The Linacre Quarterly

Volume 19 | Number 3 Article 3

8-1-1952 Indications and Proof of Non-Consummation Paul V. Harrington

Joseph B. Doyle

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Recommended Citation Harrington, Paul V. and Doyle, Joseph B. (1952) "Indications and Proof of Non-Consummation," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 19 : No. 3 , Article 3. Available at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol19/iss3/3 61 60 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY THE LINACRE QUARTERLY

education methods of today will recognize that as clinical clerkship-a1 integl'al part of modern medical education.

Here we are in the middle ages of Christendom-with seven centurie! Indications and Proof of I bel1ind us. But even at this point, the record of the Christian-that is ' tht Catholic-support and fostering of medical progress was nine centuries old Non-Consummation I stress "Catholic" because at that time there was only one Christian B. DoYLE, 1\1.D. HARRINGTON, J.C.L. AND JosEPH I 1 Catholic Faith, for it was three centuries before the so-called Reformation R�,v. PAUL V. Let us call as our witness another non-Catholic authority-the En'cyclo a Tri unal, the ordi1 ary work of the Dioces � � pedia Britannica. I refer specifically to the article on Hospitals, Eleventl N CONNECTION with � _ the assistance of med1cal experts Edition, Vol. XIII, Page 791, which states the following: , it is very often necessary to enlist objective judgment based on observable and to receive from them an "In Christian days no establishments were founded until the time 0 I o of the doctm·s The conclusi ns anatomical and physiological phenomena. Constantine ( about the fourth century) ... . A law of Justinian referring t< ally an a their decision, which is essenti l t the judges in arriving t various institutions connected with the Church mentions among them the wi l assis to · a specific case. Thus the on of the law and. legal principles nosocomia which correspond to our idea of l1ospitals. In A.D. 370, Basi applicati a interpretation of the observed of the medical experts must be n had one built for the lepers of Caesarea. St. Chrysostom founded a hospita opi�ion that govern that particular species phenomena in the light of the legal norms at Constantinople. At Alexandria a religious order of parabolani was choser and legal definitions there is the possibility that t he medical by the prelate of that city to attend the sick there. In A.D. 416, Fabiola of case. Since since cases must be adjudicated of one and the same idea might differ and a rich Roman lady, founded the first hospital at Rollle, possessed of a is thought necessary f definitions, not medical definitions, it a in terms o legal com· lescent home in the country." le al tation to doctors who to explain and describe the g interpre Let me digress here for a moment to recall a personal experience. Ii and advisable h r Diocesan Tribunals. upon to assist in the work of t ei 1943 I attended a meeting at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Philadelphia might be called description doctors might appreciate a a a ll a The thought that · all Catholic It was a region l meeting of the Americ n Co ege of Physici ns, and at i1 on Tribunals in cases of non-consummati a report was given on the work that was being done at a convalescent home of the procedure of Diocesan of p roof that l an account of the methods which had recently been established on the Hudson for the c�re of childrer. prompted the writers to inc ude l with instances. This outline is coup ed a a o a r are demanded and accepted in such with rheumatic fever. Those in ttendance were dvised t establish simil aries on ation as set forth in the comment institutions in their respective communities. This, mind you, took place ii a legal definition of non-consumm and Supreme Tribunals of the Church the year 1943 or ex actly 1500 and 27 years after Fabiola had founded hei the law, the jurisprudence of the hospital in Ro e ,vith its convalescent home in the country. But let us gel the responses of the Holy See. � ht and _ . , would demonstrate the rig back to the Bntanmca s record. I again quote from the Encyclopedia: A brief introductory paragraph, which , o dissolve an unconsummated "On of tl e four great Fathers of the Latin Church-St. Augustine of the power of the t : � o ncile the . people find it difficult t reco Hippo, m Afn a-founded a hospital in this See city in the fifth century might not be out of place, since many : indissolubility. o with the divine mandate of These nosocomia ( or early hospitals) fell almost entirely into the hands o f fact of an ecclesiastical diss lution l a has the perfecting note of consum- the Church, which supported them by its revenue when necessary, nc When a valid sacramental marriage and verified the inseparable controlled their administration." . mation added to it, then there is expressed To quote further from the Britannica: the Church, which St. Paul so beautifully union of Christ with His , an "Though hospitals cannot be claimed as a direct result of Christianity, the model upon which all Christi describes and which is set forth as thus no doubt it oftened the relations bet\veen o is completely indissoluble and men an d gra dua 11 y ten d e d to marriage is to be founded. Such a uni n f od are instill humanitarian ,·iews and to make ti 1enl popu I ar with the civilized Evangelical Law, where the stern words o G referred to in the 1 people of the world." no man put asunder." The recorded: "What God h as joined together, let More will follow in the next issue. the early Christian centuries and Latin and Greek Fathers, writing in man to vV1LLIAM P. CHESTER, M.D. arriage, refused to -allow a recognizing the indissolubility of m 62 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY THE LINACRE QUARTERLY 63

remarry after a he h d separated from his e wif , even if he alleged as a cauSl the Church of Christ has been endowed by its F ounder with the power to tl1e crime o f ul e ad t ry on the part of his spou se. Further evidence of this ir dissolve s uch a marriage. found in the uncompromising ruling of the . Canon Law which states that , · "va S mcm ce, ases of tliis type , the Holy Father does not act in virtue o f a lid sacramental marriage which l1as been consummated cannot be dis solved pers 01i al p ower of ordinary jurisdiction but rather by the authority· d · an in by any human power or f o a r ny reason o ther than death."2 . . the name o f Christ by a vic

