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Summer and Spring Ozone Profiles Over the North Atlantic from Ozonesonde Measurements S University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Graduate School of Oceanography Publications 1996 Summer and spring ozone profiles over the North Atlantic from ozonesonde measurements S. J. Oltmans H. Levy II See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs Terms of Use All rights reserved under copyright. Citation/Publisher Attribution Oltmans, S. J., et al. (1996), Summer and spring ozone profiles over the North Atlantic from ozonesonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D22), 29179–29200, doi: 10.1029/96JD01713. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01713 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Oceanography at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors S. J. Oltmans, H. Levy II, J. M. Harris, John Merrill, J. L. Moody, J. A. Lathrop, E. Cuevas, M. Trainer, M. S. O'Neill, J. M. Prospero, H. Vömel, and B. J. Johnson This article is available at DigitalCommons@URI: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/261 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL 101, NO. D22, PAGES 29,179-29,200, DECEMBER 20, 1996 Summerand springozone profiles over the North Atlanticfrom ozonesonde measurements S.J.Oltmans, 1H. Levy11, 2 J.M.Harris, 1J.T. Merrill, 3 J.L.Moody, 4 J.A.Lathrop, 1E. Cuevas,5 M. Trainer,6 M.S. O'Neill,l, 7 J.M.Prospero, 8 H. V6mel, 9 and B.J. Johnson,I, 7 Abstract.Ozone profiles obtained by near-dailyozonesonde observations during campaignsat several sites in theNorth Atlantic are used to constructtime-height cross sectionsof ozoneconcentration through the troposphere. Strong day-to-day ozone variabilityon the scale of synopticmeteorological disturbances is found both in thespring andin thesummer throughout much of thetroposphere. Layers of highozone concentra- tion(-100 ppb)are frequently seen in themiddle and upper troposphere and are invariably associatedwith transport characteristics that strongly support a stratosphericsource for theselayers. Regions of lowozone (<40 ppb) are seen in themiddle and upper troposphere associatedwith higherrelative humidity. The connectionof theseevents with low surface mixingratios suggests that convective processes mix air lowin ozoneup through the troposphere.Vertical layering of ozonemixing ratio, which is seenat all of theobserving locations,is a resultof differingsources of air in thedifferent layers. Introduction balloon-borne ozonesondes. During the NARE intensive in August 1993, ozone profiles were obtained from Keflavik, The significantrole of ozoneas an atmosphericoxidizing Iceland; Bermuda; and Lages, Azores. In addition, intensive agentand greenhousegas and the importantpart that human series of spring profiles were obtained in April/May 1993 in pollution sources can play in modifying its distribution Bermuda and May 1994 in the Azores. We will also report providestrong motivation for a morecomplete understanding on profiles obtained at Cape Race, Newfoundland, in of ozone'sbehavior in the atmosphere.Because of its impact July/August 1991 and soundingsfrom Tenerife in the Canary on human health and plant life, ozone has been most Islands in August 1993 and May 1994 (see Figure 1 for map intensively observed near the surface. The limitations of of ozonesonde launch locations). The near daily soundings observingozone and other constituentsprimarily at the from several of these campaigns give us the opportunity to surfacehave long beenrecognized. Many componentsof the investigate the processesresponsible for the very strong day- North Atlantic RegionalExperiment (NARE) were designed to-day variability that was regularly seen during the intensive to provide the necessary profile information for profiling protocol. Several events in which high ozone understandingthe chemicalbehavior of the troposphereover amounts were seen in the midtroposphere over Bermuda are the North Atlantic [Fehsenfeldet al., this issue]. analyzed in detail in accompanying papers [Merrill et al., One goal of the vertical profiling measurementprogram this issue; Moody et al., this issue]. In this paper as well as within NARE was to obtain ozone vertical profiles the two accompanying papers, the strong role of synoptic throughoutthe troposphereand lower stratosphereusing scale meteorological events will be noted. The ozone vertical profiles along with the analyzed meteorological fields provide an importanttool for understandingozone INOAA ClimateMonitoring and DiagnosticsLaboratory, Boulder, behaviorin the troposphere.There are alsosome significant Colorado. limitationsto this approach. Ozoneprecursor gases are not 2NOAA GeophysicalFluid DynamicsLaboratory, Princeton, New Jersey. measured with the ozone profile. Useful tracers of 3GraduateSchool of Oceanography,University of RhodeIsland, anthropogenic influence such as carbon monoxide are also Narragansett. not obtained from the balloon sounding. Water vapor 4Departmentof EnvironmentalSciences, University of Virginia, amount is measured with the ozone concentration, so this Charlottesville. 