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Prekallikrein and High Molecular Weight Kininogen Deficiency in Oman: a Challenging Diagnosis in Mucosal Bleeding

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Prekallikrein and High Molecular Weight Kininogen Deficiency in Oman: a Challenging Diagnosis in Mucosal Bleeding Hematology & Transfusion International Journal Clinical Paper Open Access Prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency in Oman: a challenging diagnosis in mucosal bleeding Abstract Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2019 Background: Prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) are Hanan F Nazir,1,2 Anil V Pathare3 contact factors that are involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. 1Child Health Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Deficiency of PK or HMWK are known to be associated with prolonged a PTT, but Muscat, Oman no clinical bleeding. However, rare cases of PK deficiency have been reported to be 2Department of Pediatrics, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, associated with mucosal bleeding. Alexandria, Egypt 3Department of Haematology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Objective: To report on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Omani patients Oman with PK and HMWK deficiency, focusing on one symptomatic case. Patients and methods: We reviewed the files of Omani patients who had persistently Correspondence: Hanan Fawzy Nazir, Child Health prolonged a PTT that proved to be secondary to PK or HMWK deficiency over a Department, SQUH, Alkhoudh, Muscat 123, PO Box 38, Oman, Tel +968 24 144110; +96896556198, Fax +968 24141136, period of ten years. Email Results: Eight cases (three with PK, five with HMWK deficiency) were identified. All but one case were asymptomatic. A thirteen year-old female with Hashimoto thyroiditis Received: January 29, 2019 | Published: February 27, 2019 who presented with easy bruising, severe prepubertal vaginal bleeding and recurrent hematemesis proved to have prekallikrein deficiency. Acquired vWD, coagulation factors deficiency, lupus anticoagulant, platelet dysfunction were ruled out. No local cause of bleeding could be identified even after four endoscopic examinations, Meckel’s diverticulum scintigraphy and CT angiography of the abdomen. Conclusion: PK and HMWK are underestimated in Oman. Most cases were incidentally detected. They significantly impact medical costs, related to extensive laboratory testing and undue delay in planned surgical procedures. Some cases with clinical bleeding impose a diagnostic challenge. Keywords: contact factors deficiency, high molecular weight kininogen, oman, prekallikrein, prolonged aPTT Abbreviations: PK, Prekallikrein; HMWK, High Molecular The objective of the current work is to report on epidemiological Weight Kininogen; vWD, Von Willebrand Disease; OGD, and clinical characteristics of Omani patients with PK and HMWK Oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy; CLO test, Campylobacter-like deficiency, focusing on abnormal bleeding in one child with PK organism test(for H Pylori; BPH, Benign prostatic hyperplasia; CVA, deficiency. Cerebrovascular accident; AF, Atrial fibrillation; CKD, Chronic Subjects and methods kidney disease We reviewed the files of patients investigated in Sultan Qaboos Introduction University Hospital (SQUH) between 2000- 2018, for prolonged The contact system includes FXII, FXI, prekallikrein (PK), and aPTT and were confirmed to have PK or HMWK deficiency. Data was high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). This system is activated collected regarding their epidemiological characteristics, indication to in the presence of negatively charged surface, leading to activation of investigate for coagulation screening, screening laboratory results, FXI, followed by a chain of proteolytic reactions, resulting ultimately clinical phenotype and impact on their management. Assays for PK in thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation. and HMWK were based on commercially available factor deficient Fletcher’s and Fitzgerald’s trait plasma. This report focuses on the Lack of clinical bleeding in cases of contact factors deficiency is details of a child with PK deficiency who had significant mucosal supported by several reports, in which abnormally prolonged aPTT bleeding. was accidentally revealed on screening tests. Bypassing the role of PK and other contact activation system can take place in vivo through Results different mechanisms. First, activated platelets can trigger FXI Between 1999-2018, a total of eight patients were identified; two activation, independent of FXIIa. Second, tissue factor that is exposed males (25%), and six females (75%) from unrelated kind reds. Three by endothelial damage, can bind to FVIIa, leading to activation of FIX patients had PK deficiency; five patients had HMWK deficiency, in and FX. As a result, thrombin is generated, which causes fibrin and addition to more than 1000 patients who had factor XII deficiency (not FXIa formation. In addition, long chain polyphosphate can activate included in the report). Their age at diagnosis ranged between 2-80 the intrinsic pathway independently from the contact factors. These years (mean±SD: 26.3±26.7). Indications for coagulation screening mechanisms explain the lack of clinical bleeding in most patients with were preoperative assessment in five patients (62.5%), bleeding in two PK and other contact factors deficiency. On the other hand, clinical patients (25%) and family screening in one patient (12.5%). Median 1 bleeding has been rarely reported to be associated with PK deficiency. time from screening test to definitive diagnosis ranged from 3 to 8 Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Hematol Transfus Int J. 2019;7(1):11‒15. 