCompetition exclusionexclusion principleprinciple 竞争排斥原理（也称高斯原理）指出：具有相同生态位 的不同物种，在同一生境中不能长期共存。 Gause’s competitive exclusion principle • states that two species with identical niche cannot coexist indefinitely. If two species compete in a stable environment, there are two possible outcomes: • (1)One species is excluded, or • (2)Both species coexist if the species niches are differentiated. FailureFailure ofof speciesspecies toto coexistcoexist inin lablab culturescultures ledled toto thethe CompetitiveCompetitive ExclusionExclusion HypothesisHypothesis:: TwoTwo speciesspecies cancan’’tt coexistcoexist onon thethe samesame limitinglimiting resource.resource. OutcomeOutcome ofof interspecificinterspecific competitioncompetition isis sometimessometimes dependentdependent onon abioticabiotic conditions.conditions. 29.1 °C 32.3 °C NicheNiche breadthbreadth decreasesdecreases withwith competitors.competitors. IntraspecificIntraspecific competition:competition: createscreates selectiveselective pressurepressure forfor broaderbroader resourceresource use.use. Frequency w/o of pop. with Food size utilized • Interspecific competition: may select for narrower resource use. with Frequency w/o of pop. Food size utilized InvasionInvasion byby newnew speciesspecies bringsbrings nicheniche overlapoverlap maymay ---->> reducedreduced nicheniche breadthbreadth maymay---->> moremore speciesspecies packedpacked intointo communitycommunity.. NicheNiche separationseparation viavia resourceresource partitioningpartitioning 3)3) CharacterCharacter displacement:displacement: MorphologicalMorphological traitstraits andand foodfood selectionselection ofof speciesspecies shiftshift dependingdepending onon presencepresence oror absenceabsence ofof closelyclosely relatedrelated species.species. NicheNiche separationseparation 生态生态 位分离位分离 viavia resourceresource partitioningpartitioning amongamong relatedrelated species.species. ReducedReduced nicheniche overlapoverlap:: closelyclosely relatedrelated speciesspecies useuse differentdifferent partsparts ofof resourceresource gradientsgradients whenwhen sympatric.sympatric. HabitatHabitat shift:shift: UseUse ofof habitathabitat oftenoften changeschanges dependingdepending onon presencepresence oror absenceabsence ofof closelyclosely relatedrelated species.species. Habitat – actual location or place where an organism lives vs. Niche – “the physical and biological variables that affect an organisms well-being” aka “n-dimensional hypervolume” 3.3. PopulationPopulation interactionsinteractions 生物种间的相互关系生物种间的相互关系 无相互作用 No interactions 偏利 commensalism 正相互作用 原始合作 protocooperation Positive interaction 互利共生 mutualism 直接干涉 竞争 competition 间接抑制 负相互作用 捕食 predation Negative 偏害 amensalism interaction 寄生 parasitism 3.13.1 CompetitionCompetition • Use the same resource (1) Exploitation (2) Interference 3.23.2 PredationPredation ++ HerbivoryHerbivory InIn foodfood chains,chains, allall lifelife formsforms areare bothboth consumersconsumers andand victimsvictims ofof consumers.consumers. • Predators • Parasitoids • Parasites • Pathogens • Herbivores • Detritivores • 螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后 HerbivoryHerbivory:: EffectsEffects onon plantsplants OutbreaksOutbreaks ofof insectsinsects cancan defoliatedefoliate forests.forests. Spruce budworm HerbivoryHerbivory hashas greatgreat effectseffects onon plantplant productivity,productivity, populationpopulation size,size, andand speciesspecies composition.composition. • If prefer dominant species---> increase species #. • If prefer subdominant species---> decrease species #. NaturalNatural enemiesenemies hypothesishypothesis:: • Introduced species escape from their natural enemies. • Biological control: • Introduce natural enemy to control introduced species. InIn spitespite ofof plantplant defenses,defenses, herbivoresherbivores cancan controlcontrol plantplant populationpopulation size.size. Klamath weed + beetle (biological control agent) TheThe jawsjaws ofof snakessnakes areare adaptedadapted forfor graspinggrasping andand swallowingswallowing largelarge prey.prey. PredatorsPredators varyvary inin sizesize relativerelative toto theirtheir prey.prey. 3.3 Parasitism寄生 www.defra.gov.uk/planth/ pestnote/sudden.htm www.nps.gov/plants/alien/ fact/hehe1.htm 3.43.4 AntagonisticAntagonistic (Exploitation)(Exploitation) • At least one partner is adversely (negatively) affected – Exploitation (Non C. or Consumptive) • Physical (NC) – physically hindering host – climbing plants and extensive bird nesting • Parasitism (C) – consuming part of tissues or blood/ weakening and sometimes killing, smaller than host – Dutch Elm’s Disease, Sudden Oak Death • Predation (C) – consuming all or part / killing or weakening, larger than prey – Herbivores eating plants, Wolves eating chickens ExploitationExploitation (Physical(Physical oror Consumptive?)Consumptive?) mistletoe Phoradendron macrophyllum www.montereylawngarden.com/ info/florel.html AntagonisticAntagonistic (Antibiosis)(Antibiosis) • At least one partner is adversely (negatively) affected – Antibiosis: Chemical Interactions between organisms • Insects with chemicals unpalatable to prey (Monarch) • Plants with chemicals unpalatable to prey (Chemicals in heartwood, Rot resistant) – Allelopathy: Antibiosis between plants • Root exudates which adversely affect growth and
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