e a gen r l and req m·r es spec1 a a ·fic tion nd delineation before a . it c n be of an, the result that only Prac t ic 1 1a va ue ·m determining tion of the glans penis against the hymeneal orifice with this ma tt er more accurately. an without the tip of the glans enters beyond the hymeneal membr e, and this By reflection, a a . . . . we c n s y that the consumm a e ea tion m which we are inter. in any w ay stretching or tearing it or loosening th hymen l ring, is _not ested must be a e l n :ct erna f act capable a . a e etration by its t fn b ure, o emg prove< sufficient. For, in ·this instance, it could not be said that ny p n juridically and its e ' . mod m st e b natural i.e' . i�stitute na a n t male d by ture, ordinate< had occurred. Rather must there be realized the pposition of a erec to the essential t . pur ose o � ar nage and ordinary. l To realize all of thes a the hymeneal orifice with a definite pressure which wi l cause essential elements . org n against ' requirei� is d an d suffices a at a e arily, th t the vagm· a o f t I 1e woma1 the membrane to be pushed aside and to be stretched, le st mom nt be penetrated by a e th e m l organ and th at n a n there be a effusion of mal so that part of the male organ can actually enter the v gi a. This minimum semen therein. penetration, coupled with a simultaneous semination, will constitute proper The further e qu stion arises as to l . consummation. how muc l penetration and s eminatio- is re re . qui d bef ore a marriage ca n eb d escr1"b ed as consummate t It can be readily seen that the above determination has no necessary be d. Mus ther, perfect penetration 0. f an d comp lete semin at· IOn wi· tl un· t h e vagina o correlation with either actual conception or the possibility of conception, woul a Ia . d p art· l accomplishment of both . . suffice·· ? This vexmg question i · since the consummation of a �arriage must be within the capability of all answered a by study of cases tha t a e a a . h v lre dy been ° ffici a11 Y d e a persons who are allowed to marry and persons who might be naturally sterile re . ecid d nc of plies that h ave b een give n by Congregations of the Holy See. or who have become sterile by surgery or by advanced age are not prevented . The Jurispr a t a a a udence of the Sacred Roma a from contr c ing m rri ge. On the other h nd, actual conception is not n Rot h as always held that r marriage is cons a l a a a a r ummated b t rue se a n always a certain and indubit b e sign th t m rri ge has been p operly xu � unio in which the husband, wit] an erect e / mal organ penet;a le consummated, since it is possible for such to occur by the deposit of semen s, at ast '":'perfectly, the vagina of his wift and e ad ther in deposit; sem en �n o os vaginae, without benefit of any penetration and with the subsequent . ne particular decision, the judges Rota declared that of th< "in ord e r to h e migration of the sperm into the vaginal canal, through the cervix and body · ave p rfect copu I a, I·t IS• not nece have ssary to complete penetration by the ma1 of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes. To substantiate this conclusion, e organ i.e. that the e ntire male orgar enter the vagina of e e e r a th woman, but only e e refer nc is made to two decisions of the Rota, whe ein definite judgment that p n t ra t·ion is. required b3.· which, after the erection was mad e that marriages had not been properly consummated even though o f th e ma1 e organ h a ea e . . s c s d th, ere IS exclude(' mere semination ad os ·vaginae . . the fact· of conception was beyond all controversy7 and in a particular case, ( near the introitus) . It · suff " a IS 1c1ent to J1avc p rtial p enetration so a even though a wo�an had given birth to two children, for in this instance, th t some part of the a r a _ m le o g n enters throug]1 and beyond the hy ea e a a r ere a n men l membrane and mto " a it was verifi d th t the subject w s suffe ing from such sev v gi ismus th e gma· l cana- 1 an� to have a least a partial l a e a a semination within e a 5 ; th t p netr tion w s impossible. 8 th can l . n other words, tr deposition m a-vagina1 of seme� is essen t· i al a l th ough " penile penet rat· 10n need not bf' It is safe to say that where the practices of coitus interruptus" or complete . A d ec1s1on · · of the Holy Office of a ' M rch I ' 1941, consonant witli condomistic intercourse are exclusively verified or where semen is extracted Rota} jurisprude nce ' stated th at f or perfect copula d� n consummat10. n of directly from the epididymis and then injected into the vagina or uterus, tI e marriage, r " 1 it is requi ed an d suff ices a " a . th t man m some f a I s Hon, even without any type of marital relationship being accomplished, such marriages th ough imperfectly, a . . penetr tes the v ag in a a n J��ed1atel d y effects in a na are to· be considered theoretically as unconsummated, since the ess.ential ural m anner e . t- a s mination ' at leas a a . t p rb I ' w1thm the vagm· a, with this constituents of consummation-partial semination, in the former instances, reserva a tion th t the entire ma l e a org n need not enter the na t a e a t a a e a e d r . vagi ."6 and par i l pen tr tion, in the la ter inst nce, r l cking. Tru an prope It is clear .. from the above that th e mm1m • consummation has been realized in the instance where the spouses have um, which is required and suffices for true pa t n a e a a a l consummation ' eis oun to b f e rticipa ed i r l tionship which is norm l and n tura , with suffici1tnt d betw en the t wo ex r e m e 1 �e vu var t mes of penetration, on the one han a penetration and semination but where a doctor, or some other competent d ' nd complete penetration entire male of the organ ' on th e o ther. Th e e person, collects the semen, with the aid of an instrument, and·injects it into r must b � v er1"fi e d a t r e through e ue ntrance th hymeneal membrane and the deep er recesses of the vagina or into the cavity of the uterus. m. t oth e v agmal cana a e a l, so th t p art of th m l e organ can be d truly sa1" t o b e envelope e d by the vagina. Juxtaposi- Having considered the legal d finition of consummation and its constitu- 67 66 THE LINA.CRE QUARTERLY THE LINACRE QUARTERLY

