DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Diseases in the Greenhouse with Biologicals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managing Diseases in the Greenhouse with Biologicals Managing Diseases in the Greenhouse with Biologicals Cheryl A. Smith Extension Professor, Plant Health Specialist Tri-State GH Workshop 2016 Cultural methods must be employed to prevent pest problems (Essential for effective use of any ‘chemical’ control) (‘chemicals’ will not correct for poor horticultural methods) Cultural Components of GH IPM Prevention - Sanitation - Humidity control (air circulation) - Scouting & Diagnosis / ID - pH & nutrient testing - Watering Sanitation! Inspect incoming material Start clean, keep it clean, end clean sanitize benches, potting areas, mats, trays, irrigation system components keep hose nozzles off ground/floor remove plant debris, weeds & algae Sanitation Needed! Look under the benches! Why biologicals /biorationals • As a tool to prevent pesticide resistance • Alternative to ‘conventional’ chemicals • As a tool for organic growers Should be some in everyone’s toolbox Some points to keep in mind… • Use preventatively!! – Won’t save a ‘situation’ • Must be used with cultural methods • Don’t use them like a chemical – Not as a corrective measure • Not like insect parasitoids and parasites – Many are good saprophytes…no ‘feeding’ Biologicals How do biological fungicides work? • Exclusion by direct competition – (for colonization / living sites) • Antagonism / Antibiosis – metabolite production: toxins, antibiotics • Predation or parasitism Trichoderma attacking Rhizoctonia www.bioworksinc.com How do biological fungicides work? • Exclusion by direct competition – (for sites) • Antagonism / Antibiosis – metabolite production: toxins, antibiotics • Predation or parasitism • Competition for nutrients • Induce host resistance (ISR) How to use biological fungicides? • use BEFORE disease occurs • MUST be used in conjunction with cultural methods Biocontrol organisms • Fungi – – Trichoderma spp. • different strains • Bacteria – Bacillus spp. • different strains – Streptomyces spp. • different strains What for what? Trichoderma – fungal diseases Bacillus – Fungal & bacterial diseases Streptomyces – fungal diseases (in general…always some exceptions) Trichoderma spp. Material: natural, soil-born fungus, various strains soil (or foliar) application MOA: exclusion, competition, antagonism/antibiosis, parasitism, growth enhancement NOP: Microbial, Non-synthetic, allowed Toxicity: III “Caution” Bacillus spp. Material: natural, saprophytic bacterium, various strains soil or foliar application MOA: competition, antagonism/antibiosis, growth enhancement, ISR NOP: Microbial, Non-synthetic, allowed Toxicity: III “Caution” Streptomyces spp. Material: natural, predominantly soil-inhabiting, bacterial and fungal characteristics, various strains soil or foliar application MOA: exclusion, antagonism/antibiosis, parasitism, growth enhancement NOP: Microbial, Non-synthetic, allowed Toxicity: III “Caution” Soilborne ‘target’ pathogens • Pythium • Rhizoctonia • Fusarium • Phytophthora • Thielaviopsis check for healthy roots Not good Pythium root rot Pythium root rot – sloughing roots Blackened areas on roots (Thielaviopsis) Thielaviopsis Calibrachoa stunt wilt Thielaviopsis root rot products for drench RootShield (G, WP): Trichoderma harzianum T-22; Bioworks OMRI RootShield Plus T. harzianum + T. virens; Bioworks OMRI Mycostop Streptomyces griseoviridis K61; AgBio OMRI Actinovate S. lydicus; Natural Industries OMRI products for drench Cease Bacillus subtilis QST713; Bioworks OMRI Companion Biological Fungicide B. subtilis GB03; Growth Products (NO OMRI) Triathalon BA B. amyloliquefaciens strain D747: OHP (NO OMRI) Rootshield (G, WP) root treatment 0 hr REI OMRI Target Pathogens: Pythium Rhizoctonia Fusarium Thielaviopsis Cylindrocladium Rootshield Plus (G, WP) 0 hr REI (G, WP) 4 hr REI if dip or dust (WP) OMRI Target Pathogens: Pythium Rhizoctonia Fusarium Thielaviopsis Cylindrocladium Phytophthora media-mix Pro-Mix (BX, BRK, HP, LP15) Biofungicide B. pumilis GHA180 + mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices); Premier (NO OMRI) Pro-Mix Biofungicide (BX, BRK, HP, LP15) NOT OMRI Some Target Pathogens: Pythium Phytophthora Rhizoctonia Fusarium Sclerotinia Some foliar ‘target’ pathogens • PM • DM • Alternaria • Rhizoctonia (aerial blight) • Bacteria – Xanthamonas, Erwinia, Pseudomonas Sedum - powdery mildew Pansy Pansy - downy mildew Basil - downy mildew products for foliar application Mycostop Streptomyces griseoviridis K61; AgBio OMRI Actinovate S. lydicus; Natural Industries OMRI Cease Bacillus subtilis QST713; Bioworks OMRI Companion Biological Fungicide B. subtilis GB03; Growth Products (NO OMRI) Triathalon BA B. amyloliquefaciens D747; OHP (NO OMRI) Mycostop 0-4 hr REI OMRI Soil & foliar Target Pathogens: Fusarium Alternaria Phomopsis (root, stem & seed rots & wilt) Also listed for Botrytis Suppresses: Phytophthora Pythium Rhizoctonia (Can be used same day with several fungicides) Actinovate SP T&O 0-1 hr REI OMRI Soil & foliar treatments (also vegetables & herbs) Target Pathogens: Pythium Phytophthora Rhizoctonia Fusarium Verticillium Sclerotinia Botrytis Alternaria anthracnose Erwinia Xanthamonas Pseudomonas also DM & PM Companion Biological Fungicide 2-3-2L 0-4 hr REI NOT OMRI Soil & foliar treatments (also vegetables & herbs) Some Target Pathogens: Pythium Rhizoctonia Fusarium wilt Sclerotinia Botrytis Alternaria Xanthamonas campestris also PM Cease 0-4 hr REI OMRI Soil & foliar Some Target Pathogens: Pythium Phytophthora Rhizoctonia Fusarium Sclerotinia DM & PM Botrytis Alternaria Cercospora Myrothecium Rust Erwinia Xanthamonas Pseudomonas Triathlon BA 4 hr REI (NOP , no OMRI) Soil & foliar treatments (also vegetables & herbs) Target Pathogens: Pythium Rhizoctonia Botrytis Fusarium Sclerotinia rust anthracnose fungal leaf spots bacterial leaf spots also DM & PM Efficacy trials B. Subtilis (Cease) Botrytis (poinsettia) - as good control as Decree (Daughtrey, 2002) Impatiens DM – NO effect @ 4 or 8 qt rates (Warfield, 2013) B. Subtilis (Cease) + Potassium Bicarb (Milstop) slowed Botrytis on tomato (Villavicencio, 2011) Efficacy trials Efficacy trials Efficacy trials Done by Chase Horticultural Research 90 82 80 70 NoControl. spots of Xanthomonas 60 55 50 50 40 40 on Geranium 32 30 20 20 15 13 10 0 0 c c 5 0 6 8 o o 2 5 % % % 1 4 in n - - .5 -1 -2 - - n I 7 7 0 e e m m o 2 2 - s s a a N P P se a a C C a e e e C C C www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com Control of Pseudomonas leaf spot on Delphinium Products were applied three times on a weekly interval. 2.5 2.3 2 1.9 1.5 1 Number of spots/plant 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0 Non Inoc P27- P27- ZT-1% Cam- Cam- Ce 15 25 16 48 ase- 1% www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com 4 3.5 3.5 3.2 Colletotrichum leaf 3 2.6spot on Cyclamen 2.5 2.2 2.2 2 2 1.8 1.8 1.5 1 1 0.5 0 c c o o 2 % c .4 4 6 -8 n n -3 1 a 1 -2 -1 d i I s - /D il- n 9 r n vi e e n o 1 a o s s o l 0 u N le a a c th 6 g C e e a ta 2 ra C C D n h r e C e P T www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com Three sprays on a 7 interval -day 35 31.8 30 Number of coEradicationlonies of powdery mildew 25 23.4 on Rosemary19.6 with biocontrols 20 14.2 15 10 8.4 and wetting8.8 agents 4.4 3.8 5 0 r 6 1 6 -4 4 -8 te -1 - - % il - a e e te -1 s B A tt g a e p n m W e ita v s a o a li r o a C tr o A e in e a F H ct C L o A N www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com rate Black root rot control on Pansy 60 52 50 43 44 40 33 30 26 26 21 20 10 0 3336 Noninoc Inoculated Agri-TerraPlantShield Plant/3336Companion www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com Percent healthy roots - April 30 60 55 50 43 Pythium40 root rot40 40 38 34 32 control on Geranium 30 28 30 26 23 20 10 0 c c t o o n c te ix ld n ld X le n n ro A a m ie io ie X o i I -I t/ v o h n h A z n o c o i a ra o n A in B tS p tS M r N ti t r o n e e c c e o m a u T A i o l d A m R C P b re u P S www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com * Triathlon BA www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com Disadvantages of microbial fungicides • may not work quickly • do not eradicate pathogen/rescue infected host • shorter shelf life • may be expensive • compatibility with other pesticides Regalia Biofungicide Extract of giant knotweed Reynoutria sachalinensis 4 hr REI OMRI Soil & foliar treatments (also vegetables & herbs) MOA ISR, also translaminar Target Pathogens: PM controlled very well Pythium Phytophthora Rhizoctonia Verticillium www.planetarium.ru Native to northeast Asia, N. Japan, & far eastern Russia www.utok.cz Efficacy trial Study done in FL with Gerbera PM: 77% reduction with 1% Regalia Has to be applied early, well-before disease is likely to occur. Repeat applications…ISR takes time Some additional points to keep in mind… • If not organic production: – Rotation with chemicals may give better results (than either alone) – Can help preserve usefulness of synthetic chemicals (prevent resistance) Cultural methods must be employed to prevent pest problems Essential for effective use of any biological or chemical control In Summary • Biocontrol (and biorational) products: – Aid in resistance management – Often have short REI – Some have plant health benefits – Can help to reduce ‘chemical’ use – Many are OMRI-listed – May have lower risk of phytotoxicity Questions?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antibiosis of Tomato, Solanum Lycopersicum (Solanaceae) Plants to the Asopinae Predator Supputius Cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
    ISJ 12: 179-187, 2015 ISSN 1824-307X RESEARCH REPORT Antibiosis of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) plants to the Asopinae predator Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) AA de Castro1, W de S Tavares2, J Collatz3, AI de A Pereira4, JE Serrão5, JC Zanuncio6 1Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil 2Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil 3 Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland 4Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Urutaí, 75790-000, Urutaí, Goiás State, Brazil 5Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil 6Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil Accepted July 6, 2015 Abstract Plant feeding can improve development and reproduction of the stink bug Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), an important biological control agent in South American agro-forestry ecosystems. However, defensive compounds of plants may negatively impact this predator. The development, reproduction and survival of S. cincticeps fed on mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae with bean (Fabaceae), cotton (Malvaceae), eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), soybean (Fabaceae), or tomato (Solanaceae) leaves were evaluated. Females and males were heavier and the number of nymphs produced per female, the oviposition period and the longevity of females of this predator were higher when fed on eucalyptus, soybean, bean, and cotton than with tomato leaves. Leaves of those plants improved biological parameters of S. cincticeps, while tomato leaves showed antibiosis with lower reproduction and survival of S. cincticeps, probably due to toxic compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichoderma: the “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent
    plants Review Trichoderma: The “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent 1, 1, 2 3 Monika Sood y, Dhriti Kapoor y, Vipul Kumar , Mohamed S. Sheteiwy , Muthusamy Ramakrishnan 4 , Marco Landi 5,6,* , Fabrizio Araniti 7 and Anket Sharma 4,* 1 School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) 2 School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; [email protected] 5 Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 6 CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy 7 Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.S.) Authors contributed equal. y Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 16 June 2020; Published: 18 June 2020 Abstract: The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Unsettling Antibiosis: How Might Interdisciplinary Researchers Generate a Feeling for the Microbiome and to What Effect?
