Ewingite: Earth’S Most Complex Mineral
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals. -
Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
SpColl £2' 1 Energy I TEl 334 Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus ~ By A. D. Weeks and M. E. Thompson ~ I"\ ~ ~ Trace Elements Investigations Report 334 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN REPLY REFER TO: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WASHINGTON 25, D. C. AUG 12 1953 Dr. PhilUp L. Merritt, Assistant Director Division of Ra1'r Materials U. S. AtoTILic Energy Commission. P. 0. Box 30, Ansonia Station New· York 23, Nei< York Dear Phil~ Transmitted herewith are six copies oi' TEI-334, "Identification and occurrence oi' uranium and vanadium minerals i'rom the Colorado Plateaus," by A , D. Weeks and M. E. Thompson, April 1953 • We are asking !41'. Hosted to approve our plan to publish this re:por t as a C.i.rcular .. Sincerely yours, Ak~f777.~ W. H. ~radley Chief' Geologist UNCLASSIFIED Geology and Mineralogy This document consists or 69 pages. Series A. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TEE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM TEE COLORADO PLATEAUS* By A• D. Weeks and M. E. Thompson April 1953 Trace Elements Investigations Report 334 This preliminary report is distributed without editorial and technical review for conformity with ofricial standards and nomenclature. It is not for public inspection or guotation. *This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the u. s. Atomic Energy Commission 2 USGS GEOLOGY AllU MINEFALOGY Distribution (Series A) No. of copies American Cyanamid Company, Winchester 1 Argulllle National La:boratory ., ., ....... -
Synthesis of Liebigite and Andersonite, and Study
1.67 Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 31, pp. 167-171(t993) SYNTHESISOF LIEBIGITEAND ANDERSONITE, ANDSTUDY OFTHEIRTHERMAL BEHAVIOR AND LUMINESCENCE RENATID VOCHTEN I' Inboratorium voor chemischeenfusische mineralogie, Ilniversiteit Antwerpen(RUCA), Middelheimlann B - 2020AntwerPen, Belgium LAURENTVAN HAVERBEKE 1, Laboratoriumvoor anorganischechtmie, UniversiteitAnwerpen (RUCA),Groenenborgerlaan 17 B - 2020AnwerPen, Belgium KARELVAN SPRINGEL I' Iaboratorium voor chemischeenfusische m.ineralogie, Universiteit Annverpen (RUCA)' Middelheimlaan B - 2020AntwerPen, Belgium ABS'IRAC| TheirH2o content, Andersoniteand liebigite weresynthesized starting from tetrasodiumuranyl tricarbonate[NaaUO2(CO3)3]. a bandgapenergy studiedby thermatanal/sis, is estimatedto be 10.5and 6 moles,respectivet. From the fluorescencespectr4 of approximately2.5 eV wascalculated. It is not affectedby temperature' Keywords:liebigite, andersonite,syntheses' thermal behavior, fluorescence' SOMMAIRE Leur teneuren Nous avonssynth6tis6 I'andersonite et la liebigite i partir du tricarbonateuranyl6 de sodiumfNaaUO2(COr)rl' l'6nergie H2O,6tudi& pal. uoulyr" thermique,serait de ldj et 6moles, respectivement.n!nO| les spectresde fluorescence, caicul6ede lai6paration entrebandes serait d'environ 2.5 eV. Elle ne semblepas affect6e par la temp€rature'. (Traduit Parla R6daction) Mots-cl6s:andersonite, liebigite, synthbses,comportement thermique, fluorescence' INTRODUC"I]ON Germany(Walenta 1977) andin the orebody of theTono mine,Gifu, Japan@4atsubwa1976). Several syntheses ofliebigite andandersoniie -
Bayleyite Mg2(UO2)(CO3)3 • 18H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic
Bayleyite Mg2(UO2)(CO3)3 • 18H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals are well-formed, short prismatic along [001], to 0.1 mm; typically in globular aggregates and crusts of divergent crystals. Physical Properties: Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 2.05 D(calc.) = 2.06 Radioactive. Soluble in H2O; may rapidly dehydrate; weak fluorescence of uncertain yellow-green to pale greenish under LW and SW UV. Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Sulfur-yellow. Luster: Vitreous, dulling with dehydration. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: X = pale pink; Y = Z = pale yellow to greenish yellow. Orientation: Z = b; X ∧ c =8◦–15◦. α = 1.454–1.455 β = 1.490–1.492 γ = 1.500–1.502 2V(meas.) = 30◦ 2V(calc.) = 45◦–57◦ ◦ 0 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a. a = 26.65(5) b = 15.31(5) c = 6.53(2) β =9304 Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Hillside mine, Arizona, USA. 7.66 (10), 13.1 (9), 3.83 (6), 2.69 (5), 2.21 (5), 6.53 (4), 5.85 (4b) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) UO3 35.28 34.76 Na2O 0.21 SO3 0.02 K2O 0.10 CO2 16.72 16.04 H2O 37.91 39.40 MgO 9.76 9.80 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Hillside mine, Arizona, USA; recalculated from an original total of 100.78%, after deduction • of gypsum 8.45% and insoluble 0.45%; corresponds to Mg2.00(UO2)1.02(CO3)3.15 17.43H2O. -