n e e e t l ments, re a s n it m in now to i vesti gate e e d r tt This is true th mor ifficult p oblem of th e d s d e tility of prosecuting the ma er further. proof e e n ,· b a vi e of th fu of all g d no -consummation. a a een consum­ e s ays the possibility that the marri ge h d b s because th re i alw . In thi regard and a e ver u al perversion t th y � tse t ' the Code a n es n e abnormal ads, especi ly if the e of C no Law tablishc mated duri g the cours of these th principle a e i a th t onc the marriage r e n n addit on, such p rties would ce emony llas t k a n place a nd tb form of condomistic i tercourse. I spouses e a e . took the s hav cohabit t d ' th l presumed n i favor, e n tting the e actions, en 't is i la w tl ia t pr er a n i worthy of th s sinc , i commi n a n op nd tru not be co s dered co summ tio ha a e a . . a i and a t a e e, s t k n pl ce. 9 Tl us 1. s a s e re . s la e s n of m rr age , t he s m tim 1mpl p sumpt10n which wi I they consciou ly vio t d the a ctity y1e· d proof n e e ast l to to the co trar . re e r a r ag Th p y ub t tl le enti burden a s n ade i ss th prima y purpose of m r i . ne of fproo f Il upo th, m it mpo ible to attain o wI 1 e n n e de e e 0 all ges o -consummation i l by vi nc that th . n r ess of the part es could be supp ied for u wo thin re Since Can n n e t e en e them but me ly o L aw, o tile on ha e e r n te in h se acts or courag nd ' normall Y I)re sum s that the marri p titione did ot participa l 111s been . ao-" e i scandalous consummate d ' . dan smce, e n d e a is truly repentant of th prev ous on the oth r I d1a ' t eh d1vrne. . law s tolerate th m and, in ddition, t 1 e tate re rr a a iat a consummat d' s· . e . . s n futu ma i ge, he will not be acramenta l marriag can Ill n s s n and seriously promise that, i a e e o wi e be di solve,! co duct ss gr at r or r . i e n r ine of the less probabilitY o mere n e r n s s n s Yet, even f th prese t wo th f.. . co J ctu e of no -consummation is party to uch i ful action . su f n ere re nc i a riage ic1e t Th is quire e e f e e r ins the possibil ty that the m r . d dan d man d ed full pr00 f so r e person is v ri i d, ther always ema e n that mo al c rtitud, i r n of It 1 on-'consummation e i e sabil ty of p essi g m·ig It 1 b I 1ad e t e a n ns a n this would ind cat the inadvi b fore h disso · I u t·ion will 'be grante . h d bee co umm ted a d 1') tis seems e en to b evid t dan l c ear n ne n ers whe o co s1·a that, in a ma the matter further. suel l impor a tter ' t t nce' the H oI y F h er . i n a en ranted e at could not risk tl le a· s a es r e egat o h ve be g , th n i so 1 ut10n of pos1'.- the nec sa y faculti s of del bly-co summated union. When e na e r e a e consisting of a judg , who s will constitute a Tribu l to h a th c s s e e Bi hop r To af guard th ess s r i n a e in favo of ential indis olubility of Christian a r e s s a de ma r age bo d, who will rgu s m r iag , peci ,! will pre ide, defen r of the ru]� of proced e a e e a ur h v be n dra e e er n ee in i e presumption and notary, fted by th s v al Roman Congregatio proper consummation i k p g w th th legal winch h a e s n . 1 s n a v juri dictio m tI1es e n as e e nce and authe tic te matters . n I a II ' t I 1ere have been ll r ecord the testimo y, sembl the vide separate n s fo1.r who wi a d di tinct instruc ·r n e a . io s reI v nt to alle ge d non-cons e ds r a e ummatt d th recor . ma n ges.10 Th rema O . s ese s r inal inder f tl u pr nta t' e r n d ns t artie to the o ig ion w1·u b a summa y review the Tribunal has bee uly co ti uted, both p of these four instructions. After ear es e be cited to app marr petitioner and the r pond nt-will s n iage-the a The �r t_ poi t to conside s a . e r a e under o th. If r i th t the ordin ary. . e a d a e u to giv their fo m l t stimony e d10c san Tribun l docs in ividu lly b fore the co rt not hav Juris n a u e d e er e dictio to dr w p and e . de e d ases es si t e n nes of th ioces , wh e th . d ci . alleg c of non-consu one or the other p arty liv out de of h co fi t·wn, e a mmn- a since th Holy F ther h' s er e i e a ea e the Tribun l of mseIf mu t rnt ven personally a d a e se s e ed will be c t d to pp r b (ore n I n m k tl1e ca i b ing instruct , he judgme t. However n rd s s , he ca de l ega 1e! d e r. s e s s a s in rega to the witne se te t 10c· san T ibunal to act as the diocese where h e i r siding. Thi i true l o agen n s r n e . . his t i in t ucti g th case re e e a e , m c 1vmg. th swor n t ts a s e a a e e s n a ater d t . . e ement of th p rties who r to b ummo ed t a l rnvol v d and e e s s . i th ir witn s e an d, r n ene a . s er e t e e to ver fy 10 g r l ' rn up v1·s mg· a a e ese e presiding judg mus b car ful me s ese ll cc pted On pr nting themselves, th ti d of pr nting evid a i a ence n is is ncip lly by check ng . the identity of the parties i volved. Th done pri Befor t s e e a . a r a n s e hi d l g tion of ag r n e e erci l cha ge ccou t . ency 1s g a ted, however, a a e s ra e s licens , social s curity card, comm e petition, ddr s e

e e is to d cr e that the matter b e e terminat d and no further evidence is to be heard that the marriage had not been t:01�summ ted a i l e received. This is done p artly ] ; � � :� ; ::: �� as a penalty for the perpetration of such a married He was peaceful and happ? or a time w en roub a rt e e a s rious crim nd partly a e e bec us th testimonies of the parties and the,final separation had already take11 place, a civil divo�ce had alr�ady een n e their wit ess s would forever be suspe . . � ct. obt am .e d or after the parties had learned, for the first time, tha_t a mat J iage By direction of the Holy ee e S , the spous s are to be interr r l e s l e s s s · It · s important to n ogated egard­ cou d b dis o ved on th ba i of non-con ummat10n. i i g the following e points: th period of a en . . courtship nd gagement, the reason d e te rm111e th·s1 ·t1·me element as preciselv as possible because the m f orma t"ion, which e e prompt d th marriage, the i . · freedom w th which they entered the given to the witnesses by the petitioner or respondent, could concen· , � bl y be ma a e e en rri g , th cons t given, time a nd e . plac of the marriage ceremony, inci­ dictated by the circumstances existmg at tli e fime and the personal mterest dents r r a o ci cumst nces which accompani e ed it, tim at which common life a a e an wa, �f the parties. in ugur t d d the dura n e a tio of it, tim nd causes of se r pa ation, attempts e es s e se at sexual rela a e r Th pr idino- judge hould be careful to obtain from th witnes s t_he tions nd th i success, atti e tude of the wif toward m arriage rela re e e exact