Preserving a Layered History of the Western Wadden Sea Managing an Underwater Cultural Heritage Resource

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea Managing an underwater cultural heritage resource

Martijn René Manders

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea. Managing an underwater cultural heritage resource

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, RSJH]DJYDQ5HFWRU0DJQLǌFXVSURIPU&--06WRONHU YROJHQVEHVOXLWYDQKHW&ROOHJHYRRU3URPRWLHV WHYHUGHGLJHQRSGLQVGDJGHFHPEHU klokke 13:45 uur

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Martijn René Manders geboren te Vleuten-De Meern LQ

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Contents

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Contents

Foreword 11 6XUI ,FH 1. General introduction 15 $QH[DPSOHHURVLRQLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHD 1.1. Introducing underwater archaeology and underwater %=1 FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV %=1 5HVHDUFKSUREOHP %=1 6XPPDU\RIWKHUHVHDUFKSUREOHP %=1 .H\FRQFHSWVDQGRXWOLQHRIWKHUHVHDUFK %=1 1.4. Research questions 24 %=1 1.5. Objectives 25 %=1 $FDVHVWXG\DSSURDFKWKH'XWFK:DGGHQ6HD %=1 1.6.1 Research area: The Western Wadden Sea 26 %=1 $VKRUWKLVWRU\RIWKH:DGGHQ6HD %=1 1.6.3 The shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea 29 %=1 The Burgzand Wrecks 29 %=1 0HWKRGRORJ\DQGWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWV %=1 8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\PDULWLPH %=1 DUFKDHRORJ\DQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHVHDEHGPRUSKRORJ\ ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQSURWHFWLRQVWDELOLVDWLRQ %LRORJLFDOWKUHDWV DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6WUXFWXUHRIWKHWKHVLV $ERYHWKHVHDEHG :LWKLQWKHVHDEHG 'LǋHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVGLǋHUHQW 2. Developing a landscape approach to GHJUDGDWLRQSURFHVVHV underwater cultural heritage: :RRGERULQJELYDOYHV The Historical Geomorphological &UXVWDFHDQV Map Set for the Wadden Sea 41 0LFURRUJDQLVPV 2.1. Introduction: the necessity of a new approach 41 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHELRORJLFDOWKUHDWV 2.2. The value of place and object 44 &KHPLFDOWKUHDWV 7KHPHWKRGXVHGIRUWKH+*06 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHFKHPLFDOWKUHDWV 'LǋHUHQWSHULRGVGLǋHUHQWGDWD +XPDQWKUHDWV .QRZQVLWHV /RRWLQJFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJDQG 6RXUFHVDQGGDWD souvenir hunting 92 'LǋHUHQWGDWDEDVHVZLWKGLǋHUHQWQXPEHUV )DUPLQJDQGǌVKLQJ &RPELQLQJGDWDLQLQWHUSUHWLYHPDSV 'UHGJLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWZRUNV *HRORJ\DQGJHRPRUSKRORJ\ $UFKDHRORJ\ +LVWRULFDOGDWDDVDQDGGRQWRWKH 3HUFHSWLRQVWKUHDWHQLQJXQGHUZDWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH *HRPRUSKRORJLFDOPRGHOV 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHKXPDQWKUHDWV %DVLFJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOPRGHOV *HQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKUHDWV 7KHSHULRGŞ 7KHSHULRGŞ 7KHSHULRGŞSUHVHQW 4. Why preserving underwater .QRZQDQGDOORFDWHGDUHDVIRUGLVWXUEDQFHV heritage in situ? 101 5HǌQHPHQWV ,QWURGXFWLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ :KDWLVDVLWHLQVLWXDQGZKDWLVSDUWRILW" 'LǋHUHQWYLHZVRQLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 'HǌQLQJFRPPRQVHQVHDUJXPHQWVIRULQVLWX 3. Threats to underwater SUHVHUYDWLRQ archaeological heritage 67 )RUIXWXUHHQMR\PHQWDQGUHVHDUFK ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6KRZLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGFRPPLWPHQW 0HFKDQLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ $QHQRUPRXVDPRXQWRIVLWHV &XUUHQWV $UFKDHRORJ\XQGHUZDWHULVH[SHQVLYH 6ZHOODQGZDYHV $WLPHJDS

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'LǎFXOWLHVRIFRQVHUYDWLRQ 0HDVXUHPHQWRIYDULRXVSK\VLFRFKHPLFDO &XUUHQWH[SHULHQFHVDQGHQMR\PHQW SDUDPHWHUV 'LǋHUHQWYDOXHVWRSUHVHUYH 0RQLWRULQJLQRSHQZDWHURQDQGLQWKHVHDEHG $UJXPHQWVDJDLQVWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 1RLQFOXVLRQWR UHJLRQDO LGHQWLW\EXLOGLQJ 7KHRSHQZDWHU 1RPHWKRGRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQW 6.5.3 On the seabed 149 DQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ 0DULQHJHRSK\VLFVWRPRQLWRUVHGLPHQW 2QJRLQJGHJUDGDWLRQ FKDQJH 7KHORQJWHUPǌQDQFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHV 0XOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJDVDZD\WRPRQLWRU ,VWKHLQVLWXGRJPDŠWKUHDWHQLQJDUFKDHRORJ\š" VKLSZUHFNVLWHV ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLQQXPEHUV 0XOWLEHDPPRQLWRULQJRQWKH%XUJ]DQG7H[HO &RQFOXVLRQ 6.5.5 In the seabed 153 6.6. Optical dating: potentially a valuable tool for XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW 5. How do we physically protect 6.6.1 Optical dating, grain size distribution and underwater heritage sites in situ? 117 DQWKURSRJHQLFPHWDOV ,QWURGXFWLRQ )LHOGZRUNDQGVDPSOHVHOHFWLRQ 7KUHHZD\VWRSUHVHUYHVLWHVLQVLWX $QDO\VHV %DUULHUPHWKRGV *UDLQVL]HV 6DFULǌFLDOLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ *HRFKHPLFDOSDWWHUQV &RYHULQJDVLWH 6XPPDUL]LQJWKHUHVXOWV &RYHULQJZLWKORVHVHGLPHQW :RRGDQDO\VHVIRUEDVHOLQHGDWDDQGPRQLWRULQJ Sandbags 121 6WUXFWXULQJWKHPRQLWRULQJRIDVLWH *HRWH[WLOHV &RQFOXVLRQ &RYHULQJZLWKWKHKHOSRIVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUW $UWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVV Debris netting / shade cloth 124 7. Making underwater cultural heritage 5.3. Reburial underwater 125 accessible for the public 167 %DFNǌOOLQJDIWHUH[FDYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 5.3.2 Reburial and redepositioning 126 0XVHXPVDQGVLWHVSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX 7KHŠVLQJOHšREMHFWYVODQGVFDSHDSSURDFK %ULQJLQJYLVLWRUVWRWKHVLWH 5.5. The in situ protection of well-preserved shipwrecks 129 %ULQJLQJWKHVLWHWRWKHSHRSOH &KRRVLQJWKHPHWKRGRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ 5.6.1 Introduction 131 $:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDH[DPSOH WKH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG6LWH 8. Conclusion 177 7KHFRVWVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 6XPPDU\ $EUHDNGRZQRIFRVWV7KH%XUJ]DQG $QVZHULQJWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV 1RRUGH[DPSOH If possible, how can we gain insight in the presence 7RH[FDYDWHRUQRWWKDWLVWKHTXHVWLRQ RIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGRIPDULWLPH &RVWVRIH[VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ underwater heritage in particular, in the Western $YRLGLQJWKHGXDOLVPH[FDYDWLRQLVDQRSWLRQ :DGGHQ6HD" &RQFOXVLRQVRQPHWKRGVXVHGIRULQVLWX If possible, how can we develop an approach to SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGIXWXUHGLUHFWLRQV FRFUHDWHWKLVLQVLJKWE\PHDQVRIGHVNWRSUHVHDUFK WKDWFDQVHUYHDVDEDVLVIRUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW" Shipwrecks are often found by accident. 6. Monitoring the effects of +RZFDQWKHFKDQFHVWRǌQGWKHPEHSUHGLFWHG" in situ preservation 143 +RZLVLWSRVVLEOHWRSUHVHUYHWKHVRFDOOHG 6.1. Introduction 143 ŠXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVšLQVLWX" 0DQDJLQJ&KDQJH What is threatening the shipwrecks in the 7\SHVRI&KDQJH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD" 0HDVXULQJWKHH[WHQWRIGHWHULRUDWLRQ Is in situ preservation a panacea for underwater 6.4.1 Baseline data 146 FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDO" 6.4.2 Monitoring 146 :KDWDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV"

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Is in situ preservation the solution for cultural KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD" $QGZKDWDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV" )LQDOZRUG

Acknowledgements 187

Literature 189

Samenvatting 215

Curriculum Vitae 217

9 Foreword )RUHZRUG

Foreword

In 1988, I started my study of archaeology at the University of PDNLQJDGLǋHUHQFH0\ZRUNDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI/HLGHQ6D[LRQ Leiden. Actually, I wanted to become a palaeontologist and 8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHVLQ'HYHQWHUDQGWKH81(6&2 /HLGHQZDVQšWP\ǌUVWFKRLFHEXW,XQUDYHOHGWKHP\VWHULHVRI )LHOGVFKRROKDYHJLYHQPHWKHJUHDWSOHDVXUHRIWHDFKLQJ DUFKDHRORJ\ZLWKJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQWKDWǌUVW\HDUZLWK VWXGHQWVDERXWPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DQG approximately 60 other students. Not long after that, an issue PDQDJHPHQW7KHVWXGHQWVKDYHDOVRDOORZHGPHWRUHǍHFWRQ of the UNESCO Courier caught my eye. It was completely P\ZRUNZKLFK,WUHDVXUH$IWHU\HDUVWKHSDVVLRQLVVWLOOWKHUH devoted to underwater archaeology1 and from that moment DQGDOWKRXJKPDQ\SHRSOHKDYHOHIWRWKHUQHZFROOHDJXHVDQG on I wanted to become an underwater archaeologist. I took IULHQGVKDYHDUULYHG7KLMV0DDUOHYHOGPRYHGWR'HQPDUNWRVHW the train to Alphen aan den Rijn to visit the Afdeling up a faculty for underwater archaeology at the University of Archeologie Onderwater (AAO: Department of Underwater 6RXWKHUQ'HQPDUN%RXGHZLMQ*RXGVZDDUGVHWXSKLVFRPSDQ\ Archaeology) of the Ministry of WVC (Department of Culture), LQDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDQDJHPHQWDQGDGYLFH$UHQW9RVUHPDLQHG which was headed by Thijs Maarleveld. I told him what I LQ/HO\VWDGZKHQ,OHIWIRU$PHUVIRRUWDQG5RQ6WU¸WEDXP wanted to do and he told me what I would need to pursue my EHFDPHDVXFFHVVIXOFDPHUDPDQDQGǌOPHGLWRU0\IULHQGV dreams. My diving experience was no more than a basic FROOHDJXHVDQGŠVHQLRUVLQWKHWUDGHš-HIYDQGHQ$NNHUDQG3HWHU course I had completed in Marseille in 1987, and Thijs advised 6WDVVHQPRYHGWR$PHUVIRRUWDVZHOOHYHQEHIRUHPH7KH\ me to take more diving lessons before joining them in their SDVVHGDZD\IDUWRRVRRQLQDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\,VWLOO DQQXDOǌHOGZRUNRQ7H[HO8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\LVD PLVVWKHPDORW$OWKRXJK,KDYHPHWPDQ\SHRSOHVLQFHLQP\ WHFKQLFDOSURIHVVLRQZLWKDVDIHW\ǌUVWDWWLWXGH SURIHVVLRQDOFDUHHUWKHSHRSOHPHQWLRQHGDERYHKDYHOHIWDQ ŠLPSULQWšRQPHZKLFKVWLOOIHHOVOLNHIDPLO\ZLWKDOOWKHVLPLODUXSV -HIYDQGHQ$NNHURULJLQDOO\DVRFLRORJLVWDQGRQHRIWKHXQGHU- DQGGRZQV7KH\KDYHSDUWO\IRUPHGDQGLQIRUPHGP\ZD\RI ZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\WHDPPHPEHUVLQWURGXFHGPHWRKLVGLYHFOXE ZRUNLQJDQGWKLQNLQJ,ZLOODOZD\VEHLQGHEWHGWRWKHP (VSDGRQLQ8WUHFKW7KLVZDVQRWRQO\WKHVWDUWRIP\QHZFDUHHU and devotion, but also that of wonderful lifelong friendships and )URPP\ǌUVW\HDURIǌHOGZRUNLQRQZDUGVWKH:HVWHUQ SURIHVVLRQDOUHVSHFW,UHGLUHFWHGP\ǌHOGRIVWXG\IURPWKH :DGGHQ6HDKDVWDNHQDSURPLQHQWSODFHLQP\XQGHUZDWHU $UFKDHRORJ\RI6RXWK6RXWKZHVW$VLDWRIUHHGRFWRUDOVWXG\RI DUFKDHRORJ\FDUHHU,KDYHPDGHKXQGUHGVRIGLYHVWKHUHRQ XQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DWWKH)DFXOW\RI3UHKLVWRU\OHGE\ PDQ\RIWKHZUHFNVVXFKDVWKHScheurrak SO1 and the 3URIHVVRU/RXZH.RRLMPDQV,Q,ZDVUHDG\WRMRLQWKHWHDP %XUJ]DQGbZUHFNV0\UHVHDUFKVKLIWHGIURPSXUHVFLHQFHWRD ([FHSWIRUWKH\HDUWKHWHDPZHQWWR7HUVFKHOOLQJDQG, IRFXVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIVKLSZUHFNUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJWKH ZRUNHGRQP\0DVWHUšV7KHVLVDQGDFWHGDVDPHGLHYDOFRRSHUDW YLWDOEXWVRPHWLPHVGLǎFXOWUHODWLRQVKLSDQGFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK $5&+(21,VWD\HGZLWKWKHJURXS(YHQWXDOO\ZHOHIW$OSKHQDDQ RWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVWKHǌVKLQJFRPPXQLW\VSRUWVGLYHUV GHQ5LMQDQGPRYHGWR/HO\VWDGZKHUHZHZHUHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWR DQGWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVLQWKHDUHD,WZDVIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKDW WKH1HWKHUODQGV,QVWLWXWHIRU6KLSDQG8QGHUZDWHU$UFKDHRORJ\ GXULQJWKHZULWLQJRIP\WKHVLVDERXWLQVLWXPDQDJHPHQW,FDPH 1,6$ XSZLWKH[DPSOHVDQGTXHVWLRQVWKDWZHUHSULPDULO\IRFXVHGRQ WKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD$OWKRXJKP\ǌUVWWKRXJKWZDVWR ,Q,WRRNDQRWKHUVWHSLQP\FDUHHUPRYLQJIURP/HO\VWDG FRQFHQWUDWHRQLQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDOP\WKHVLV to the headquarters of the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig XOWLPDWHO\WXUQHGWRWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVXEPHUJHGRU %RGHPRQGHU]RHN 6WDWH$JHQF\IRU$UFKDHRORJLFDO+HULWDJH XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH 8&+ LQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD 52% ZKLFKZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\PHUJHGLQWRWKH1DWLRQDO6HUYLFH DUHD6LQFH,KDYHEHHQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHH[HFXWLRQRID IRU$UFKDHRORJ\&XOWXUDO/DQGVFDSHVDQG0RQXPHQWV 5$&0 VHULHVRI(XURSHDQSURMHFWV 0R66%$&32/(60$&+8 DQGLVQRZWKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV :UHFN3URWHFWDQG6$60$3PRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVH 5&( 7KHPRYHZDVSDUWRIDFKDQJHLQIRFXVIURPSXUH projects can be found in this thesis) in the Netherlands, for which VFLHQFHEDVHGDUFKDHRORJ\WRZDUGVDPRUHLQFOXVLYHFXOWXUDO WKHSUDFWLFDOZRUNZDVH[HFXWHGLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDZKHUH, KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWDSSURDFK OHDUQHGPXFKDERXWWKHQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVWKHWKUHDWVWR XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH 8&+ DQGWKHZD\VZHFRXOG 7KLVWKHVLVLVDUHǍHFWLRQRIWKHZRUN,KDYHEHHQLQYROYHGLQRYHU SURWHFWDQGPRQLWRUWKHVLWHV7KLVORQJVWDQGLQJUHVHDUFKQRZ WKHSDVW\HDUVDOZD\VZLWKWKHDLPRIPDNLQJDYDOXDEOHFRQWULEX- IRUPVWKHEDVLVRIP\WKHVLV tion to the protection of our underwater cultural heritage. By KHDGLQJWKH0DULWLPH3URJUDPPH Ş DQGWKH0DULWLPH Much of the work presented in this thesis has been done in 3URJUDPPH2YHUVHDV Ş DWWKH5&(,DPFORVHWR FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKPDQ\RWKHUSHRSOH7KHUHVXOWVIURP(XURSHDQ IXOǌOOLQJWKHGUHDPV,KDYHDOZD\VKDGPDNLQJPDULWLPHKHULWDJH SURMHFWVIRUH[DPSOHDUHGXHWRWKHHǋRUWVRIPDQ\IURPZLWKLQ YLVLEOHHQVXULQJLWVLQFOXVLRQLQRYHUDOOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWDQG DQGEH\RQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV6RPHRIWKHFKDSWHUVRUVHFWLRQVLQ

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11 )RUHZRUG

this thesis are based on previously published articles, as will be PHQWLRQHGDWWKHVWDUWRIHDFKSDUWLFXODUFKDSWHURUVHFWLRQ None of the previously published work has been included without PRGLǌFDWLRQ$VWKHFRUHRIZKDW,ZDQWWRVD\PD\KRZHYHUVWLOO EHWKHVDPHWKHIRUPHUFRDXWKRUVVKRXOGDQGZLOOEH PHQWLRQHG

6LQFH,VWDUWHGP\UHVHDUFKRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHU cultural heritage in the Wadden Sea a lot has changed. This is, of FRXUVHDOVRLQKHUHQWWRWKHWLPHLWKDVWDNHQPHWRǌQLVKWKLV WKHVLV,QUHFHQW\HDUVKRZHYHUPXFKRIWKLVFKDQJHKDVEHHQ triggered by new regulations in Wadden Sea and heritage PDQDJHPHQW7KH:DGGHQ6HDKDVEHFRPHDZRUOGKHULWDJH VLWHWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHKDVEHHQGHFHQWUDOL]HG DQGWKH0RQXPHQWV/DZKDVEHFRPHWKH+HULWDJHDFWZLWK VSHFLǌFFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH7KHVH GHYHORSPHQWVKDYHVKLIWHGWKHSRVLWLRQVRIVHYHUDOVWDNHKROGHU JURXSVDQGOHGWRDFKDQJHLQDWWLWXGHV0DULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHU archaeology are currently the central focus for archaeologists, WKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFDQGSROLWLFLDQV,WLVQRZWKHWLPHWRPDNH FKDQJHVDQGLPSURYHWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO KHULWDJHEDVHGRQUHDOGDWDDQGGHFLVLRQVPDGHE\PXOWLSOH VWDNHKROGHUV,KRSHP\WKHVLVZLOOFRQWULEXWHWRWKLVJRDO

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

General introduction M. Manders. Photo: on the island of Terschelling. wreck

14 1. General introduction

1. General introduction

Much of what has been produced and used by humanity has +RZHYHURYHUWKHODVWWKUHHGHFDGHVDQGLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKD been lost, thrown away or left behind under water. PRUHVXEVWDQWLDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\RISURIHVVLRQDODQG Sometimes this has happened on purpose, such as the DYRFDWLRQDOPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLVWVRXU dumping of waste, sometimes by accident, such as the loss of insights into this rich underwater resource and the opportunities ships. The Netherlands is blessed with a tremendous amount WRUHVHDUFKDQGSURWHFWLWKDYHLPSURYHGFRQVLGHUDEO\%XLOGLQJ of maritime and underwater cultural heritage, hidden in the XSRQWKLVH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKHXQGHUZDWHUUHVRXUFHV,KDYHVHHQ North Sea, the Dutch rivers and lakes, in reclaimed land, in DQGH[SHULHQFHGPDQ\RIWKHFKDQJHVLQXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\ former river branches, in estuaries and tidal inlets that have DQGWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH7KH become silted up and, last but not least, in the large tidal changes have been both for the better and the worse, forced by basins of the Wadden Sea and the Southern Delta region. GHYHORSPHQWVLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGHWKHSURIHVVLRQIURPWKHORFDO However, this resource is primarily invisible to most of us. WRWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFDOH,QWKHPHDQWLPHPDQ\QHZVLWHVKDYH With a largely ‘land-based’ archaeological community, there is been discovered and dealt with. This thesis presents an analysis a bias towards looking at Dutch history from the land towards and evaluation of what has happened over the years, what we the water and not the other way around. The – often muddy – have gained and what we have lost. New ways to deal with ZDWHUVRIWKH1HWKHUODQGVWKHGLǎFXOW\RIH[HFXWLQJDUFKDH- underwater cultural heritage will be proposed. The thesis, ological research under water and the tight budgets for WKHUHIRUHIRFXVHVRQWKLVRQHSULPDU\TXHVWLRQ cultural heritage management in general have resulted in this enormously rich and often well-preserved resource being How can we manage the underwater cultural resource? largely neglected by archaeologists, historians and cultural ,KRSHWKLVUHVHDUFKZLOOEHXVHIXOIRUPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHU heritage managers. FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUVDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVDVD EDFNJURXQGVWXG\IRUWKHLURZQXVHDQGWRVWLPXODWHGLVFXVVLRQV DERXWWKHIXWXUHYDOXH DQGQRQYDOXH RIWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI underwater cultural resources.

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15 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 1.2 The Scheurrak SO1 excavation 1989–1997. Photo RCE.