11 ©2019 Nazir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency in Oman: a challenging diagnosis in mucosal 12 bleeding ©2019 Nazir et al. months. All but one patient had no history of abnormal bleeding. They data of patients with PK or HMWK deficiency. A 13 year-old child required no special preparation before surgery and post-operative with PK deficiency and a background diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroid course was unremarkable. it is presented with significant abnormal bleeding. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed at the age of 7 years, was treated with L- thyroxin, with Table 1 summarizes the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory poor compliance. Table 1 Demographic clinical and laboratory data of patients with PK or HMWK deficiency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sex F F M F M F F Age in years 14/ 5 9/2 17/11 49/48 84/80 37/34 21/21 (current/age at diagnosis) Diagnosis HMWK HMWK HMWK HMWK PK PK HMWK PTsec 10.5 10.4 11 10.6 11.2 10.5 10.7 INR 0.98 0.95 1.1 1.02 1 0.96 0.99 aPTT sec > 180 >180 >180 >180 >180 167.9 >180 aPTT mixing sec 41 41 40 38.4 39.6 33.6 33.6 Fibrinogen g/L 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.1 4.5 4.7 3.5 TT sec 14.9 15 14 14.5 14.8 19.5 16 0.456 PK (0.650-1.300)iu/ml 0.507 0.510 0.550 0.002 0.062 0.516 (0.530-1.450) 0.311 HMWK (0.640-1.320)iu/ml 0.001 0.008 <0.001 <0.007 0.884 <0.007 (0.500-1.360) F VIII 0.495-1.382 iu/ml 0.493 0.770 1.030 0.760 2.206 1.422 1.180 FIX 0.470-1.040iu/ml 0.564 0.825 0.940 0.846 1.737 1.102 1.100 FXI 0.560-1.500 iu/ml 0.558 0.554 0.568 0.580 0.565 0.563 0.570 FXII 0.640-1.290 iu/ml 0.640 0.840 0.780 1.220 0.747 1.315 0.870 vWD assay Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Bleeding Bloody diarrhea None None None None Bleeding gums None Transfusion FFP Non None None None None None +ve Family history +ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve CVA BPH post open Comorbidity Bloody diarrhea OM None None prostatectomy None None IHD/AF CKD Multiple surgical No follow up No follow up 4 SVD, no Comments - - procedures without - since 2012 since 2011 bleeding bleeding Abbreviations: PK, prekallikrein; HMWK, high molecular weight kininogen; VWD, Von Willebrand disease; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; OM, otitis media; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; IHD, ischemic heart disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery At the age of ten years, she was referred from her primary hospital no focal tenderness and no organomegaly. There was no ecchymosis, to SQUH for further evaluation of a persistently prolonged aPTT with petechial rash or telangiectasia on her skin or oral mucosa, and her CNS recurrent bleeding. She gave history of easy bruising and prolonged examination showed no focal neurological deficits. Anthropometric vaginal bleeding that lasted for three weeks, in addition to four measurement showed that her weight was between 50th-75th centile episodes of hematemesis over a period of six months. There was no and height at 75th centile for age. X ray wrist showed her bone age to history of epistaxis, hematuria, hemarthrosis, or other complaints. Her be between 9-10 years. parents are non-consanguineous and family history was negative for Clinical presentation and laboratory tests at different admission bleeding tendency. On arrival to the hematology outpatient clinic, she episodes are summarized in Table 2. Laboratory tests were marked collapsed with hypovolemic shock and was immediately resuscitated for microcytic hypochromic anemia, normal platelet, normal total with normal saline boluses and shifted to PICU, where she received and differential WBCs counts. Iron profile showed iron deficiency. packed red blood (pRBCs) and fresh frozen plasma transfusion (FFP). Renal function tests, serum electrolytes and liver function test results Clinical examination revealed a well oriented adolescent girl, with were within normal levels. Her TFT initially revealed hypothyroidism marked pallor and no icterus. She was afebrile, blood pressure 87/49 (T4:5.2, TSH>100) that later normalized on L-thyroxin replacement. mmHg, heart rate 110 beats/min, capillary refill time (CRT) of 4 sec, Repeated coagulation screenings revealed normal PT, normal TT and and her peripheral pulses were feeble.
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