Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional Do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil)
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(1 Suppl.): 505-575 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160877 www.scielo.br/aabc Insect Galls of the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Southeast Region, Brazil) VALÉRIA C. MAIA and BERNARDO MASCARENHAS Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Depto. De Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Manuscript received on December 20, 2016; accepted for publication on January 27, 2017 ABSTRACT The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) (Brazilian Southeast Region) was surveyed monthly for insect galls from February/2014 to December/ 2015. A total of 432 gall morphotypes were found. This number places the PNI as the richest Atlantic forest area in number of gall morphotypes. The galls were found on 47 plant families. Among them, Asteraceae were pointed out as the superhost. The gall richness in the lower part of the PNI is higher than that of the plateau. The insect galls were found in 154 native, 56 endemic and only one exotic plant species. Concerning the conservational status, the host plants include two vulnerable species with three morphotypes together. Several new botanical records were reported. Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems. Globoid, green, glabrous and one–chambered galls were the most frequent. Cecidomyiidae were the most common gallers. Parasitoids, successors and inquilines composed the associated fauna. Key words: Atlantic forest, Cecidomyiidae, insect–plant interactions, multitrophic relations, new records. INTRODUCTION is a predominance of the altitude fields. About 1,328 plant species have been recorded in the PNI, The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) is a prioritary among them, 163 are endemic. The fauna includes area for the biodiversity conservation of the Atlantic about 5,000 insect species, 25 reptile species, forest. It is situated in the Serra da Mantiqueira on 67 amphibian species, 357 bird species and 67 the border of the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas mammalian species (ICMBIO 2016). Gerais, and São Paulo (Fig. 1). It has an area of Although many inventories have been indicated 28,000 hectares, characterized by mountains and a great richness of insect galls in the State of Rio rocky hills, with altitude ranging from 540 to de Janeiro (Maia 2013a), few gall morphotypes 2,791 m. The lora and fauna exhibit high index were recorded in the PNI (Gagné et al. 2001, of endemism. In the lowest gradients, the dense Coelho et al. 2013a, Maia 2014). Furthermore, forest predominates, whereas in the highest there most surveys in the Atlantic forest were developed Correspondence to: Valéria Cid Maia in restinga environments (Maia 2014). Other E-mail: [email protected] phytophysiognomies are still poorly studied, such * Contribution to the centenary of the Brazilian Academy of as dense ombrophilous forest and altitude ields, Sciences. both included in the PNI. In fact, only one long An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (1 Suppl.) 506 VALÉRIA C. MAIA et al. term inventory was developed in areas of dense its lenght by VCM and BM. This methodology has forest (Maia et al. 2014) and altitude ields (Maia been adopted by several authors (Fernandes et al 2014). Other records of these formations are due to 1988, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003, Santos et al. scattered sampling. 2012). Several hypotheses regarding richness and Herbs, bushes and trees (until 2 m high) were distribution of gall-inducing insects were proposed examined. Leaves, buds, stems, tendrils, aerial roots, by different authors (Root 1973, Fernandes and lowers, bud lowers, and fruits were investigated Price 1988, Lawton 1983, Sáiz and Núñez 2000, for galls. Preferentially fertile branches of each host Yukawa et al. 2001, Mendonça 2001). Among plant species were removed, labeled, pressed and them, the present work approaches the plant dried. The exsiccates were identiied and deposited richness hypothesis (Southwood 1960, 1961), the in the herbarium of the Universidade Federal Rural harsh environment hypothesis (Fernandes and Price da Amazônia (UFRAM) and in the herbarium (R) 1988, 1992), and the plant architecture hypothesis of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do (Lawton 1983). The first one predicts that the Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). richest plant taxa comprise the greatest insect gall Galled branches were collected, packed and richness, the second proposes that insect galls are transported in labelled plastic bags. The galls were especially abundant in plant species found in hot characterized in diferent morphotypes according and dry habitats, and the third predicts that the to their shape, color, presence or absence of most complex plants host the highest gall richness, trichomes, and in which plant organ of occurrence. since they ofer the greatest number of niches for Each plastic bag contained samples of a single host the insects (Lawton 1983). These three hypotheses plant and gall morphotype. The labels comprised have been supported by several authors (Fernandes the following data: trail name, date, number of the and Price 1988, Fernandes and Lara 1993, Sáiz galled plant, and gall morphotype. Each host plant and Núñez 2000, Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes and gall morphotype were photographed. 