words whicl1 e e e ossible t ve ·y e e e tions, p s nc or absence of fear w r spok n, if p , but � �h or pain on her part, evidence of bleed­ \ � ]� :; : : � : � �: ing, acts e idea which was conveyed. Very often, the prmcipa s O 1 1 tl a l of p rversion or contrace i i ption, determ nat on of both parties as • a n tc a r t e s t consumm tio , time when the spouse e marit l elations were not at all satisfactory or hat a prop r adJ_u tm n s l arned of the possibility of a 1 : n papa e e e e r s s e i e dissolutio and the source of e o had not been mad and from th s g ne al tatement , th y arr v a a th ir kn wledge, reasons for seeking the . n disso e n s e e consummated and then lutio , possibility of scandal e r P rsonal co clu ion that th marnag lla d not been if th favo should be gran e an e . . t d d th y shouh . e e remarry. t es ffI y und er oa th to the actual non-consummat 10n of th marnao-eo w1 1 n, m i e In e n e fact ' e e a i ere had, althougl 1 not ten rely· satisfactory, w re qu stioni g the p titioner a e e e th r l t ons which w nd th r spond nt about the fact of possi · . e n a e s e If e i e es had b een 111f ormed bl co summ tion, it is a a suffici nt to con titut consummatwn th w tn ss most import nt th t e ach be infor a . med s to how littL if . e e is actually e e e that the marriage had not been consummated, then, poss1bI , an ff�r t r quir d b fore the ma a e e rri g is to b declared as proper]. consummate er should to determine exactly what was tieI spouse' s u nderstand 1110-"' d. Oth wise, if penetra n e be made tion a d s mination, sufficient to satisf . . the e a n . · e e e made, for it. IS entir iy l g l defi ition, has occurr�d e e n e of consummation at th time when th stat ment was I v n o on occasion, e a e r � th p rti s, th oug: i e e ignorance, would a a poss1"bl e, as was ment· ion e d a bove for the pr ncipal to stat rroneous y' swe r th t the marriage n e een had ev r b consummated, sine· ' their n thr e e not been consummat ed when in concept of co summation e e ough ignoranc , that th marriage had might b th perfect penetration ' va a of th , e r o til e t esf i- gin by the complete male organ. fact, it had. Thus, th e ror w uld be perpetuated throughout e a e e It is inter sting to note that n e monies of ll of th witn sses. whe th woman to e a a i e th m rri ge is giv n .. . h r t estimony e r e e e e s �ssoc'.at�s b fo e th Tribunal, she is e Sinc decent p opl do not normally discuss with friend and to be int rrogated directly by . physician in a e i e s a e a e e accord nc with question e e such int mate p r on l d t ·11 s of tJi· ir marriag as consummation, it is s which hav b en previously prepareu ' according e be e i to th norms of law. This re a a understandable that in many cases, b roug l t 1 f ore th Tribunal· ' tl 1ere w1 · J insu s fr nk, honest and comple discussion te . . s o o of intimate facts which n r a be a paucity of witnesses de scientui an d th·1s .,o-ap must omeh w r anoth ei . o m lly a modest Christian wom woul e e a a11 esse d. b r luct nt to discuss with a priest. be filled. This is done in most instances b Y summont·n()' "' witn s septzmcie Since the n b l e persons testimo y of the principals, an e 11umus' who do not testify to f ads u t to the c iaracter of th in y typ of litigation, is ne e . acce e v r l pt d as proof but only as an i invo ved. This mode is a carry over f rom G , ermani·c Law. wh1c1l was w1·11· mg ind cation of the f acts involve e sta d, th ir e tements must be corroborated a to accept proof of one's credibility in place of factual proof, whe1. e t h nd confirmed by the testimony of oughly e a e thor­ r li bl witnesses. The e a latter was lacking. s will f ll into two n a e r e disti ct c t go ies: witn sses de scientia a e s e nd witn sses septimae manus. Each side is advised to produce seven character �vit_ne ses�h nce the Witne . . sses de scientia are those a e e . e 1s 1mposs1ble who h ve some knowledge e a nam se1�tzmae '· howev r ' fewe1 w111 b e a. c·ce l)t d if it to have involve of th m rriage d, its backgroun a e e b e d, circumst nc s and r e e e a th full number. These will be interrogated a ou t tiie uprio-htn� ss and l1onesty e p obl ms Th s re usua m mbers of e a . lly . th f mily of a e r a e i n e o both p rti s, el tives or close en of the p titioner or respondent, 11sl · veraci·t Y, his reputat o 111 th c mmun- been a fri ds, who ha\'c pprised of the situation r . e l n o . s by one o both of th e pa ne ity ' his obse1·vance of the ecc1 esias t·1ca I P receJ)ts , th fu fillme t f 1 11 e e rties concer d. The,· ar to b questioned n e e . i r gard· to their ·knowledge o e a r lio-ious duties and most especia. ll y as t o I w 1eti 1er or not his sworn testimony a f th b ckground O m rriage, the r ea of tit� . son for the alleged non-consummation, of non-consumma 1011 a believed without hesitation or reservation. the time when they t· c n be readily 70 THE LINACR.E QUARTERLY THE LINACRE QUARTERLY 71

add ion In to t e er a te t m it h v b l o it esses r s i ony f w n ate ocumen s . e ed a e tra u i , p iv d t of e o oral . s e t as l t some a ed o l e o n x -j d atu e a a o e s Th c rp m p c 10n, · is times c ll , sh u d b c nc rn cial n r c n ls mitte as e iden e . b ub d v i su ar enit lia o e o d e te e a e a aut e ti c , f ch e e lus e t t e e a e the d t r c r th mp r - genuin nd h n c. am e o t ese ould xc iv ly wi h h f m l g r s Ex pl s f h w e let ers trans ri � ; : i � e ee b t , c pt o t re od ressure e re i s me � ::: etc ess s s th proc s e re e u f u , bl o p , Puls ' p v ou d1ca l 1 s y unl thi la t is ding b fo th civil co in a es ere e al act · rt c s wh l g o a a re . . e e a t e o a e e nd er i n h d l ady e e s to e ome ese a nti n I t k n plac a wh e t e est n o n c s ary xp1 am. s pr nt p1 1ys10 1 og1c 1 ph nom n . A t h qu io mat on d ee of c nsum i ha e ie ed a . a e e e l em a e a e or s o re b n r v w nd s u e e e e t e a i i an a m br n medic l r c d f p ous s al e am a ho ld b c nt r d on I 1 l b'1a na ora d mmoi. . , tl1 hym n vi phy ic x in s o os atio tion r h pitaliz n. a e me a . n ecial. e s e m de o a s e s ars e ast a a de nd th hy ne l n g. Sp not hould b a f ny w lling or c Th l nd fin l mo oo s e s a · of pr f i th phy e am o i . e ese e or a se e o a a tom a I s r re ic l x inati n, wh n e a ma r a a f n na ic lly nc alway equi ess t s e r ch i.s o th l bia io a n d · mmor , th pr nc . b · d unl i i cl e de t t a t s o a ly vi n h t hi ld e use ess ei a me e .i d e e ea ears s u res r car c e r a se e ma w u b l ther int ct hy n, any v nc of hymen l fit s , o un ula my ti- bec u th wo n ee re iousl marr liad b n p v y ed a ad o summated at o o r a i nd h c n a me e e at. e u n e e me a a a n i mar e eca s s e a th t for s, th r 1 1v sn g ss of th I 1y ne l nng.