Didn't Erupt: the Soviet-American Relationship, 1980–1983
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Cuban Missile Crisis JCC: USSR
asdf PMUNC 2015 Cuban Missile Crisis JCC: USSR Chair: Jacob Sackett-Sanders JCC PMUNC 2015 Contents Chair Letter…………………………………………………………………...3 Introduction……………….………………………………………………….4 Topics of Concern………………………...………………….………………6 The Space Race…...……………………………....………………….....6 The Third World...…………………………………………......………7 The Eastern Bloc………………………………………………………9 The Chinese Communists…………………………………………….10 De-Stalinization and Domestic Reform………………………………11 Committee Members….……………………………………………………..13 2 JCC PMUNC 2015 Chair’s Letter Dear Delegates, It is my great pleasure to give you an early welcome to PMUNC 2015. My name is Jacob, and I’ll be your chair, helping to guide you as you take on the role of the Soviet political elites circa 1961. Originally from Wilmington, Delaware, at Princeton I study Slavic Languages and Literature. The Eastern Bloc, as well as Yugoslavia, have long been interests of mine. Our history classes and national consciousness often paints them as communist enemies, but in their own ways, they too helped to shape the modern world that we know today. While ultimately failed states, they had successes throughout their history, contributing their own shares to world science and culture, and that’s something I’ve always tried to appreciate. Things are rarely as black and white as the paper and ink of our textbooks. During the conference, you will take on the role of members of the fictional Soviet Advisory Committee on Centralization and Global Communism, a new semi-secret body intended to advise the Politburo and other major state organs. You will be given unmatched power but also faced with a variety of unique challenges, such as unrest in the satellite states, an economy over-reliant on heavy industry, and a geopolitical sphere of influence being challenged by both the USA and an emerging Communist China. -
Testimony of Ryan Crocker House Committee on Armed Services
Testimony of Ryan Crocker House Committee on Armed Services Hearing on Afghanistan November 20, 2020 Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Thornberry, it is an honor to appear before you today to discuss the critical issue of the US military mission in Afghanistan and the peace process. Our military has been in Afghanistan almost two decades. After this length oftime, it is important to recall the reasons for our intervention. It was in response to the most devastating attacks on US soil since Pearl Harbor. Those attacks came out of Afghanistan, perpetrated by al-Qaida which was hosted and sheltered there by the Taliban. We gave the Taliban a choice: give up al-Qaida. and we will take no action against you. The Taliban chose a swift military defeat and exile over abandoning their ally. Why is this of any significance today? Because, after nearly two decades, the Taliban leadership sees an opportunity to end that exile and return to power, largely thanks to us. And its links to al-Qaida, the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks, remain very strong. Mr. Chairman, I appear before you today not as a scholar but as a practitioner. At the beginning of January 2002, I had the privilege of reopening our Embassy in Kabul. It was a shattered city in a devastated country. The Kabul airport was closed, its runways crate red and littered with destroyed aircraft. The drive to Kabul from our military base at Bagram was through a wasteland of mud, strewn with mines. Nothing grew. Kabul itself resembled Berlin in 1945 with entire city blocks reduced to rubble. -
Why the European Union Promotes Democracy Through Membership Conditionality Ryan Phillips
Why the European Union Promotes Democracy through Membership Conditionality Ryan Phillips Government & International Relations Department, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT 06320, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Prepared for 2017 EUSA Conference – Miami, FL DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE Abstract Explanations of why the European Union promotes democracy through membership conditionality provide different accounts of its normative rationale. Constructivists argue that the EU’s membership policy reflects a norm-driven commitment to democracy as fundamental to political legitimacy. Alternatively, rationalists argue that membership conditionality is a way for member states to advance their economic and security interests in the near abroad. The existing research, however, has only a weak empirical basis. A systematic consideration of evidence leads to a novel understanding of EU membership conditionality. The main empirical finding is that whereas the constructivist argument holds true when de facto membership criteria were first established in the 1960s, the rationalist argument more closely aligns with the evidence at the end of the Cold War when accession requirements were formally codified as part of the Copenhagen Criteria (1993). Keywords: democracy promotion, political conditionality, enlargement, European Union, membership Word Count: 7177 1 Introduction On October 12, 2012 in the Norwegian capital of Oslo, Thorbjørn Jagland declared, ‘The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 is to be awarded to the European Union. The Union and its forerunners have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe’ (Jagland 2012). In awarding the EU the Nobel Peace Prize, the former prime minister voiced a common view of the organization as well as its predecessors, namely that it has been a major force for the advancement of democracy throughout Europe. -
Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75
A Personal Affair : Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 Michael V. Paulauskas A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: Donald J. Raleigh Reader: David Griffiths Reader: Chad Bryant ABSTRACT MICHAEL V. PAULAUSKAS: A Personal Affair: Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 (Under the direction of Donald J. Raleigh) This thesis explores how diplomatic relations between the US and the USSR changed during détente , specifically concentrating on the period between the 1972 Moscow Summit and the enactment of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the 1974 Trade Bill . I employ transcripts of diplomatic negotiations to investigate the ways that Soviet and American leaders used new personal relationships with their adversaries to achieve thei r foreign policy goals. In order to gain further understanding of the Soviet leadership’s attitudes toward détente, I also examine how the Soviet government, through Pravda, communicated this new, increasingly complex diplomatic relationship to the Soviet public in a nuanced fashion, with multilayered presentations of American foreign policy that included portrayals of individual actors and not simply impersonal groups . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………..…………………………………………. 1 A Cautious Beginning: Soviet -American Relations before the Moscow Summit ..…………...9 The Lifting of the Veil: The 1972 Moscow Summit …………………………..…………….16 The High -Water Mark of Détente: The 1973 US Summit …..………………………….……30 “Nixon’s Last Friend”: The Watergate Scandal …………………………………………..…37 Détente in Crisis: The Jackson-Vanik Amendment ……………..…………………………..45 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……………………………….53 Appendices ……………………………………………..……………………………………57 Bibliography …………………………………………..……………………………………..65 iii Introduction Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin greeted the news of Richard M. -
New Evidence on the Korean War
176 COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 11 New Evidence on the Korean War Editor’s note: The documents featured in this section of the Bulletin present new evidence on the allegations that the United States used bacteriological weapons during the Korean War. In the accompanying commentaries, historian Kathryn Weathersby and scientist Milton Leitenberg (University of Maryland) provide analysis, context and interpretation of these documents. Unlike other documents published in the Bulletin, these documents, first obtained and published (in Japanese) by the Japanese newspaper Sankei Shimbun, have not been authenticated by access to the archival originals (or even photocopies thereof). The documents were copied by hand in the Russian Presidential Archive in Moscow, then typed. Though both commentators believe them to be genuine based on textual analysis, questions about the authenticity of the documents, as the commentators note, will remain until the original documents become available in the archives. Copies of the typed transcription (in Russian) have been deposited at the National Security Archive, a non-governmental research institute and repository of declassified documents based at George Washington University (Gelman Library, Suite 701; 2130 H St., NW; Washington, DC 20037; tel: 202/994-7000; fax: 202/ 994-7005) and are accessible to researchers. CWIHP welcomes the discussion of these new findings and encourages the release of the originals and additional materials on the issue from Russian, Chinese, Korean and U.S. archives. Deceiving the Deceivers: Moscow, Beijing, Pyongyang, and the Allegations of Bacteriological Weapons Use in Korea By Kathryn Weathersby n January 1998 the Japanese newspaper Sankei raised by their irregular provenance? Their style and form Shimbun published excerpts from a collection of do not raise suspicion. -
29 March 1961 SPEECH DELIVERED by COMRADE TODOR ZHIVKOV
Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) January 2008 Records of the Political Consultative Committee, 1955-1991 www.php.isn.ethz.ch Edited by Douglas Selvage and Vojtech Mastny Draft – 29 March 1961 SPEECH 1 DELIVERED BY COMRADE TODOR ZHIVKOV AT THE MEETING OF THE POLITICAL CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE WARSAW TREATY COUNTRIES HELD IN MOSCOW, 28 – 29 MARCH 1961 Comrades, First of all, I would like to express my gratitude on behalf of the delegation of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria to the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet government for initiating this meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty countries, and to state that we believe it is very timely, necessary and beneficial. This meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty countries is taking place nearly four months after the Moscow meeting of representatives from the communist and workers parties. Clearly, our work today will be influenced by the Moscow meeting, by the thorough analysis of the current international situation and the correlation of forces in the international arena, by the theoretical and political conclusions, assessments and common positions on important issues decided upon at the Moscow meeting. Obviously, we should consider the comments of Comrade [Nikita] Khrushchev, who repeatedly underlined that we should protect ourselves from being blackmailed by the imperialists and involved in a war; that we need to strengthen the socialist camp and its defensive capabilities and be prepared to prevent any attempt to start a war. Considering the new capabilities of modern weapons of mass destruction, it is very important not to let the enemy surprise us, to keep our armed forces combat-ready and always to take the initiative. -
Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis: Should We Swallow Oral History? Author(S): Mark Kramer, Bruce J
Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis: Should We Swallow Oral History? Author(s): Mark Kramer, Bruce J. Allyn, James G. Blight and David A. Welch Reviewed work(s): Source: International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Summer, 1990), pp. 212-218 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538987 . Accessed: 18/09/2012 11:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Security. http://www.jstor.org Correspondence MarkKramer Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis: BruceJ. Allyn, Should We Swallow Oral History? JamesG. Blight,and DavidA. Welch To the Editors: Bruce Allyn, James Blight, and David Welch should be congratulatedfor a splendid review of some of the most importantfindings from their joint researchon the Cuban missile crisis, including the conferences they helped organize in Hawk's Cay, Cam- bridge, and Moscow.' They have performed an invaluable service for both historians and political scientists. Nevertheless, the research methodology that Allyn, Blight, and Welch (henceforth AB&W)have used is not without its drawbacks.Although their work has given us a much better understanding of the Americanside of the Cuban missile crisis, I am not sure we yet have a better understanding of the Soviet side. -
October 02, 1958 T. Zhivkov's Report at the Bulgarian Plenary Session On
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified October 02, 1958 T. Zhivkov’s Report at the Bulgarian Plenary Session on the Middle East Crisis Citation: “T. Zhivkov’s Report at the Bulgarian Plenary Session on the Middle East Crisis,” October 02, 1958, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Archive of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Fond 1, Record 5, File 353. Document obtained by Dr. Jordan Baev; translated and edited by Dr. Momchil Metodiev and Kalin Kanchev. Obtained by the Bulgarian Cold War Research Group. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113222 Summary: A report based on military intelligence information and on Zhivkov's conversation with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Original Language: Bulgarian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document T. Zhivkov's report on the situation in the Middle East, October 2, 1958 Meeting Minutes OF CC BCP PLENUM, HELD ON OCTOBER 2 - 4, 1958 FIRST SESSION, OCTOBER 2, 1958 Presidium of the Plenum: Todor Zhivkov [1], Dimitar Ganev [2], Georgi Tzankov, Anton Yugov [3], Encho Staykov [4], Ivan Mihajlov [5], Boris Taskov [6], Rayko Damyanov [7], Boian Bulgaranov [8]. CHAIRMAN ANTON YUGOV: Enough CC members are present at the Plenum. Only twelve CC members are absent, some of them are abroad, some are unavailable; also seven CC Candidate members are absent. I declare the session open. The agenda is distributed to the comrades. The following items on the agenda are proposed: 1. Report on some issues of the international situation presented by comrade Todor Zhivkov. 2. Report on the political and organizational work in the Bulgarian Armed Forces presented by comrade Misho Mishev [9]. -
Gorbachev), 23 June 1989
Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP) November 2000 The Irresistible Collapse of the Warsaw Pact www.isn.ethz.ch/php Edited by Jordan Baev and Anna Locher ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Memorandum of Meeting between the General Secretary of the BCP (Zhivkov) and the General Secretary of the CPSU (Gorbachev), 23 June 1989 381/89 INFORMATION on the meeting between Com. Todor Zhivkov – Secretary General of CC BCP and Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and Com. Mikhail Gorbachev –Secretary General of CC CPSU and Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet Moscow, 23 June1989, CC CPSU Building In accordance with the restructuring of the socialist system and the new political thinking, the meeting dealt with Bulgarian and Soviet internal state developments, bilateral relations, relations among the socialist countries as well as issues of global, European and Balkan cooperation. […] Com. Gorbachev pointed out that the Soviet leadership must maintain the international prestige and strategic initiative in order to realize its plans for the internal restructuring of the country. He drew attention especially to the necessity of reducing the extremely high defense expenditures, which exceed 18% of the national income. In the last years, the defense expenditures have increased twice as fast as the national income. […] Com. Zhivkov informed [Gorbachev] about the Bulgarian restructuring process. He pointed out the attendant economic difficulties and the "Moslem" problem. He stated that the number of the "Moslems" has been increasing at the rate of 15-16,000 per year and that in 20 years Bulgaria could resemble Cyprus. -
Quoting at Random
Quoting at Random STATEMENTS ON THE TREATY ON THE NON PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS President Lyndon B. Johnson, UN-GA(XXII), 12 June 1968: "I believe that this Treaty can lead to further measures that will inhibit the senseless continuation of the arms race. I believe that it can give the world time — very precious time — to protect itself against Armageddon, and if my faith is well- founded, as I believe it is, then this Treaty will truly deserve to be recorded as the most important step towards peace since the founding of the United Nations." Mr. Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, at the signing of NPT, 1 July 1968: "The participation by a large number of States today in signing the Treaty is convincing proof that mutually acceptable ways and means can be found by States for solving difficult international problems of vital importance for mankind as a whole. The drawing up of the Treaty has demanded great efforts and prolonged discussions in which States with differing social systems, nuclear and non-nuclear Powers, countries large and small, advanced and developing, have all taken part. The Treaty reflects the numerous suggestions and proposals put forward by different States and takes into account the differing points of view on solving the problem of non-proliferation, yet all the States which voted for it have agreed on the main point, namely the necessity of preventing proliferation of nuclear weapons." Prime Minister Harold Wilson, United Kingdom, at the signing of NPT, 1 July 1968: "This is not a Treaty for which just two or three countries are responsible. -
Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record
100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................ -
January 24, 1969 Minutes of Todor Zhivkov – Indira Gandhi Meeting, Delhi
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 24, 1969 Minutes of Todor Zhivkov – Indira Gandhi Meeting, Delhi Citation: “Minutes of Todor Zhivkov – Indira Gandhi Meeting, Delhi,” January 24, 1969, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Central State Archive, Sofia, Fond 378-B, File 249. Obtained by the Bulgarian Cold War Research Group. Translated by Dr. Rositza Ishpekova, Edited by Dr. Jordan Baev, Kalin Kanchev. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110065 Summary: The two leaders talk about Vietnam, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the situation in Europe. Original Language: Bulgarian Contents: English Translation Official talks Between the president of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov and the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi Delhi, January 24th 1969 11.30 A. M. The talks were attended by: For the Bulgarian side – Ivan Bashev, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Marii Ivanov, Minister of Machinery construction; Yanko Markov, Vice-President of the National Assembly; Milko Balev, Chief of the Prime-Minister's office; Ognyan Tihomirov, Deputy-Minister of Foreign Trade; Hristo Dimitrov, Bulgarian Ambassador in Delhi; For the Indian side – Fahrudin Ahmed, Minister of Industry; Mohamed Kureshi, Deputy-Minister of Trade; Surendra Singh, Deputy-Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc. INDIRA GANDHI: I would like once again to greet you and your delegation, and to say how happy I am that you spared some time to come to our country. As I already told you the other day, we attribute great significance to our friendship with Bulgaria. When I was in Bulgaria I introduced you to the situation in our country.