Paddlewheelite, a New Uranyl Carbonate from the Jáchymov District, Bohemia, Czech Republic
minerals Article Paddlewheelite, a New Uranyl Carbonate from the Jáchymov District, Bohemia, Czech Republic Travis A. Olds 1,* , Jakub Plášil 2, Anthony R. Kampf 3, Fabrice Dal Bo 1 and Peter C. Burns 1,4 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; [email protected] (F.D.B); [email protected] (P.C.B.) 2 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 October 2018; Accepted: 5 November 2018; Published: 7 November 2018 Abstract: Paddlewheelite, MgCa5Cu2[(UO2)(CO3)3]4·33H2O, is a new uranyl carbonate mineral found underground in the Svornost mine, Jáchymov District, Bohemia, Czech Republic, where it occurs as a secondary oxidation product of uraninite. The conditions leading to its crystallization are complex, likely requiring concomitant dissolution of uraninite, calcite, dolomite, chalcopyrite, and andersonite. Paddlewheelite is named after its distinctive structure, which consists of paddle-wheel clusters of uranyl tricarbonate units bound by square pyramidal copper “axles” and a cubic calcium cation “gearbox.” Paddle wheels share edges with calcium polyhedra to form open sheets that are held together solely by hydrogen bonding interactions. The new mineral is monoclinic, Pc, a = 22.052(4), b = 17.118(3), c = 19.354(3) Å, β = 90.474(2)◦, V = 7306(2) Å3 and Z = 4. -
Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1009-B IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium and vanadium minerals. Also included is a list of locations of mines from which the minerals have been identified. INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 48 uranium and vanadium minerals described in this report are those studied by the writers and their colleagues during recent mineralogic investigation of uranium ores from the Colorado Plateaus. This work is part of a program undertaken by the Geological Survey on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Thanks are due many members of the Geological Survey who have worked on one or more phases of the study, including chemical, spec trographic, and X-ray examination,' as well as collecting of samples. The names of these Survey members are given in the text where the contribution of each is noted. The writers are grateful to George Switzer of the U. S. National Museum and to Clifford Frondel of Harvard University who kindly lent type mineral specimens and dis cussed various problems. PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to make available to field geologists and others who do not have extensive laboratory facilities, information obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on the identification and occurrence of the uranium and vanadium minerals of ores from the plateaus. -
Crystal Chemistry and Structural Complexity of the Uranyl Carbonate Minerals and Synthetic Compounds
crystals Review Crystal Chemistry and Structural Complexity of the Uranyl Carbonate Minerals and Synthetic Compounds Vladislav V. Gurzhiy 1,* , Sophia A. Kalashnikova 1, Ivan V. Kuporev 1 and Jakub Plášil 2 1 Crystallography Department, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] (S.A.K.); [email protected] (I.V.K.) 2 Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Uranyl carbonates are one of the largest groups of secondary uranium(VI)-bearing natural phases being represented by 40 minerals approved by the International Mineralogical Association, overtaken only by uranyl phosphates and uranyl sulfates. Uranyl carbonate phases form during the direct alteration of primary U ores on contact with groundwaters enriched by CO2, thus playing an important role in the release of U to the environment. The presence of uranyl