1.1 Introducing underwater archaeology and rescue research of newly discovered sites. In addition to negotia- underwater cultural heritage management WLQJPLWLJDWRU\UHVHDUFKDVVRFLDWHGZLWKODUJHVFDOHSXEOLF in the Netherlands2 works,4DWWHQWLRQIRFXVHGRQWKHPRUHG\QDPLFWLGDOEDVLQVDQG $OWKRXJKVWLOODUHODWLYHO\\RXQJGLVFLSOLQHXQGHUZDWHU especially the Wadden Sea. There was no way everything could DUFKDHRORJ\DQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWKDVFRPHDORQJ be done, not even in these tidal basins, and so the work concen- ZD\VLQFHLWVFDXWLRXVEHJLQQLQJVDOPRVW\HDUVDJR7KLV WUDWHGRQDIHZPDUYHOORXVH[FDYDWLRQVVXFKDVWKHVL[WHHQWK GHYHORSPHQWFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRURXJKO\IRXUVWDJHV century grain trader called the Scheurrak62 )LJ DQGDODUJH seventeenth-century trader, the Aanloop Molengat, with a cargo VDQDVFHQWLQWHUHVWLQGLYLQJRQVKLSZUHFNVDQGDJURZLQJ of half-products.5 This focused approach had its advantages. LQWHUHVWWROHDUQPRUHIURPWKHPLQLWLDWHGE\DGYHQWXUHUVDQG :LWKOLPLWHGHQHUJ\DQGLQYHVWPHQWRQWKHJRYHUQPHQWVLGH6 but volunteers WKHKHOSRIPDQ\SHRSOHPRVWO\UHFUHDWLRQDOGLYHUVDQGFRO- VSURIHVVLRQDOLQWHUHVW DUFKDHRORJ\DQGKLVWRU\ DQG OHDJXHVIURPDEURDGJRRGUHVXOWVZHUHSURGXFHG JURZLQJLQWHUHVWIURPWKHǌHOGRIKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW VŞIRUPDWLYHSKDVHZLWKVSHFLDOL]HGSURIHVVLRQDOV During the early period of professional underwater archaeology in EHLQJHGXFDWHGDQGWUDLQHGE\WKH'XWFKJRYHUQPHQW WKH1HWKHUODQGVZKLFKURXJKO\FRYHUHGWKHSHULRGIURPWKHODWH 8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DQGPDQDJHPHQWLVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ VWRWKHHDUO\VWKHWZRDERYHPHQWLRQHGVLWHVZHUH LQWHJUDWHGLQWRQDWLRQDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW also used to develop strategies and techniques for dealing with ŞSUHVHQWGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQKHULWDJH WKHGLǎFXOWQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVSUHGRPLQDWLQJLQWKHDUHDVXFKDV PDQDJHPHQW VWURQJFXUUHQWVDQGEDGYLVLELOLW\%\H[FDYDWLQJWKHVLWHVD ŠZLQGRZšRQWKHSRWHQWLDORIXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHZDVJUDGXDOO\ Starting tentatively with professional underwater archaeology opened for a wider public. DQGXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHHDUO\V VLQFHWKHPLGVŞZKHQWKHZRUNZDVǌQDOO\WDNHQXSPRUH 7KHGHFLVLRQWRIRFXVRQWKHVHH[FDYDWLRQVZDVPDGHLQWKH VHULRXVO\ŞXQWLOQRZWKHQXPEHURIXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVWKDWKDYH FRQWH[WRIHDUOLHUGHYHORSPHQWV7KHǌUVWVHPLDUFKDHRORJLFDO EHHQDQQXDOO\UHSRUWHGLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVLVDERXWWR research in the Netherlands on historical shipwrecks was 4XLWHDIHZDUHRIVSHFLǌFDUFKDHRORJLFDOLPSRUWDQFHDQGVWLOORI XQGHUWDNHQLQWKHVEXWWKHJRYHUQPHQWRQO\VHULRXVO\WRRN KLJKLQWHJULW\7KLVPHDQVWKDWODUJHSDUWVRIWKHVKLSVDVZHOODV up its responsibilities for underwater cultural heritage in the cargo, inventory and personal belongings, are often well PLGV7 The fact that underwater archaeology received a preserved. FUXFLDOVWLPXOXVDWWKDWWLPHZDVGXHWRVHYHUDOUHDVRQV2QHRI $VSDUWRIWKLVULFKUHVRXUFHKDGEHFRPHNQRZQWKURXJKWKH WKHVHZDVWKHIDFWWKDWLQ&KULVWLHVDXFWLRQKRXVHKDGVROG LQWHQVLǌFDWLRQRIUHFUHDWLRQDOGLYLQJLQWKHODWHVDQGHDUO\ JROGDQGSRUFHODLQIURPWKHZUHFNRIWKH92&VKLSWKH V3 it was decided that it would be sensible to focus on GeldermalsenIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQJXLOGHUV8 The

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16 1. General introduction

GeldermalsenVDQNRQKHUKRPHZDUGYR\DJHLQZLWKRYHU RUJDQL]HGE\WKH.12%LQ'HQ+HOGHUDWWKHVRXWKHUQPRVWWLS SLHFHVRISRUFHODLQRQERDUG,WZDVGLVFRYHUHGQHDU RIWKH:DGGHQ6HD,WZDVRQHRIWKHǌUVWWLPHVWKDWGLǋHUHQW ,QGRQHVLDLQE\&DSWDLQ0+DWFKHU$OWKRXJKWKHVDOYDJLQJ views on how to conduct research on shipwrecks were presented RIWKHREMHFWVZDVQRWVHHQDVWKHXOWLPDWHH[DPSOHRUŠEHVW in order to initiate a true debate.162QH\HDUODWHURQ SUDFWLFHšRIKRZWRFRQGXFWDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKXQGHUZDWHU 6HSWHPEHUDVHFRQGV\PSRVLXPZDVRUJDQL]HGE\WKH LWDSSHDOHGWRWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRIWKHZLGHUSXEOLFDQGWKHUHIRUH 1HGHUODQGVH0XVHXPYHUHQLJLQJHQWLWOHGŠ3OXQGHULQJRI PDGHXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DVXEMHFWRIJHQHUDOGLVFXVVLRQ YHUULMNLQJYDQGHVFKHHSYDDUWJHVFKLHGHQLVš 3OXQGHURUHQULFK- 1HYHUEHIRUHKDGPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVKRZQLWVULFKQHVVLQ PHQWRIWKHPDULWLPHSDVW 7KLVFRQIHUHQFHDLPHGWRJDWKHUDQG VXFKDSXEOLFZD\DQGHYHQŠEHWWHUšHYHU\ERG\ZDVDEOHWREX\D discuss various opinions and views on the salvaging of the piece of it! The Geldermalsen and other salvage projects were hot Geldermalsen3XEOLFRSLQLRQZDVPRELOL]HGWKURXJKWKHPHGLDWR issues for journalists.9,WQRZEHFDPHLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHDUFKDHR- DSSHDOIRUWKHSURWHFWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUPDULWLPHKHULWDJH17 It is ORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\WRVKRZWKDWŠVRXQGšDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRSXEOLFRSLQLRQDWWKHWLPH XQGHUZDWHUFRXOGKHOSXVWRPDNHDQHYHQEHWWHUUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ the best way to safeguard underwater cultural heritage was to RIWKHSDVWLILWZDVH[HFXWHGLQŠWKHULJKWZD\š10 H[FDYDWHLW187KHSUHVVXUHIURPDOOVLGHVOHGWRWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW RIDVPDOODUFKDHRORJLFDOGLYLQJXQLWDQGWKHSROLWLFDODQGSXEOLF $OWKRXJKWKHWHQVLRQVEHWZHHQFRPPHUFLDOVDOYHUVDQGPDULWLPH VXSSRUWWRVWDUWWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGORQJWHUPH[FDYDWLRQVRQ archaeologists was not only a Dutch issue, these salvage the Aanloop Molengat and Scheurrak SO1 sites.19 With these operations can be seen as a driving force for change in the H[FDYDWLRQVWKHVXEVHTXHQWJRYHUQPHQWDOXQGHUZDWHU 1HWKHUODQGV,QUHVSRQVHWRWKHVDOHVRIWKHPLGVD archaeological agencies have proved the richness of our &RPPLVVLRQRIWKH5R\DO1HWKHUODQGV$FDGHP\RI$UWVDQG underwater cultural heritage. These underwater archaeological Sciences11 was established which had the task of investigating H[FDYDWLRQVDOVRSURYHGWKDWWKLVZDVQRWMXVWVRPHWKLQJIRUWKH WKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQLQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- Mediterranean, but that it could even be done in the dark and PHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KH&RPPLVVLRQFRQFOXGHGWKDWŠWKH PXUN\ZDWHUVRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV 'XWFKJRYHUQPHQWIDLOHGLQLWVSROLF\EHFDXVHRILWVODFNRI LQWHUHVWLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRQWKHVHDEHGš127KH&RPPLVVLRQ 7KHIRFXVRQH[FDYDWLRQZDVDGRSWHGLQDQDWWHPSWWRDYRLGWKH DOVRVWDWHGWKDWŠWKHUHLVDVHULRXVODFNRIWUDGLWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\ traps of protection for the sake of protection.20$IRFXVHG FRQFHUQLQJPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKš13 The overall approach was needed in order to develop adequate underwater FRQFOXVLRQRIWKH&RPPLVVLRQZDVWKDWVRPHWKLQJKDGWREH archaeology practices under the prevailing conditions, without GRQHLPPHGLDWHO\WRVDIHJXDUGWKLVULFKUHVRXUFH14 EHLQJGLVWUDFWHGE\WKHFRQWLQXRXVǍRZRIVLWHVEHLQJGLVFRYHUHG 7KHUHIRUHDWWKDWWLPHLWZDVFRQVFLRXVO\GHFLGHGQRWWRIROORZ ,QWKHVDPHSHULRGDQGQRWFRPSOHWHO\E\FKDQFHWKH'XWFK H[DFWO\WKHVDPHSDWKDVWHUUHVWULDODUFKDHRORJ\ZKHUHVLQFHWKH QDWLRQDO+HULWDJHDFWZDVEHLQJUHYLVHG,QLWZDVGHWHU- PLGVWKHQRWLRQRISUHVHUYLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVRXUFHVIRU PLQHGWKDWWKH'XWFK0RQXPHQWV/DZDOVRDSSOLHGWRLWV IXWXUHXVHZDVJURZLQJTXHVWLRQLQJWKHLPSDFWRIDQ\ XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH$WWKHHQGRIWKDW\HDUWKH'XWFK disturbance.21 0RQXPHQWV/DZRIZDVXSGDWHGDOWKRXJKLWZDVRQO\WREH LPSOHPHQWHGVRPH\HDUVODWHULQ ,QWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVLWEHFDPHFOHDUWKDWWKH approach to underwater cultural heritage needed to change. It was felt that the updated law not only provided an opportunity 7KURXJKH[FDYDWLRQNQRZOHGJHKDGLPSURYHGDQGDPELWLRQVKDG to change the rules but also to change attitudes.15 On 15 March FKDQJHG8QGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWZDVEHFRPLQJDQ DV\PSRVLXPHQWLWOHGŠ9HUDQWZRRUGRQGHUZDWHUšZDV DFFHSWHGSXEOLFUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGPRUHWKDQEHIRUHWKHUHZDVD

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Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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1. General introduction

GHOLEHUDWHO\VD\ŠPD\šEHFDXVHDWWKHPRPHQW DUFKDHR- DVPDULWLPHKLVWRU\DQGRFHDQRJUDSK\35,WLVRQO\PRUHUHFHQWO\ ORJ\DQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH that university-trained underwater archaeologists have begun to 1HWKHUODQGVDUHVWLOOŞDQGSUREDEO\ZLOOEHIRUDORQJWLPHŞGLFWD- GRWKHZRUN&RQWDFWVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKYDULRXVVWDNHKRO- ted by a prevailing in-situ preservation policy strongly linked to ders is therefore traditionally very strong in underwater cultural WKHŠGLVWXUEHUSD\VSULQFLSOHš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ŠSUREOHPšIRUWKHFOLHQW realized is that this responsibility also stretches to the water, WKDQE\DZHOODUJXHGVFLHQWLǌFRUVRFLHWDOUHDVRQ WKHQHHGWR LQFOXGLQJULYHUVODNHVDQGVHDEHGV7KHGHVLUHWRDOVRPDQDJH learn about the past).31 this heritage has slowly awoken and led to a degree of critical HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPDVLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKH0RQXPHQW &KDQJHVLQSROLFLHVODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKXVFKDQJHWKH Law.377KHTXHVWLRQLVZKHWKHUWKHVHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVDUHXSWR DSSURDFKWRKRZZRUNLVH[HFXWHG$QRWKHUH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVWKH their tasks. FKDQJHLQWKHPLGVLQGHDOLQJZLWKWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIRWKHU stakeholders in archaeological dive projects. Until 1995, the It was due to this decentralization and the changing role of the QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQW DWWKDWWLPHWKH52% ZDVDEOHWRGLYHDQG QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWLQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- H[FDYDWHZLWKIHZOHJDOUHVWULFWLRQV+RZHYHULQ'HFHPEHU PHQWWKDWWKHQHHGWRGHYHORSWRROVIRUPDQDJHPHQWDQGWR DQHZODZŠ%HVOXLW$UEHLG2QGHU2YHUGUXNš 7KH/DZRQ EXLOGFDSDFLW\IRUWKHH[HFXWLRQRILWŞRQFHDJDLQŞE\GLǋHUHQW +\SHUEDULF/DERXUZRUNLQJXQGHUH[FHVVSUHVVXUH ZDVLPSOH- VWDNHKROGHUJURXSVEHFDPHXUJHQW$VDGLUHFWFRQVHTXHQFHRI PHQWHG7KLVODZVWLSXODWHVWKDWDQ\RQHZKRZRUNVXQGHUZDWHU WKLVWKH0DULWLPH3URJUDPPHZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ38 Its PXVWSRVVHVVDVSHFLǌFSURIHVVLRQDOGLYLQJOLFHQFH32 HVWDEOLVKPHQWZDVGHFLGHGRQDWPLQLVWU\OHYHODIWHUWKHHYDOXD- $UFKDHRORJ\VWXGHQWVDQGFROOHDJXHVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV WLRQRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\LQWKH'XWFK KRZHYHUJHQHUDOO\PDNHGRZLWKRWKHUTXDOLǌFDWLRQVVXFKDV 0RQXPHQWV/DZ7KLVHYDOXDWLRQPDGHWKHODFNRILQWHJUDWLRQRI VSRUWVGLYLQJFHUWLǌFDWHV7KXVLWKDVEHFRPHYHU\GLǎFXOWIRU PDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWRRYHUDOOFXOWXUDO WKHPWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQXQGHUZDWHUUHVHDUFKZLWKWKH&XOWXUDO KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWYHU\FOHDU397KHSULPDU\WDVNRIWKLV +HULWDJH$JHQF\XQGHUWKLVQHZODZ)RUWXQDWHO\VRRQDIWHUWKH SURJUDPPHZDVWRKDYHDEDVLVIRUPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHU LQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHGLYHODZDQH[FHSWLRQZDVPDGHWRDOORZLQ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQSODFHE\PLG40 The VSHFLǌFFLUFXPVWDQFHVVWXGHQWVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHZRUNDV LQWHJUDWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUDQGPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJ\LQFOXGLQJ ORQJDVWKH\KDGŠVXǎFLHQWšH[SHULHQFHLQGLYLQJ8QIRUWXQDWHO\ PDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWZLWKLQ WKHPHGLFDOFKHFNIRUWKHVHVWXGHQWVKDVWREHGRQHRQD WKHPDQDJHPHQWVWUXFWXUHVRIWKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\RI SURIHVVLRQDOOHYHOZKLFKLVDQRWKHUǌQDQFLDOREVWDFOH33 This law WKH1HWKHUODQGV 5&( ZDVODUJHO\HVWDEOLVKHGLQ0DUFK41 DOVRUHPDLQVDQREVWDFOHIRUMRLQWGLYLQJEHWZHHQDYRFDWLRQDOV 7RROVIRURWKHUDFWRUVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGDQGPDGH DQGSURIHVVLRQDOVZKLFKKDVDVWURQJHǋHFWRQWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ accessible.42 RIRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVLQFOXGLQJORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQXQGHUZDWHU FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW34 $OWKRXJKVWHSSLQJDZD\IURPLWVIRUPHUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQPDQ\ FDVHVWKHUHDUHVRPHH[FHSWLRQVLQZKLFKWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQ- )RUDORQJWLPHZHOOLQWRWKHVXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLVWV PHQWUHPDLQVWKHOHDGPDQDJHPHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQIRUXQGHUZDWHU GLGQRWKDYHDVSHFLǌFDFDGHPLFDUFKDHRORJLFDOEDFNJURXQGEXW FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWKH1RUWK6HDLVVWLOOPDQDJHGQDWLRQDOO\DQGWKH FDPHIURPDGLYLQJFRPPXQLW\RURWKHUVFLHQWLǌFGLVFLSOLQHVVXFK JRYHUQPHQWKDVDGLUHFWUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQRWKHUQDWLRQDOZDWHUV

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19 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 1.3 This is what people usually see when looking at the Wadden Sea: the water surface and what lies above it, not below. Photo M. Manders.

and nationally initiated projects.43 In all other cases, there is a UHVRXUFHV$VDUHVXOWWKH\DUHRIWHQQRWWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWSULRU VWURQJQHHGWRFRRSHUDWHZLWKQHZFRPSHWHQWDXWKRULWLHVDQG WRRUHYHQGXULQJGHYHORSPHQWDFWLYLWLHVLQDQDUHD7KXVD other stakeholders in underwater archaeology research and QHFHVVLW\KDVDULVHQWRGHYHORSHǋHFWLYHZD\VWRPDNHXQGHUZD- FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KHNQRZOHGJHJDWKHUHGRYHU ter cultural heritage visible to non-specialists, such as land the years should be transferred to those who now have (or DUFKDHRORJLVWVH[SHULHQFHGGLYHUVSODQQHUVDQGRWKHUVWDNHKRO- should have) the responsibility for the resource. GHUVZKRQHHGWREHLQYROYHGLQWKHPDQDJHPHQW%\PDNLQJWKLV UHVRXUFHYLVLEOHLWEHFRPHVPRUHUHDOLVWLFWKDWDMRLQWHǋRUWFDQ 1.2 Research problem EHPDGHWRWDNHFDUHRILW$VWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIZD\VWR $VZHKDYHVHHQVLQFHWKHHDUO\VZHKDYHOHDUQHGDORW PLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKUHDWVWRWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH about underwater cultural heritage in the Netherlands, both in UHVRXUFHKDVWRGDWHEHHQOLPLWHGLQLWVVFRSHDQGHYDOXDWLRQWKH WHUPVRIWKHUHVRXUFHLWVHOIDQGWKHUHOHYDQWUHVHDUFKLVVXHVDQG WLPHLVULSHWRDFKLHYHPRUH KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW,WLVDEXQGDQWRIWHQULFKDQGH[WUHPHO\ well preserved. It is also constantly threatened and is the *DLQLQJDJRRGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKDWUHVRXUFHVUHPDLQDQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIVHYHUDOJRYHUQPHQWDODJHQFLHVRQWKHUHJLRQDO what can still be found is essential for land-use planning, and national levels. Due to new laws and regulations, this construction, infrastructure planning and the sustainable UHVSRQVLELOLW\KDVLQFUHDVLQJO\EHFRPHWKHWDVNRIORFDOJRYHUQ- H[SORLWDWLRQRIPDULWLPHUHVRXUFHVWRXULVPDQGUHFUHDWLRQ )LJ PHQWŞWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVŞZKRRIWHQQHHGPRUHNQRZOHGJHDQG 1.4 presents an overview of the sites discovered on and in Dutch facilities to be prepared for this new role. Diving regulations have VHDEHGV &XOWXUDOKHULWDJHDOWKRXJKDEOHVVLQJIRUPDQ\ EHFRPHPRUHVWULFWDQGFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQSURIHVVLRQDOVDQG FXOWXUDOO\PLQGHGSHRSOH44 is, however, often a curse for others, DPDWHXUVKDVEHFRPHPRUHGLǎFXOWDVDUHVXOW$WWKHVDPH such as project developers and spatial planners. The high costs WLPHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWKDVVKLIWHGIURP and delays associated with archaeological projects have to be DQLQFLGHQWGULYHQWDVNWRDWOHDVWH[KLELWLQJWKHZLOOLQJQHVVWR PLWLJDWHGWRPHHWWKHLQWHUHVWVRIWKHODWWHU7KHVRRQHUWKH XQGHUWDNHORQJWHUPPDQDJHPHQW7KHSUREOHPKRZHYHULV ŠSUREOHPšLVNQRZQWKHEHWWHUWKHVROXWLRQFDQEHVRXJKW WKDWWKHDPRXQWDQGTXDOLW\RIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVDQGWKH Realizing that cultural heritage values are not always perceived LPPHGLDWHGDQJHUWKH\DUHLQXUJHXVWRDFWTXLFNO\WRVDYH SRVLWLYHO\ŞHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQKLJKOHYHOVRILQYHVWPHQWDUHLQYROYHG YDOXDEOHUHVRXUFHVDWVLWHVXQGHUWKUHDW$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHUH ŞKDVEHHQDUHDOH\HRSHQHUWRPDQ\DUFKDHRORJLVWVZKRPDGH LVDOVRXUJHQF\WRDFWLQDUHVSRQVLEOHZD\DQGWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFK WKHVWHSRUFDUHHUPRYHIURPSULPDULO\EHLQJDQDUFKDHRORJLVWWR sites are still in real need of investigation and preservation. The working in the societal and spatial setting of cultural heritage WHQVLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRLVVXHVLVHYLGHQW+RZHYHUZLWKDPRUH PDQDJHPHQWRUSROLF\SODQQLQJ(YHQZLWKLQJRYHUQPHQWDO DFWLYHDQGLQWHQVHXVHRIWKHZDWHUE\PRUHVWDNHKROGHUVDQGWKH DJHQFLHVWKHGLǋHUHQFHVLQVWDNHKROGHUDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGV responsibility for cultural heritage placed in lower level govern- underwater cultural heritage within infrastructural projects is a PHQWERGLHVLWKDVEHFRPHPRUHXUJHQWWRVWDUWWKLQNLQJDERXW ZHOONQRZQDQGUHFRJQL]HGLVVXH7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUDWLRQDOH WKHZD\ZHFDQHVWDEOLVKORQJHUWHUPDQGLQWHJUDOPDQDJHPHQW for protecting underwater cultural heritage has to be evaluated of the resources of our sea, river and lakebeds. DQGFRPPXQLFDWHGFOHDUO\DQGUHSHDWHGO\2XWRIVLJKWWRRRIWHQ VHHPVWRPHDQDOVRRXWRIPLQG 8QGHUZDWHUVLWHVDUHRIWHQVLWXDWHGLQDKRVWLOHHQYLURQPHQWDQG DUHWKXVLQYLVLEOHWRPRVWSHRSOH )LJ 7KLVDORQHFUHDWHV $VZHKDYHVHHQLQWKHSUHFHGLQJVHFWLRQXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHR- PDQ\PDQDJHPHQWLVVXHVWKDWVSHFLǌFDOO\UHODWHWRXQGHUZDWHU ORJ\KDVSDLQVWDNLQJO\DQGVORZO\GHYHORSHGIURPDQDGYHQWXUHUšV