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1057/s41599-018-0196-3 OPEN Unsettling antibiosis: how might interdisciplinary researchers generate a feeling for the microbiome and to what effect? Beth Greenhough1, Andrew Dwyer1, Richard Grenyer1, Timothy Hodgetts2, Carmen McLeod3 & Jamie Lorimer1 ABSTRACT Decades of active public health messaging about the dangers of pathogenic microbes has led to a Western society dominated by an antibiotic worldview; however recent 1234567890():,; scientific and social interest in the microbiome suggests an emerging counter-current of more probiotic sentiments. Such stirrings are supported by cultural curiosity around the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, or the idea it is possible to be ‘too clean’ and a certain amount of microbial exposure is essential for health. These trends resonate with the ways in which scientists too have adopted a more ‘ecological’ perspective on the microbiome. Advances in sequencing technologies and decreasing costs have allowed researchers to more rapidly explore the abundance and diversity of microbial life. This paper seeks to expand on such probiotic tendencies by proposing an interdisciplinary methodology researchers might use to generate more-than-antibiotic relations between lay participants and their domestic micro- biome. The paper draws on findings from an ESRC-funded study, Good Germs, Bad Germs: Mapping microbial life in the kitchen (grant number ES/N006968/1), which sought to: (i) explore human-microbe relations in the domestic kitchen; and (ii) make scientific techniques for visualising the domestic microbiome available to non-expert publics through a form of ‘participatory metagenomics’. We examine how scientific knowledge and techniques are enroled into lay practices of making microbes sensible; how these intersect with, reinforce or disrupt previous feelings for microorganisms; and how new ways of relating with microbial others emerge.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening of Vineyard Ecosystem Fungi for Antimicrobial Activity
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC 1 2 Antibiosis of vineyard ecosystem fungi against food-borne microorganisms 3 4 Carolina Cuevaa, M.Victoria Moreno-Arribasa*, Begoña Bartoloméa, Óscar Salazarb, 5 M.Francisca Vicentec, Gerald F. Billsc 6 7 8 a Instituto de Investigación Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás 9 Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain 10 b Genómica S.A.U (Zeltia), Alcarria 7, 28823 Madrid, Spain 11 c Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de Salud, Armilla 18100, 12 Granada, Spain 13 14 15 [email protected] 16 [email protected] “*Correspondence and reprints” 17 [email protected] 18 [email protected] 19 [email protected] 20 [email protected] 21 22 23 2 1 Abstract 2 Fermentation extracts from fungi isolated from vineyard ecosystems were tested for 3 antimicrobial activities against a set of test microorganisms, including five food-borne 4 pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus EP167, Acinetobacter baumannii (clinical isolated), 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (CECT 5947) and Candida 6 albicans MY1055) and two probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum LCH17 and 7 Lactobacillus brevis LCH23). A total of 182 fungi were grown in eight different media, 8 and the fermentation extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity. A total of 71 fungi 9 produced extracts active against at least one pathogenic microorganism, but not against 10 any probiotic bacteria. The Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus EP167, was 11 more susceptible to antimicrobial fungi broths extracts than Gram-negative bacteria and 12 pathogenic fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgenerational Effects Alter Plant Defence and Resistance in Nature
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.13042 Transgenerational effects alter plant defence and resistance in nature J. COLICCHIO Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Keywords: Abstract herbivory; Trichomes, or leaf hairs, are epidermal extensions that take a variety of Mimulus; forms and perform many functions in plants, including herbivore defence. phenotypic plasticity; In this study, I document genetically determined variation, within-genera- transgenerational plasticity; tion plasticity, and a direct role of trichomes in herbivore defence for Mimu- trichomes. lus guttatus. After establishing the relationship between trichomes and herbivory, I test for transgenerational effects of wounding on trichome den- sity and herbivore resistance. Patterns of interannual variation in herbivore density and the high cost of plant defence makes plant–herbivore interac- tions a system in which transgenerational phenotypic plasticity (TPP) is apt to evolve. Here, I demonstrate that parental damage alters offspring tri- chome density and herbivore resistance in nature. Moreover, this response varies between populations. This is among the first studies to demonstrate that TPP contributes to variation in nature, and also suggests that selection can modify TPP in response to local conditions. Following the hypotheses regarding within-genera- Introduction tion plasticity, if current environmental conditions are By exposing plants to a variety of environments, Clau- a good predictor of the conditions experienced by the sen, Keck and Heisey developed the common garden next generation (positive intergenerational autocorrela- experimental design to distinguish between genetically tion), then the transmission of altered developmental determined, environmentally dictated, and genetic 9 en- trajectories between generations (transgenerational vironmental effects on growth and fitness (Clausen et al., phenotypic plasticity, TPP, Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Microbiome Manipulation Gives New Insights in Plant Disease-Suppressive Soils from the Perspective of a Circular Economy: a Critical Review
    sustainability Review Soil Microbiome Manipulation Gives New Insights in Plant Disease-Suppressive Soils from the Perspective of a Circular Economy: A Critical Review Ugo De Corato Department of Bioenergy, Biorefinery and Green Chemistry (TERIN-BBC-BIC), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0831-201-616 Abstract: This review pays attention to the newest insights on the soil microbiome in plant disease- suppressive soil (DSS) for sustainable plant health management from the perspective of a circular economy that provides beneficial microbiota by recycling agro-wastes into the soil. In order to increase suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, the main goal of this paper is to critically discuss and compare the potential use of reshaped soil microbiomes by assembling different agricultural practices such as crop selection; land use and conservative agriculture; crop rotation, diversifica- tion, intercropping and cover cropping; compost and chitosan application; and soil pre-fumigation combined with organic amendments and bio-organic fertilizers. This review is seen mostly as a comprehensive understanding of the main findings regarding DSS, starting from the oldest concepts to the newest challenges, based on the assumption that sustainability for soil quality and plant health is increasingly viable and supported by microbiome-assisted strategies based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods that characterize in depth the soil bacterial and fungal communities. This approach, together with the virtuous reuse of agro-wastes to produce in situ green composts and organic bio-fertilizers, is the best way to design new sustainable cropping systems in a circular economy system.
