Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association
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Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association Volume 14, Number 1 (2014) Bruce Ronkin, Editor Northeastern University Published with Support from The MEIEA Journal is published annually by the Music & Entertain- ment Industry Educators Association (MEIEA) in order to increase public awareness of the music industry and to foster music business education. The MEIEA Journal provides a scholarly analysis of technological, legal, historical, educational, and business trends within the music indus- try and is designed as a resource for anyone currently involved or interest- ed in the music industry. Topics include issues that affect music industry education and the music industry such as curriculum design, pedagogy, technological innovation, intellectual property matters, industry-related legislation, arts administration, industry analysis, and historical perspec- tives. The MEIEA Journal is distributed to members of MEIEA, univer- sities, libraries, and individuals concerned with the music industry and music business education. Ideas and opinions expressed in the MEIEA Journal do not necessar- ily reflect those of MEIEA. MEIEA disclaims responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed in individual contributions. Permission for reprint or reproduction must be obtained in writing and the proper credit line given. Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association 1900 Belmont Boulevard Nashville, TN 37212 U.S.A. [email protected] www.meiea.org The MEIEA Journal (ISSN: 1559-7334) © Copyright 2014 Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association All rights reserved Editorial Advisory Board Bruce Ronkin, Editor, Northeastern University Wesley Bulla, Belmont University Timothy Channell, Radford University Mark J. Davis, Loyola University New Orleans; Northeastern University Greg Faulk, Belmont University Jennifer Fowler, Belmont University Brian Gaber, Florida State University Andrea Johnson, Berklee College of Music Michael Johnson, Berklee College of Music David Kopplin, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Sean McClowry, College of Saint Rose Gene Perla, Lehigh University Quint Randle, Brigham Young University Stanislas Renard, Colby College Paul Saintilan, Australian College of the Arts David Schreiber, Belmont University John Simson, American University Joseph Taylor, James Madison University David Tough, Belmont University Melissa Wald, Middle Tennessee State University Kim L. Wangler, Appalachian State University Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association The Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association (MEIEA®) is an international organization formed in 1979 to bring to- gether educators with leaders of the music and entertainment industries. The primary goal of MEIEA is to facilitate an exchange of information be- tween educators and practitioners in order to prepare students for careers in the music and entertainment industries. In order to seek professional practical knowledge and functional strategies in education, MEIEA endeavors to: • Provide resources for the exchange of information and knowledge about all aspects of the music and entertainment industries; • Foster scholarly research on the music and entertainment industries as well as on music and entertainment industries education; • Assist institutions with the development of music and entertain- ment industries programs and curricula; • Facilitate interaction between the music and entertainment indus- tries and music and entertainment industries educators and affili- ated educational institutions; • Promote student interests in the music and entertainment industries. MEIEA is a non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of education in the music and entertainment industries. Institutional member- ship is available to institutions of higher education. In order to be consid- ered for membership, the institution must be recognized, licensed, and/or accredited as a post-secondary educational institution. Organizations and business entities interested in supporting the mission and activities of MEIEA are encouraged to become sponsors of MEIEA through charitable support. Support of MEIEA activities by companies, institutions, individuals, and organizations that value music and entertainment industry education is greatly appreciated by MEIEA’s members. If you or your company would like to contribute to music and entertainment industry education please contact [email protected]. From The Editor Notice to Contributors The Journal of the Music & Entertain- ment Industry Educators Association is a peer- reviewed journal devoted to all aspects of the music and entertainment industry and music/ entertainment industry education. All