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1. General introduction

SURIHVVLRQŞZKLFKIRFXVHGSULPDULO\RQWKHUHWULHYDORIREMHFWV LVVXHLVKRZWRUHDOL]HWKLV0RUHVWDNHKROGHUVDOVRPHDQVDQ ŞWRDV\VWHPDWLFDQGVFLHQWLǌFDOO\MXVWLǌDEOHDUFKDHRORJLFDO DFFHSWDQFHWKDWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHKDVGLǋHUHQWYDOXHV$VLWHRUDQ investigation of shipwrecks focused on retrieving data through REMHFWFDQEHSHUFHLYHGDQGLQWHUSUHWHGGLǋHUHQWO\E\GLǋHUHQW H[FDYDWLRQ0XFKRIWKHZRUNH[HFXWHGLQXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHR- groups within society, depending on cultural and social back- ORJ\DQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWKDVEHHQDGLUHFW JURXQGDQGSROLWLFDOFRQWH[W,WZLOOEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHKRZWKLV response to incidental discoveries that resulted in ad-hoc JURZLQJGLYHUVLW\KDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUKRZZHZLOORUVKRXOGXVH VROXWLRQVUHVWULFWHGE\WKHǌQDQFLDOPHDQVDQGFDSDFLW\ this heritage now and in the future. Participation in the decision- DYDLODEOH8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\LVH[SHQVLYHDQGUHTXLUHV PDNLQJSURFHVVDQGDFWLYLWLHVUHODWHGWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH VSHFLDOLVWVWRH[HFXWHLW(YHQQRZZKHQDQXQGHUZDWHUVLWHLV PDQDJHPHQWE\GLǋHUHQWLQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXSVZLOORQO\LQFUHDVH GLVFRYHUHGDGLVFXVVLRQDPRQJVWWHUUHVWULDOO\RULHQWDWHG LQWKHFRPLQJ\HDUV7KXVLWZLOODOVREHLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHZKDW DUFKDHRORJLVWVDULVHVFRQFHUQLQJZKHWKHUWRWUHDWLWGLǋHUHQWO\ the consequences are for archaeologists and cultural heritage than we would do a terrestrial site. The recovery of all the PDQDJHUVZKRQHHGWRSUHSDUHWKHPVHOYHVDQGVWDUWWKLQNLQJ EHDXWLIXOǌQGVWKHQRIWHQSUHYDLOVRYHUIDFWǌQGLQJWKURXJK about what role they should and are willing to play. SURSHUXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQ45,QWKHPHDQWLPH LWKDVSURYHQWREHQHFHVVDU\WRGHYHORSVSHFLDOL]HGPHWKRGROR- 7KHHǋHFWVRILQIUDVWUXFWXUHSURMHFWVDQGRWKHUKXPDQLQWHUYHQWL- JLHVIRUGRLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKLQGDUNPXGG\DQGRIWHQ RQVRQWKHVHDEHGDUHVXEVWDQWLDO,WLVQRWRQO\WKHVKRUWWHUP LQKRVSLWDEOHFRQWH[WV,QWKHSURFHVVXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\ HǋHFWVWKDWWKUHDWHQDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVEXWDOVRORQJWHUP KDVEHHQORRNLQJIRUEUDQFKVSHFLǌFVROXWLRQVSURYLQJLWVULJKWWR GHWHULRUDWLRQDQGHURVLRQ+RZHYHUWKLVLVVWLOOUDUHO\WDNHQLQWR H[LVWDORQJVLGHPDLQVWUHDPWHUUHVWULDODUFKDHRORJ\ DFFRXQWZKHQSHUPLWVDUHJUDQWHGIRULQIUDVWUXFWXUHSURMHFWV2QO\ DIWHUGHFDGHVGRZHVHHWKHORQJWHUPDQGGHOD\HGHǋHFWV46 :LWKWKHVLJQLQJDQGUDWLǌFDWLRQRIWKH7UHDW\RI9DOOHWWD These can be severe, but responsibility for the consequences is JUHDWHUHPSKDVLVKDVEHHQSODFHGRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI DOZD\VDFRPSOLFDWHGLVVXHHVSHFLDOO\DIWHUPDQ\\HDUV7KLVVKRXOG archaeological resources in general, including underwater EHUHJDUGHGDVRQHRIWKHPDMRUGRZQVLGHVRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ resources. By placing the responsibility partly outside the RIWKH9DOOHWWD&RQYHQWLRQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGPDQ\RWKHU DUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\RQORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVDQGWKRVHZKR FRXQWULHVLQ(XURSH VHHIRUPRUHRQWKHVHWKUHDWVFKDSWHU LQWHQGWRGLVWXUEWKHVLWHWKHXUJHQF\WRGRVRPHWKLQJZLWKWKH UHVRXUFHKDVLQFUHDVHG7KHŠGLVWXUEHUSD\VSULQFLSOHšZKLFKLV 7KHIDFWWKDWWRGD\PXQLFLSDOLWLHVDUHEHLQJDVNHGWRWDNHFDUHRI one of the basic principles of the Treaty of Valletta, ensures the WKHLURZQKHULWDJHDOVRSRVHVPXOWLSOHGLǎFXOWLHV-XVWWRQDPHD attention of these stakeholder groups. In-situ preservation, as IHZǌUVWO\XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLVŠLQYLVLEOHšVRZKRZDQWV WKHǌUVWRSWLRQWRFRQVLGHULVDQLPSRUWDQWUXOHLQWKH7UHDW\DQG WRSURWHFWLW"VHFRQGO\PXQLFLSDOLWLHVKDYHQHYHUIHOWUHVSRQVLEOH other subsequent conventions and guidelines for underwater for underwater cultural heritage and therefore have no tradition FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWVXFKDVWKH,&2026FKDUWHUIRU WRIDOOEDFNRQ47DQGWKLUGO\WKHG\QDPLFVRIKHULWDJHPDQDJH- WKHSURWHFWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH PHQWFDQEHFRPSOHWHO\GLǋHUHQWRQWKHORFDOOHYHOWKDQRQWKH 6RǌD DQGWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI QDWLRQDOOHYHO/RFDOFRPPXQLWLHVDQGVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVDUH WKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV 7KLVKDVLQGXFHG VRFLDOO\DQGSROLWLFDOO\FORVHWRWKHGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDQGWKHUH- DVKLIWLQDFWLYLWLHVWRZDUGVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWZLWK IRUHPD\KDYHPRUHLQǍXHQFHFRQYLQFLQJWKHPRIWKHLULQWH- LQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWDVWKHSULPDU\IRFDOSRLQW,WLVTXHVWLRQDEOH UHVWV7KLVPD\EHFRQWUDGLFWRU\WRWKHDLPVLQWHQWLRQVDQG however, whether in-situ preservation of underwater sites is DPELWLRQVRIQDWLRQDODXWKRULWLHVVXFKDVWKH5&(RUWKHZLGHU DOZD\VWKHPRVWORJLFDORSWLRQDQGIRUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO SURIHVVLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\7KHSULPDU\DLPRIORFDO UHVRXUFHUHPDLQVHVSHFLDOO\WKLVVKRXOGEHFDUHIXOO\H[DPLQHG VWDNHKROGHUVPLJKWEHWRPDNHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH PRUHYLVLEOHDQGDFFHVVLEOHZKLFKPD\EHGRQHE\H[FDYDWLQJ :KLOHWKHFKDQJHVLQUXOHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVǌUVWOHGWRWKH WKHUHPDLQVUDWKHUWKDQWKURXJKLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ7KHODWWHU H[FOXVLRQRIVSHFLǌFDFWRUVDQGVWDNHKROGHUVIRUH[DPSOHGXHWR FDQEHVHHQE\WKHVHORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVDVDZD\RIDYRLGLQJ VWULFWHUGLYLQJUHJXODWLRQVLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKHUHKDVEHHQPRUH responsibility.48$OVRWKHYLHZDERXWZKDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRŠNHHSš LQFOXVLRQGXHWRPRUHJHQHUDOUHJXODWLRQVWKDWVXSSRUWSDUWLFLSD- H[RULQVLWX PD\ZHOOEHGLǋHUHQWIURPDORFDOSHUVSHFWLYHLQ WLRQ6WDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVVSRUWVGLYHUVDQGVRXUFHFRPPXQLWLHV FRPSDULVRQWRWKHYLHZRIDQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWHWKDWLVFRQFHUQHG QHHGWREHLQFOXGHGLQXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KH DERXWWKHŠVWHSSLQJVWRQHVšRI'XWFKPDULWLPHKLVWRU\49

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21 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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$OOWKHVHGLVFUHSDQFLHVLQSHUVSHFWLYHVPD\OHDGWRGLǋHUHQW solutions. It is for this reason that the focus of this study is YLHZVRQZKDWLVUHJDUGHGDVYDOXDEOHDQGLPSRUWDQWDQGRIZKDW geographically on the western part of this area, including the QHHGVWREHPDLQWDLQHGRUUHVHDUFKHGDQGZKDWVKRXOGQRW2QH Burgzand.51+RZHYHUWKHTXHVWLRQUHPDLQV,VWKHNH\WR could argue, of course, that such a dialogue or even controversy PDQDJLQJRXUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWKURXJKLQVLWX FRXOGLQWKHHQGEHDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- preservation? PHQW2QDPDQDJHPHQWOHYHOGLYHUVHLQWHUHVWVRQYDULRXV OHYHOVRIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVPD\ZHOOVWUHQJWKHQ 1.2.1 Summary of the research problem FRPPRQPDQDJHPHQWJRDOV)LVKHUPHQPD\ZDQWWRSUHVHUYH Over the years, the focus on underwater cultural heritage has VKLSZUHFNVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHLPSRUWDQWGXHWRWKHDPRXQWRIǌVK VKLIWHGIURPREMHFWUHODWHGDUFKDHRORJ\WRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO WKDWLQKDELWWKHP)RUGLYHUVHQMR\PHQWLVRIWHQWKHSULPDU\ KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KLVVKLIWKDVRFFXUUHGGXHWRWKHVKHHU UHDVRQWRSUHVHUYHZUHFNV$KROLVWLFDSSURDFKWKDWORRNVDWWKH plenitude of the resource, as well as changing legislation, but also VLJQLǌFDQFHRIGLǋHUHQWVLWHVIRUGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVLV GXHWRJURZLQJNQRZOHGJHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZUHVHDUFK WKHUHIRUHWKHRQO\SURSHUZD\WRHQVXUHWKHORQJWHUPSUHVHUYD- PHWKRGVDQGWHFKQLTXHVDQGWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIDQLQFUHDVLQJ tion of underwater cultural heritage. QXPEHURIVWDNHKROGHUV+RZHYHUDVXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJH PDQDJHPHQWLVVWLOOPDLQO\LQFLGHQWGULYHQWKLVKDVOHGWRWKH ,QDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLV TXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUORQJWHUPVXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQWXQGHU QRZFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHǌUVWRSWLRQ7KLVLVDOVRWUXHIRU ZDWHULVYLDEOHDQGLIVRKRZWKLVFDQEHDSSURDFKHGPRUH XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KLVKDVEHHQPDGH V\VWHPDWLFDOO\DQGSURDFWLYHO\LQFOXGLQJWKHPRUHDFWLYH H[SOLFLWLQDIHZSURPLQHQWODZVDQGSROLF\SDSHUV50 But why is this LQYROYHPHQWDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIVWDNHKROGHUV0RUHVSHFLǌFDOO\ WKHFDVH":K\KDVLWEHFRPHVXFKDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIKHULWDJH WKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQVKRXOGEHWKHPDLQJRDO PDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDO",VLWEHFDXVHLWLVDSDQDFHDŞDZRQGHU RIWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHUHTXLUHV SLOOŞIRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW"'RHVLWSURYLGHVROXWLRQV WKRURXJKLQYHVWLJDWLRQJLYHQWKHPDQ\QDWXUDODQGDQWKURSRJH- WRPRVWRIWKHSUREOHPVWKDWDULVH"$QGLVLWWKHPRVWFRQYHQLHQW QLFWKUHDWVWRZKLFKLWLVDQGZLOOEHH[SRVHG IRUPRVWRIWKHVWDNHKROGHUVLQYROYHG" 1.3 Key concepts and outline of the research 7KHVHEHFDPHXUJHQWTXHVWLRQVIRUWKHDXWKRUDIWHUEHFRPLQJ The growing notion that there is cultural heritage under water DFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHQHJRWLDWLRQVRIWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQ PXVWEHGHDOWZLWKFDUHIXOO\WKRXJKWIXOO\DQGV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ RQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV Moreover, the increasing decentralization of responsibilities ,WKDVWULJJHUHGWKLQNLQJRQKRZZHVKRXOGSUHVHUYHRXU GHPDQGVDFKDQJHLQDSSURDFKHQFRXUDJLQJWKHVKDUHG rich cultural heritage in an inclusive way: not by considering the UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVŞSHUKDSVQROHVVWKDQD VLWHVRQHDWDWLPHEXWWDNLQJWKLVKHULWDJHDVDQLQWHJUDODQG SDUDGLJPVKLIW7KHTXHVWLRQVRIKRZXQGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQ- PHDQLQJIXOZKROHWKDWQHHGVWREHUHVSRQVLEO\V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ FHVZHVKRXOGPDQDJHRXUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQG DQGSURDFWLYHO\PDQDJHG0DQ\RIWKHTXHVWLRQVDERYHZHUH ZKDWDǌUPEDVLVIRUPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHPDQDJH- posed in relation to this principle. Project after project was PHQWPLJKWEHDUHQRWVWULFWO\ŠDUFKDHRORJLFDOš&XOWXUDOKHULWDJH GHVLJQHGWRFRPHXSZLWKDQVZHUV7KHWHVWORFDWLRQVLQWKH PDQDJHPHQW &+0 LVQRWMXVWDERXWGRLQJDUFKDHRORJ\&+0 :DGGHQ6HDZHUHVHOHFWHGZLWKWKHDLPRIGHVLJQLQJSUDFWLFDO ZRUNVZLWKWKHVDPHVLWHVDQGREMHFWVEXWZLWKLQGLǋHUHQW

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22 1. General introduction

WKHRUHWLFDODQGVRFLHWDOIUDPHZRUNVZLWKGLǋHUHQWJRDOVLQPLQG DQGZLWKGLǋHUHQWVHWVRITXHVWLRQVDQGUHVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJLHV 5DWKHUWKDQDVNLQJRXUVHOYHVZKDWWKHSDVWORRNHGOLNHWKLV&+0 looks ahead and tries to picture what the past will look like in the IXWXUHXQGHUGLǋHUHQWVFHQDULRV&+0WULHVWRVKDUHWKHVHYLVLRQV DQGDLPVWRQHJRWLDWHDVKDUHGYLHZZLWKRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUV $OWKRXJK&+0UHOLHVRQDUFKDHRORJ\DQGDUFKDHRORJLFDODQG historical research to understand the past, it takes a step further E\HYDOXDWLQJDQGPDQDJLQJKHULWDJHIRUIXWXUHVRFLHW\DQG VFLHQFH7KLVWKHVLVVWDUWVIURPWKLV&+0SRLQWRIYLHZ

8QGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWFRQVLVWVRIPDQ\ WDVNVFRPSOH[GHFLVLRQVWREHPDGHDQGLQFOXGHVŞDVSDUWRI DUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWFDUH LQ'XWFK$0=F\FOXV52) ŞGHVNWRSVWXG\DVZHOODVLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGH[FDYDWLRQ )LJ 'XHWRWKHVWURQJELDVWRZDUGVLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLQ DUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWWKLVWKHVLVZLOOSULPDULO\ IRFXVRQWKLVHOHPHQWRIPDQDJHPHQW0DULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH UHODWHVWRWKHKLVWRU\RILQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQKXPDQVRFLHWLHV and water as the connection between those societies and as a PHDQVRIOLYLQJ$VVXFKLWLQIRUPVXVDERXWDQLPSRUWDQW GLPHQVLRQRIYDULRXVSHRSOHšVIRUPHUQDWXUDODQGFXOWXUDO HQYLURQPHQWV53 ,WPD\FRQVLVWRIWDQJLEOHKHULWDJH VXFKDVVKLSV harbours or landscapes) and intangible heritage (such as WUDGLWLRQVVRFLDOPHPRULHVDQGQDUUDWLYHV ZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGLQ WKHZDWHURURQODQGRUEHSUHVHUYHGDQGWUDQVPLWWHGE\FRPPX- nities (in the case of intangible heritage). In this study, the focus is SUHGRPLQDQWO\RQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDVDPDWHULDOZLWQHVVRIWKH past, which society consciously recognizes as a part of its cultural legacy and is therefore willing to preserve for the future.

0DULWLPHKHULWDJHFDQDOVREHIRXQGRQODQGDQGLQFOXGHKDUERXU VWUXFWXUHVDQGVKLSZUHFNVLQIRUPHUVHDDQGULYHUEHGVVXFKDVLQ WKH,-VVHOPHHUSROGHUV54 Underwater cultural heritage, however, QRWRQO\FRQVLVWVRIVKLSZUHFNPDWHULDORUPDULWLPHLQIUDVWUXFWX- UHVEXWDOVRRIWKHUHPDLQVRISUHKLVWRULFVHWWOHPHQWVDQG LQXQGDWHGEXLOGLQJVWKDWZHUHŠǍRRGHGšDQGDUHSUHVHQWO\VLWXDWHG under water.55

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23 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

ZUHFNVZHUHORFDWHGZKHQWKHDUHDZDVUHFODLPHGIURPWKHVHD GXULQJWKHVDQGV59 The Noordoostpolder and )OHYRSROGHUVJLYHXVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIVKLSZUHFNV WKDWPLJKWVWLOOEHO\LQJRQWKHERWWRPRIWKHQHDUE\0DUNHUPHHU DQG,-VVHOPHHU2WKHUZUHFNVRQGU\ODQGKDYHEHHQIRXQGLQ IRUPHUULYHUEUDQFKHVVXFKDVWKH5RPDQEDUJHVRI =ZDPPHUGDPDQG9OHXWHQGH0HHUQ60

$VDǌUVWGHOLQHDWLRQWRLWVVFRSHWKLVUHVHDUFKZLOOIRFXVPDLQO\RQ WKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVGXHWRWKHQXPEHU DQGFRQGLWLRQRIWKHXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVLQWKLVDUHD7KHH[WHQVLYH research done during the previous four decades in this area will provide the necessary data to answer the questions in this thesis.