· nd fin lly' i d c i ns £ i g or b u e ee ol ted t h h d b n vi a e ast or s am io et er i ri e in h p has, ce a inismus i e r a o e m n t e na h t was mar ag est o a te ourse in the v g , . ., e c t·ion f th wo a o t 1 1e • · x 1 t n-wh in qu i n, h d in t e e e t rc . In l1 v nt a t e residi u t e al e i a o e . a e sli t et o s o d e re h t h p ng j dge h norm r act on d ctor wouId xp. t e v rv gh , fle ing c n- h ul d c e a a e am t on o _ ' l�� th t n x ina i e oma s o e ma tr eel e �I t o a unus a i e uses f th w n i t b e and s a o e s t e I w abn r� l and u l z. r to su t to i t d he ction f th 1 · p unc r. cunm or w 1 t 1 r -v f bmi s e usa m s e e s t, hi r f l u t b a ated t e i o t ue s m n a dit o an e orma s a anat ca stan v lu in h l ght e isti a r pas . I d i n, y 'ot 1 b1 1r a n or unu u l omi l or ph y . i- circum ces. f x ng ological findings should be recorded. or a de t e u By f m l cree, h e ill esi ate t e t . j dg w d gn o e e s a e n er e s os e m i o d e e h w xp rt , who e e a atio s d ta e sibl ed cal c n uct a i at o e m are to Th x min n houl k Pl c u d th be t p th x m n i n, th tro or rse o s a n nu wh to e res u . . t e use re u a o e m a ou t oceed i b p ent thro o . o s ood t a h th o f a 1 g ti n xa. ining t ble. t he pr s a t e a e t gh­ c nd1b n , rn g 1·ig l1 d i n w ing , nd h pl c e at a e me , h d e nd th ti of e am a o aes es a s ou o e a mi s ere d s. e I t o est o a evidence o u i s a x in ti n An th i h ld n t b d · · t m rnc · w u ld d r y ny T q al fy a me a e e t a dic l xp r nd us to e a e o . o a . sm s . s e .is t s a d ma e J t ssi le or e o t r erts th b pl c d e s o f v g1m. u , 1 f ue h x. , n wou I'd k · im. po b f th d c o exp asso ia e i t e n th taff f c t d w th ri u al a doc or mus h T b n , t su t est mo ia t et r e e eac o o e tie o e en e rocedure s ess rom t bmi a t i o d e min th r ti n f th pa nt t th tu. p . hi fitn a com ete t a d re n l of f p n n o au or t a r c gnized th i y mus e co d d reaso o s e nd t b nsi ­ e e al e ra e s ot ea a se e o or ou e e , by n f er e e to e o bly b nt, th d ct sh ld try, hi xp i nc , b sta di is s i If til hym ne m mb n i n ic s e ut n ng in h pec 0 mu t b o or is o alty and he a t as os menotom r a e e to t e a t er e kn wn f h h est in e r t a d u f c -w it l t by a hy y hy m n c my. If h 1 t , th n n y, t g i y n pri ess o e er t u a ghtn . H w v d e eco ho gh n individua doc or u s t , even t e a e o e c r 10 e me s e s ou rded, l t f lfill e a o e re u r e ts h n m f th d o t o , w1 p rfor d th e urg ry, h l b r o t h b v q i em n or a oi e t he as oc a e sta o e f pp ntm nt a o t t e ame e o i ta and e a o • a e o e o a s i t ff erts e a o e l ng wi h h n o l sp l th ppr x1mat e d t f th per - f xp , h c nn t b oi ed s a e am £ tl h · art u ar case app nt a ri x r i a p ic l er e t ine n o s is e es r an d se so t a ese ecor s t e o ta ed wh e h migh e re a ed to o o ti n. Thi n c sa y u f u 1, h t th r d m1g· h b b in b l t ne e a ties oo m rr a e r ere f th p r by bl t or a i g o wh e mi t a e il e ese ac s h gh h v erso a i eres or o v rify th f t . e tua a p n l nt t ce n . ev n o t o e s con rn i the l u come f th ca or ere e as e ami e wh h h x ed e erso r at o m ea s a ea s sure o ca a mes a e ar i t e n th p n p iv If ld hy en l c rs, t r , fi s s r runcul e myrtifor re r g d ng h o o summa i ely fact _ f non-c _n n t s a er o tor an t e u mo t o , but in hi l tt ase a witnessed e s m a a Ou e s O the d c . C h ir s m ed s a it ess a c , he c n be , th n o e exp1 n t"wn sh ld b ou.,.h t b Y n a w n d s r e re or n hi w itt n p t ca e ed m rese e e a i a ori e ai e ra a es t r m a s o s a ot r um s n b fil a ong the p nc b s t. s f ct .1 Y xpl n d by t um , r u ] mg' f o f ll n h rp he doc ent . . obj ects by the forcef u 1s tr e t ch" m g and tearmg o f ht e membr ance by reason The s a e i ' phy ic l xam nation s to e a e e a · r o se ac e a e i b m d by ea ctor i i ua of viol leti e r s su k · l11 ·ch th p ti nt s ara e t a ch do ind v d nt th c xe c1· ·mg, eh as iding h r b ·, m w ep t ly bu s n t e rese lly and lway i h p e o m r a a s me o art i. a e t e a . ua s o e a a o s a nc f a atron o se o u ri w s ccu to d t p c·p t , by h h b1t l fu e m nstru l t mp n , ch a te n s o nur f p ght i r c r a d it i e o d ted t d r e . . . le a ma t b c n uc wi h e re ar r l o o so o as or O au oe ot sm e e e digit l nip- st a modest u g d fo a l f e es o by r a n f a p t h1s t f y t r ic1 wh r 1"t l r a Chri i n a d o l a te th rul f y n n y f r t e t e s e a n r i er i o o e s o e a' • a l c a s te o a h pa i nt ha tak n a b a i te a e ul tio o the ns t on f b.J et · tm th v crmo an 1 wa resor d to? f r er od o o less th n pid w t r p i f n a o e o th n n -half m edia e e e a tio h ur i m t ly i e r s o ca l m x mina is as ori na pr ced ng th e e as ici a s e e menea reful y co - n. Th w o ed o so Th l t ty nd iz. of th hy 1 in g h uld be gi lly inv k m e to ause n t uch as a hygi ea u e u e e meas u ed t s t o . e ms but c e isso u o o nic m s r p t d. In as m o t s _ f ac r m t r of the th d l ti orei n s sta c th p t, any d c o r hi i s n f any f g ub ic i a � rted i n e wh h m ght e e u e o e c co e ser e asi o e or e e o n e with t e i a or h v be n ), n mb r f l int th ific . Unl ss ne n h vag n t e ur os sim fing rs whi h uld b m t d e y i , f h p p e of i e ri . g i e c o ulat ng int g ou o ser e t e si e o e e o 13 • e ei .m s s a e or a ving ev d n e i doc ors ty and c ld b v h z f th fing rs r l v th r d1 en 10n , r p t ' st t- f virgin ty. The t r a a a a t a and nu se re lso i e e i a o o mea e n o th h e i t obl g d to tak ng th e o o n ers ou e eas se e t th y w ll fulfill e dut s commi e t n r tw fi g c ld b ily m rt d ' w u ld n littl to the s h ie tt o m as co scie is uma d t the n i s o e o as re e i it . s s es e d t a a mo a u a e a o ec a it h nly poss le a d o ser e com nt ou ly n wh w vi w ng i ugg t h t re cc r t nd bJ. - ib n b v le e secr c . It p t e y. . e tive measurement could be easily obtained by msert· mg a st a ndard gau.,.0 73 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY 72 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY

o o co o e i e l e i nt f n n- nsummation n ute e o d ou h o e t l r es t el t stabl sh th fact u Ha ks rin s un thr gh t e hnneneal r'fi wou d not b suffic e re he a i . I c un i the la g t size, ha its f i u e m e n v r o s Roman e e r te ea t r d t t and d a d requi d by t p n t a s sily, i' s de e mine. . wi h he moral cert t d de o r at o h d t o u t e a e l C ng eg i ns. on s m ti n e n e i a o in the If t ere is any in ica i n of vaginism s, its extent mus b c r fu !, re v dence of n -con um o ed e a t e e seem to be d fi ite o a inut e ma t m o The would h m n e or n t , esp ci lJy if i s s v ritv would hav de i i p ssible for an· m tte rar d ed rifice w s so m ., a , w ere the hy e eal e a u h ne a o o h o red d i dly e in e e e he the cases, a i u s r w s s c pe tr ti n t ave ccur . e e a on io so sev r or w re of v gin sm s wa the em o tu wh r c dit n e ale or an n s en he, e o f ale intr i th a th a orm t o e h th d t r . d s ro r io e siz f th m g a d Wi ll is factu l inf a i n b fore im ' o e oc is expecte tc p po t n b twe t i l e o u e di e r o o l o cc rr d. m a o · wus ud e r a t ha imu ati n c u d n t poss b y hav ake. c nsc1en t' J· gment as to wheth 1· ti1e ma ri ge in ques ion ha t t the min m pen t s a ee laced th e on s t ee on u a e s o n o r a o l a e s na ea empha is h s b n p cl r at all of th he a r or ha no b n c s mm t d. Thi pinio is t be e ched n y ft r In thi a lysis, it is i a of u o r o o th u e e o and a o r ene o i der tion of t f cto n w thout any cons m n caref l c nside ati n f e minim m p n trati n semin ti n eqt11·1·e, the question of p trati a a i e r ­ t o m e i ed a o e s as a sta rr ag e ains unco nation. ted above, th t a m m bY e h n d r scr b b v . semi It i true, w s o ur i o em a on n f inimum s m t d i the imu ot cc red, even e d t s a mu h e t m f s in ti has s h !s t a tl um a e , f min ni e e h d As vi ent, i i alw ys c easi r o establish a posi ive f ct- 1a t o a e de . But thi is t eo­ a i m fi t ly stablis e s m t d d r tr o r e e a a e or pene rati n h s b en n i i h o m m x mu r l n i pos ible s� e hmg i occu -than to y t p ov a n gative f ct-th t som thin, r t a h s i va ue si ce it s n g if any., p actical e e a e ical nd a l ttle, h s ot e l did not occur. s emi t o ac , esp ci lly if we ro na i n a n tak n p na o i to p ve that ufficient s h n um sem e a ha en e i ti n s er e o a s t o t · · de s . a o e a t e �tablis ed, mi im r A v y sp cific n· rm w s e f r h by the S C D'i cip. S acr m ·, p n tr tion s be o s o l a r c ll tha once e t o t h ri ppea m er 18 1950 · r at re l e o the r d es e i is gid c nclu ion w u d presumed. em ng exc p i n o t a e t or m Dece b p v e p y to th Tribunal f A ch ioc � o, The only s e e e t r l ­ o to u e o re t lue d the o t r a e e e th m both i e y bs n , co : � in e test s ar n a ur B s n whic� sho ;: g � v� in ai ing d c o arriving a nc s wh r , in e an, d an ot man to b inst o utel a o e uf ct e e s ue o d e a e o h ea m t and r et l l d r a phi d an thus c n . "If d o bs l y tr o ed rior o h his d :i ion. _ c ns1' r t10n is giv n t t e m sure en fo 1 pl e y undeve ope to h e er o the h menea r d the tu o the m ea a e h he e a do e e rm p t t e . . male e o c my ad b en p f e f y 1 mg an na re f h y en l bmem r n it r w r ubl vas a o o the m wit sp rm ro h t re d , ha e t te a t ere e c 1 u n l ar a r a e a had erd red ur ti n f arriag th ug out the en i s i e c ract ris ic ex nsibility' c n h b ex ded, i this part· 1cu c s<, mar i g nd p u ur o d o e h a e anu a tran m tt d. t e l t t e e t o o o e o . on o t e a e r a . t o ha s e hi f ct ed, c ul n t b even h s igh es p n t · c h d b en m a he h s and ra i n n n ccasi f h m l o g n m o th s t t the p rm, w t o l e h d a a th a a o a s a o he e s o h ving t u b . . · . . . no n y b a by en v gm wi n cc mpanying P 1·t Ia.l emm t10n?" n of t s fact c uld e s r e h d inte Verificati a n s s he rv ed, u mi o r al i e nd i ca e , w r u g ry a o u a a a e na do t n i t a a co por nsp ction e o t s b t t a e or me i a t a y,_ b� c n cting v gin l xami tion, c ors ca d fferen i l. o e e o ie o l r c ds and d c l r p r s. e � � : o ho ha s me ua er . t r ceiv c p s f hospit r ho l m h :� o ed e o t a b v1rgm an a w man w has d o sex l exp ien F e m at o ha e d c o s u d ake en c mplet , ach e o o e u et d a o a ,¥hen the xa in i n s b e a t o he c wh� s ;:k� : th d t a a o th d f v n the mi_nim m pen ration, describe b ve�� r t r t i u ce f x mina i n, t m e o e de e ema the e a r to t ding e a e nd pl a o al and ;::: :��: tt : w i ten epor ncl s en o t ' e w1 � m evi nc r ining for x mine de ect a a o s d a r f he nat mic la o a s u e th me by in trum t), all on r o . ex min ti n u ed ( igit l o t s o o s m a e o caruncu e myrtif r e a h d e o n n­ ·"'· m es, t ears, sc r and fiss r s of e h y nea• h iolo i a s o r gm n a t c n u m ti n de te e at o e . n h h me al h g fact bse v d, nd t e ju h e ort shoul p ys c l a o not e d, mem b ra e, fini r lax ion r str tc 1 u g of t e y ne ring etc. If t ,• on m i he ud me suffici nt. T e r p o d e e e d not e ted o r a ;, t j g nt l ne is e a d t a la er c su mat on o l a oo t doct r fin s th s pr �ent an they can b accoun f r o expl ined iii he d h t e a n as possibl , n , a a h e t n o e e m n lu t t h e ar e h Tribun l fficia s s s c o dan i h . t n, be file wit e d oa h ny of t e ways m n io ed ab v , then h ust co c de ha t m riag t r i e e o in a c r ce w t a e ea do t stify un er t ll e ues . h e o o u at d If, on th r ha d t , ch c o w ll b invit d t he e uestions m. q tion ad b l e er o th n wi b . en pr per y c ns mm e . the o e nd tit,' s o a d he f e )3o d. T s q h . . n hich i om le l ta a t by t D fend mi t d e ma r que ti ns prep re ea h d examinin s _a hy � ,� s c p te y in ct nd absol� ely e r o hat t e . Th t on or c octor had sub e e ra ICl d ht h e de bas d on the w itten rep rt t l mode � t o he h o n w re int g l :'n� :;�;�:n!:� rmg w 1 is snug an tig and s ows no vi ncr r e a r ot the ru es of sty o e in ee hed e u t d at t epor n w t er r . . . · nu s will qe sked to he i f ev r hav oO' b n stretc , then h will be j s ified m JU gmg th hr llo d o ou t e e t e o on. ma e h e f t examinat er e ro l o u at a o e o fo we thr ugh t h n ir ty m at o o rriag ad n v be n y c ns nd in p lw e th per mm ed , s r rting to t e e t t a the do or e exa in i n, sh uld l s r e t at o e a d o al t s e s, d signated for . l � In th ven h t ct al t i the Tribuna It i t u 1 m s me rar n excep t·i n ms· ance , suffici nt he a om a a d s wh