2001, Yukawa et al. 2001, Lara et al. 2002, Cuevas- In the laboratory, samples of each gall were Reyes et al. 2004). dissected in order to observe the number of internal The main goal of this research is to elaborate chamber, the food habit of the dwellers and to an inventory of the insect galls of the PNI and to obtain the immature insects. Other samples were contribute to the knowledge of their richness in conditioned individually in labelled plastic pots to two poorly studied physiognomies of the Atlantic obtain the adults. Each pot was lined with a layer forest. of toilet paper. All pots were checked daily. All obtained insects were preserved in 70% alcohol MATERIALS AND METHODS and identiied by the authors. The galls were kept The PNI was investigated monthly by the authors in the pots until the adults’emergence or until they from February/2014 to December/2015. Each began to putrefy. campaign lasted three days performing 24 hours of The Cecidomyiidae specimens were later ield work. All campaigns together totaled 69 days mounted on microscope slides, following the with 1,656 hours of ield work. All oicial trails methodology of Gagné (1994), and identified were surveyed and their geographic coordinates, in genus based on the keys of Gagné (op. cit.). length, and altitude were obtained, using GPS The insects were deposited in the Entomological (Table I). Each trail was investigated along all of Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ). An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (1 Suppl.) INSECT GALLS OF THE PNI 507 TABLE I Trail Geographic coordinate Altitude trailhead trail end S22o27’54” 22o25’49” 837m BR–485 (Headquarter – Maromba) (RJ) WO44o35’28” 44o37’16” 840m S22o25`42” 22o25’40” Cachoeira Itaporani (RJ) 1,091m 1,157m WO44o37’10” 44o37’20” S22o25’43” 22o25’40” 1,124m Cachoeira Véu da Noiva (RJ) WO44o37’11” 44o37’12” 1,154m Lago Azul (RJ) S22o26’58” 22o27’01” 1,041m WO44o36’37” 44o36’52” 879m S22o25’44” 22o27’01” 739m Ecoarte–Lago Azul (RJ) WO44o37’11” 44o36’52” 879m S22o27’40” 22o26’32” 947m Cachoeira Poranga (RJ) WO44o36’15” 44o36’44” 826m 22o25’31” 1,541m Três Picos (incluing Cachoeira Bela Vista) (RJ) S22o25’26” WO44o35’31” 44o35’01” 1,596m S22o27’04” Centro de Visitantes (RJ) __________ 877m WO44o6’37” Casa 16 (RJ) S22o 27’16” 22o27’16” 841m WO44o36’20” 44o36’20” 853m Hotel Donati 22o26’36” 935m S22o26’43” WO44o36’04” (entrada–represa) (RJ) 44o35’54” 956m 22o26’19” 935m Hotel Donati–Simon 1 (RJ) S22o26’43” WO44o6’04” 44o36’29” 1,111m 22o26’22” 1,111m Donati–Simon 2 (RJ) S22o26’19” WO44o36’29” 44o35’47” 927m S22o26’35” 22o26’46” 948m Viúva Hansen (RJ) WO44o35’55” 44o36’05” 953m S22o27’19.0” 22o27’40” 783m Barbosa Rodrigues–Mirante do Último Adeus (RJ) WO44o36’31” 44o36’15” 765m S22o27’17” 22o27’09” 736m Barbosa Rodrigues (obelisk) (RJ) WO44o36’37” 44o36’36” 882m S22o26’33” 22o26’14” 944m Cachoeira do Pitu (RJ) WO44o36’44” 44o36’49” 902m S22o24’01” 22o24’01” 1,062m Casa 33 (RJ) WO44o39’12” 44o39’12” 1,062m 22o26’42” 762m Casa 25 (RJ) S22o27’18” WO44o36’37” 44o36’50” 813m S22o26’17” Pedra do Camelo (RJ) ___________ 2,194m WO44o37’31” Casa de Pedra (RJ) S22o22’07” WO44o42’43” ___________ 2,010m S22o22’52” 22o23’06” 1,041m Agulhas Negras (RJ) WO44o41’08” 44o40’21” 898m S22o23’06” 22o21’08” 898m Cachoeira do Aiuruoca (MG) WO44o40’21” 44o40’07” 2,382m S22o23’02” 22o22’27” Posto Marcão–Abrigo Rebouças (RJ/MG) 2,290m 2,469m WO44o40’06” 44o42’04” S22o22’37” 22o22’27” 2,501m Pedra do Altar (RJ/MG) WO44o42’10” 44o40’27” 2,585m S22o23’01” 22o22’33” 2,340m Asa de Hermes WO44o40’06” 44o39’53” 2,870m An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (1 Suppl.) 508 VALÉRIA C. MAIA et al. TABLE I (continuation) Trail Geographic coordinate Altitude S22o21’55” 22o22’13” 2,406m Pedra do Sino WO44o39’37” 44o39’45” 2,591m S22o23’36” 22o23’56” 2,372m Prateleiras (RJ) WO44o40’22” 44o40’16” 2,453m S22o25’49” 22o22’27” 840m Travessia Ruy Braga (RJ) WO44o37’16” 44o42’04” 2,469m S22o26’02” 22o25’15” 1,727m Água Branca–Ruy Braga (RJ) WO44o38’15” 44o38’26” 1,798m S22o21’44” 22o19’14” 2,381m Travessia Serra Negra (RJ/MG) WO44o40’09” 44o36’43” 1,524m S22o22’27” Morro do Couto (RJ) ___________ 2,449m WO44o42’05” S22o23’51” 22o23’55” 2,380m Pedra da Maçã, da Tartaruga and Assentada (RJ) WO44o40’15” 44o39’58” 2,384m S22o22’23” 22o22’23” 2,344m Cinco Lagos (RJ) WO44o42’11” 44o40’43” 2,533m S22o22’23” 22o21’52” 2,248m Ovos da Galinha (MG) WO44o42’11” 44o39’34” 2,430m The botanic names and authors were checked biomes, we notice that the PNI remains in the irst in Flora do Brasil (2016), as well as the plant species place (Table III).