feature articles submitted for publication are reviewed by an editorial board consisting of respected scholars, teachers, and industry professionals. Submissions of articles in all areas related to the music and entertainment industry and mu- sic and entertainment industry education are welcome. Articles must be submitted in electronic format and should be sent as email attachments, preferably in Microsoft Word format. All submissions should use the normal style of citation, in confor- mance with the guidelines given in The Chicago Manual of Style. All notes should be consecutively numbered and should appear as endnotes at the conclusion of the manuscript text. In order to facilitate blind review, the author’s name must not ap- pear on the submitted manuscript. A cover letter that clearly identifies the manuscript must be included. The editor will normally give notice of the article’s status within three months of its receipt. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission for reproduction from the publishers of all copyrighted material used (musical examples, etc.). Submissions and correspondence should be addressed to: Bruce Ronkin Editor, MEIEA Journal [email protected] 110 Churchill Hall Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A. MEIEA Executive Board Executive Officers President Serona Elton University of Miami Vice President Storm Gloor University of Colorado Denver Secretary David Schreiber Belmont University Treasurer Jennifer Fowler Belmont University Director of Membership Kristél Pfeil Kemmerer Belmont University Executive Directors MEIEA Journal Editor Bruce Ronkin Northeastern University Webmaster Wesley Bulla Belmont University Board Members Cutler Armstrong Butler University Carey Christensen California State University, Northridge Robert Garfrerick University of North Alabama John Kellogg Berklee College of Music Paul Linden University of Southern Mississippi John Simson American University Kim L. Wangler Appalachian State University Ben O’Hara, Australasian Liaison Box Hill Institute Ray Sylvester, European Liaison Buckinghamshire New University Past Presidents John Kellogg (2009-2011) Janet Nepkie (1989–1993) Rey Sanchez (2007-2009) Michael Fink (1988–1989) Rebecca Chappell (2003–2007) Richard Broderick (1986–1988) Tim Hays (1999–2003) James A. Progris (1984–1986) Scott Fredrickson (1995–1999) David P. Leonard (1982–1984) David Hibbard (1993–1995) Jay Collins (1979–1982) MEIEA Sponsors SESAC, Inc. is a performing rights organi- zation with headquarters in Nashville and offices in New York, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Miami, and London. SESAC currently licenses the public performances of more than 400,000 songs on behalf of its 30,000 affiliated songwriters, composers, and music publishers. sesac.com The mission of the Music Business Associa- tion is to advance and promote music com- merce. We provide common ground by of- fering thought leadership, resources, and unparalleled networking opportunities, all geared to the specific needs of our member- ship. musicbiz.org Contents 13 Concert Promotion Centralization and the Artist Management Response: 1990s – 2010s Jess White Bay State College Patrick Preston Bay State College 39 Songs As Branding Platforms? A Historical Analysis of People, Places, and Products in Pop Music Lyrics Storm Gloor University of Colorado Denver 61 The Protection and Licensing of Music Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities J. Joel Baloyi University of South Africa 89 A Survey of Graduated Response Programs to Combat Online Piracy Serona Elton University of Miami 123 Rigor, Grades, Support, and the Amount of Time Students Spend Outside of Class: A Comparison of Full- and Part-time Faculty in an Entertainment and Music Business Program Kristél Pfeil Kemmerer Belmont University Continued on next page 157 Developing Information Literacy Skills for Tomorrow’s Music Industry Leaders Keith Hatschek University of the Pacific Veronica A. Wells University of the Pacific 183 Beyond Jamming: A Historical and Analytical Perspective on the Creative Process Monika Herzig Indiana University David Baker Indiana University 219 Get Classy: Comparing the Massive Marketing of Anchorman 2 to the Non-marketing of Beyoncé’s Beyoncé Album David Philp William Paterson University 251 Authors Influencing Others to Follow: An Analysis of a Social Media Platform Through the Framework of Persuasion Theory Philip C. Rothschild Missouri State University Student Paper 279 Economy of the Ether: Early Radio History and the Commodification of Music Jason Lee Guthrie Ph.D. Candidate, University of Georgia Reviews 299 Daniel Frankel and Gideon Frankel, editors; Interviews by Kara Pound. Artist in Control: Success in the New Music Business Storm Gloor University of Colorado Denver 301 The Event Safety Alliance, Donald C. Cooper, Editor. The Event Safety