7KHVHFRQGGHOLQHDWLRQFRQFHUQVOLPLWLQJWKHWLPHIUDPHIRUQHZ LQIRUPDWLRQXVHGWRGHVFULEHQDWXUDODQGKXPDQSURFHVVHVLQWKH Fig. 1.6 Frames of the BZN 3 wreck before protection. DUHDRIWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDQGGHYHORSPHQWVLQODZDQG Photo: M. Manders/RCE. ODZHQIRUFHPHQW7KLVKDVEHHQVHWŞFRPSOHWHO\DUELWUDULO\ŞDW -DQXDU\WKHPRPHQWZKHQLWEHFDPHFOHDU,ZDVDERXWWR 7KLVVWXG\LVGHYRWHGWRPDULWLPHKHULWDJHWKDWEHORQJVWRERWK round up the writing of this study. FDWHJRULHVEXWLWPDLQO\FRQVLVWVRIVKLSZUHFNVVLWXDWHGLQDQ XQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQW7KRXVDQGVRIVKLSVKDYHEHHQORVWLQ ,QVXPPDU\WKLVVWXG\ZLOODQDO\VHDQGGLVFXVVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ 'XWFKZDWHUV )LJ 6RPHSULYDWHUHVHDUFKHUVPRVWRIWKHP DQGIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHU&+0LQWKHZHVWHUQSDUW active divers, have built databases recording tens of thousands of RIWKH'XWFK:DGGHQ6HDIRFXVLQJRQWKHPDWHULDOPDULWLPH these shipwrecks.56,QWRWDOWKHGDWDEDVHVRIWKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH KHULWDJHRIWKLVDUHDWKDWKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGPRUHRUOHVV $JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGVFRQVLVWRIQROHVVWKDQ V\VWHPDWLFDOO\XQWLO ORFDWLRQVXQGHUZDWHU )LJ 7KLVUHSUHVHQWVWKHFRPELQHG NQRZOHGJHDFFXPXODWHGE\GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVUDQJLQJIURP 1.4 Research questions WKH+\GURJUDSKLF2ǎFHWRVSRUWGLYHUVDQGǌVKHUPHQ57$IHZ 6WDUWLQJIURPWKHSUREOHPGHǌQLWLRQNH\FRQFHSWVDQGGHOLQHD- hundred underwater archaeological sites (including shipwrecks) tion of the scope discussed above, the research for this thesis are located in rivers. The nature of these river sites are diverse, ZDVGULYHQE\RQHFHQWUDOTXHVWLRQDQGDOLPLWHGQXPEHURIPRUH LQFOXGLQJEULGJHVVXEPHUJHGEXLOWFRQVWUXFWLRQVVHWWOHPHQW VSHFLǌFUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV relics and religious sites, which have all been recognized and investigated.587KHVDPHYDULHW\FDQEHH[SHFWHGLQRWKHUZDWHU 7KHFHQWUDOTXHVWLRQRIWKHWKHVLVLVŠ+RZFDQZHPDQDJHWKH regions in the Netherlands, such as the Wadden Sea. The reason XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFH"š for this is that there are few areas within Dutch territorial waters The sub-questions are: WKDWKDYHQRWEHHQGU\ODQGGXULQJVRPHSHULRGRIWKH3OHLVWRFHQH 1. If possible, how can we gain knowledge about the presence of RU+RORFHQH0RUHRYHUWKHRSSRVLWHLVDOVRWUXHZLWKPDQ\ŠGU\š XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGRIPDULWLPHXQGHUZDWHU areas in the Netherlands once river or seabeds. heritage, in particular, in the Western Wadden Sea? 2. If possible, how can we develop an approach to co-create this $OWKRXJKWKLVWKHVLVLVIRFXVHGRQXQGHUZDWHUPDULWLPHKHULWDJH NQRZOHGJHE\PHDQVRIGHVNWRSUHVHDUFKWKDWFDQVHUYHDVD ZHFDQDOVROHDUQDERXWRXUPDULWLPHSDVWIURPWHUUHVWULDO EDVLVIRUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW" UHVHDUFK([WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQVKLSZUHFNVKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQ 6KLSZUHFNVDUHRIWHQIRXQGE\DFFLGHQW+RZFDQZHEHWWHU RQGU\ODQGLQSDUWLFXODULQWKH)OHYRSROGHUV+HUHVKLS- SUHGLFWRXUFKDQFHVRIǌQGLQJWKHP"

562UDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ3GH.HLM]HUŠGH3OXYLHUšGLYLQJWHDP6FKHYHQLQJHQ %HXODNH 9HUOLQGH DQGUHOLJLRXVVLWHV 6WDVVHQ 7KHODUJHO\E\ 577KHFRPELQHGGDWDEDVHVWKDWWKH5&(PDQDJHVUDQJHIURPREMHFWVUHJLVWHUHGLQ DYRFDWLRQDOVH[HFXWHGSURMHFWŠ([SHGLWLH2YHUGH0DDVš KWWSZZZRYHUGHPDDV $5&+,6WKH+\GURJUDSKLF2ǎFHGDWDEDVH5:6DQGHYHQWKDWRIDPDWHXU FRPQLHXZVH[SHGLWLHRYHUGHPDDV DFFHVVHG VKRZVWKHSRWHQWLDO archaeologists. It is not always clear whether these locations are correct or contain RI IRUPHU ULYHUEHGV VLWHVRIFXOWXUDOVLJQLǌFDQFH 596RPHZUHFNVKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKH)OHYREHULFKWHQLVVXHGE\ 586RPHLQYHVWLJDWHGH[DPSOHVEULGJHVVXFKDVWKH5RPDQEULGJHVRI&XLMN 5LMNVZDWHUVWDDW'LUHFWLH)OHYRODQG *RXGVZDDUG DQG0DDVWULFKW 9RV VXEPHUJHGEXLOWVWUXFWXUHVVXFKDV 606HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHRYHUYLHZDUWLFOHVE\%URXZHUVHWDO WKH&DVWOHRI(OVORR 6RHWHUV 6WDVVHQ6WRHSNHU 6RHWHUV WKHYLOODJHRI

24 )LJ7KH:DGGHQ6HDDWVXQVHW3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH

,VLWSRVVLEOHWRSUHVHUYHŠXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVšLQVLWX" 7KHVSHFLǌFREMHFWLYHVDUHWRDQDO\VHDQGGLVFXVVWKHSRVVLELOL- 5. What is threatening the shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea? WLHVDQGLPSRVVLELOLWLHVRILQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWRIDUFKDHRORJLFDO 6. Is in-situ preservation a panacea for underwater cultural VLWHVXQGHUZDWHUDQGVSHFLǌFDOO\WKHVKLSZUHFNVLQWKH:DGGHQ KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDO":KDWDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV" 6HD )LJVKRZVWKHIXOODUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHF\FOHRIZKLFK ,VLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQWKHVROXWLRQIRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH in-situ preservation is one option). PDQDJHPHQWLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD":KDWDUHWKH alternatives? 7KHDLPLVWRGLVVHFWWKHPRVWSURPLQHQWLVVXHVVXFKDVWKH VSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQDQGH[WHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLWV 1.5 Objectives condition, the natural and cultural threats to which it is, and will be, 7KLVUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHU H[SRVHGWKHZD\VWRSURWHFWWKLVKHULWDJHDQGWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVV PDULWLPHKHULWDJHDQGWKHSRWHQWLDORIDSSO\LQJLQVLWXSUHVHUYD- RUQRWRISURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHV7KHSRVVLEOHZD\VWRSUHVHUYH WLRQWRWKLVKHULWDJHLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD )LJ 7KLVZLOO XQGHUZDWHUPDULWLPHKHULWDJHLQVLWXZLOOSULPDULO\EHLQYHVWLJDWHG be done through the analysis of data gathered over the past four LQDQHYLGHQFHEDVHGPDQQHUDQGIURPDVFLHQFHEDVHG decades and on the basis of recent and current (published) SHUVSHFWLYHUDWKHUWKDQRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHPRWLYHVHPRWLRQV debates regarding this objective, both in the study area and in DQGLGHDVH[SUHVVHGLQSXEOLFGHEDWHVEHWZHHQGLǋHUHQW RWKHUDUHDVDURXQGWKHZRUOGZLWKXQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWVWKDW stakeholders. Nonetheless, a separate discussion about the DUHULFKLQPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH LPSRUWDQFHRILQFOXGLQJQRQVFLHQWLǌFVWDNHKROGHUVLQWKH SURFHVVZLOOEHLQFOXGHGDWWKHHQGRIWKHWKHVLV &KDSWHU

Fig. 1.8 The Archaeological Heritage Cycle. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/SASMAP.

25 Fig. 1.9 The Wadden Sea Area. Figure: CORINE land-use map, Menne Kosian/RCE.

1.6 A case study approach: the Dutch Wadden Sea The Wadden Sea is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of WKH1RUWK6HD,WVWUHWFKHVIURPWKHQRUWKHUQ1HWKHUODQGVFRDVW 1.6.1 Research area: the Western Wadden Sea WR*HUPDQ\DQGWKHZHVWHUQSDUWRI'HQPDUNDQGFRQVLVWVRID This thesis focuses on the western part of the Dutch Wadden VKDOORZERG\RIZDWHUZLWKWLGDOǍDWVDQGZHWODQGV7KH:DGGHQ 6HDDQGWKHIRUPHUORFDWLRQRIWKH7H[HO5RDGVLQSDUWLFXODUZLWK 6HDLVVHSDUDWHGIURPWKH1RUWK6HDE\DVHULHVRIEDUULHULVODQGV WKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDDWLWVFHQWUH+LVWRULFDOO\WKLVLVZKHUHVKLSV ZLWKWLGDOLQOHWVLQEHWZHHQ,WLVDOVRD81(6&2:RUOG+HULWDJH ZHUHORDGHGDQGXQORDGHGSULPDULO\IRUWKH$PVWHUGDPPDUNHW61 6LWH7KH'XWFKDQG*HUPDQWHUULWRULHVZHUHUHFRJQL]HGLQ 0XFKDERXWWKHJHRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ DQGLWZDVH[WHQGHGLQZLWKWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKH'DQLVK Sea area has already been described in a series of publications, of WHUULWRU\ )LJ which De Convexe Kustboog WKHŠ&RQYH[&RDVWDO$UFKš E\+HQN 6FKRRUOIURP62GHVHUYHVVSHFLǌFPHQWLRQ,QWHQVLYH In several areas, the Dutch part of the seabed of the Wadden DUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKKDVDOVREHHQGRQHRQWKH7H[HO5RDGV 6HDbLVYHU\G\QDPLF3URFHVVHVRIVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQ PDLQO\E\JRYHUQPHQWDUFKDHRORJLVWVZKRKDYHIRFXVHGRQWKH DOWHUQDWHDWGLǋHUHQWUDWHV65 PDQ\ZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNVWKDWKDYHEHHQGLVFRYHUHGRYHU the decades.63+LVWRULDQVKDYHSDLGVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRWKHUROH RIWKLVDUHDLQWKH*ROGHQ$JHDQGWKH'XWFK(DVW,QGLD&RPSDQ\ 9HUHHQLJGH2RVWLQGLVFKH&RPSDJQLHRU92& 64+RZHYHUWKH LPSRUWDQFHRIWKHDUHDDVDURDGVWHDGLVPXFKJUHDWHUDQG VWUHWFKHVRYHUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH,WZDVQRWRQO\XVHGE\ ships going to the East and West Indies, but also by warships, PHUFKDQWVKLSVKHDGLQJIRURUUHWXUQLQJIURPWKH%DOWLFDQG HOVHZKHUHDQGLWIXQFWLRQHGDVVXFKIURPDWOHDVWWKHVL[WHHQWK to the twentieth century.

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26 Fig. 1.10 The Afsluitdijk, Photo: Courtesy RCE.

7KH:DGGHQ6HDLVHVSHFLDOO\VXVFHSWLEOHWRWKHVHSURFHVVHVDVbLV 7KHG\QDPLFVRIWKHPRELOH+RORFHQHWRSVWUDWDODUJHO\GHWHU- the North Sea.66,QWKH:DGGHQ6HDJXOOLHVFDQPRYHRUFKDQJH PLQHZKHWKHUDQ\KHULWDJHKDVEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQWKHVRLODVZHOO GLUHFWLRQRYHUWLPHXQGHUWKHLQǍXHQFHRIWLGDOFXUUHQWV67 These DVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKDWKHULWDJHDWDQ\PRPHQW73 It is therefore channels leave traces in the landscape down to the Pleistocene LPSRUWDQWWRJDLQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHVHGLPHQWVDV substrata.68,QVRPHSODFHV3OHLVWRFHQHVHGLPHQWVDUHH[SRVHG ZHOODVKRZWKH\KDYHPRYHGRYHUWKHSDVWFHQWXULHV on the surface of the seabed, while in others the Pleistocene strata have disappeared and been eroded by channels or covered 7KHIRFXVLQWKLVWKHVLVZLOOEHRQZUHFNVVXEPHUJHGDWDOOWLPHV ZLWKDOD\HURI+RORFHQHVDQGVHYHUDOPHWUHVbWKLFN69 +RZHYHULWLVLQHYLWDEOHWKDWWKH:DGGHQ6HDArea as a whole QHHGVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KLVDUHDH[WHQGVIURPWKH -XVWDVWKHDUHDLVFRQVWDQWO\EHLQJVKDSHGE\QDWXUHDQGE\ waters of the Wadden Sea itself far inland, to the point where the KXPDQVVRLVWKHVHDEHG2QHSDUWLFXODUKXPDQDFWLYLW\WKDW LQǍXHQFHRIWKHVHDGLVDSSHDUV74+XPDQDQGQDWXUDOSURFHVVHV KDGbDGLUHFWDQGVXEVWDQWLDOHǋHFWRQWKHVHDEHGZDVWKH RFFXUULQJLQWKHVHDDQGWKHODQGDGMDFHQWWRLWSOD\DQLPSRUWDQW FRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNLQEHWZHHQWKHSURYLQFHV UROHLQWKHGHFLVLRQDERXWZKDWDQGKRZWRPDQDJHDQGZKHQWR RIb1RUWK+ROODQGDQG)ULHVODQG )LJ 70 This construction SUHVHUYHVLWHVLQVLWX3HRSOHDǋHFWPDQDJHPHQWODQGDǋHFWV EORFNHGWKHGRPLQDQWFXUUHQWVZKLFKUDSLGO\FKDQJHGWKH ZDWHUDVLWHLVLQǍXHQFHGE\LWVFRQWH[WDQGYLFHYHUVD pattern of channels and plates.71 In addition, by building the dike, WKH,-VVHOPHHUDQG0DUNHUPHHUZHUHLVRODWHGIURPWKHHǋHFWV 1.6.2 A short history of the Wadden Sea RIbHEEDQGǍRZFXUUHQWV6LQFHWKHVQRPDMRUFKDQJHV The current Western Wadden Sea was only created in the late KDYHVXEVHTXHQWO\WDNHQSODFHRQWKHIRUPHUVHDEHGLQWKHVH twelfth century.75%HIRUHWKHQWKHDUHDFRQVLVWHGODUJHO\RIPRUH ODNHVH[FHSWIRUDPDVVLYHDPRXQWRIVLOWWKDWKDVVHWWOHGRQWKH or less inhabitable land.76 IRUPHUVHDEHGGHSRVLWHGE\WKHULYHUV72

666HHIRUH[DPSOH(HONHPDHWDO. 72:LHUVPD 9HUZHLM3ULRUWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNWKHDUHDKDG 672QWKHPRYLQJRIJXOOLHVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDVHHIRUH[DPSOHWKHVWXGLHVE\ EHHQVXEMHFWHGWRWKHVDPHVHDǍRRUG\QDPLFVDVWKH:DGGHQ6HDHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH 6FKRRUO 3DUWŞ DQG2RVW LPPHGLDWHO\DGMDFHQWQRUWKHUQVHFWLRQ6HHDOVR6FKRRUOHWDO 686HH)LJVDQG$ 736HHDOVR&KDSWHUVDQG 696HH)LJ 746HHIRUH[DPSOH:DGGHQ6HD3ODQDQG)UHGHULNVHQQ\ 706HHIRUH[DPSOH&36/ 75 6HHIRUDGHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHHDUO\GHYHORSPHQW6FKRRUOSDUW 716HH)LJ 76 Schoorl 1999, part 1.

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

6WDUWLQJLQWKHWZHOIWKFHQWXU\WKH:DGGHQ6HDEHFDPHDQHDVLO\ 7KLVORFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQLQDQGLQǍXHQFHRQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO navigable waterway due to the large breakthrough of the North KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWKDVLQUHFHQW\HDUVEHHQVFDOHGXSWRD Sea into the area.77)URPWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGVWKH PRUHUHJLRQDODQGHYHQQDWLRQDOOHYHOSDUWO\GXHWRWKHGHFHQWUD- ZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDEHFDPHSDUWRIWKHHFRQRPLF OL]DWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWWRWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\OHYHO heart of the Netherlands, with a strong connection to the and partly due to the fact that the Wadden Sea has been granted LQWHUQDWLRQDOKDUERXURI$PVWHUGDPDQGWKH7H[HO5RDGVDVWKH :RUOG+HULWDJHVWDWXV867RPDQDJHWKHDUHDPDQ\GHFLVLRQVRQ point of departure and destination for voyages to the colonies in VSHFLǌFPDULWLPHDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHDUHDKDGWREHPDGHDWWKH the East and West.78'R]HQVRIVKLSVZRXOGUHJXODUO\UHPDLQ QDWLRQDOOHYHO87KRZHYHUWKHVHGHFLVLRQVVWLOOUHTXLUHGLQSXWIURP anchored in the Roads, waiting for fair winds.79 This lively and WKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\ KHFWLFHQYLURQPHQWFRPELQHGZLWKWKHVWURQJDQGWUHDFKHURXV currents, the shallows and poor weather conditions, earned the 7KH:DGGHQ6HDšV:RUOG+HULWDJHVWDWXVLVEDVHGSULPDULO\RQLWV Western Wadden Sea a reputation as an area with a high density natural value.88$FFRUGLQJWRWKH81(6&2WKH:DGGHQ6HDLV of shipwrecks.80,WQRZFRQWDLQVPDQ\PDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJLFDO UHPDLQVGDWLQJIURPWKHVL[WHHQWKWRWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHV WKHODUJHVWXQEURNHQV\VWHPRILQWHUWLGDOVDQGDQGPXGǍDWVLQ especially shipwrecks.81 The tides and subsequent erosion and WKHZRUOG,WLVDODUJHWHPSHUDWHUHODWLYHO\ǍDWFRDVWDOZHWODQG VHGLPHQWDWLRQSDWWHUQVPDNHVKLSZUHFNVUHJXODUO\GLVDSSHDUDQG HQYLURQPHQWIRUPHGE\WKHLQWULFDWHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQ reappear again. physical and biological factors that have given rise to a PXOWLWXGHRIWUDQVLWLRQDOKDELWDWVZLWKWLGDOFKDQQHOVVDQG\ 7KHG\QDPLFVHDǍRRUKDVKHOSHGWRSUHVHUYHPDQ\RIWKHVH VKRDOVVHDJUDVVPHDGRZVPXVVHOEHGVVDQGEDUVPXGǍDWV ZUHFNVDQGKDVGRQHVRVLQFHWKHPRPHQWWKH\DUULYHGWKHUH VDOWPDUVKHVHVWXDULHVEHDFKHVDQGGXQHV7KHDUHDLVKRPH 7KLVKDVUHVXOWHGLQPDQ\VWLOOEHLQJLQDUHODWLYHO\JRRGFRQGL- WRQXPHURXVSODQWDQGDQLPDOVSHFLHVLQFOXGLQJPDULQH tion.82+RZHYHUVRPHRIWKLVKHULWDJHLVFXUUHQWO\WKUHDWHQHGE\ PDPPDOVVXFKDVWKHKDUERXUVHDOJUH\VHDODQGKDUERXU seabed erosion.836LWHVSURWUXGLQJIURPWKHVHDEHGVXUIDFHDUH SRUSRLVH7KH:DGGHQ6HDLVRQHRIWKHODVWUHPDLQLQJ H[SRVHGWRDZLGHUDQJHRIELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQGPHFKDQLFDO ODUJHVFDOHLQWHUWLGDOHFRV\VWHPVZKHUHQDWXUDOSURFHVVHV degradation processes.84 continue to function largely undisturbed.89

7KLVKXJHSRWHQWLDORIVKLSZUHFNVDQGWKHLUH[SRVXUHGXHWR +RZHYHUSHRSOHKDYHDOVROLYHGLQWKHDUHDIRUPDQ\FHQWXULHV erosion of the seabed over centuries has attracted adventurous They have altered and used the space on the basis of what they GLYHUVPDQ\IURPWKHLVODQGVDQGWKHPDLQODQGDGMDFHQWWRWKLV WKRXJKWULJKWRUZKDWZRXOGSURǌWWKHPLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHU VHD7KHLQYROYHPHQWRIORFDOVWDNHKROGHUVLVYHU\KLJKDVWKH The area, the landscape, as well as the sea, was shaped and still is KLVWRU\RIWKHPDULWLPHZRUOGDQGWKHKHULWDJHRIPDULWLPHZD\V EHLQJVKDSHGWKURXJKWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVDQG RIOLIHDUHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKH natural processes.90 The regional landscape, including the area. Each and every person is strongly connected to the sea and Wadden Sea, therefore, shows clear evidence of how people WKLVFRQQHFWLRQRIWHQJRHVEDFNPDQ\JHQHUDWLRQV(DUO\GLYHUV KDYHXVHGLWRYHUWLPH91 One collection of such evidence is its IURPWKHLVODQGVGLVFRYHUHGDYDVWQXPEHURIZUHFNVLQWKHV shipwrecks. DQGV7KHVHIRUPHGWKHEDVLVRIDVKLSZUHFNLQYHQWRU\LQ WKH1HWKHUODQGV0DQ\DUWHIDFWVKDYHEHHQWDNHQIURPWKHVH ,QDOPRVW\HDUVRIFRQWLQXRXVXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDO ZUHFNVDQGIRUPDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKHFROOHFWLRQVRIORFDO UHVHDUFKLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDLWKDVEHFRPHFOHDUWKDWWKHFXOWXUDO PXVHXPV85 value of the area, as is also illustrated by the rich archaeological UHPDLQVLVMXVWDVXQLTXHDVLWVQDWXUDOYDOXH%RWKDUHDQ

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1. General introduction

Fig. 1.11 Site plan of the BZN 2 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

LPSRUWDQWDQGLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHLGHQWLW\RUŠ'1$šRIWKHDUHD NQRZQZUHFNVIURPWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV Even nature has partly been shaped by the activities of people and one possible wreck (BZN 19). KHUHLWLVIRUH[DPSOHRQHRIWKHPRVWGLNHGVHDVLQWKHZRUOG ZLWKDOOWKHJHRORJLFDODQGQDWXUDOSDUWLFXODULWLHVWKDWDFFRPSD- $OOZUHFNVKDYHDWRSRQ\PVWDUWLQJZLWK%=1 %XUJ]DQG1RRUG QLHGWKLVKXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQ DQGWKHQDQXPEHU1RWDOOQXPEHUVKDYHEHHQXVHGLQRUGHU )RUbH[DPSOH%=1DQGGRQRWH[LVWGXHWRWKHLQFRUUHFW 7KHDLPIRUPDQ\RIWKRVHZKRIRFXVRQWKHFXOWXUDOLPSRUWDQFH QDPLQJRIVLWHVRUWKHPHUJLQJRIGLǋHUHQWORFDWLRQVZKLFK RIWKHDUHDLVWRSUHVHUYHWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVIURPWKH turned out to be one. Initially, national protection was only YLROHQWQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW+RZHYHUWKHZD\SHRSOHZDQWWRGR granted to the site of the BZN 3. The process of protection WKLVGLǋHUVIURPSHUVRQWRSHUVRQDQGIURPVWDNHKROGHUJURXSWR VWDUWHGLQZLWKUHJLVWUDWLRQFRPSOHWHGLQ+RZHYHU VWDNHKROGHUJURXS6RPHZRXOGSUHIHUWRUHPRYHDOOWKHDUWHIDFWV LQbWKHQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWDUHDZDVH[WHQGHGWRLQFOXGH EHIRUHWKH\GHWHULRUDWHWRRPXFKRUHYHQGLVDSSHDURWKHUV PRUHZUHFNV7KRVHWKDWKDYHEHHQGLVFRYHUHGVRIDUDUH94 would prefer preservation in situ. The latter solution, especially, KDVJDLQHGJURXQGDPRQJDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH BZN 2 PDQDJHUV3URIHVVLRQDOO\LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVWKHǌUVWRSWLRQ 7KHZUHFNRIDPLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\VKLSZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQ and this also counts for the wrecks that have been discovered in ,WKDGDFDUJRRIFDQQRQVRIZKLFKPDQ\ZHUHEURQ]HǌHOG the Western Wadden Sea. SLHFHVIURP3RODQG )LJ 7KHVHREMHFWVJDYHLWLWVSRSXODU QDPHWKHŠ3ROLVK&DQQRQ:UHFNš%DOODVWVWRQHVOHDGLQJRWV 1.6.3 The shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea ER[HVZLWKWLQDQGFRSSHUDVZHOODVZRRGHQEHDPVIRUWUDGLQJ 2QO\WKH%XUJ]DQGZUHFNVŞIRUPLQJWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVKLS- were also found and partially salvaged. The site has been partly ZUHFNVLQWKHVWXG\DUHDŞZLOOEHEULHǍ\LQWURGXFHGKHUH,VD\ protected in situ with polypropylene nets.95 EULHǍ\EHFDXVHTXLWHDIHZERRNVDQGDUWLFOHVKDYHEHHQ SXEOLVKHGRYHUWKH\HDUVZLWKGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH BZN 3 DUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQWHQWDQGKLVWRULFDOVLJQLǌFDQFHRIWKHZUHFNV 7KHZUHFNRIDPLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\VKLSZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQ 7KHUHDGHULVHQFRXUDJHGWRWXUQWRWKHVHIRUIXUWKHULQIRUPD- DQGLVEHOLHYHGWREHWKHUHPQDQWVRIWKH(DVW,QGLDPDQDe tion.92,QIRUPDWLRQDERXWZUHFNVRXWVLGHWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDXVHG Rob )LJ 2QHVDOYDJHGEURQ]HFDQQRQZDVPDQXIDFWXUHG LQWKLVWKHVLVZLOOEHLQFOXGHGZKHQǌUVWPHQWLRQHG E\(YHUDUGXV6SOLQWHULQ(QNKXL]HQIRUWKH$GPLUDOW\RI $PVWHUGDPDQGEHDUVWKH\HDU'HQGURFKURQRORJ\GDWLQJ The Burgzand Wrecks UHYHDOHGDGDWHRIIRUVRPHRIWKHZRRGHQUHPDLQV96 7KLVWKHVLVKHDYLO\EXLOGVRQLQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHGZKLOHGRLQJ research on shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea. Within this De RobZDVDGGHGWRWKH$GPLUDOW\ǍHHWLQDQGIRXJKWLQWKH DUHDWKHPDLQIRFXVRIZRUNLQUHFHQWGHFDGHVKDVEHHQRQWKH %DWWOHRI'XLQVLQ7KHVKLSVDQNRQWKH7H[HO5RDGVLQ sites that are located in what is now known as the National %=1ZDVGHVLJQDWHGDQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWLQDQGZDV 0RQXPHQWRIWKH%XUJ]DQG 1R 93 It consists of fourteen SURWHFWHGLQVLWXLQZLWKSRO\SURS\OHQHQHWVDQGDSSUR[LPD-

92+DEHUPHKO9RVDQGZZZPDULWLHPHUIJRHGQO DFFHVVHG WKHbWLPHbRIZULWLQJ 936HHKWWSZZZFXOWXXUQOXSORDGGRFXPHQWVDGYLH]HQ7H[HO]HV 956HHDOVR.RHYHULQJHHWDODQG9RVŞDQGHJ&KDSWHU VFKHHSVZUDNNHQSGI DFFHVVHG RIbWKLVWKHVLV 947KLVZDVWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ'HFHPEHUVLQFHWKHQDQRWKHUZUHFNKDVEHHQ 960DQGHUV6D¡.ODDVVHQ 9HUQLPPHQ GLVFRYHUHG %=1 EXWQRIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVǌQGZDVNQRZQDW

29 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 1.12 An early site plan of the BZN 3 wreck, made before the in-situ protection of 1988. Figure: courtesy RCE.

WHO\VDQGEDJVWHFKQLTXHVWKDWDUHGHVFULEHGLQ&KDSWHU LWVbGLVFRYHU\LQDVDVKLSWKDWWUDQVSRUWHGZDWHUIURPWKH 7KLVSURWHFWLRQZDVH[WHQGHGLQVXEVHTXHQW\HDUV97 It was also 7H[HOZHOOVWRWKHVKLSV,WZDVWKXVFDOOHGWKHŠ:DWHU%DUUHO:UHFNš WKHVXEMHFWRIVRPHGHWHULRUDWLRQVWXGLHVGXULQJWKH%$&32/(6 RUŠ:DWHUYDWHQZUDNš7KHFDVNVDUHPDGHRIZRRGIURP6RXWK project.98'XULQJDGGLWLRQDOUHVHDUFKLQZKLFKIROORZHG $PHULFDDQGWKHFRǋHHEHDQVPD\RULJLQDWHIURP6DQWD PRQLWRULQJRIWKHSURWHFWHGVLWHQHZVKLSFRQVWUXFWLRQSDUWV 'RPLQJR1007KLVOHGWRWKHLGHQWLǌFDWLRQRI%=1DVD:HVW were discovered that turned out to be the hold of the ship, with ,QGLDPDQDVKLSXVHGIRUWUDGHWRWKH:HVW,QGLHV WKH:HVW WKHEDVHRIWKHPDLQPDVWLQVLWXVLWXDWHGQH[WWRWKHDOUHDG\ &RDVWRI$IULFDWKH$PHULFDVDQGWKH&DULEEHDQ 7KHZUHFN known cluster of anchors that would have been stored in the KDVbEHHQSDUWO\SK\VLFDOO\SUHVHUYHGLQVLWX102 hold. This part of the construction has also been protected.99 BZN 8101 BZN 4 $PLGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\PHUFKDQWPDQWKDWKDGEHHQ 7KLVHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\PHUFKDQWPDQZLWKDFDUJRRIFDVNV UHLQIRUFHGWREHXVHGDVDZDUVKLS )LJ $XQLTXHǌQGRID ǌOOHGZLWKFRǋHHEHDQV )LJ ZDVPLVWDNHQO\LGHQWLǌHGRQ ODUJH+HPRQ\EURQ]HFKXUFKEHOOFDUULHVWKHGDWH7KLV

Fig. 1.13 Site plan of the BZN 4 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

979URRP9RV DFFHVVHG 98 6HH0DQGHUV DQG&KDSWHU 101 RSVLWHVBKWPKWWSZZZPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDQOQLHXZV03BQB 99KWWSZZZPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDQOQLHXZV03BQBWRSVLWHVBKWP WRSVLWHVBKWP DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG 100KWWSZZZPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDQOQLHXZV03BQBWRSVLWHVBKWP

1. General introduction

Fig. 1.14 Site plan of the BZN 8 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

VKLSZUHFNLVRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH92&VKLSWKHLelie (1654). BZN 10 7KLVKRZHYHUFDQQRWEHFRUUHFWGXHWRDPLVPDWFKLQGDWLQJ 7KHZUHFNRIDODWHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\PHUFKDQWPDQ,WLV between the sinking of the ship and the date on the bell. The EHOLHYHGWREHRI1RUWKHUQ*HUPDQRULJLQDQGLQYROYHGLQWUDGH wreck has been physically preserved in situ.102 ZLWKWKH,EHULDQ3HQLQVXOD )LJ ,WKDGDODUJHFDUJRRI,EHULDQ jars in its hold, but also casks of anchovy and grapes. The site is BZN 9 protected in situ and has served as the focal point for degrada- The wreck of a seventeenth-century ship. Local divers call it the WLRQDQGXQGHUZDWHULQVLWXUHVHDUFKLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV%=1 Š7ZR&DQQRQ:UHFNšRUŠ7ZHH.DQRQQHQ:UDNšDOWKRXJKPDQ\ ZDVDOVRRQFHLGHQWLǌHGDVWKHLelie$JDLQDVZLWK%=1WKLV PRUHZHUHGLVFRYHUHGRQWKLVVLWH )LJ 3DUWVRIWKHZUHFN LGHQWLǌFDWLRQZDVIDOVH104 KDYHEHHQH[FDYDWHGRWKHUSDUWVDUHSURWHFWHGLQVLWX103

Fig. 1.15 Site plan of the BZN 9 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

102 KWWSZZZPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDQOQLHXZV03BQBWRSVLWHVBKWP 103 03BQBWRSVLWHVBKWP DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG 104 +RON9RVŞ

31 Fig. 1.16 Site plan of the BZN 10 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

BZN 11 BZN 12 The wreck of a seventeenth-century ship. It is referred to as the 7KHZUHFNRIDQRWKHUVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\VKLS )LJ Š%LJ(PSW\šRUŠ*URRW/HHJšE\ORFDOGLYHUV7KLVZUHFNFRQVLVWVRI .QRZQDVWKHŠ

Fig. 1.17 Site plan of the BZN 11 wreck. Figure: courtesy. M. Manders/RCE.

105 6HHDOVR9RVŞ 1066HHDOVR9RVŞ

32 Fig. 1.18 Site plan of the BZN 12 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

BZN 13 JUDLQVHHGVULFHFXFXPEHUDQGEHDQVZHUHGLVFRYHUHG7KLV 6KLSZUHFNSUREDEO\RIDQHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\VKLS )LJ IRRGVWXǋPD\ZHOOKDYHEHHQXVHGRQERDUG'XULQJUHVHDUFK 7KLVZUHFNHDUOLHUKDGWKHWRSRQ\P7H[HOVWURRP,WKDVD pieces of coral were also found between the ballast stones. In double layer of outer planking, of which one had the function to addition to the double layer of planking, this is an indication of its SURWHFWWKHVKLSFRQVWUXFWLRQDJDLQVWVKLSZRUP7KLVLVDQ use in tropical waters.108 indication that the ship was used in tropical waters.107 BZN 15 BZN 14 The Burgzand Noord 15 (BZN 15) site is a shipwreck that sunk on 7KHZUHFNRIDVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\VKLS )LJ $QHQRU- WKH'XWFK7H[HO5RDGVLQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ )LJ 7KH PRXVQXPEHURIEDOODVWVWRQHVZHUHIRXQGRQWKHZUHFN7KLV VLWHLVDOPRVWE\PHWUHV:HGRQRWNQRZWKHH[DFWVL]HRI JDYHLWWKHQDPHRIWKHŠ3RWWHU:UHFNšE\ORFDOGLYHUV7KLVVKLS WKHRULJLQDOVKLSDVWKHVLWHFRQVLVWVRIGLǋHUHQWIUDJPHQWVRID DOVRKDGDGRXEOHOD\HURISODQNLQJWRSURWHFWLWDJDLQVWVKLSZRUP shipwreck scattered across the entire area. In the south, there is 7KHDIWRIWKHVKLSKDVEHHQH[FDYDWHG&DVNVRIǌVKSHSSHU DODUJHDUHDZKHUHEDOODVWVWRQHVDQGFRQFUHWLRQVRILURQIURPDW

Fig. 1.22 Multibeam, site recorder data and Agisoft photogrammetry images of the BZN 17 wreck. Figure: courtesy Periplus/T.Coenen/RCE.

107 6HHDOVR9RVŞ 108 6HHDOVR9RVŞ

33 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 1.19 Site plan of the BZN 13 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

OHDVWWZRFDQQRQVDQGPDQ\LURQFRRNLQJSRWVKDYHEHHQ BZN 18 ORFDWHG+XQGUHGVRIFOD\SLSHVZHUHDOVRIRXQGLQWKLVDUHD$W 8QGDWHGZRRGHQVKLSZUHFNRQO\GLVFRYHUHGLQEXWHURVLRQ VRPHGLVWDQFHWRWKHQRUWKDFDUJRRIZURXJKWLURQVWDYHVLV KDVH[SRVHGWKHZUHFNLQDVKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH7KHZRRGRIWKH VLWXDWHGRQWKHVHDERWWRP8QGHUWKLVPDQ\UROOVRIEUDVVZHUH ZUHFNLVKHDYLO\GHWHULRUDWHGGXHWRVKLSZRUPZKLFKGHPRQVWUD- found. In these two places, there is no wood in situ. In the WHVWKDWWKHVLWHKDVEHHQH[SRVHGRQQXPHURXVRFFDVLRQV,Q northern section of this site, on the edge of an old sandbank, WKHODUJHHURVLRQKROHVKDGDOUHDG\GLVDSSHDUHGDQGWKH WKHbIUDJPHQWVRIDVKLSERDUGZHUHIRXQGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH site was sanding in.114 construction of a deck. This part was deteriorating very fast. It KDGEHHQVORZO\VOLGLQJRǋWKHEDQNDQGPRVWRIWKHZRRGZDV BZN 19 SHUPDQHQWO\H[SRVHGWRHURVLRQDQGZRRGERULQJRUJDQLVPV Structures of possibly yet another shipwreck were discovered (DUOLHUGHQGURFKURQRORJ\GDWLQJUHYHDOHGWKDWWKLVIUDJPHQW GXULQJWKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKH%XUJ]DQG'HVLJQDWHGDUHDLQ PXVWEHIURPDVKLSWKDWZDVEXLOWQRWORQJDIWHU WKH 1RWPXFKHOVHLVNQRZQDWWKHPRPHQW youngest dating).109,WZDVDVKHOOǌUVWFDUYHOEXLOWYHVVHOFDUU\LQJ DFDUJRRIKDOISURGXFWVSRVVLEO\IURPWKH%DOWLF These are the wrecks that have been discovered thus far in an DUHDRIE\PHWUHV115%=1DQGVKRZWKHKXJH 7KHGHSWKRIWKHVLWHLVWRPHWUHVDWKLJKWLGH7KLVVLWHZDV SRWHQWLDOWRGLVFRYHUHYHQPRUHZUHFNVLQWKH1RUWK%XUJ]DQG LQYHVWLJDWHGDQGPRQLWRUHGGXULQJWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFW110 DUHDLWVHOIRUMXVWEH\RQGRQWKHJUHDWHU7H[HO5RDGV

BZN 16 1.7 Methodology and theoretical concepts :RRGHQZUHFNSDUWVZHUHGLVFRYHUHGLQ+RZHYHUWKHVH KDYHQRWEHHQVHHQVLQFHDQGPD\KDYHGLVDSSHDUHGGXHWRWKH 1.7.1. Underwater archaeology, maritime archaeology ongoing erosion in that part of the Burgzand.111 and cultural heritage management 7KHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUZHFDQPDQDJHRXUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO BZN 17 UHVRXUFHLVEURDGDQGQHHGVWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGRQPDQ\OHYHOV This wreck is probably a seventeenth-century ship, discovered by 8VLQJWKHH[LVWLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHF\FOH )LJ IRU ORFDOGLYHUVLQ )LJ $TXLFNVXUYH\LQLQIRUPHGXV JXLGDQFHDQGWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDVDWHVWDUHD,ZLOOǌUVW that a fairly well-preserved shipwreck was lying upright on its keel ORRNDWZKDWWKHUHVRXUFHVHQFRPSDVV7RPDNHWKHUHVRXUFHV LQWKHVHGLPHQWSUHVHUYHGXSWRWKHǌUVWGHFN7KLVLVTXLWH ŞNQRZQDQGXQNQRZQRUSRWHQWLDOUHVRXUFHVŞYLVLEOH,ZLOOXVHD XQLTXHLQDG\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQWVXFKDVWKH:DGGHQ6HD QHZPHWKRGFDOOHGWKH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HW /RFDOO\REVHUYHGGHHSKROHVLQGLFDWHWKDWVRPHLOOHJDOH[FDYDWLRQ +*06 has taken place through the protective sand and even the clay OD\HU7KLVKDVPDGHWKHZUHFNHVSHFLDOO\YXOQHUDEOHWRPHFKDQL- The resources have their value but are under threat. Only by FDOFKHPLFDODQGELRORJLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ112 The local divers have UHYHDOLQJWKHPFDQZHPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKLVWKUHDW0RVWRIWKH VDOYDJHGH[WUHPHO\ZHOOSUHVHUYHGFORWKLQJSRVVLEO\LQFOXGLQJD WKUHDWVKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQH[WHQVLYHO\UHVHDUFKHGGXULQJWKH Royal British dress.113 VXFFHVVLYH(8SURMHFWVPHQWLRQHGLQ6HFWLRQDQGWKH PHWKRGVXVHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHDQGPHDVXUHWKHKXPDQLPSDFW

109 9RV VKLSZUHFNVKHGVOLJKWRQSORWWRSDZQFURZQMHZHOV DFFHVVHG 110 6HHDOVR9RVŞ0DQGHUV 114 Own observations by author. 111 6HHDOVR9RVŞDQG%UHQN 0DQGHUVŞ 115$VPXFKFRQWLQXHVWRRFFXULQWKHDUHDZKLOHZULWLQJDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKH 1126HHDOVR&KDSWHU PRVWUHFHQWGDWHXVHGIRUWKHVLVLV-DQXDU\ 113KWWSVZZZWKHJXDUGLDQFRPZRUOGDSU\HDUROGGUHVVIRXQGLQ

34 1. General introduction

Fig. 1.20 Site plan of the BZN 14 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

DQGHVSHFLDOO\ELRORJLFDOPHFKDQLFDODQGFKHPLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ VRLOš117$OWKRXJKWKHVHGHǌQLWLRQVGLǋHUERWKHQWDLOWKHHǋRUWWR KDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG,QWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH UHFRQVWUXFWSDVWOLIHDQGEHKDYLRXUWKURXJKWKHVWXG\RIPDWHULDO SULRULWL]LQJLVRIFUXFLDOLPSRUWDQFH$VDEDVHOLQHIRUGRLQJWKLV VRXUFHVDQGUHVRXUFHV$UFKDHRORJ\FDQDOVREHGHVFULEHGDVD KHULWDJHPDQDJHUVQHHGWKRURXJKNQRZOHGJHRIWKHH[DFW WRROER[RIPHWKRGVDQGWHFKQLTXHVDYDLODEOHWRXVIRUWKH locations of underwater heritage, the values attributed to this LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHSK\VLFDOUHPQDQWVRUWUDFHVRIKXPDQNLQG heritage and the factors and actors that threaten its survival and ZLWKWKHDLPRIJDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHDERXWRXUSDVW118 These VXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQW7KLVDOOIRUPVWKHEDVLVIRUPDNLQJD GHǌQLWLRQVHTXDOO\VXLWDUFKDHRORJ\RQODQGDQGXQGHUZDWHU GHFLVLRQEHWZHHQSUHVHUYLQJDVLWHLQVLWXRUH[VLWXRUQRWWDNLQJ action at all. $VH[SODLQHGLQ6HFWLRQXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DVD VXEGLVFLSOLQHRIDUFKDHRORJ\FDQEHGHVFULEHGLQWHUPVRIWKH ([VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQZKLFKDFWXDOO\LQYROYHVWKHVDIHJXDUGLQJRI PHWKRGVDQGWHFKQLTXHVZHXVHWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKRVHVLWHVWKDW WKHUHVRXUFHLVDUFKDHRORJLFDOO\GRQHWKURXJKH[FDYDWLRQLQRQH are presently situated under water, be it shipwrecks, inundated IRUPRUDQRWKHU,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQHQWDLOVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRI FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVDQGVHWWOHPHQWV HYHQHQWLUHFLWLHV RUHYHQ DVLWHLQWKHSODFHZKHUHUHPDLQVKDYHEHHQIRXQG7KLVLVRQHRI DHURSODQHV8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\LVWKXVGHǌQHGLQD WKHGULYHUVLQLPSRUWDQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUHDWLHVVXFKDVWKDWRI WHFKQLFDOVHQVHDVDPHWKRGRORJLFDOVXEGLVFLSOLQHRI 9DOOHWWDDQGWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH archaeology. 8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH1HYHUWKHOHVVZKLOHEHLQJVR SURPLQHQWLQRǎFLDOPDQDJHPHQWSROLF\DQGIRUPDOWUHDWLHVLWLV 0DULWLPHDUFKDHRORJ\LVWKHVHWRIWKHRULHVFRQFHSWVPHWKRGV LPSRUWDQWWRFULWLFDOO\FRQVLGHUWKHŠLQVLWXSDUDGLJPšIRUXQGHU- and techniques that we use to investigate the role of water and ZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW,VLWDSDQDFHDRUZRQGHUSLOO ZDWHUV\VWHPVDVFRQQHFWRUVRISDVWVRFLHWLHVDQGDVDPHDQVRI )LJ "7KLVZLOOEHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKHOLJKWRIWKHWKUHDWVWR OLYLQJDQGDVVXFKDVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHFXOWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW DQGSRWHQWLDORIWKHPDULWLPHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH RISDVWKXPDQVRFLHWLHV0DULWLPHDUFKDHRORJ\FRQVLVWVRIWKH UHVRXUFHLQWKHVWXG\DUHD%HIRUHH[SODLQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJ study of shipwrecks, but also of canals, harbours, natural water WKLVJHQHUDOPHWKRGRORJ\LQWKHFKDSWHUVWKDWIROORZLQWKLV V\VWHPV ULYHUVODNHVHWF DQGRWKHUVWUXFWXUHVWKDWUHODWHWRWKH VHFWLRQ,ǌUVWGLVFXVVVRPHNH\FRQFHSWVWKDWǌJXUHSURPLQHQWO\ GLYHUVHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQKXPDQVRFLHWLHVDQGZDWHU119 LQWKHǌHOG0HWKRGRORJLFDOFRQFHSWVWKDWUHODWHWRWKHSUDFWLFDO LVVXHRISUHVHUYDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHR- $OWKRXJKRIWHQFRPSOHPHQWDU\XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQG ORJLFDOUHVRXUFHVZLOOEHLQWURGXFHGEULHǍ\LQ6HFWLRQ PDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDUHQRWH[DFWO\WKHVDPH8QGHUZDWHU archaeology studies sites that happen to be under water at the $UFKDHRORJ\FDQEHGHVFULEHGDVŠ>W@KHV\VWHPDWLFVWXG\RISDVW WLPHRILQYHVWLJDWLRQEXWZKLFKDUHLQSULQFLSOHQRWQHFHVVDULO\ KXPDQOLIHDQGFXOWXUHE\WKHUHFRYHU\DQGH[DPLQDWLRQRI UHODWHGWRWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQKXPDQV UHPDLQLQJPDWHULDOHYLGHQFHVXFKDVJUDYHVEXLOGLQJVWRROVDQG and water. The fact they are presently situated in underwater SRWWHU\š116RUDVWKDWZKLFKŠVWXGLHVDVSHFWVRIKXPDQOLIHLQWKH FRQWH[WVPD\EHDFRLQFLGHQFH HJGXHWRVHDOHYHOULVHRUWKH SDVWWKURXJKWKHPDWHULDOUHPDLQVZKLFKDUHRIWHQFRQFHDOHGE\ recent construction of lakes).

