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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Kerala

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Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Kerala KFRI Research Report No. 274 ISSN 0970-8103 Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Kerala A.R.R.Menon N.Sasidharan Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi – 680653, Thrissur Kerala August 2005 Contents Page Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Introduction 1- 8 Materials and methods 9 - 19 Study area 9 Data 9 - 10 Vegetation classification scheme 10 - 12 Phytosociology 13 - 19 Observation highlights 20 - 30 Tree diversity analysis 31 - 37 Forest status 37 - 214 Idukki district 38 - 78 Ernakulam district 79 - 88 Thrissur district 89 - 121 Palakkad district 122 - 150 Malappuram district 151 - 168 Kannur district 169 - 180 Kozhikode district 181 - 199 Wayanad district 200 - 214 Discussion and Conclusion 215 Reference 216 - 217 Acknowledgements We are thankful to Dr. J. K. Sharma, Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute and Dr. K. Balasubramanyan, Scientist in charge (Rtd.), Ecology Division , KFRI, for their encouragement throughout the period of this study. We appreciate the financial assistance and co-operation extended by National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Govt. of India,for this study. Authors are also grateful to Kerala Forest Depatrment for permitting to establish the study plots in the forests of Kerala and for the extensive support. We appreciate the help rendered by Dr. A. O. Varghese, Research Associate, Sri. O. L. Pious and Sri. E S. Abhilash, Research fellows, and Sri. K. Krishnakumar, Technical Assistant of the project. Thanks are due to Dr. C. Renuka and Dr.K. Swarupanandan, Scientists, K.F.R.I. for their valuable comments and suggestions in improving the manuscript. Abstract Biodiversity characterization at landscape level has been carried out using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data of Kerala. The study, sponsored by the Department of Space, is part of a major initiative taken up by the Department of Biotechnology under its Network programme for Bioprospecting, commenced in 1997. The programme is a true implementation of “gene to ecosystem” concept in biodiversity conservation and prospecting. This project is a pioneering effort to create geospatial database on vegetation cover types, disturbance regimes and biological richness. The spatial data have also been linked with the species database and field sample data laid down in different strata of vegetation. The vegetation status of the forests of selected eight northern districts of Kerala, viz. Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, Palakkad, Malappuram, Thrissur, Ernakulam and Idukki, has been covered in detail. The information system evolved in the present study through multicriteria analysis in GIS facilitates the rapid assessment of biodiversity and its monitoring (loss and/or gain), assessment of nature of habitats and disturbance regime therein; evolving species-habitat relationship, mapping biological richness and gap analysis; and prioritizing conservation and bioprospecting. Abstract of project proposal Code: KFRI 329/1999 Title: Biodiversity characterization at landscape level using remote sensing and GIS in Kerala Objectives: 1.Gathering structural and compositional data of vegetation to prioritize biodiversity conservation in Kerala 2. Preparation of biome/ ecological maps using satellite remote sensing data Date of commencement: May 1999 Date of completion: June 2004 Funding agency: National Remote Sensing Agency Investigators: A.R.R.Menon N.Sasidharan INTRODUCTION Sustainable management of natural resources has become a key issue for survival of life on planet Earth. In this effort, conservation of biodiversity has been put to the highest priority through Global Biodiversity Conservation (GBC). It is realised that the threats to the species/ecosystems are the greatest in recent times mainly due to unsustainable exploitation of biological resources. However, natural hazards also contribute to the loss of biodiversity. Thus there is an urgent need to conserve gene pool ‘in situ’ before it is lost forever. The most appropriate method to do that would be to assess the ecological sustainability by way of understanding the ecosystems/landscape complexities and their uniqueness. There could be several factors either acting singly or in combination, for the extinction of a species. For generating baseline data on plant species, habitats, ecosystems and for subsequent monitoring, reliable and well-documented information is a prerequisite. This would help in identification of ‘hot spots’. It is interesting to note that majority of ‘hot spots’ are confined to most species rich tropical habitats. India with a geographical area of 2.4 percent of the world has about 8 percent of the world’s total