ch y e t t on l e t o t a d a r a physiologic fac . a ru th to t nat ic l n d a d e p ne ra i cou d hav a en p ace wi h u · ny w is g ee either s o the n t k I � pturing r r d s o h r na l u ge c n ecr e that h m e l me ra e o hou st n t e me ea h o usi n, presidi g j y en a mb wit retchi g y obse ve or a t t ei fi l conc la th arent n r t h \� n l rmg to t e p int or i h o s e or e app e i d te e n o l el a o l o e an effort to exp in l. t e l eac ther' r p t in m t wher there s en.ni , vi'd e ce f a rea r ax ti n . T us· p ss1 th doct s rev ew he e 'b'i i y m re v o a If he a per i these same two o. u a t t t t do or r o en el on n c se warrants it, can \'ell p mts p the f c ha he ct ' s eport is n t tir y c clusive a d b;• c ntr diction. t 74 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY THE LINACRE QUARTERLY 75 doctors to examine the patient e ao-ain but this tim. to?ether, d report and then submit a join not something which can be demanded as a right protecte by the virtue testify separatet' If thi s e l10d d fails or appe .•.. the presiding ju ge �h i� � ars useles of justice. can submit e two. P evwusly d third expert WI prepare reports to . who ·u . give an evaluation When all the above has been completed, the case is typed in several of them an d d . d examination if e con uct his ow · copies, translated into either French, Italian or, Latin an transmitted to ' h think s i ·t necessary. As last e e 1 a resort the e d es1gnat . new exp l e e 1 . ' Ju. d ge ca; the proper Congregation in Rome. Th re, it i studied by a board of rts, in w uc. I cas , ac I will d make h is· own exam e submit his own 1 inatio1: revi wers, who order the entire case to be printed, if they deem that it in ividual report an d J t e en testify separat 1 by 1 d Tribunal. In this last situat10 efore tl merits further consideration. Having been printed, the case is file in its · n, a. 11 o t f l 1e f orma]t . ies, d above for the w Juc · h were escribe e d first examination, will be followed proper place and is not consid red until all of the cases, which precede it, . have been settled. At the proper time, the case is formally studied and a The testimony of the doctors and the d process. l nurse will usually complete i recommen ation is made to the Holy Father. In a private audience with W ien tlie Defender n ti of the B on d � d the parties the Cardinal members of the respeetive Congregations, the Rom1m Pontiff have no further 1 . state tlrnt the . proof t o o. ffer, tI e e e · personall d d e J udo- will. d ci· e tha t t h e t will y give his decision. If it is in favor of a issolution, this is elu ed. At this e o case is co11 point. ' th e eD f en d 1· d e . of the Bond will review granted an has effect from the v ry moment when it is officially announced case and prepare his ammad the enti r. versions, which will b . . by the Pope. dure followed n e a cnhque on the procc i the· instruction· e of 1 ti case and a corre1 a t· d proof presented. 1 ion of all of th . The papal judgment, be it favorable or unfavorable, is then forwarde , H e w ·11 compare the testimonie f O respondent d s ti1e petitioner in the form of a rescript, to the local Bishop who originally presented the an of all of . to e am Uien . w1. tnesses d term. I. d tI iey d e d me f tiiey agree case and he is irected to promulgate the decision to the respective parties. are iverg nt an what e to or i cone I . us1ons ar be d reports and rawn from t li ese. T h, If the previous marriage has been dissolved, this fact is to be noted on their testimonies of th e doc t ors, . smce. they are n o t en tire· m themselves will be . 1 y conclusfr, baptismal records, if both are Catholics, and on the marriage record. The ' studied m ti le 1·ig I d crimen, it of the other evidence. rescript carries with it a ispensation from the impediment of which If e there ar manifest contradicti . . d d ons in tiI e test1momes l woul be present where a secon marriage had been attempted. concerned and of t ie par tic . their witnesses the . . de d n ' case. is consi rably weakened d In conclusion, a wor . might be said about the fees which are involved i possibility of 1011 an th,· receiving a d' d isso1 u t· b ecomes propo i the instruction of a case, since many false, outlandish an unjustifiab]e requisite for the ·t·iona t e I Y_ 1ess. On,• dissolution is that the d d d fa_c _t of non-consummat10 · statements are made by unknowing an uninforme people. The most proved beyon aJl d n must bt" question an. a 11 e d positiv ' prudent oubt common and popular charge which such people circulate is that, if the consummation must be r e HS IS of possibl, moved· Tl . . most difficult d cases where the to realize except ii ' proper fee is given to the right priest, the issolution will be readily persons did no t 1 ive. too-ethe where r after the . marriage· ceremony granted regardless of the factual histo�y of the case and the proof presented. there is clea'r proo f an d d . or .m ication1:" that no. att empts If the money is not forthcoming, there is no possibility of ever getting a marriage relations d I at normal were ma e O e d d · nee ·t h as b een d t ermme· d t favorable �cision, even when the case woul warrant it. This serious charge have col1abited te d hat the spouses and have attemp t o consummate pre the marnage,· is bantered about in spite of the fact that no Cardinal, Bishop or priest, sumes that it has d the law been cons umma te d 1 d IS. d lrn this presumpt· 011 who handles the case, ever receives one penny for his work and labor an it. set asi e by overwhelming perd ures until proof o t t I 1e contrary this whether the ultimate decision is favorable or unfavorable. Whatever . d d The animadversions d of the Defen d . offering is ma e by the parties is to cover stenographic an secretarial work, er of th e Bon will e towards provino- the consummat· . be direct d which is necessarily involved in the typing of such cases, in the work of o ion of e th marriage m· k · presumptio 11 eepmg with· the offerings n which favors 1 ·s t l legal translation and in the mailing costs, which are rather sizeable. The pos1 · ion.· W 1en th e se h b ave tieI entire case will e_en com�leted. requested e d d be presented to the local Bi are v ry mo erate an cover merely the costs of processing the recommend OI shop, who will d the matter f . . a d ' or will nol. ,, case. The same consideration is given an the same energy is expended isso 1 ution. . His. recomm d ; on th 1 en da t· io n w d e strength of the p . 00 m . ill epend regar less of the ability of the person to pay the costs. If a person, by reason d f . d'icatmg non-consumm off ere as to w a t·wn, tiI e reasons e d hy tl1e dissolution. 1 e d of his financial status, cannot mak any contribution towar s the expenses, is to ·be o- "a . t d an the parties. This last p o n _ worthiness of tl1e the e is most im ortant smce. tlie costs are charged to th Diocese. If some payment can be made, even entire process is e a f avor antI though it is only a small percentaie of the entir cost, such will be accepted. THE LINACRE QUARTEHLY 77 THE I.INA< HE QUARTERLY 76