1167KH$PHULFDQ+HULWDJH'LFWLRQDU\RIWKH(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH)RXUWK(GLWLRQ DFFHVVHG $FFHVVHGIURPKWWSZZZWKHIUHHGLFWLRQDU\FRPDUFKDHRORJ\ 118:LWKWKHWHUPŠWRROER[š,ZDQWWRPDNHDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHŞLQP\YLHZŞ 1177KHIXOORULJLQDO'XWFKGHǌQLWLRQWKDW,KDYHXVHGŠ$UFKHRORJLHEHVWXGHHUW LQFRUUHFWDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHZRUGŠDUFKDHRORJ\šZLWKWKHSK\VLFDOREMHFWVDQGWUDFHVLQ DVSHFWHQYDQ PHQVHOLMNHVDPHQOHYLQJHQLQKHWYHUOHGHQRSJURQGYDQPDWHULOH WKHVRLOŠ$UFKDHRORJ\šFRQFHUQVWKHSURIHVVLRQWKHKDQGOLQJWKHDFWLYLW\RI UHVWHQ YRQGVWHQERGHPVSRUHQ GLHYDDNGRRUGHERGHPDDQKHWRRJRQWWURNNHQ investigating and reconstructing on the basis of these physical objects. ]LMQ ERGHPDUFKLHI .HQPHUNHQGLVGHPHWKRGHYDQKHWRXGKHLGNXQGLJ 119 6HHIRUDPRUHGHWDLOHGGHǌQLWLRQ&KDSWHU ERGHPRQGHU]RHN RSJUDYHQ šRQKWWSZZZHQF\FORQOEHJULSDUFKHRORJLH

35 Fig. 1.21 Site plan of the BZN 15 wreck. Figure: courtesy M. Manders/RCE.

0DULWLPHVLWHVRQWKHFRQWUDU\PD\HYHQEHVLWXDWHGRQODQGEXW well.1240DWHULDOREMHFWVPD\DSSHDUPHDQLQJOHVVE\WKHPVHOYHV DUHGHǌQHGDVSDUWRIWKHKLVWRULFDOŠPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQG- RQO\GHULYLQJWKHLUYDOXHLPSRUWDQFHDQGPHDQLQJIURPWKH VFDSHš1207KHPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHFRPSULVHVWKHHQWLUH QDUUDWLYHVPHPRULHVDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKWKHLUKLVWRULFDO network of sailing routes, old as well as new, with ports and FRQWH[WDQGWKHFXOWXUDOYDOXHVWKDWDUHFXUUHQWO\DWWDFKHGWR harbours along the coast, and the related constructions and PDWHULDOWUDFHVLQWKHSUHVHQW+HULWDJHLVRIWHQDOVRGHVFULEHGDV UHPQDQWVRIKXPDQDFWLYLW\XQGHUZDWHUDVZHOODVWHUUHVWULDO121 It FROOHFWLYHPHPRU\DVDVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWVKDSHGE\WKHSROLWLFDO FRQFHUQVWKHXVHRIPDULWLPHVSDFHE\ERDWVDQGRWKHUWUDQVSRUW HFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOFRQFHUQVRIWKHSUHVHQW125 The current PHFKDQLVPVWKDWPDNHXVHRIZDWHU,WFRPSULVHVWKHUHIRUHQRW PHDQLQJVDQGYDOXHVRIDQFLHQWREMHFWVFDQDOVREHVKDSHGE\ RQO\VKLSZUHFNVEXWDOVRVHWWOHPHQWVDVZHOODVǌVKLQJKXQWLQJ recent notions of nationality, religion, ethnicity, class, wealth, and shipping activities in the broader sense and their attendant JHQGHUDQGSHUVRQDOKLVWRU\:LWKVXFKDYDULHW\RISDUDPHWHUV VXEFXOWXUHVVXFKDVSLORWDJHOLJKWKRXVHVDQGVHDPDUNPDLQ- WKDWGHWHUPLQHZKDWKHULWDJHLVLWPLJKWEHEHWWHUQRWWRWDON tenance.122 Moreover, it not only consists of artefacts, sites and DERXWKHULWDJHLQWKHVLQJXODUEXWDERXWKHULWDJHV)RUWKHVDNH DUWLǌFLDOVWUXFWXUHVWKDWUHODWHWRZDWHUDVDQLPSRUWDQWPDWHULDO RIFODULW\KRZHYHULQWKLVVWXG\,ZLOOWDONDERXWŠKHULWDJHšSHUKDSV UHVRXUFHIRUDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKHPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQG- QRWDVDSOXUDOEXWDVDFROOHFWLYHQRXQ+HULWDJHLVWKXVD VFDSHLVDOVRLQWDQJLEOHFRJQLWLYHRULQGLFDWLYH$QDUHDPD\EH co-creation of past and present and is therefore open to valued highly due to traditions and potential use. FRQVWDQWQHJRWLDWLRQUHYLVLRQDQGDSSURSULDWLRQ+HULWDJHLVDOVR VXEMHFWWRDFRQWLQXRXVSURFHVVRILQFOXVLRQH[FOXVLRQDQG 0DULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRǋHUVXVDUHOLFDQGLVDQH[SUHVVLRQRI contestation.126 WKHZD\VRIOLYLQJGHYHORSHGE\DFRPPXQLW\LQUHODWLRQWRZDWHU V\VWHPVZKLFKDUHSDVVHGRQIURPJHQHUDWLRQWRJHQHUDWLRQ )RUDOOWKHVHUHDVRQVKHULWDJHLVLQKHUHQWO\FRPSOH[127 This LQFOXGLQJFXVWRPVSUDFWLFHVSODFHVREMHFWVDUWLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQV HYLGHQWO\PDNHVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWDFRPSOH[ DQGYDOXHV&XOWXUDOKHULWDJHRIWHQWDNHVWKHIRUPRILQWDQJLEOHRU FKDOOHQJHDVZHOOQRWRQO\IURPDWHFKQLFDOEXWDOVRIURPVRFLDO tangible resources.123$VH[SODLQHGDERYHWKLVVWXG\IRFXVHV SROLWLFDODQGFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHV$OWKRXJKWKHUHVHDUFKIRUWKLV SUHGRPLQDQWO\RQWKHWDQJLEOHDVSHFWWKHSK\VLFDOKHULWDJHRI WKHVLVLQLWLDOO\VWDUWHGIURPHYLGHQFHEDVHGDQGVFLHQWLǌF WKHPDULWLPHSDVWDQGRUPDWHULDOKHULWDJHWKDWLVORFDWHGXQGHU DSSURDFKHVWKLVVWXG\WDNHVWKLVFRPSOH[QDWXUHVHULRXVO\DVZLOO water. Tangible heritage can, however, only be interpreted EHFRPHFOHDUWKURXJKRXW&KDSWHUVWR properly by taking its intangible aspects into consideration as

1206HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHGULHGXSULYHUVLQWKH'XWFKODQGVFDSHWKDWFRQWDLQPDQ\ 124'HDFRQ VKLSZUHFNVIURPSUHKLVWRULF5RPDQDQGPHGLHYDOWLPHV 1253HFNKDP 121 Westerdahl 1992, 6. 126$VKZRUWKHWDO 122 Westerdahl 1992, 5. 127*UDKDP +RZDUG 123,&2026

36 1. General introduction

,QGHDOLQJZLWKWKHŠRYHUODSšEHWZHHQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH DQGPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH )LJ SUHGRPLQDQWO\ concerning shipwrecks that are situated under water, the UHVHDUFKSD\VVSHFLǌFDQGV\VWHPDWLFDWWHQWLRQWRVLWHVLQWKH FRQWH[WRIWKHLUXQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQW7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK WKHHQYLURQPHQWLVHVVHQWLDOWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJHDFKLQGLYLGXDO VLWH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQHDFKZUHFNDQGLWVHQYLURQPHQW FDQWHOOXVVRPHWKLQJDERXWZK\WKHVKLSVXQNLQWKDWDUHDZKDWLW was doing there, why it was discovered when it was, and the UHDVRQIRULWVFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQQRWWRPHQWLRQSRVVLEOHIXWXUH threats to the site and possible future accessibility. The link with WKHHQYLURQPHQWDOVRDGGVWRWKHRYHUDOOYDOXHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO VLWH0RUHVSHFLǌFDOO\LWPD\DOVRLQǍXHQFHWKHYDOXHSHRSOH attach to a site. Local traditions, social connections with an area DQGWKHSRWHQWLDORUFXUUHQWXVHRIDVLWHRUDQDUHDLQǍXHQFHLWV KLVWRULFDODQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLJQLǌFDQFH Fig. 1.23 The relationship between maritime, underwater and shipwreck archaeology. Graphic M. Manders. 6KLSZUHFNVLQWKHPVHOYHVDUHHVVHQWLDOO\VHHQDVŠWLPHFDSVXOHVš DQGWKHLULQIRUPDWLYHVWUHQJWKLVWKHDVVHPEODJHYDOXHRIDOOWKH associated objects: the ship itself, its inventory, personal DQGTXDOLW\FDQRQO\EHLQGLFDWHGE\DSSUR[LPDWLRQGHGXFHG belongings and cargo collectively.128 Shipwrecks are thus seen IURPRXUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHNQRZQUHVRXUFHV7KLVLVDOVRWKH DVOLWWOHŠ3RPSHLLVš,QDZD\WKLVLVWUXHIRUPDQ\VKLSZUHFNVLQ UHDVRQZK\WKHVHDUHDOVRRIILFLDOO\FODVVLILHGDVŠSUHGLFWHG particular those ships which sank in a singular event. Much of UHVRXUFHVš130 WKHPDWHULDOZHQRZǌQGRQWKHVLWHLVUHODWHGWRWKDWRQHHYHQW +RZHYHUSRVWGHSRVLWLRQDOSURFHVVHVPD\KDYHGLVWXUEHGWKLV 1.7.2 In-situ preservation, protection, stabilization and RULJLQDOSDWWHUQDQGPD\DOVREHUHJDUGHGDVSDUWRIWKHKLVWRU\ conservation RIWKHVLWH7DNLQJDORQJHUWHUPSHUVSHFWLYHRQVLWHVFUHDWHV Throughout this thesis I will discuss in-situ preservation and ORQJHUDQGPRUHFRQWLQXRXVVWRULHVRIWKHREMHFWZHDUH LQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ7KHUHDUHGLǋHUHQFHVLQWKHGHǌQLWLRQRIWKHVH LQYHVWLJDWLQJDQGSUHVHUYLQJ7KLVSRVHVTXHVWLRQVWKDWPD\ concepts.131:KLOHŠLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQšFRQFHUQVDQRYHUDUFKLQJ UHODWHWRWKHDIWHUOLYHVRIVSHFLǌFHYHQWV RIZKLFKDVKLSZUHFN approach to keeping the sites at the location where they have PD\KDYHDORWWRVD\ RUWRWKHKLVWRULHVRIODUJHUDUHDVRYHUD been discovered regardless of any physical or legal action taken, ORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH,QGLYLGXDOVKLSZUHFNVIRUH[DPSOHDUH ŠLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQšFRQFHUQVPRUHDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWLQWKLV also part of a larger history. Every shipwreck has its own story (or process.1323URWHFWLQJDVLWHPHDQVWDNLQJDFWLRQRUPHDVXUHVWR PXOWLSOHVWRULHV WRWHOOEXWLVIRUH[DPSOHDOVRFRQQHFWHGDQG prevent further deterioration and loss. This can be done by part of the history of a larger area or period. They are physically PHDQVRIDUWLǌFLDOFRYHULQJUHEXULDORUE\DSSO\LQJODZ133 Other DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DWWDFKHGWRDSDUWLFXODUIRUPHURUFXUUHQW WHUPVWKDWDUHRIWHQXVHGLQUHODWLRQWRSURWHFWLRQDUHŠVWDELOL]D- VHDULYHURUODNHEHGDQGWKURXJKWKHLUFRPPRQSDVWGLǋHUHQW WLRQšRUŠFRQVHUYDWLRQš7KHVHHQWDLODFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWDVZHOO sites can be historically connected as well. EXWVWDELOL]DWLRQDOVRLPSOLHVWKDWWKHIRFXVLVRQWKHFXUUHQW FRQGLWLRQLWGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\HQWDLOLPSURYHPHQWVRQO\ When we talk about sites, individual shipwrecks, we can refer ensuring the situation does not deteriorate. Stabilization and to those as resources to learn about our past. The sites we FRQVHUYDWLRQWKHUHIRUHPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWFKDQJHEXWGRQRW know, are known resources. These known resources can be LQLWLDWHFKDQJHGHYHORSPHQWRUHPSRZHUPHQW2QHPD\ GLYLGHGLQWRWKHFDWHJRULHVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPQDQWVLQVLWX FRQVLGHUWKLVDQLQWHULPDFWLRQPHUHO\WRHQVXUHWKHVLWHGRHV DQGWKHVLWHVWKDWKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQH[FDYDWHG129 The QRWGHWHULRUDWH+RZHYHUXOWLPDWHO\VWDELOL]DWLRQRIDVLWHPD\EH unknown resources are those of which the location, nature, all that is done, with no further action taken.134&RQVHUYDWLRQPD\ age and quality have not yet been established. The quantity EHFRQVLGHUHGWREHPXFKWKHVDPHDVVWDELOL]DWLRQEXWVXJ-

1286HHIRUWKH3RPSHLLSUHPLVH%LQIRUG DVDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWDOWKRXJKSUDFWLFHVKRZVRWKHUZLVH6HHIRUH[DPSOH 129'HHEHQHWDO 2UWPDQQ 130'HHEHQHWDO6HHDOVR&KDSWHU 133 6HHDOVR&KDSWHU 1316HHDOVR&KDSWHU 134&RQVHUYDWLRQDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQUHTXLUHPDQDJHPHQWLQYROYLQJEDVHOLQHVWXG\ 132$OWKRXJKWKHVHDUHWKHGHǌQLWLRQVRISUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQWKDW,XVH H[WHQVLYHPRQLWRULQJDQGDFWLRQVVXFKDVDIROORZXSWRPDLQWDLQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH opinions are not consistent throughout the literature. Often preservation is regarded VLWH6HHDOVR0DDUOHYHOGHWDO

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

UHODWLRQWRLPSURYLQJWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQDQGKRSHIXOO\WKH FRQGLWLRQRIWKHVLWHZKLOHŠVWDELOL]DWLRQšZLOOUHIHUWRDFXUUHQW VLWXDWLRQWKDWLVEHLQJPDLQWDLQHG

1.8 Structure of the thesis In the following chapters, the Western Wadden Sea, its cultural historical richness and all the processes, factors and actors WKUHDWHQLQJLWZLOOEHGHDOWZLWKVHSDUDWHO\&KDSWHUZLOOH[SORUH ZKHWKHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRJDLQPRUHVRXQGNQRZOHGJHRIWKH presence of underwater cultural heritage in the Western Wadden Sea. The chapter focuses on the richness of what has already Fig. 1.24 Is in-situ preservation a panacea or wonder-pill? EHHQGLVFRYHUHG7KURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDODQGVFDSH Figure: courtesy M. Manders. DSSURDFKWRWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDQGLQWURGXFLQJWKHQHZ+LVWRULFDO JHVWVPRUHDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWWRFRQVROLGDWHRULPSURYHWKH *HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HW +*06 WKHFKDSWHUDWWHPSWVWR situation for a longer period. GHYHORSDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHODQGVFDSHDQGLWVVXEPHUJHG FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH7KHSDUDPHWHUVWKDWLQǍXHQFHWKLVODQGVFDSH )RUDOOWKHVHUHDVRQV,ZLOOXVHWKHWHUPŠLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQš will be investigated and its relationship with the known and also ZKHQWDONLQJDERXWWKHRYHUDOODLPRIOHDYLQJVLWHVZKHUHWKH\ WKHSRWHQWLDOKHULWDJHZLOOEHH[SODLQHG7KHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWR KDYHEHHQIRXQGZKHWKHUWKLVPHDQVOHDYLQJWKHVLWHVXQPRQL- predict the presence of still undiscovered shipwrecks in the WRUHGDSSO\LQJOHJDOPHWKRGVRUDFWLYHFRQVHUYDWLRQRUVWDELOL]D- seabed will also be answered, including how we can develop a WLRQRIWKHVLWH7KHZRUGŠSURWHFWLRQšZLOOEHXVHGRQO\ZKHQ PHWKRGWRFUHDWHDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIXQGHUZDWHU DFWLRQVDUHGHVFULEHGŠ&RQVHUYDWLRQšZLOOVSHFLǌFDOO\EHXVHGLQ cultural heritage through desk top research.

Fig. 1.25 A diver with Surface Supply Equipment (SSE) at the BZN 10 wreck. Lots of sediment is suspended in the water. Currents take and deposit the SURWHFWLYHOD\HURIVHGLPHQWRQWKHVHDEHG3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH

1. General introduction

7KHG\QDPLFVRIWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDSRVHLQWHUHVWLQJ challenges for the prediction process but also act as a preserver RIRUDJJUHVVRUWRZDUGVXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH )LJ &KDSWHULVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHWKUHDWVWRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO heritage. The known and unknown resources, particularly in the :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDZLOOEHWKHPDLQVXEMHFWRIUHVHDUFK7KH WKUHDWVZLOOEHGLYLGHGLQWRPHFKDQLFDOELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQG KXPDQDQWKURSRJHQHWKUHDWV7KH\DUHLQIDFWFORVHO\DVVRFLD- WHGZLWKWKHFKDQJHVRFFXUULQJRQVLWH+HQFHWKHPRUHVWDEOHD VLWHLVWKHEHWWHULWVQDWXUDOSURWHFWLRQ&KDSWHUSUHVHQWVDQ LQYHQWRU\RIWKHWKUHDWVZKLOHDOVRDWWHPSWLQJWRIRUPXODWH PHDVXUHVWRPDQDJHDQGPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHVHWKUHDWV7KH G\QDPLFVRIWKHVHDEHGDUHGHDOWZLWKVSHFLǌFDOO\DVWKHVHSRVH a big challenge for in-situ protection.

%HIRUHZHVWDUWHQJDJLQJLQDQ\DFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWWRPLWLJDWH against change and thus the threats, we need to ask why we want WRSUHVHUYHVLWHVLQVLWX"7KHUHDVRQWRGRWKLVPD\DOVRKDYH LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHZD\ZHSUHVHUYHDQGSURWHFWDVLWH7KLVZLOO EHGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHU

+RZZHFDQSUHVHUYHVLWHVDQGWKXVPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKUHDWVDQG the kind of techniques that are available will be discussed in &KDSWHU+HUHZHZLOOORRNLQWRWKHTXHVWLRQVRIZKHWKHULQVLWX PDQDJHPHQWLVDSDQDFHDRUPDJLFSLOOIRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH PDQDJHPHQWDQGZKHWKHULWLVWKHULJKWVROXWLRQIRUWKHULFK underwater cultural resources in the Western Wadden Sea.

,Q&KDSWHUDQLPSRUWDQWDQGRIWHQIRUJRWWHQVWHSLQXQGHUZD- WHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLVGLVFXVVHGŞWKHLVVXHRI PRQLWRULQJ6LWHVWKDWDUHSUHVHUYHGDQGSURWHFWHGLQVLWXZLOOEH LQYHVWLJDWHGRYHUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH7KHFKDSWHUZLOOH[SORUH the duration of in-situ protection, how we know a site will further GHWHULRUDWHDQGZKDWNLQGRIHTXLSPHQWZHQHHGWRXVHWR PRQLWRUWKHVLWHV

We could leave sites on the seabed for future generations, or ZLWKRXWDQ\QRWLRQRIZKDWWRGRZLWKWKHP+RZHYHUZHPLJKW DOVRPDNHXVHRIWKHLUULFKQHVVDQGWKHEHDXW\&KDSWHUZLOOEH devoted to the question of the accessibility of sites and the LQYROYHPHQWRIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV+RZPLJKWZHEULQJVLWHV to the public and the public to the sites?