carbonate phases has also been detected on the surface of “lavas” that were formed during the Chernobyl accident. It is of interest that with all the importance and prevalence of these phases, about a quarter of approved minerals still have undetermined crystal structures, and the number of synthetic phases for which the structures were determined is significantly inferior to structurally characterized natural uranyl carbonates. In this work, we review the crystal chemistry of natural and synthetic uranyl carbonate phases. The majority of synthetic analogs of minerals were obtained from aqueous solutions at room temperature, which directly points to the absence of specific environmental conditions (increased P or T) for the formation of natural uranyl carbonates. -
The Crystal Structure of Na4(UO2)(CO3)
Mineralogical Magazine, April 2001, Vol. 65(2), pp.297–304 Thecrystalstructure of Na 4(UO2)(CO3)3 anditsr elationshiptoschrÎckingerite YAPING LI, S. V. KRIVOVICHEVAND P. C. BURNS* Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0767, USA ABSTR ACT Crystalsof the compound Na 4(UO2)(CO3)3 havebeen synthesized and the structure has been solved. It istrigonal with a =9.3417(6), c =12.824(1)A Ê , V = 969.2(1) AÊ 3,spacegroup P3¯c1 and Z = 4. The structurewas refined on the basis of F2 (wR2 = 4.2%)forall unique data collected using Mo- Ka X- radiationand a CCD-baseddetector. The final R1 was 2.0%,calculatedfor 534 unique observed ( Fo 5 4sF)reflections,and the goodness- of-fit( S)was0.91. The structure contains a uranyltricarbonate clustercomposed of a uranylhexagonal bipyramid that shares three equatorial edges with CO 3 triangles.The uranyl tricarbonate clusters are connected through NaO 6 and NaO5 polyhedra,forming a heteropolyhedralframework structure. This compound may be related to a uranylcarbonate phase with thesame composition which has been reported as an alteration phase on the surface of Chernobyl ‘lava’,andas a mineralin the Jachymov ore district, Czech Republic. KEY WORDS: uranylcarbonate, sodium uranyl carbonate, crystal structure, nuclear waste. Introduction [Cu2(UO2)3(CO3)2O2(OH)2](H2O)4 (Ginderow andCesbron, 1985), rutherfordine, [(UO 2)(CO3)] MORE than25 uranyl carbonate minerals are (Finch et al. ,1999),andbijvoetite, known(Mandarino, 1999), and actinide-carbonate [M8(UO2)16O8(OH)8(H2O)25](H2O)14, M = REE, complexesare important over a widevariety of Y (Li et al.,2000).Of these,roubaul tite, environmentalconditions (Clark et al., 1995). -
The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 679 THE MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE NONOPAQUE MINERALS BY ESPER S. LARSEN WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introduction.................................................. 5 The immersion method of identifying minerals........................... 5 New data............................................................. 5 Need of further data.................................................... 6 Advantages of the immersion method.................................... 6 Other suggested uses for the method.................................... 7 Work and acknowledgments............................................. 7 CHAPTER II. Methods of determining the optical constants of minerals ....... 9 The chief optical constants and their interrelations....................... 9 Measurement of indices of refraction.................................... 12 The embedding method............................................ 12 The method of oblique illumination............................. 13 The method of central illumination.............................. 14 Immersion media.................................................. 14 General features............................................... 14 Piperine and iodides............................................ 16 Sulphur-selenium melts....................................... 38 Selenium and arsenic selenide melts........................... 20 Methods of standardizing -
Geology and Uranium Deposits of the Southern Part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming
Geology and Uranium Deposits of the Southern Part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1147-D Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Geology and Uranium Deposits of the Southern Part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming By WILLIAM N. SHARP and ANTHONY B. GIBBONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1147-D Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract __________________________________________________________ Dl Introduction ______________________________________________________ 2 Fieldwork and acknowledgments_-________________________-_____ 2 Previous work_. ______________________________________________ 3 Geologic setting.__________________________________________________ 4 Stratigraphy._____________________________________________________ 5 Lance Formation._____________________________________________ 5 Fort Union Formation.________________________________________ 5 Lower member________^___________________________________ 6 Upper member_______________________________-____________ 6 Wasatch Formation__________________________________________ 6 Facies __ ________________________________________________ 7 Color of sandstone lenses___________________________________ 8 -
Glossary of Uranium- and Thorium-Bearing Minerals THIRD EDITION
Glossary of Uranium- and Thorium-Bearing Minerals THIRD EDITION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1009-F This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GLOSSARY OF URANIUM- AND THORIUM-BEARING MINERALS THIRD EDITION By JUDITH WEISS FRONDEL and MICHAEL FLEISCHER INTRODUCTION The first edition of this work was published as U. S. Geological Survey Circular 74 in April 1950; the second edition was published as Circular 194 in February 1952. ^Research on the radioactive minerals has continued to be active, and this third edition contains many additions, revisions, and corrections, and brings the glossary up to date as of July 1954. The compilation of this glossary is part of a continuing systematic survey of data on uranium and thorium minerals and on minerals that contain traces or more of uranium or thorium. This survey, part of the work being done, by the U. S. Geological Survey on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, consists of collecting authoritative chemical, optical, and X-ray diffraction data from the literature and adding to these data, where they are inadequate, by further laboratory research. The results obtained are published from tune to tune as separate papers, and a comprehensive monograph on the mineralogy of uranium and thorium is in preparation. The glossary is divided into three sections: A, minerals that contain uranium or thorium as major constituents; B, minerals that contain minor amounts of uranium or thorium; and C, minerals that probably do not contain uranium or thorium, but which have been reported to contain impurities or intergrowths of uranium or thorium minerals. -
Structure Refinement and Thermal Stability Studies of the Uranyl Carbonate Mineral Andersonite, Na2ca[(UO2)(CO3)3]·(5+X)H2O
Article Structure Refinement and Thermal Stability Studies of the Uranyl Carbonate Mineral Andersonite, Na2Ca[(UO2)(CO3)3]·(5+x)H2O Vladislav V. Gurzhiy 1,*, Maria G. Krzhizhanovskaya 1, Alina R. Izatulina 1, Ginger E. Sigmon 2, Sergey V. Krivovichev 1,3 and Peter C. Burns 2,4 1 Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] (M.G.K.); [email protected] (A.R.I.); [email protected] (S.V.K.) 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; [email protected] (G.E.S.); [email protected] (P.C.B.) 3 Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia 4 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +7-911-974-9592 Received: 21 November 2018; Accepted: 10 December 2018; Published: 11 December 2018 Abstract: A sample of uranyl carbonate mineral andersonite, Na2Ca[(UO2)(CO3)3]·5−6H2O, originating from the Cane Springs Canyon, San Juan Co., UT, USA was studied using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction at various temperatures. Andersonite is trigonal, R−3m, a = 17.8448(4), c = 23.6688(6) Å, V = 6527.3(3) Å3, Z = 18, R1 = 0.018. Low-temperature SCXRD determined the positions of H atoms and disordered H2O molecules, arranged within the zeolite-like channels. The results of high-temperature PXRD experiments revealed that the structure of andersonite is stable up to 100 °C; afterwards, it loses crystallinity due to release of H2O molecules.