r s s s Tl'. welfa e o� oul �nd the good of the Church con titute the operating �. e a na s a s spu1t of th Dioces n Tribu l-not the '· ibilit. y o f per ons t o p y. Insuranciti Conclusions; ni m s m . 1) The mi mu , which i required and suffices for true consu matwn , by IS· t be e e e 011 o found b tw en the two xtremes of mere vulvar penetration th ' ALBERT °MURPHY, a a e e ra e ma i' one h nd, nd complet p net tfon of the entir le organ, on tl e o ti1er e. S. M. D . e e e a n a e a Guild of St. Luke of Boston Th r must be v r1·fi ed true entra ce through the 11ymene l membran nd . . a a s a a e male r a a e a mt o tl 1e vagmal c n l o th t p r t o f t 1 i o g n c n b truly s id to be e a ' an s a m a e e envelop d by the v gina. HIS HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS d piritu lly align nt dis as s a e m em m e r a n s a a s a e ha ssum d al ost epid ic proportions a ong th gene al public. 2) ·Actu l conceptio i not lw y certain and indubitabl si g n that r . a a e s T s e a r m a s a a a ma u ge h s b en properly con ummated. It i the loss of th n tu al im unity of C tholic th t has llowed e n s a e a e s s a a ea 8) Onc the marriage ceremo y ha t ken IJlac nd th pou es h ve them lso to fall prey to this fashionable dis se. . p resu ed a a ns a i I t b , then it i� _ m_ in l w that µroper nd true co umm t on To some, keeping the Sixth and Ninth Commandments constitute the �:� :a�:e.; a e s s a e s m proof pl c . Thi i simpl pre u ption which will yield to to major part of good Catholic living. These same people righteously proclaim a e l e e ti1e contr ry b�t the ntire burden of proof fa ls upon th one who all oo· cs their innocence of breaking the· Seventh Commandment in that they do not n ma 1]0 -consum t10n. embezzle from the bank nor cheat on their income tax. How often they fail sually, b a na a n a n 4) � ! �onducting a v gi l ex minatio , doctors c n differe ­ to appreciate, however, that the falsification of insurance forms, the exag­ ia e a m a a ma a a e e ri t t b w en v1rg nd wo n who h s h d som s xual expe ence geration of injuries, and the immoral use of veteran and other government s s m r s a en a e In :o : case , �vhere even the mini um penet ation ha t k pl c ' ther� installations is just as reprehensible! Every year millions of dollars are e e e e r ma n n r e am . a wi"11 b som vid nce e i i g fo th ex iner to d etect' e. . c runcul_ae improperiy obtained from such sources by various forms of cheating, lying, s s a s an ss res , l !a myrtiforme , tear , sc r d f i u of the h menea membi ne, defimte and subterfuge. The softening clause that "everybody is doing it" does not e a a i s m ea m e r l x t on or tretching of the h y 1 en r . g, etc.) If th doctor finds these minimize the defection. With this attitude receiving something for r e a a r e a e of p es nt nd ti1ey cannot be ccounted for o xpl in d, th en h e must nothing now infiltrating our whole moral structure, the medical profession r e n a e m a e conclude that the ma riage i n q� �tw. h d be n properly consu m t d. has not escaped. n e mm si a a me If on th ti I d the xa� g phy ci n finds hy n which is e a ral a a ea insurancitis en e e e a e co�plet l; i:t;:: :� ab so�utely mteg nd l1ymen l ring which is snug One of the older forms of count r d is that pr cipit t d e n e er i n s e a e e a e a e ms and ti ht and. sh . o v� no vid_ e c of ev hav ng bee tr tched, then he will _ by a collision of c rs. Th sensitivity of th occup nts to th dise s see s m � m a a a e r re r e i e e a be ju �ified _ u g g t1_1 t the m rri g had neve been properly cons um- to be di ctly propo tional to th abil ty of th oth r p rty to pay. While a e /r a a a a . e s r a s a e a r re e m t d. It is ue t !1 t m some r re nd exc· e_p t'wn 1 mstanc s, ufficient compulso y li bility in ur nc m y p otect the bodily welfa. of th truly a e e a . an a m s e n e ra e penetr tion· could hav t a k n P l ce without m y w y. rup t ur · g tieI phy ically injured, it definit ly te ds to weaken th mo l fibr of those e r e r menea m i-nsurancitis. a r a s a a s a I iymen al memb an o without stretchino- the hy l r g to the point with chronic Wh t a e we s doctor , prim rily, nd a C tholic e ere e n e en a a . es e e mm a s s whe1· th is d fi it evid ce o f a rea I ore l x t10 n. doctors, p cially, doing to build up th i unity ag inst this in idiou a s s se a m a a a a ( 1 ) M tt. 19, 8 q; Mark 10, ll q; Luke IG, 18; 1 Cor . 7, lOsq; 1 Cur. 5, 89; Roni. 7, di ase? Truly f ke auto obile cl ims h ve largely disappe red following 2s a e a e a e a as i q . cle nup a few y ars go. How ver, it h s now b come lmost f h onable to (2) Canonn 1118. a a a m r n s e n a e (3) Cano 1119. engage in the in ccur te cl i . Unfo tu ately, ome of our prof ssio r n n a e a n a i (4) Ca ons 1015 M 1 not averse to engaging i this chic n ry, either for fi ancial consider t on (5) Deci iones S R�manae Rot��,Tuly 1�, 1980-:--'ove111i>er 10, 1981. e a s a e a e n e a . n r m nio, or in th mist ken philo ophy th t th y r helping a frie d or prot cting (6) Cappello-T�actatun o l1s De Sa rarnentis ( Vol. V, De M at i o 7 M r_ <: i, 4 . a:2�;·�� ���-8fi ra c mer eas s a e a a a is tt s19 7) . f patient. While this for r oning is profes ion lly un thic l, the l tter ( ) iec! !one S. R. Rotae-A gus 17, 1920-J\ ugust as a e n r e r e s s u t 2 3 1991 · is (B) eci ione S. R. Rotae-Ma rch 0 ' 1926· · · ' · � just mor lly unethical. vV can ig o e, for our pr sent pu pos s, the (9) C anon 1015, n . 2. r a n r a e e s 1.1. 1, dist essing pr ctical consequences of i c eased insur nc rat s which inedta­ (10) In tructions of S.C. de Discip Sacran 1.-_M,. � 1923'' :ind March 27' 1929 · r a e .. ·. . . d bly result, and against which ou conspirators procl im the loudest. lt is w ll Instructions of s C . E 1 0 1 10, 1 85. In truction of s:c: �:�ctic�:i��i__rJ��� �;,-·i�:. 9