Kladistische Untersuchung Mit Morphologischen Und Chemischen Merkmalen Zur Gliederung Der Lamiaceae

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Kladistische Untersuchung Mit Morphologischen Und Chemischen Merkmalen Zur Gliederung Der Lamiaceae Kladistische Untersuchung mit morphologischen und chemischen Merkmalen zur Gliederung der Lamiaceae Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Ulrike Linder aus Rathenow 2001 Dekan: Prof. Dr. R. Schubert Leiter der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler Referent: Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler Korreferent: Prof. Dr. D. Vogellehner Tag der Bekanntgabe des Prüfungsergebnisses: 08. November 2001 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Albert-Ludwigs- Universität Freiburg unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler durchgeführt. Meinem Doktorvater danke ich sehr herzlich für die wissenschaftliche Betreuung. Er hat mit großem Interesse und Engagement den Werdegang meiner Arbeit verfolgt und mich in der Ausführung eigener Ideen unterstützt und gelenkt. Seine stete Diskussionsbereitschaft und die wertvollen Anregungen haben wesentlich zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen. Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Vogellehner danke ich für sein Interesse an dieser Arbeit und die Übernahme des Korreferates. Bei Frau M. Schonhardt, Herrn Dr. M. Keller und besonders Herrn Dr. D. Hunkler (Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie) möchte ich mich herzlich für die Aufnahme der NMR-Spektren und die vielen praktischen Ratschläge im Umgang mit hydrolyseempfindlichen Substanzen bedanken. Herrn C. Warth und Herrn Dr. J. Wörth (Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie) möchte ich für die Aufnahmen der ESI-MS-Spektren und Frau M. Weber für die zahlreichen Aufnahmen der GC-MS-Spektren danken. Bei der Arbeitsgruppe für Zellbiologie unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Neuhaus (Institut für Biologie II) möchte ich mich dafür bedanken, daß ich in ihren Räumen und mit ihren Geräten die Mikrotomschnitte anfertigen konnte. Mein besonderer Dank gilt dabei Frau S. Fleig, die mir mit unzähligen praktischen Tips zur Seite stand. Der Botanischen Staatssammlung München, dem Botanischen Museum Berlin und dem Naturhistorischen Museum Wien danke ich für die Überlassung von Herbarmaterial. Bei Tina Schlage möchte ich mich sehr für die Beschaffung von Pflanzenmaterial aus Tanzania bedanken. Meinen besonderen Dank möchte ich Herrn H. Bunz aussprechen, der beständig und mit größter Sorgfalt die angezogenen Pflanzen zum Wachsen und zum Blühen brachte. In seinem Gewächshaus fand ich dank der Blütenpracht immer wieder zurück zu neuer Freude an meiner Arbeit. Bei meinen Mitarbeiterpraktikanten Christina Hauser, Mira Kuisle und Daniel Zeiss möchte ich mich für die Unterstützung bei den phytochemischen Untersuchungen und die schöne Arbeitsatmosphäre bedanken. Bei allen Mitarbeitern des Instituts für Pharmazeutische Biologie möchte ich mich herzlich für die schöne Zeit am Institut bedanken. Ursula von Mulert teilte während der ganzen Zeit alle meine Freuden und Sorgen und half mir bei Computerproblemen, mit Tina Schlage und Guido Lyß verbinden mich wertvolle Erlebnisse auf botanischen Exkursionen und im privaten Bereich. Alfred Schandelmaier konnte mich immer mit einem lustigen Sprüchlein aufmuntern und sorgte zusammen mit Herrn Dr. P. Düll für stetes Funktionieren der Geräte und die Beschaffung von Materialien. Abschließend möchte ich mich ganz besonders bei meiner Familie und bei Sven bedanken. Sie haben mich mit ihrer Zuwendung beständig in meiner Arbeit gestärkt und auf diese Weise maßgeblich zum Gelingen der Arbeit beigetragen. I __________________________________________________________________________________________ Gliederung 1. Einleitung.................................................................................................................. 1 2. Literaturteil..............................................................................................................3 2.1. Bisherige Gliederungsvorschläge der Lamiaceae.................................................... 3 2.2. Beschreibung der Unterfamilien..............................................................................12 2.2.1. Chloanthoideae........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Nepetoideae................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.3. Ajugoideae.................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.4. Lamioideae................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.5. Pogostemonoideae...................................................................................................... 21 2.2.6. Scutellarioideae.......................................................................................................... 23 2.2.7. Viticoideae................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.8. Symphorematoideae................................................................................................... 29 2.3. Iridoide....................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. Strukturen und Eigenschaften von Iridoiden.............................................................. 30 2.3.2. Biosynthese................................................................................................................. 32 2.3.3. Iridoide als taxonomisches Merkmal.......................................................................... 39 3. Ergebnisse.............................................................................................................. 43 3.1. Phytochemische Untersuchungen............................................................................ 43 3.1.1. Auswahl der Pflanzen................................................................................................. 43 3.1.2. Isolierung und Identifizierung der Iridoide................................................................. 44 3.1.3. Iridoide aus Gmelina asiatica..................................................................................... 46 3.1.4. Iridoide aus Tinnea-Arten........................................................................................... 64 3.1.4.1. Tinnea aethiopica....................................................................................................... 64 3.1.4.2. Tinnea vesiculosa....................................................................................................... 74 3.1.4.3. Tinnea zambesiaca..................................................................................................... 78 3.1.5. Iridoide aus Scutellaria galericulata.......................................................................... 79 3.1.6. Iridoide aus Congea tomentosa.................................................................................. 87 3.1.7. Iridoidführung der im Datensatz enthaltenen Arten................................................... 95 3.1.8. Kodierung der Iridoidmerkmale............................................................................... 103 3.2. Morphologische Merkmale und deren Kodierung.............................................. 106 3.2.1. Kelche....................................................................................................................... 106 3.2.2. Kronen...................................................................................................................... 113 3.2.3. Fruchtknoten............................................................................................................. 118 3.2.4. Früchte...................................................................................................................... 128 II __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3. Datensatz und Merkmalsliste................................................................................ 135 3.4. Kladistische Untersuchungen.................................................................................146 3.4.1. Einführung in Systematik und Kladistik.................................................................. 146 3.4.2. Wahl der Außengruppe............................................................................................. 152 3.4.3. Analyse 1: Nepetoideae als Außengruppe................................................................ 154 3.4.4. Analyse 2: Chloanthoideae als Außengruppe........................................................... 162 4. Diskussion............................................................................................................. 171 5. Zusammenfassung............................................................................................. 176 6. Experimenteller Teil......................................................................................... 178 6.1. Morphologische Untersuchungen.......................................................................... 178 6.2. Phytochemische Untersuchungen.......................................................................... 183 6.2.1. Allgemeine Methoden.............................................................................................. 183 6.2.2. Isolierung und Charakterisierung der Verbindungen................................................193 6.2.3. Eigenschaften der Verbindungen.............................................................................. 210 6.3.
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