biodiversity. India is very rich in plant diversity with an estimated 50,000 species, of which about 15,000 are flowering plants. Of these, approximately 5000 species are endemic to India and distributed over 141 genera under more than 47 families. The endemism of Indian flora is very high, about 31.5 percent of which, nearly one third of the flowering plants, are represented as endemic species. In the light of the current problem of loss of biodiversity, it is necessary to identify priority areas for conservation of genetic resources. Successful action to conserve biodiversity must address full range of causes, of its current loss and focus its attention to embrace gene, species and ecosystem through integrated approach. In this context the Department of Space (DOS), at the behest of Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology (DBT), Government of India, New Delhi has taken up a project on, “Characterising the biological richness at landscape level using satellite remote sensing data”. Three test areas viz. North-eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and Western Himalayas have been chosen, based on, existing knowledge about these biodiversity ‘hot spots’. Under this programme, a collaborative project was undertaken by Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) with National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) for the biodiversity characterisation study of Kerala part of Western Ghats. The hierarchy of biological organization and the approaches to study the biodiversity at different levels of biological organizations are given in Figures 1 and 2. 1 Fig.1. Hierarchy of Biological Organisation Fig.2. Approach for Biodiversity Characterisation Bio prospecting Biodiversity provides to the mankind enormous direct economic benefits in the form of food, medicine, industrial products etc. and has potential for providing many more yet unknown benefits. It is felt that bio prospecting of this enormous biological wealth will require reliable information on the status of bio resources, their distribution pattern, interactions and anthropogenic disturbances if any. A schematic approach for biodiversity characterization is given in Figure 3. Fig. 3. Schematic approach for Biodiversity study at different levels of biological organisation The spatial database has to be linked to the non spatial (ground inventory data) to assess their possible distribution pattern and quantity. It will also provide information on site conditions that can be utilized for multiplication, regeneration, afforestation and conservation. A national strategy for bio prospecting, hence, will require i) spatial knowledge of distribution of habitats, 2 their ecological significance, disturbance regimes and biological richness; ii) floristic inventory, habitat-species relationship, traditional knowledge, identification of genotypes and gene bank accessories; and iii) evolving biotechnological tools to conserve the species both ‘in situ’ and ‘ex situ’. Biodiversity of Western Ghats Western Ghats consist of a series of mountains stretching from southern coast of Kerala to southern part of Gujarat encompassing six Peninsular Indian States. The forests of these regions are dense with luxuriant vegetation with high biodiversity, comprising tropical evergreen rainforests, mixed deciduous forests and subtropical or temperate forests in the peninsular mountains. Mangrove forests, grasslands and dwarf forests have their characteristic presence. The ‘Sholas’ of Anamalai and Nilgiri hills at an altitude of 2300 m. is a unique feature of the region. The tropical evergreen forests have a multilayered forest with tall trees comprising Toona ciliata, Dipteropcarpus indicus, Hopea parviflora, Mesua ferrea, Dysoxylum malabaricum etc. Other species viz. Tectona grandis, Terminalaia tomentosa, Terminalia paniculata, Dalbergia latifolia etc. are found in the mix-deciduous forests. There are several of endemics in Western Ghats. Among the largest genera in India, 77 species of Impatiens are found in this region. The important minor forest products are bamboo, charcoal, cane, medicinal herbs, gum, Dry fruits etc. Forest plantation and tea gardens are also contributed significantly to the regional economic growth. Protected Area Concept A protected area is defined as a ‘geographically defined area, which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives’. The land in the protected areas has certain legal provisions, which facilitates the management of protected areas. The protected areas have figured very prominently in biodiversity conservation efforts around the world. India’s strategies for conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity in the past have comprised of providing special status and protection to biodiversity rich areas by declaring them as National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, ecologically fragile and
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