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Download Full Text (Pdf) Contents Preface 3 Terms and definitions 4 Executive summary 5 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Objectives and scope 14 1.3 Methodology - value chain approach 14 1.4 Guidance for the reader 16 2 National and local CE strategies for C&DW 18 2.1 National strategies 18 2.2 Municipal and local strategies 26 3 Screening and selection of cases 28 3.1 Screening of cases 28 3.2 Selection criteria 29 3.3 Selected cases 30 4 Digital solutions in the construction and demolition sector 33 4.1 Digital solutions – what are they? 33 4.2 Nordic digitalisation strategies 34 4.3 Digital solutions to support development of a circular economy 36 5 Drivers and barriers presented in cases for the implementation of CE in the 44 construction sector 5.1 Local CE strategies to boost a circular economy 45 5.2 Digitalisation as a tool to boost a circular economy 50 5.3 Technical specification – barriers to business 51 5.4 Supporting and improving quality 57 5.5 Business models for reuse - barriers and drivers 60 5.6 Market pull - Policy instruments to support market uptake 62 5.7 Reuse and recycling targets and indicators 64 6 Policy recommendations 66 Annex 1 Screening of cases 68 Annex 2 Selected cases 83 Annex 3 Local strategies and networks to promote CE 118 Annex 4 Digitalisation cases 122 About this publication 127 2 Preface This document is the report on the project entitled “Strategier och metoder för implementering av cirkulär ekonomi i byggverksamheten i Norden - Kartläggning av goda exempel och hinder” financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers and the Nordic Working Group for Circular Economy (NCE). The project was initiated in March 2020 and finished in October 2020. The project work was followed by a Nordic Steering Group consisting of the following members: • Tiina Karppinen, Finnish Environment Institute • Camilla Sederholm, Finnish Environment Institute (until May 2020) • Christoffer Back Vestli, Miljødirektoratet, Norway (until September 2020) • Jon Fonnlid Larsen, Miljødirektoratet, Norway (from September 2020) • Per Ravn Hermansen, Ministry of Research and Environment, Greenland The project was coordinated by VTT from Finland. The project group consisted of the following persons: • Margareta Wahlström, VTT Ltd, Finland (project manager) • Malin zu Castell-Rüdenhausen, VTT Ltd, Finland • Thilde Fruergaard Astrup, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark • Anke Oberender, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark • Carl Jensen, RISE, Sweden • Pernilla Johansson, RISE, Sweden • Eirik Rudi Wærner, Multiconsult Norge, Norway November 2020 Project group 3 Terms and definitions BASTA is a system to make conscious product selections with the aim of phasing out substances of concern – for example building BASTA owners, contractors, architects, structural engineers or individuals BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) from the UK’s BRE BIM Building information modelling C&DW Construction and demolition waste CE Circular economy administrative marking that indicates conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards for products sold CE-marking within the European Economic Area Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the council of CLP 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/ 548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 any product which is produced for incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil Construction product engineering works Construction works includes both buildings and civil engineering works CPR Construction Products Regulation DOP Declaration of Performance EN European Norm EoW End-of-Waste EPD Environment Product Declarations ETA European Technical Assessment EU harmonised standard European standard (EN), prepared under the mandate of the European Commission or the EFTA EPR Extended Producer Responsibility GPP Green Public Procurement Hazardous substance a substance that is assigned a hazard statement code when classified using the CLP Regulation a waste that due to its (intrinsic) chemical or other properties poses a risk to the environment and/or human health. Waste listed Hazardous waste as hazardous in the European List of Waste are marked with an asterisk LCA Lifecycle Analysis LEED US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design NACE Nomenclature of Economic Activities (the European statistical classification of economic activities used by Eurostat) REACH European chemicals regulation concerning Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) VAT Value Added Tax any substance or object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard. Generally relates to waste materials where waste the ultimate end point is disposal rather than recycling Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain WFD Directives (Waste Framework Directive) WMP Waste Management Plan WPP Waste Prevention Plan 4 Executive summary A circular economy (CE) in the construction sector offers significant possibilities for saving natural resources and energy, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Half of the Earth´s raw materials are used in construction and nearly 40% of the energy consumption is used during the service life of buildings, but a considerable amount of the energy consumption relates to raw material extraction and the manufacturing of construction products. Furthermore, of the total generated waste 1 2 within the EU, 30% comes from the construction sector. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have prepared, or are preparing, a national strategy for a circular economy, which sets the overall targets for a circular economy in each of the countries. These local and national strategies give guidance on the way towards a circular economy and provide measures to reach the set targets in the strategies. Putting theory into practice via strategies can be a good means for the transition towards a circular economy in the construction sector. Municipalities can set requirements for CE solutions in the construction sector by requiring, e.g. the use of recycled and/or recyclable construction materials in construction, the application of design for disassembly principles in construction and requiring resource mapping, and reuse and recycling in the demolition phase, etc. The aim of this study was to identify and present cases and experiences from the implementation of CE concepts at the local level in the Nordic communities with a focus on construction, renovation and demolition. Information was mainly collected from Denmark, Finland and Sweden and to a limited extent from Norway due to the small budget available for the Norwegian partner in this project. The project evaluates how the national strategies in the Nordic countries have an influence on the implementation of CE concepts at local levels. Barriers and drivers for the uptake of CE solutions are analysed, and enabling factors that could support the implementation of circular economy concepts and identified barriers in norms, legislation and guidelines are described. In addition, the identification and evaluation of digital methods and solutions (e.g. the classification and statistical documentation of waste amounts and materials) that may help in establishing effective markets for secondary raw materials have also been included. The focus has been on waste material streams, and actions that mainly target other objectives such as water or energy consumption during the use phase are excluded. The study shows that several of the identified local strategies focused not only on the circular economy but in many cases on climate effects as well. Similar to the national strategies, the local strategies were rather generally formulated. Denmark is a good example, where tools, such as requirements for sustainable construction have supported the implementation of local strategies drawn up based on national strategies in constructions in the municipality. The local strategy documents describe clear goals and list concrete actions to be considered in demolition work and resource savings in new construction (by reuse and recycling of materials). 1. World Green Building Council. 2019. New report: the building and construction sector can reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/WorldGBC-embodied-carbon-report- published 2. Council of European Union. 2019. Circular economy in the construction sector - draft Council conclusions. Document 13270/19 dated 18 October 2019. 5 In the data mapping of the cases, 115 cases were collated from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for further analysis. This was done based on our knowledge of existing relevant examples and cases, e.g. via our network, prior work and contacts. The data was supplemented with a desktop study, screening of projects, seminars, and company information, as well as interviews with relevant stakeholders. Many cases could not be linked directly to a national or local strategy. In the cases presented in this report, we can see that many business opportunities seem to have been created through the influence of national and local strategies. The cases showed that the circular economy had been implemented, e.g. with the help of funding from research and innovation funding programmes, local
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