    [Show full text]
  • Philaenus Spumarius) Herbivory in Mimulus Guttatus
    Heredity (2009) 102, 303–311 & 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genetic variation and constraints on the evolution of defense against spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius) herbivory in Mimulus guttatus CT Ivey1, DE Carr2 and MD Eubanks3 1Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA, USA; 2Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, USA and 3Department of Entomology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA Plants mediate carbon into most ecosystems and are thus variation for tolerance to herbivory except for a small non- under persistent attack by diverse enemies. The evolution of nuclear paternal contribution to tolerance for flower number. defense against such assaults will depend on the availability Additive genetic correlations indicated that more resistant of genetic variation, as well as the costs and constraints on plant genotypes (in terms of adult spittlebug biomass) were defense. We estimated the magnitude of genetic variation for also smaller in the absence of spittlebugs, suggesting a defense against spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius) herbivory potential cost of resistance to herbivory. We found no other in Mimulus guttatus using a diallel cross-grown in a green- significant genetic correlations indicating a cost of defense, house. Except for flowering time, additive genetic variation nor did we find evidence for a tradeoff between resistance for the plant traits we measured was negligible, regardless of and tolerance to herbivory. Overall, these results suggest herbivory environment. In contrast, nonadditive genetic the future adaptive evolution of tolerance to spittlebugs in variation contributed significantly to all plant traits measured.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Biotic Interactions for Ecological Intensification of Agroecosystems. Sabrina Gaba, François Bretagnolle, Thierry Rigaud, Laurent Philippot
    Managing biotic interactions for ecological intensification of agroecosystems. Sabrina Gaba, François Bretagnolle, Thierry Rigaud, Laurent Philippot To cite this version: Sabrina Gaba, François Bretagnolle, Thierry Rigaud, Laurent Philippot. Managing biotic interactions for ecological intensification of agroecosystems.. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media S.A, 2014, 2, pp.29. 10.3389/fevo.2014.00029. hal-01018648 HAL Id: hal-01018648 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01018648 Submitted on 28 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW ARTICLE published: 30 June 2014 ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION doi: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00029 Managing biotic interactions for ecological intensification of agroecosystems Sabrina Gaba 1*, François Bretagnolle 2,3, Thierry Rigaud 2 and Laurent Philippot 1 1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France 2 Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France 3 UMR 5175 Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive-CNRS, Montpellier, France Edited by: Agriculture faces the challenge of increasing food production while simultaneously Gary D. Bending, University of reducing the use of inputs and delivering other ecosystem services. Ecological Warwick, UK intensification of agriculture is a paradigm shift, which has recently been proposed to Reviewed by: meet such challenges through the manipulation of biotic interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Ecology, Antibiosis, and All That Rot
    COMMENTARY Evolutionary ecology, antibiosis, and all that rot Michael Kasparia,1 and Bradley Stevensonb Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Departments of aZoology and bBotany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 ity members of the Animal Kingdom. They must compete for prey that hide, defend them- selves, or run away. This compe- Ptition only intensifies when such prey die uneaten. The carcasses and leaves strewn across the landscape are now available to microbial competitors that are everywhere, grow rapidly, and know how to poison. So how can an animal scavenger make a living? In a study in this issue of PNAS (1) Nicrophorus bee- tles that raise their grubs on mouse car- casses are shown to use a 2-pronged strategy: avoid the nastiest carcasses and apply the antibiotics. Ecologists have typically studied com- petition among suites of closely related species (e.g., 5 species of Dendroica war- blers) (2). However, in 1977, evolution- ary ecologist Dan Janzen (3) pointed out that a large fraction of potential food—fruits, seeds, and carcasses—may be lost to animals through competition with bacteria and fungi. Microbes have a Fig. 1. Most animals do not eat carcasses because microbes get there first, spreading rapidly and huge advantage, after all, because they poisoning the food with antibiotics (blue dots). Burying beetles fight back by regurgitating antibiotics (pink puddles) that lyse bacteria and preserve the carcass for their larvae. Illustration by Deborah Kaspari. are abundant both in the soil and the gut of the carcass. In warm environ- ments, they can also reproductively at maturity of the larval offspring, tious diseases, we know surprisingly lit- overrun a carcass before it can be dis- something often lacking in studies of tle about its evolutionary ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • ZOOLOGY Biology of Parasitism Animal Association and Host