,QWKHFRQFOXVLRQSUHVHQWHGLQ&KDSWHUWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV will be answered separately. The overarching questions: ‘Is in-situ preservation a viable option in the management of the underwater archaeological resource?’; ‘Is in-situ preservation a panacea for XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW"śDQGPRUHVSHFLƥFDOO\ ‘Is in-situ preservation the solution for cultural heritage management in the Wadden Sea?’, will be answered here using the data DQGNQRZOHGJHSUHVHQWHGLQ&KDSWHUVWR

39 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage: the Historical Geomorphological Map Set

for the Wadden Sea M. Manders. Photo: area. the Burgzand at wreck on a 2.1 Buoy Fig.

2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

2. Developing a landscape approach to under water cultural heritage: the Historical Geomorphological Map Set for the Wadden Sea

2.1 Introduction: the necessity of a new approach KDYHFRPSOHWHO\RUSDUWLDOO\GLVDSSHDUHGGXHWRKHDY\HURVLRQ For much of its history, archaeological heritage management 7KHSUREOHPLVWKDWDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVDQGHVSHFLDOO\XQGHUZD- has been a reactive endeavour.1 Heritage management in the ter archaeological sites, are not easily seen and, unfortunately, are Netherlands is no exception to this rule. Until the mid-1990s, WKXVQRWQDWXUDOO\WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQPDQDJLQJDUHDV recommendations on how to deal with heritage in the Netherlands were based on well-documented heritage It is not easy to capture the known underwater cultural heritage in locations, or ‘known resources’.2 Starting in 1992, these DVLQJOHWZRGLPHQVLRQDOPDS7REHDEOHWRSUHGLFWDUHDVRI locations could be requested via the National Archaeological LQWHUHVWZHQHHGWRFRPELQHDODUJHDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXW Database System, ARCHIS, but also via other data collections WKHDUHDIURPGLǋHUHQWWLPHSHULRGV%\XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKH of variable reliability.3 However, in addition to the fact that appearance and the daily use of the area in the past and present some of the data were less reliable than others (especially ZHFDQPDNHVRPHSUHGLFWLRQVDERXWZKHUHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH with regard to the exact location of sites), it quickly became PLJKWOLHLQWKHWHUUDLQ clear that the known heritage sites were just a fraction of the heritage that remained hidden underground in the 7KHGDWDIRUWKLVFRPHVIURPGLǋHUHQWVRXUFHVFROOHFWHGIRU Netherlands. This unknown or ‘potential’ heritage was PDQ\GLǋHUHQWSXUSRVHVE\PDQ\GLǋHUHQWSHRSOHDQGRUJDQL]D- thought to be many times larger than the known heritage.4 WLRQV7KHGDWDLVWKHUHIRUHQRWXQLIRUPIRUHYHU\DUHDDQGHYHU\ period.5 7KHTXDOLW\RIWKHGDWDDOVRGLǋHUVDVWRZKHQDQGKRZLW 0DULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDUHDOVRVWURQJO\ was collected and the degree of accuracy.66RPHVHWVRIGDWDDUH FRQQHFWHGWRWKHODQGVFDSH6SHFLǌFODQGVFDSHTXDOLWLHV DOVRPRUHLPSRUWDQWIRURQHSHULRGWKDQIRUDQRWKHU7KLVLV LGHQWLǌHGE\SHRSOHGHWHUPLQHWKHXVHRIDQDUHD7KHQHHGDQG EHFDXVHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHJHRORJLFDODQGPRUSKRORJLFDO ZLOOLQJQHVVWRXVHDVSHFLǌFDUHDKDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKHZD\WKDWLW FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHWHUUDLQFDQKHOSGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHU PD\KDYHEHHQDOWHUHGE\SHRSOHWREHWWHUǌWWKHODQGVFDSHWR prehistoric sites (previously on dry land) are present in the area or their needs. We can use such links to connect individual sites and not, while knowledge of the use of the water and the adjacent WKHODQGVFDSH7KURXJKWKHŠUHDGLQJšRIUHFHQWDQGSDVWODQG- FRDVWOLQHVDQGWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKH+RORFHQHVDQGOD\HUVDUH VFDSHVZHPD\EHDEOHWRSUHGLFWZKHUHZHFDQH[SHFWWKHVWLOO essential to the understanding of shipping and trade in the later unknown sites to lie. This is the reason why a new tool, the SHULRGV7KXVZLWKDYDULHW\RIPDSVZHFDQJDLQDQLQVLJKWLQWR +LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HW +*06 KDVEHHQ GHYHORSHG7KH+*06DSSURDFKHVXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH RQDODQGVFDSHVFDOH,QWKLVZD\LWIDFLOLWDWHVWKHPDNLQJRISHULRG DQGDUHDVSHFLǌFODQGVFDSHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQV SDODHRJHRJUDSK\ By reading and interpreting the landscape we can understand KRZSHRSOHPD\KDYHXVHGLW%HORZ,ZLOOH[SODLQKRZWKH+*06 was developed and how it can be used.

7KHVHDEHGDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHQRWRQO\FRQVLVWVRIWKH cultural heritage we already know about. There is a lot of potential WKDWKDVQRWEHHQGLVFRYHUHG7KLVSRWHQWLDOKHULWDJHPD\EH FRYHUHGE\PHWUHVRIVDQGDQGFOD\GHSRVLWHGRQWRSRULWPD\

16HHDOVR&KDSWHUDQG*RXOG+DPHUVYHOG0DQGHUV 7LOEXUJ 2 'HHEHQ 37KHVHLQFOXGH:UDN6\VDGDWDEDVHV\VWHPWKDWUHFRUGVWKHORFDWLRQVRIWHQVRI WKRXVDQGVRIVKLSZUHFNVXQFRYHUHGWKURXJKWKHHǋRUWVRIDQXPEHURIDPDWHXU archaeologists (Ruggenberg 1995). 4 7KHVHGLǋHUHQFHVDUHDOVRSURQRXQFHGDEURDG)RUH[DPSOH+LVWRULF(QJODQGXVHVD chart of shipwrecks listing 53 historic Designated Wreck Sites. These only include protected shipwrecks (https://www.historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/ FRQVHQWVSURWHFWHGZUHFNVLWHVDFFHVVHG $QRWKHUFKDUWFRPSLOHG E\DSULYDWHSDUW\FRQWDLQVWKRXVDQGVRIVXQNHQVKLSVPDQ\RIZKLFKKDYHQHYHU EHHQORFDOL]HG KWWSZZZVKLSZUHFNVXNFRPLQIRBKWPDFFHVVHG 6HHDOVR0DQGHUV 5 6HH&KDSWHU Fig. 2.2 Indicative Map of Archaeological Values (IKAW), 1997 version. Figure: courtesy RCE. 66HH&KDSWHUIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKLVVHHDOVR:LHPHU

41 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

WKHIRUPHUXVHRIWKHODQGVFDSHDQGE\KLQGFDVWLQJDQGIRUHFDV- 7KH,.$:ZDVEDVHGRQDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHJLRQV WLQJZHFDQPDNHGHFLVLRQVRQZKLFKDUHDKDVZKDWSUREDELOLW\RI ŠDUFKDHRUHJLRQVš 8GHǌQHGLQWKHGLJLWDOJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOPDS9 FRQWDLQLQJZHOOSUHVHUYHGVLWHV7KHVLWHVEHFRPHSUHGLFWDEOH WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOREVHUYDWLRQVUHFRUGHGLQ$5&+,6DQGH[SHUW DQGŠYLVLEOHšZLWKRXWXVQHHGLQJWRJRWRWKHSODFHLWVHOI NQRZOHGJHRQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOGDWDIRUHDFK DUFKDHRORJLFDOUHJLRQ )LJ 107KHUHVXOWZDVDǍDWWZRGLPHQ- 7KHUHDOL]DWLRQWKDWWKH1HWKHUODQGVšFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZDVUDSLGO\ VLRQDOPDSLQGLFDWLQJ]RQHVZLWKDKLJKPHGLXPRUORZ disappearing without anyone studying or even seeing it provided OHYHORIH[SHFWHGDUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXH7KHDQDO\VLVFRQGXFWHG WKHLPSHWXVIRUDVXUYH\RIWKHKHULWDJHWKDWKDGQRW\HWEHHQ IRUHDFKDUHDUHOLHGDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\RQJHRORJLFDODQGVRLO GLVFRYHUHGWKDWLVLWVŠXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVš,QWKH&XOWXUDO VXUYH\LQIRUPDWLRQ,QWKHDUHDVZKHUHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQZDV +HULWDJH$JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV7PDGHLWVǌUVWDWWHPSWWR lacking, in built-up areas such as cities and villages, it was not GHYHORSDQDWLRQDOPDSRIH[SHFWHGǌQGVWKH,QGLFDWLYH0DSRI SRVVLEOHWRSURYLGHVXFKDQLQGLFDWLRQ$UHDVXQGHUZDWHUZHUH $UFKDHRORJLFDO9DOXH ,.$: 7KLVPDSZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ FRPSOHWHO\DEVHQWIURPWKHPDSDQGUHFHQWGLVWXUEDQFHVLQWKH )LJ VRLOZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHH[SHFWDWLRQYDOXDWLRQV7KLVSURGXFW WKHUHIRUHKDGVHYHUDOOLPLWDWLRQVDOWKRXJKLWVFUHDWRUVGLG DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVHOLPLWDWLRQVDWWKHWLPHRISXEOLFDWLRQ11

7KHVHFRQGYHUVLRQRIWKH,.$:ZKLFKZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ LQFOXGHGVXUYH\VRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHPDLQV12)RU DUHDVXQGHUZDWHUWKHPDSXVHVJHRORJLFDOK\GURJUDSKLFDQG JHRPRUSKRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHFRPELQHG with data collected via underwater archaeological observations. %DVHGRQWKLVDQDO\VLVWKHH[SHFWHGSUHVHQFHRIVLWHVLVFODVVHG LQWRRQHRIWKUHHFDWHJRULHVORZPHGLXPRUKLJK7KHVHYDOXHV ZHUHGHWHUPLQHGIRUǌYHPDULWLPHDUFKDHRUHJLRQVWKH ,-VVHOPHHU0DUNHUPHHU LQFOXGLQJWKHSROGHUV WKH:DGGHQ6HD WKHRXWHUGHOWDWKHFRDVWDO]RQHDQGWKHFRQWLQHQWDOSODWH )LJb 13

Fig. 2.3 Archaeo-regions in the Netherlands. Figure: courtesy RCE.

76XFFHVVRUWRWKH1HWKHUODQGV$UFKDHRORJLFDO)LHOG6XUYH\$JHQF\ 52% 7KLV consideration the geological archive in general. DJHQF\ZDVDEVRUEHGE\WKH1HWKHUODQGV$JHQF\IRU$UFKDHRORJ\&XOWXUDO 9'HGLJLWDOHJHRPRUIRORJLVFKHNDDUWYDQ1HGHUODQGKWWSZZZZDJHQLQJHQXUQOQO /DQGVFDSHVDQG0RQXPHQWV 5$&0 ZKLFKODWHUEHFDPHWKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH VKRZ*HRPRUIRORJLVFKHNDDUWKWP DFFHVVHG $JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV 5&( )RUWKHVDNHRIFODULW\WKLVWKHVLVXVHVWKH 10'HHEHQ DEEUHYLDWLRQ5&(WRUHIHUWRDOORIWKHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQV 11'HHEHQHWDOŞ 8$QDUFKDHRUHJLRQLVDQDUHDLQZKLFKWKHUHLVDJHQHUDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH 12/DXZHULHUŞ ODQGVFDSHDQGWKHKLVWRU\RIKDELWDWLRQDVZHOODVEHWZHHQWKHSURFHVVHVWKDWIRUP 13 'HHEHQ0DDUOHYHOGŞ WKHODQGVFDSHDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV,WDOVRWDNHVLQWR

42 period, or the interpretation of the use of the area during the SHULRG1HZWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVKDYHUHFHQWO\PDGH WKLVDSRVVLELOLW\6XEERWWRPSURǌOLQJ16IRUH[DPSOHSURGXFHV DbODUJHVFDOHLPDJHRIWKHSUHKLVWRULFODQGVFDSHZLWKKLOOVDQG valleys.17 This knowledge helps us to predict the presence of SUHKLVWRULFKDELWDWLRQEHFDXVHLWFDQWHOOXVVRPHWKLQJDERXW ORFDWLRQVVXLWDEOHIRUIRUPHUKDELWDWLRQDQGODQGXVHDQGWKXV Fig. 2.4 Indicative Map of Archaeological Values (IKAW), version 2007. about the possible cultural landscape during the period. Figure: courtesy RCE. 2WKHUGDWDVHWVWKDWDUHPLVVLQJIURPWKHFXUUHQWLQGLFDWLYH 7KHWKLUGJHQHUDWLRQ,.$:IURPSURYLGHVPRUHGHWDLODVWR YDOXHVPDSLQFOXGHGLVWXUEDQFHVLQWKHJHRORJLFDOSURǌOH7KHVH WKHSRVVLEOHORFDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHPDLQVLQFHUWDLQ are essential because they can provide insight into the potential DUHDVVXFKDVWKH3URYLQFHRI)OHYRODQGDQGWKH=HHODQG'HOWD heritage that has already been lost, and can therefore help rule archaeo-region.14$QLQWHJUDWHG*HQHUDO$UFKDHRORJLFDO&KDUW out areas that do not require archaeological surveys.18 has also been drawn up for the continental plate in the North Sea DWDVFDOHRI )LJ 6RRQDIWHUSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHWKLUGJHQHUDWLRQ,.$:LWEHFDPH FOHDUWKDWDGLǋHUHQWDSSURDFKZDVUHTXLUHGWRJHQHUDWHDQ :LWKUHJDUGWRXQGHUZDWHUDUHDVWKH,.$:VWKDWKDYHEHHQ LQGLFDWLYHPDSIRUVHDODNHDQGULYHUEHGV7KHPDSRIWKH1RUWK SXEOLVKHGWKXVIDUKDYHPDMRUOLPLWDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUXVHLQD 6HDZDVWRRJHQHUDODQGLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHODFNRIWKHLPSRUWDQW VFLHQWLǌFRUDFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOPDQDJHPHQWFRQWH[W,QWKHǌUVW data sets listed above, it also did not take into consideration the SODFHWKHODWHUYHUVLRQVRIWKH,.$:ZHUHLQWHQGHGWRJLYHDQ G\QDPLFVRIWKHDUHD$VDUHVXOWWKH,.$:PDSVHLWKHUKDGD LQGLFDWLRQRIWKHH[SHFWHGTXDOLW\RIWKHSRVVLEOHǌQGVLQDQDUHD GHPRUDOL]LQJHǋHFW ŠZHFDQQHYHUSD\IRURUPDQDJHVRPXFK DQGQRWRIDFWXDOVLWHVWKHPVHOYHV15,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKHVHPDSV heritage, because underwater and shipwreck archaeology is very KDYHQRWNHSWSDFHZLWKWKHODQGPDSVGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\ H[SHQVLYHš 19RUWKH\ZHUHXVHGLPSURSHUO\DQGODUJHDUHDVZHUH KDYHEHHQLQWHJUDWHGLQWRDVLQJOHPDS,PSRUWDQWGDWDVHWVWKDW DSSURYHGIRUXVHEHFDXVHQRKHULWDJHZDVH[SHFWHGWREH could provide better predictions are entirely lacking. present.20'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKHPDSRQO\SURYLGHGDQ indication of the presence of cultural heritage in the ground (and, 7KH,.$:IRUWKH1RUWK6HDLVEDVHGRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRID IRUVXEPHUJHGDUHDVRQO\WKHSRVVLEOHFRQGLWLRQRISRWHQWLDO ZHOOSUHVHUYHG3OHLVWRFHQHVWUDWDFRYHUHGE\ODWHUVHGLPHQWV ǌQGV DQGZDVQRWLQWHQGHGWRLQIRUPLPPHGLDWHSROLF\GHFLVLRQV and peat. This approach can provide relatively good insight into VHYHUDOJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVXVHGLWIRUSUHFLVHO\WKDWSXUSRVH21 the condition of prehistoric locations, as long as they have not EHHQGLVWXUEHG+RZHYHULWGRHVQRWSURYLGHLQVLJKWLQWRWKH ,QZRUNEHJDQRQDQHZYHUVLRQRIWKH0DULWLPH,.$:22 ORFDWLRQVZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJWUDFHVRI This project initially focused on producing an Indicative Map of habitation because it does not take into consideration the entire $UFKDHRORJLFDO9DOXHVLQDIHZSULRULW\DUHDV WKH:HVWHUQ SUHKLVWRULFODQGVFDSH ŠSDODHRODQGVFDSHš FRYHUHGGXULQJWKLV :DGGHQ6HDWKH0DUNHUPHHUWKH1RUWK6HDDQGWKHULYHUGHOWD

14'HHEHQDQG3HHWHUVŞ KDQGUHLNLQJDUFKHRORJLHVLNEQO VWLOOPHQWLRQHGWKHKLJKFRVWVLQYROYHGLQ 15,QSDUWEHFDXVHLWLVEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRILQGLYLGXDO XQGHUZDWHUDQGVKLSZUHFNDUFKDHRORJ\ZKLFKZRXOGFHUWDLQO\QRWVWLPXODWH shipwrecks cannot be predicted, while the possibility that any shipwrecks have LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHǌHOG6HHLQWKLVOLJKWDOVRWKHVWDWHPHQWRI0U*3RVWHURIWKH survived to the present can be calculated. 7H[HOSDUW\LQWKHGLVFXVVLRQUHSRUW1RRIWKH0XQLFLSDOLW\RI7H[HOPHHWLQJRI 16 $VXEERWWRPSURǌOHUXVHVSRZHUIXOORZIUHTXHQF\VRXQGZDYHVWRFUHDWHSURǌOHV 2FWREHUZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH0RQXPHQWV3ROLF\'RFXPHQWRI7H[HO of the upper layers of the seabed. LQFOXGLQJWKHǌQDQFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVŠ7H[HOLVWHJHQ:HPRHWHQDIYDQDOOH 176HH)LWFKHWDO'L[HWDO*XSWDHWDO*DǋQH\HWDO HGV H[WUDXLWJDYHQ:HKHEEHQQLHWVPHWRQGHUZDWHUDUFKHRORJLH:HOHWWHQRSGH 'L[ 6WXUW+HWHUHQHWDO:DUGHWDO SRUWHPRQQHHš 7H[HOLVDJDLQVW:HKDYHWRULGRXUVHOYHVRIDGGLWLRQDO 18,QFOXGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWŠUHFHQWšGLVWXUEDQFHVKDVDPHUHPDQDJHPHQW H[SHQVHV:HZDQWQRWKLQJWRGRZLWKXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\:HPXVWWDNHFDUH SXUSRVH:KHQDWWHPSWLQJWRLQWHUSUHWSDVWXVHRIDQDUHDWKLVNLQGRILQIRUPDWLRQ of our wallet). PD\UHǍHFWWKHYLHZRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWRUDQGVKRXOGQRWEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ 20,QWKHDQQRXQFHPHQWRIWKH6\PSRVLXPŠ(UIJRHGLQZDWHUERGHPVšWKH +RZHYHUZKHQDWWHPSWLQJWRIRFXVRQIXWXUHSURWHFWLRQDQGGHWHUPLQLQJWKH RUJDQL]HUVHYHQPHQWLRQWKHZDWHUEHGVWREHH[HPSWIURPWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDO DUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHRIDQDUHDDWSUHVHQWWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVRIPXFKLPSRUWDQFH SHUVSHFWLYHZZZFXOWXXUFRPSDJQLHQOFOLHQWGDWDGRZQORDGV8LWQRGLJLQJFRQJUHV since it can shed light on threats and the potential of a site. RYHUZDWHUERGHPVSGI WKLVOLQNLVQRWDFFHVVLEOHDQ\PRUHFKHFNHG 19 $ONHPDGHHWDOQ\7KHZHEVLWHRIWKH6,.%LQLWVŠKDQGUHLNLQJ$UFKHRORJLH &XOWXXUKLVWRULHHQ$DUGNXQGLJH:DDUGHQYRRUZDWHUEHKHHUGHUVš Š*XLGHWR 21 6HHIRUH[DPSOH&OHYHULQJDHWDOSSŞ $UFKDHRORJ\&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\DQG*HRORJLFDO9DOXHVIRU:DWHU0DQDJHUVš KWWS 22 0DQGHUV

43 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

taking new insights into consideration.23+RZHYHULWZDVVRRQ GHFLGHGQRWWRSURGXFHDQHZJHQHUDWLRQRILQGLFDWLYHPDSVEXW WRGUDZXSPRUHGHWDLOHG+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWV +*06 IRUWZRRIWKHDUHDVŞWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDQGWKH 0DUNHUPHHU,-PHHUŞDQGWRPDNHWKHPDYDLODEOHWRWKLUG parties.247KHVHVHWVRIPDSVZHUHLQWHQGHGWRVHUYHDVWKH IRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRISROLF\DQGYDOXHPDSV 7KHUHZHUHVHYHUDOUHDVRQVIRUWKLVFKDQJHLQWKHSURGXFWšVǌQDO IRUP)LUVWRIDOODVVWDWHGDERYHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIYDOXHDQG SROLF\PDSVUHTXLUHVDVHWRIEDVLFGDWDDQGWKLVKDGQRW\HWEHHQ JDWKHUHG7KXVLWZDVǌUVWQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKGDWD was needed and then to collect it. Secondly, due to the decentra- OL]DWLRQRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUPDQDJLQJFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZDVODUJHO\GHOHJD- Fig. 2.5 The pilot area of the Western Wadden Sea. This is the subject WHGWRPXQLFLSDODQGSURYLQFLDOJRYHUQPHQWV25 Subsequently, area for this thesis and the development of the HGMS. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. roles shifted. Would it still be appropriate for the national JRYHUQPHQWWRGHFUHHZKLFKDUHDVLQVLGHWKHPXQLFLSDOERUGHUV navigated and used intensively, but fortunately it has also been had high or low value when drawing up archaeological value LQWHQVLYHO\PRQLWRUHGIURPDQHDUO\SKDVHLQRUGHUWRSURYLGH PDSV"7KHUHZRXOGEHVHYHUDOLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUPXQLFLSDOSROLF\LQ LQIRUPDWLRQRQVKLIWLQJVDQGEDUVDQGVKLSSLQJFKDQQHOVIRU DOORFDWLQJKLJKDQGORZYDOXHV)RUH[DPSOHDKLJKYDOXHFRXOG navigational purposes.287KHKLVWRU\RIWKHDUHDLQFRPELQDWLRQ UHVXOWLQDGGLWLRQDOFRVWVIRUSUHOLPLQDU\VXUYH\VRUFRQVXOWLQJ26 It ZLWKLWVG\QDPLFVWKHGHQVLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHDQGWKH ZRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHPRUHORJLFDODQGPDQDJHPHQWZLVHPRUH DFWLYHORFDOLQYROYHPHQWLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZHUHLPSRUWDQW HǋHFWLYHLIPXQLFLSDOLWLHVWKHPVHOYHVGUHZXSWKHLQGLFDWLYH FRQVLGHUDWLRQVIRUFKRRVLQJWKLVSLORWDUHDIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW PDSVDQGVXEVHTXHQWSROLF\SODQV RIWKH+*0629

