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Exploring Music Therapy in the Life of BaTonga of Mazabuka, Southern Zambia Student name: Nsamu Urgent Moonga Student number: 16369174 Address: 2 Albu Road, Parkdene, Boksburg Postal code: 1460 Cell phone: +27 63 446 1193 E-mail address: [email protected] or [email protected] Supervisor: Dr Andeline dos Santos MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA Exploring Music Therapy in the Life of BaTonga of Mazabuka, Southern Zambia Nsamu Urgent Moonga DISSERTATION Research Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MMus degree School of the Arts: Music Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria Supervisor: Dr Andeline dos Santos Date: November 2019 MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE Declaration for the storage of research data and/or documents I/ We, the principal researcher(s) _________________________________________________________ and supervisor(s) _________________________________________________________ of the following study, titled _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ will be storing all the research data and/or documents referring to the above-mentioned study in the following department: ________________________________________________________________________ We understand that the storage of the mentioned data and/or documents must be maintained for a minimum of 15 years from the commencement of this study. Start date of study: ___________________________________________________ Anticipated end date of study: __________________________________________________ Year until which data will be stored: __________________________________________________ Name of Principal Researcher(s) Signature Date Name of Supervisor(s) Signature Date Name of Head of Department Signature Date i MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES RESEARCH PROPOSAL & ETHICS COMMITTEE DECLARATION Full name: Moonga Nsamu Urgent Student Number: 16369174 Degree/Qualification: MMus Therapy Title of thesis/dissertation/mini-dissertation: Exploring Music Therapy in the Life of BaTonga of Mazabuka, Southern Zambia I declare that this thesis/dissertation / mini-dissertation is my own original work. Where secondary material is used, this has been carefully acknowledged and referenced in accordance with university requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of university policy and implications in this regard. _____________________________ _________________________________ SIGNATURE DATE ResPEthics Documentation NE 46/04 05/2004 ii MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA ABSTRACT The use of music for healing is ubiquitous in every human community. Music Therapy, however, as the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional, may not share the same pervasive prevalence in human society. This study explored how a culturally- sensitive music therapy process may be designed among baTonga of Mazabuka, particularly in relation to the participants’ existing understandings of masabe (musical healing ritual) Participants' perceptions of musical healing rituals of masabe were explored through focus groups, as well as, if the participants were amenable, to the use of musical healing rituals. We then designed a music therapy session together. The participants expressed delight at their involvement in the study as it communicated interest in their lives. The study affirmed their worldview and how that could be incorporated into wellness responses associated with their community. The study found that baTonga rely on musical healing rituals as they are aligned to their relational cosmology and accommodates their perceptions of wellbeing. BaTonga ritual music is rich in symbolism and imagery. Because buTonga personhood might be experienced at the intersection of the individual and the community, and at the intersection of the individual, the community and the natural environment, this study found that music therapy here would benefit from drawing on ecologically-informed community music therapy approaches. A music therapist’s role in buTonga may be seen similarly to how the role of a mun’ganga (an afflicted shamanic healer) is perceived in the community. The study argues that there is indeed a place for culture-centred, culturally sensitive and inclusive anti- oppressive music therapy among BuTonga. This research study contributes to the ongoing conversation about evolving meanings, theories, approaches and practices of music therapy. iii MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA KEYWORDS baTonga (the baTonga people) buTonga (baTonga culture and cultural systems) ciTonga (the language baTonga speak) Dance Masabe (possession; musical healing ritual) Music muTonga (singular for baTonga) Muuya (spirits) Ngoma (drums; music) iv MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA DEDICATION To Rosemary Malala Moonga, who loved me into life and planted in me and nurtured my love of song, and coffee. Those evenings of singing around a teapot set me on the improbable journey that finds me here today. v MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr Andeline dos Santos for being more than my research supervisor. She believed in me more than I believed in myself. She spoke to what is best in me especially when I doubted myself. I am deeply indebted to Dr Carol Lotter for her genuine trust and support. Dr Lotter, you have helped me on the journey to remembering myself. Together, Drs dos Santos and Lotter have made me believe in unconditional love. I have yet to find people who have the authentic ability to wait, wait and listen to the sound of the genuine in another. I am grateful to the Christian Brothers Association for financial and personal assistance during the course of study. I thank everyone who supported me on this journey; that coffee we shared, encouraging me to read one more article or book and to write just one line however ugly. vi MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Timetable ……………………………………………… 60 2. Excerpts of thick descriptions ……………………… 63 3. Video excerpts …………………………………........ 76 4. Initial notings ……………………………………… 78 5. list of initial notings of FG1 ……………………………… 79 6. Groups of initial notings of FG1 ……………………… 80 7. Preliminary themes of FG1 ……………………………… 81 8. Clusters of preliminary themes of FG1 ……………… 82 9. Summaries for the preliminary themes of FG1 ……… 83 10. Overarching themes with relative preliminary themes of FG1 ……………………………………… 84 11. Overarching themes and the relative preliminary themes for FGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the thick descriptions…… 85 vii MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Stages of the study.................................................................................. 59 2. Musical healing ritual movements ………………………................ 73 3. Analysis process …………………………………………………………. 77 4. BuTonga cosmology ……………………………………………………... 86 5. Well-being ………………………………………………………………. 88 6. Ways of knowing ………………………………………………………… 89 7. Musical healing ritual …………………………………………………… 90 viii MUSIC THERAPY IN THE LIFE OF BATONGA OF MAZABUKA TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of storage of research data and/or documents .......................................... i Declaration of originality ................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Keywords ......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ..........................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction to this Study ............................................................................13 1.1 Masabe .............................................................................................................17 1.2 Discovering music and its societal function ....................................................18 1.3 Aims of the study .............................................................................................20 1.4 Research Question ...........................................................................................20 1.5 Overview of the dissertation ............................................................................21 Chapter 2: Literature Review .........................................................................................22 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................22 2.2 Critical Theory .................................................................................................22 2.2.1 Decolonisation

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