    Paper : 08 Biology of Parasitism Module : 02 Animal Association and Host-parasite interaction, Part 2 Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator: Dr. Pawan Malhotra ICGEB, New Delhi Content Writer: Dr.Haren Ram Chiary Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer: Prof. Rajagopal Raman Department of Zoology, University of Delhi 1 Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Animal Association and Host- Parasite Interaction. Part 2 Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Biology of Parasitism: Zool 008 Module Name/Title Animal Association and Host-parasite interaction. Module Id M02: Animal Association and Host-parasite interaction. Part 2 Keywords Antibiosis, Ammensalism, Interference competition, Exploitation competition, Competitive Exclusion Principle, Character Displacement, Predation and Parasitism, Host -Parasite Interaction, Disease and parasitism, Social parasitism. CONTENTS 1. Learning Objective 2. Introduction 3. Negative interactions 3.1 Antibiosis 3.2 Synnecrosis 3.3 Ammensalism 3.4 Competition 3.4.1. Types of Competition on mechanism basis 3.4.1.a. Interference competition 3.4.1.b. Exploitation competition 3.4.1.c. Apparent competition 3.4.2. Types of Competition on species basis 3.4.2.a. Intraspecific competition 3.4.2.b. Interspecific competition i. Competitive Exclusion Principle ii. Character Displacement iii. Resource Partitioning 2 Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Animal Association and Host- Parasite Interaction. Part 2 4. Predation and Parasitism 5. Host -Parasite Interaction 5.1 Parasitic characteristics 5.2 Types of parasites 5.3 Host as habitat 5.4 Disease and parasitism 5.5 Social parasitism 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Prevalence of Antibiosis and the Related Resistance Genes in the Environment
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 06, 2021 Role and prevalence of antibiosis and the related resistance genes in the environment Nazaret, Sylvie; Aminov, Rustam Link to article, DOI: 10.3389/978-2-88919-521-3 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Nazaret, S., & Aminov, R. (Eds.) (2015). Role and prevalence of antibiosis and the related resistance genes in the environment. Frontiers Media SA. Frontiers Research Topics https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-521-3 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. ROLE AND PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOSIS AND THE RELATED RESISTANCE GENES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Topic Editors Sylvie Nazaret and Rustam Aminov MICROBIOLOGY FRONTIERS COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ABOUT FRONTIERS © Copyright 2007-2015 Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a pioneering Frontiers Media SA.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundations in Microbiology Sixth Edition
    Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Sixth Edition Talaro Microorganisms Interaction & Environments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microbes are everywhere! Thermal Ponds Ice areas Soil Water Pipes Ecology (The Interconnecting Web of Life) • Ecosystem = Ecology system • Environmental, or ecological, microbiology – study of microbes in their natural habitats • Microbial ecology- studies the interactions between microbes and their environments, involving living and nonliving components Organization of Ecosystems Biosphere – thick envelope of life that surrounds the earth’s surface, the biggest ecosystem in the earth • Made up of: – hydrosphere (water) – lithosphere (soil) – atmosphere (air) • Maintains and creates the conditions of temperature, light, gases, moisture, and minerals required for life processes • Biomes- particular climatic regions • Communities – the association of organisms that live together and that exhibit well-defined nutritional or behavioral interrelationships. • Population – organisms of the same species within a community. • Habitat – the physical location in the environment to which an organism has adapted. • Niche – overall role that a species, or population, serves in a community; nutritional intake, position in the community, and rate of population growth. Characteristics of Microorganisms Ecosystem • Biodiversity - Mold, yeast, bacteria, algae, protozoa, virus • Population dynamics - Fluctuative growth of phytoplankton in sub-tropic climate • Adaptation and Mutation - phenotypic & genotypic change during environmental change • Microbial interaction : neutral, positive, negative Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems • Organisms derive nutrients and energy from their habitat. • Food chain or energy pyramid summarizes the feeding levels: – producers – provide the fundamental energy source; only organisms that can produce organic compounds by assimilating inorganic carbon from the atmosphere; most are photosynthetic, also called autotrophs.
    [Show full text]