5IzafiaBaseline Observatory, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. doesprovide a useful but not alwaysunambiguous indicator 6NOAAAeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. of air parcelhistory. In somecases the ozoneprofile and 7CooperativeInstitute for Researchin the EnvironmentalSciences meteorologicalinformation are sufficient to make a strong (CIRES), Universityof Colorado,Boulder. case for a natural source (the stratosphere)for the observed 8RosenstielSchool of Marineand Atmospheric Sciences, University elevated ozone amounts. In other instances a source is not of Miami, Miami, Florida. 9Departmentof Physics,University of Colorado,Boulder. easily identified and, in particular, the anthropogenic contribution may be suggestedby the airflow to the site but cannot be unambiguously identified with this data set alone. Copyright1996 by the AmericanGeophysical Union. The time historyof the ozoneprofiles from the periodsof Paper number 96JDO 1713. near daily soundingsis displayed in the time-height cross 0148-0227/96/96JD-01713509.00 sections. Mean characteristics for each site and season are 29,179 29,180 OLTMANS ET AL.: SUMMER AND SPRING OZONE PROFILES OVER THE NORTH ATLANTIC km. Temperature,humidity (to -12 km), and pressureare obtainedfrom the accompanyingVaisala radiosonde. Data are sampledevery 8 s. The sensorgives a 1/e responseto a step change in ozone in 20 s, which translates to a vertical :flavik. resolutionof approximately100 m. The normaldata product and the one which will be used here is a 250-m height average.The sondeaccuracy is 10% for troposphericmixing ratiosexcept in the caseof very low mixingratios (<10 ppb) when the accuracymay be degradedto 15%. Most of the launches were done in the morning local time which correspondsto 0900-1500 UT. The trajectoriesused in this work are isentropic10-day Race back trajectories. The trajectory model [Harris and Kahl, 1994] uses gridded analysesproduced by the European _,Szores _ Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The trajectoriesdo not pinpointthe origin of an air parcelbut ratherare indicativeof the airflow path underthe assumption of adiabatic displacementof the air parcels. For most of thesesites in the mid-Atlantic, upper air observationsin the surrounding region are sparse so that even close to the Figure 1. Map of the North Atlantic region showing locations where ozonesonde launches were made. trajectorystarting point there is significant uncertaintyin the calculated representationof the air parcel motion. Under certaincircumstances, such as when a synopticscale front is encountered,the flow is probably not well resolved in the used to summarize the numerous soundingsand for comparison of the ozone behavior at the various locations. gridded analysis and the path representedby the trajectory Severalrepresentative ozone "events" are investigatedat the may be suspect. We routinely calculatethe trajectoriesback 10 days, which in some cases gives an unwarranted varioussites in relationto the changesin transportto the sampling location. impressionof our knowledge of the air parcel motion. The 10-day period is chosen primarily for computational uniformity when a large number of casesare being studied. Measurements The ozone vertical profiles in this study were obtained Time-Height Cross Sections from balloon-borne ozonesondes. The ozonesonde consists The time-height cross sections of ozone mixing ratio of an ozonesensor (the electrochemicalconcentration cell), a displayed in Plates 1-6 summarize the profile information noncontaminatingair pump, an electronic interface board, during the periods of intensive observations and dramatize and a model RS-80 Vaisala radiosonde. The electrochemical the kinds of changesseen throughoutthe troposphere. We concentrationcell (ECC) sensor[Komhyr, 1969] is widely first discuss the results from August 1993 when used and has been extensivelytested and comparedwith measurementswere carried out simultaneouslyat Iceland, the other techniques[Komhyr et al., 1995]. The principleof Azores, and Bermuda (Plates 1-3). In Iceland (Plate la) the measurementis the reactionof ozone with potassiumiodide most striking feature is the large changes with time in in solution which producesa small current in the cell. This tropopause height and hence the varying
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