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Women, Work, War, and Wedlock in Colonial Newport, Rhode Island, 1750-1775

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Women, Work, War, and Wedlock in Colonial Newport, Rhode Island, 1750-1775 University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1997 WAVES OF CHANGE: WOMEN, WORK, WAR, AND WEDLOCK IN COLONIAL NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, 1750-1775 Jonathan M. Beagle University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Beagle, Jonathan M., "WAVES OF CHANGE: WOMEN, WORK, WAR, AND WEDLOCK IN COLONIAL NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, 1750-1775" (1997). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1807. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1807 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WAVES OF CHANGE: WOMEN, WORK, WAR, AND WEDLOCK IN COLONIAL NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND, 1750-1775 BY JONATHAN M. BEAGLE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY 3 8 l (ojo/ 9-3 UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1997 Abstract The intent of this thesis is to explore connections between gender relations and the construction of a local discourse by which residents of late colonial Newport, Rhode Island, interpreted the coming American Revolution. Historians in recent years have documented a relationship between gender and the rhetoric of the Revolution and separately have linked the development of commercial economies to a desire for independence in the colonies. However, relatively unexplored are the possible connections between the nature of gender relations within the emergent economies and the appeal for independence. The emergence of an urban economy in Newport dominated by commerce and consumerism wrought tremendous change i11the way men and women interacted with each other in the city. Particularly affected was the traditional paragon of colonial gender relations - matrimony. This development proved disconcerting to many residents, who found remedy in the ideas of the Revolution. Primary source materials, consisting of court records and newspaper publications, illustrate the intersections of gender and economics that gave the Revolution meaning for Newporters. Coupled with the work of other historians, this study proposes that the process was not unique to Newport, but rather characteristic of colonial port cities in that era of great change. As such, the scope of this thesis goes beyond mere local history. Indeed, it has as much to suggest about colonial America in general as it does about colonial Newport in particular. 11 Acknowledgments No work of historical inquiry is ever a solitary effort and this project could not have come to fruition without the profound support and guidance of a great many people. To begin with, credit for the inception of this project must go to three individuals who each do great credit to the discipline of history - Joel Cohen, Sharon Hartman Strom, and J. Stephen Grimes. Dr. Cohen was instrumental in turning my once raw and timid mind into a more confident and mature intellect. His high expectations of his graduate students continually motivated me to master a subject I had previously approached with indifference, colonial American history. Moreover, his first­ rate teaching skills provided me with the tools I needed to grasp not only history, but historiography as well. It was in preparation for one of Dr. Cohen's term papers that I had the great fortune to meet J. Stephen Grimes, the archivist at the Rhode Island Supreme Court Judicial Records Center in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Uncertain as to what topic to pursue for the project, Steve suggested I take a look at colonial divorce records. The result was a successful paper, ideas for further study, a greater understanding of the critical role of the archivist in historical research, and an appreciation for Steve as both a person and a professional. Without his keen familiarity of the sources and his commitment to me, this project would have been impossible. To his great credit, he always made me feel welcome by treating me like a scholar rather than a schoolboy. While Joel Cohen and Steve Grimes helped alter the way I related to the discipline of history, Dr. Sharon Hartman Strom literally transformed my worldview. It was she who showed me the instrumental role of gender in the human experience and who encouraged me to pursue the present piece while 111 it was still a tentative idea in my head. Her continual enthusiasm about the project and her confidence in my abilities kept the composition moving forward, while her astute criticism kept it on track. I will always be grateful for the opportunity to have worked with Dr. Strom. Thanks must also go to Dr. Marie Jenkins Schwartz, who suggested that I expand my discussion concerning the impact of slavery on Newport women and forced me to think a little harder on this subject than I might otherwise have done. The writing of this work involved numerous sacrifices by friends and family alike, so I would like to extend my appreciation to them for their patience. Somehow Jeff Byrd withstood my frequent inability to fraternize just enough to still regard me as a good friend. At times during the preparation of this thesis, both my mother and my father must have almost forgotten what their elder son looked like, yet nevertheless professed the pride and love in me that has always provided a secure foundation for my life. And my brother Christopher must be credited with helping me maintain that little bit of madness that ensures sanity. Finally, my fiancee Deborah Binder has been a pillar of strength throughout this entire endeavour. As she has willingly shared with me all the hopes and frustrations that accompany the graduate school experience, this thesis stands as much a tribute to her work as it does to mine. lV Table of Contents Abstract ................. ......................... ..................... ........... ................... ................ ii Acknowledgments ................... ........................... ............................................. .. iii Introduction ............... .......................... .................................... ....................... .. 1 Chapter One .......... .......... ..................... ............................. ........................ ........ 11 Riding the Waves The Development of a Colonial Port City Chapter Two .......................................................... ...................................... ...... 48 Staying Afloat Women's Economic Activities in a Commercial Seaport Chapter Three ................................. ..................... ............................... .............. 94 Navigating the Court System The Gendered Dimension of Colonial Newport Litigation Chapter Four .................. .............. ........................................................... ......... 122 The Tides of War Fortifying the City with Wedded Bliss Conclusion ....................... ............................ .................. ........................ ............ 154 Bibliography ........ ........................... ......... :·· .. ······ ............ ......... ..................... ..... 160 V Introduction In November of 1755, a recently widowed Phebe Battey filed suit against the Newport, Rhode Island, merchant Joseph Wanton, Jr., a man from a family of great political and economic distinction in the bustling seaport. The Wantons were the archetypal Newport family. Their initial fortune reputedly stemming from the boldness of family patriarchs William and John, who in 1694 outwitted and plundered a large pirate ship, the Wantons rose to prominence in the city on the strength of commercial shipping exploits. Economic success reaped political rewards and numerous Wanton men would come to hold significant positions within the colony's government before the American Revolution. When Phebe Battey sued John during those chilly days in November of 1755, then, she was exhibiting a cetain mettle in challenging such a prominent community member. Phebe's husband William had been in the service of Wanton as master of the sloop Charming Abigail when he died off the coast of Surinam in 17 53. Typical of Newport merchants, Wanton had engaged Battey in the West Indian molasses trade, a prosperous trade that was instrumental to the economic fortunes of many N ewporters. The captaining of such voyages could be lucrative, as it was a position of great trust. Once a vessel left Newport, the captain was charged with finding a propitious port in which to conduct business and secure the greatest return on investments. The success of the venture would determine the captain' s commission. When Battey died, William Gardner Wanton assumed command of the Abigail, and finding among Battey's possession three large bills of exchange dealt them for eight hogshead of molasses, which he then added to the store reserved for the owner of the sloop, Joseph Wanton, Jr. Upon returning to Newport in 1 December of 1753, William asked that Joseph deliver the eight hogsheads along with Battey's commission to his widow as recompense for the voyage. Though Joseph "did upon himself assure and faithfully Promise to deliver the said Phebe Battey of said Molasses when he should afterward be thereto Requested ," he instead plotted "Craftily and Subtilly to deceive and defraud the said Molasses or any part thereof to the plaintiff." 1 Phebe was not fooled , however . Hiring David Richard as her attorney , Phebe sued Wanton on the grounds that ,
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