2QWKLVEDVLVLWZDVGHFLGHGWRIRFXVPRUHRQWKHXVHRIWKHULJKW 2.2 The value of place and object GDWDWKDQRQWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOOLQJ7KH 7KHGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRIKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWDQGPRUHDFWLYH +LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWZRXOGSURYLGHWKHEDVLF ORFDOLQYROYHPHQWPD\EHDFRQVHTXHQFHRIEXGJHWFXWVE\WKH NQRZOHGJHDQGUHOHYDQWPDSVWRVHUYHDVDVRXQGIRXQGDWLRQRQ QDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWEXWLWDOVRUHǍHFWVDZLGHUGHYHORSPHQWLQ ZKLFKPXQLFLSDOLWLHVFRXOGEDVHWKHLUYDOXHDVVHVVPHQWV7KH ZKLFKŠKHULWDJHSDUWLFLSDWLRQšSOD\VDODUJHUUROH7KLVDOVRJDLQHG EDVLFPDSVHWZRXOGEHSURYLGHGLQGLJLWDOIRUPDWDQGWKH PRUHRǎFLDOVWDWXVZLWKWKH7UHDW\RI)DUR 30 LQVWUXFWLRQVIRUXVHZRXOGEHH[SODLQHGYLDVDPSOHTXHVWLRQV &RQVHTXHQWO\ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVDQGUHVLGHQWVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\ 7KLVZRXOGSURYLGHDPLQLPXPOHYHORITXDOLW\IRUIXWXUHYDOXHDQG WDNLQJPDWWHUVLQWRWKHLURZQKDQGVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHLU SROLF\PDSVZKHWKHUWKH\DUHWREHGUDZQXSE\WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ OLYLQJHQYLURQPHQWZLWKRXWZDLWLQJIRUWKHFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWWR LWVHOIRUE\DUFKDHRORJLFDOǌUPVDWWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\šVUHTXHVW27 take action.31 This changes the way people value cultural heritage. 7KHSLORWDUHDIRUGHYHORSLQJWKH+*06ZDVFKRVHQWREHWKH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDURXJKO\ERUGHUHGE\WKH$IVOXLWGLMNLQWKH :KHQWDONLQJDERXWVLJQLǌFDQFHDQGYDOXHDQGWKHDFWLYH VRXWKRǋWKHFRDVWRIWKHLVODQGRI7H[HOLQWKHZHVWWKH)ULVLDQ LQYROYHPHQWRIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHU- PDLQODQGLQWKHHDVWDQGVWUHWFKLQJXSWR7HUVFKHOOLQJLQWKHQRUWK VWDQGWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIŠYDOXHšGRHVQRWKDYHDǌ[HGGHǌQLWLRQ )LJ 7KH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHDKDVEHHQLQKDELWHG 5DWKHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOYDOXHLVGHWHUPLQHGE\DJURXSRU

230DQGHUV 7KHQHZLQVLJKWVLQWRHJG\QDPLFVDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV 286HH&KDSWHU LQWKH:DGGHQ6HDKDGHYROYHGIURPWKH(XURSHDQFRRSHUDWLRQSURMHFWVRI0R66 29$QGWKLVZDVDOVRWKHUHDVRQWRFKRRVHWKH%XUJ]DQG$UHDDVDWHVWLQJVLWHIRU &HGHUOXQG DQG0$&+8 2RVWLQJ 0DQGHUV0DQGHUVHWDO HGV LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJPHWKRGV6HHDOVR&KDSWHUVDQG DQG 307UHDW\RI)DUR KWWSFRQYHQWLRQVFRHLQW7UHDW\&RPPXQ4XH9RXOH]9RXVDVS" 240DQGHUVHWDO+RXNHVHWDO 17 &0 ') &/ (1*DFFHVVHG 7KLVWUHDW\RIWKH 25 ,QFOXGHGLQWKH$UFKDHRORJLFDO+HULWDJH0DQDJHPHQW$FW :$0= &RXQFLORI(XURSHKDVQRW\HWEHHQUDWLǌHGE\WKH1HWKHUODQGV2QKHULWDJH 267KHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWZLOOUHPDLQDFWLYHLQGUDIWLQJSROLF\PDSVDWWKHQDWLRQDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHGLYHFRPPXQLW\VHH%RHOHQ)RUSHUFHSWLRQDQGSUDFWLFHRI OHYHODQGZKHUHWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWKDVDGLUHFWUHVSRQVLELOLW\GXHWRQDWLRQDORU WKH)DUR&RQYHQWLRQLQWKH'XWFK&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHVHFWRUVHH6FKDUǋ international interests, such as the North Sea. 31 6HHDOVR0DQGHUVRUWKHOHWWHUWKDWZDVVHQWE\Š6WLFKWLQJGH1RRUG]HHš 7KH 27 7KHPDSVFDQDOVREHXVHGWRFKDUDFWHUL]HODQGVFDSHVLQWKHIXWXUHLQWKHPDQQHU 1RUWK6HD)RXQGDWLRQ WRWKH6HFUHWDU\RI6WDWH=LMOVWUDRQEHKDOIRIGLǋHUHQW FXUUHQWO\XVHGLQ(QJODQG6HH'XGOH\ -RKQVIRUH[DPSOH VWDNHKROGHUJURXSVWRSURWHFWWKHVKLSZUHFNVLQWKH1RUWK6HD 1RYHPEHU

44 2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

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45 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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IRUPDWLRQRISHDWERJV 47 as well as new interpretations of the 2.3.1 Different periods, different data ODQGXVHSUDFWLFHVRIWKHYDULRXVSUHKLVWRULFFRPPXQLWLHVEDVHG $VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKH+*06KDVDPRGXODUVWUXFWXUH,WLV on ongoing archaeological research.48 therefore also possible for future researchers to add their own GDWDDQGWKXVPDNHPRUHDFFXUDWHSUHGLFWLRQVRUWRDQVZHU $QH[WUDSRODWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDFTXLUHGWKURXJKDUFKDHRORJLFDO RWKHUVFLHQWLǌFRUSROLF\TXHVWLRQVXVLQJWKHYDULRXVFRPELQHG research on land can also be used to develop a valuation and an data sets.537KXVGLǋHUHQWXVHVDQGGLǋHUHQWTXHVWLRQVUHTXLUH archaeological indication for the Western Wadden Sea area. GLǋHUHQWVHWVRIGDWDWREHFRPELQHG7KLVDOVRFRXQWVIRUWKH $UHDVZLWKFRPSDUDEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWDUHFXUUHQWO\ DQVZHULQJRITXHVWLRQVIRFXVLQJRQGLǋHUHQWSHULRGV1RWDOORI SHUPDQHQWO\XQGHUZDWHUFDQEHDOORFDWHGWKHVDPHYDOXHDV the data is relevant for each period. DUHDVIURPWKHVDPHSHULRGRQODQG49 Since there is little KLVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH5RPDQWRWKHODWH0LGGOH$JHVDQG :KHQDWWHPSWLQJWRSUHGLFWWKHSUHVHQFHRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH WKHUHDUHQRDFFXUDWHPDSVRIWKRVHWLPHVWKHVHSHULRGVFDQEH IURPDVSHFLǌFSHULRGZHQHHGWRLGHQWLI\ZKLFKGDWDLWZRXOGEH DQDO\VHGLQURXJKO\WKHVDPHPDQQHUDVWKHSUHKLVWRULFSHULRG XVHIXOWRFRPELQHDQGZKLFKQRW$PRGHOIRUWKHSUHKLVWRULF 0DSVRIWKH5RPDQHUD $' WKHHDUO\0LGGOH$JHV $' SHULRGVZDVFUHDWHGXVLQJWKHFXUUHQWGDWDDYDLODEOHSULPDULO\ DQGODWH0LGGOH$JHV $' ZHUHLQFOXGHGEDVHGRQWKHZRUN FRQVLVWLQJRIJHRORJLFDOPDSV54,QFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHKLVWRULF RI9RVDQG'H9ULHV )LJ$%& 50 Maps displaying the sea-level rise curve, these provide an indication of the high (often currently known shipping routes for these periods were also dry) and low (often wet) areas in prehistory and the condition of added.51 They show that the known or suspected use of the the surface of the Pleistocene strata (intact or eroded, and to DUHDVWKURXJKWKHDJHVPD\KHOSLQIRUPXODWLQJLQGLFDWLRQVRIWKH ZKLFKGHSWK )LJ 7KHVDPHDSSOLHVWRWKHPDSVIRUWKH LPSRUWDQFHRIFHUWDLQDUHDVGXULQJWKHSHULRGDQGWKHOLNHOLKRRG 5RPDQSHULRG $' WKHHDUO\0LGGOH$JHV $' DQGWKH RIǌQGLQJPDWHULDOUHPDLQVIURPWKDWSHULRG52 7RPDNHDQ\ ODWH0LGGOH$JHV $' $SUHGLFWLRQFRQFHUQLQJZKHUH VWDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHSUHKLVWRULFFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOH[SHFWDWL- cultural heritage can be located can be done on the basis of the RQVJHRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQLVVWLOOQHHGHG H[LVWHQFHRIGU\ODQGDQGQDYLJDEOHZDWHU55,QWKHIXWXUHPRUH

47 6HHIRUH[DPSOH9DQ=LMYHUGHQšVUHVHDUFK$IWHUWKHGHOXJHDSDODHRJHRJUDSKLFDO *HVFKLHGHQLVYDQ1HGHUODQG %HXNHUVHG UHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIEURQ]HDJH:HVW)ULVLD Ş%& 3K'WKHVLV$UFKDHRORJ\ 52 ,QFRPELQDWLRQZLWK0DULWLPH&XOWXUDO/DQGVFDSHWKHRULHVWKDWKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG /HLGHQ DQGWKDWRI9DQ/DQHQŠ2FFXSDWLRQSDWWHUQVDQGODQGXVHLQWKH'DUN$JHRI E\:HVWHUGDKO ZHPD\EHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\IRUH[DPSOHWUDQVLW]RQHV ORFDWLRQV WKH/RZODQGVš6HH9DQ/DQHQHWDO DQG 7KHDPRXQWRIGDWD ZKHUHWUDGHJRRGVZHUHPRYHGWRRWKHUPHDQVRIWUDQVSRUWDGMXVWLQJWRWKH DYDLODEOHIRUUHVHDUFKRQODQGLVPXFKKLJKHUWKDQZKDWZHKDYHIRUDUHDVXQGHUZDWHU FKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW +RZHYHUE\DQDO\VLQJDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJGDWDIRUODQGDUHDVDQGIURPGLǋHUHQWSHULRGVLQ 536FLHQWLǌFDOO\GULYHQTXHVWLRQVDQGSROLF\GULYHQTXHVWLRQVFDQERWKEHDQVZHUHG WLPHZHPD\DOVRDFTXLUHPRUHNQRZOHGJHDERXWVLPLODUDUHDVWKDWDUHQRZLQXQGDWHG XVLQJWKH+*0.6 48 6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHQHZWKHRULHVRQWKHOLIHRIWKH1HDQGHUWKDO %XUNH 54 7KHSURMHFWXVHVWKHVHFRQGYHUVLRQRIWKHGLJLWDOYHFWRUǌOHVXVHGIRUWKH$WODVRI 49 7KHVDPHDOVRDSSOLHVWRGUDLQHGRUUDLVHGDUHDVZKLFKZHUHXVHGIRUVLPLODU WKH1HWKHUODQGVLQWKH+RORFHQH 9RV 9RV 'H9ULHV SXUSRVHVLQVSHFLǌFSHULRGVEXWZKLFKDUHQRZSDUWVRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDWKDWDUHVWLOO 55 This is based on the theory that people settled on the higher and dry areas in the XQGHUZDWHU7KHFRPSDULVRQDQGYDOXDWLRQRIVLPLODUJHRORJLFDODUHDVZDVDOVRGRQH 'XWFK'HOWD$OWKRXJKWKLVVHHPVWREHWKHFDVHZHNQRZWKDWLQWKHQRUWKHUQ LQbVXUYH\VRIWKH0DDVYODNWH7KHUHDWHVWH[FDYDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGEDVHGRQWKH SURYLQFHVZKHQWKHZDWHUOHYHOZDVULVLQJ DURXQG%& WKHSHRSOHUDLVHGWKHODQG SUHVHQFHRIDUDLVHGDUHDLQWKHIXWXUHKDUERXUVLWH0RUHH 6LHU DUWLǌFLDOO\WRVWD\GU\LQDQDUHDWKDWZDVRIWHQǍRRGHG,QGLFDWLRQVRIZKHUHQDYLJDEOH 506HHIRUVRPHWKHRU\EHKLQGODQGVFDSHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLWVSDVWXVH

Fig. 2.9 Predictive mapping of the prehistory in the Wadden Sea (pilot area), based on the preservation of the Pleistocene layers. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

UHVHDUFKRQWKHJHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHWKHJHRPRUSKRORJ\DQG 2.3.2 Known sites the use of the landscape (including water) will reinforce our :LWKWKHKHOSRIJHRORJLFDOJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOKLVWRULFDOGDWDDQG NQRZOHGJHRIWKHVHSHULRGVZLWKQHZPRUHUHǌQHGGDWDDQG PDSVDQGWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOV61ZHFDQDFTXLUHDUHOLDEOHLPDJHRI interpretations.56 WKHFUHDWLRQRIDQGVXEVHTXHQWFKDQJHVWRWKHVHDǍRRULQWKH Western Wadden Sea area. We can also gain insight into the )RUWKHODWH+RORFHQHSHULRG VWDUWLQJLQWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ SRVVLEOHXVHVRIWKHDUHDRYHUWLPH3DVWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOǌQGV DbGLJLWDOPDSVHWZDVFUHDWHGXVLQJKLVWRULFDOPDSPDWHULDOVDQG FDQKHOSFRQǌUPWKLVLPDJHDVWKHLUSUHVHQFHLQDQDUHDPD\EH soundings. This allows us to predict where cultural-historical DQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHVSHFLǌFXVHRISDUWLFXODUDUHDV+RZHYHUWKH REMHFWVPD\EHORFDWHGIURPZKLFKSHULRGWKH\PD\GDWHDQG TXHVWLRQUHPDLQVZKHWKHUWKHGLVFRYHU\RIVKLSZUHFNVFDQEH their current condition based on the natural protection provided SUHGLFWHGEDVHGRQPRGHOOLQJDQDUHDWKURXJKWLPHDQGZKHWKHU E\WKHVRLOE\H[DPLQLQJFKDQJHVLQWKHSDVWDQGFUHDWLQJD RQWKLVEDVLVWKHGUDIWLQJRIDQLQGLFDWLYHPDSRIDUFKDHRORJLFDO ŠKLQGFDVWšPRGHO7KLVLQYROYHGWKHXVHRIGDWDSHUWDLQLQJWR YDOXHVLVXVHIXOIRUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWRUQRW7KLVLVDWRSLFRI changing sea currents (changes in use and an indication of FRQVLGHUDEOHGHEDWHLQWKHPDULWLPHKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW KD]DUGVWRQDYLJDWLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQ GLǋHUHQFHVLQ FRPPXQLW\627RDQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQLWLVǌUVWLPSRUWDQWWR VHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQRYHUWLPH LQGLFDWLRQRIKD]DUGVWR GLǋHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQWKHXWLOLW\RISUHGLFWLRQVIRUVFLHQWLǌF navigation, loss of archaeological potential and the possible SXUSRVHVDQGWKHLUXWLOLW\IRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW current condition of a wreck), the use of the area (for trade, ǌVKHU\RWKHU DQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZRUNV DGLVWXUEDQFHPDSRI 0RGHOOLQJXVLQJ*,6WHFKQLTXHVPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQH current threats and loss of archaeological potential). This data ZKHWKHUVKLSZUHFNVIURPYDULRXVSHULRGVDUHOLNHO\RUXQOLNHO\WR helps us to deduce the original (what was there in the beginning), EHIRXQGLQDFHUWDLQDUHD,QDUHDVZKHUHH[SHFWDWLRQVDUHORZLW H[WDQW UHVRXUFHVVWLOOWKHUH DQGWKHORVWUHVRXUFHVDQGWKH LVRIFRXUVHVWLOOSRVVLEOHWKDWVLWHVPD\EHIRXQG,WLVDPDWWHURI predicted or recovered resources.57 $VHWRIPDSVZLWKNQRZQ GHGXFWLRQDQGVSDWLDOVWDWLVWLFVDQGWKHPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWLV archaeological values has also been added. The known cultural- DYDLODEOHWKHPRUHDFFXUDWHWKLVSURFHVVZLOOEH7KHVDPHDSSOLHV KLVWRULFDOǌQGVRUWKHŠNQRZQUHVRXUFHVšDUHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKH WRDUHDVZKHUHH[SHFWDWLRQVDUHKLJKDVLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDW SRVVLEOHSUHVHQFHDQGFRQGLWLRQRIRWKHUVLWHV+RZHYHULWLVQRW QRWKLQJZLOOHYHUEHIRXQGLQWKHVHDUHDV,GHQWLǌFDWLRQRIDUHDV DOZD\VFOHDUZKDWLVPHDQWE\ŠNQRZQUHVRXUFHVšDQGZKHWKHUWKH ZLWKKLJKRUORZH[SHFWDWLRQVLVWKHUHIRUHSULPDULO\LPSRUWDQWIRU GDWDFROOHFWLRQVDUHVXǎFLHQWO\UHOLDEOH587KLVSUREOHPFDQEH FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWSXUSRVHVRQDODQGVFDSHVFDOH GHDOWZLWKE\NHHSLQJWKHYDULRXVGDWDVHWVZLWKŠNQRZQYDOXHVš 7KLVNQRZOHGJHGHULYHGIURPWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIOLNHOLKRRGVEDVHG separate,59DQGE\GHVFULELQJWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIRU RQPRGHOOLQJFDQKHOSSROLF\PDNHUVPDNHGHFLVLRQVDERXWWKH each individual set.60 EHVWPHDVXUHVWREHWDNHQLQUHODWLRQWRLQIUDVWUXFWXUHSURMHFWV

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49 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

WKDWPD\GLVWXUEWKHVHDǍRRURULQWKHVHOHFWLRQRIDUHDVWKDW ORFDOL]H,WLVHYHQPRUHGLǎFXOWWRDSSUDLVHWKHLUYDOXH UHTXLUHDGGLWLRQDOPRQLWRULQJRUSUHVHUYDWLRQPHDVXUHV 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWDVPXFKRIWKHDUFKLYHDV possible is preserved in its current position (in situ). The best way Predicting the likelihood of the presence of shipwrecks involves a to do this is to adjust plans at an early phase. This, in turn, requires FORVHDQDO\VLVRIERWKWKHH[LVWLQJODQGVFDSHDQGSUHFHGLQJ DULVNDQDO\VLVIRUWKHDUHDLQTXHVWLRQ$UHWKHUHDOUHDG\VLWHV palaeo-landscapes. What did the landscape look like in the past? NQRZQ",VWKHUHDKLJKOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJKHULWDJHEXULHGLQWKH +RZZDVLWXVHG"+DVDQ\WKLQJFKDQJHGRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWLPH" DUHD"$UHWKHUHRWKHUDOWHUQDWLYHVIRUWKHSURMHFW"$ULVNDQDO\VLV :KDWLQǍXHQFHGLGWKHVHFKDQJHVKDYH"2QO\E\DQVZHULQJ PDNHVWKHRSWLRQRIDGMXVWLQJSODQVPRUHUHDOLVWLF$OWKRXJK these kinds of questions can we provide an indication of the JUHDWVWULGHVKDYHEHHQPDGHLQZRUNLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKLV possibility of shipwrecks being located and preserved in certain PHWKRGŞZKLFKKDVDOVREHHQSURPRWHGE\WKH9DOOHWWD areas. The distribution of underwater cultural heritage, whether &RQYHQWLRQWKH'XWFK+HULWDJH$FWDQGDOVRWKHTXDOLW\QRUPV SUHKLVWRULFVLWHVRUZUHFNVIURPWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DULVQRW IRUDUFKDHRORJ\ .1$ ŞSODQDGMXVWPHQWDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQLQVLWX XQLIRUPQRULVLWUDQGRPŞLWIROORZVFHUWDLQSDWWHUQV63 Moreover, LVVWLOOQRWWKHPRVWFRPPRQSUDFWLFHLQ'XWFKDUFKDHRORJ\ VLQFHFXUUHQWWHFKQLTXHVFDQQRWSURYLGHSHUFHQWFHUWDLQW\ KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW68 about whether shipwrecks will be found in an area or not, it is vital that we are able to predict their possible presence in an area.64 2.4 Sources and data 6KLSVDUHSRLQWORFDWLRQVDQGDOWKRXJKZUHFNIRUPDWLRQSURFHV- 7RPDNHDULVNDVVHVVPHQWRUSUHGLFWLRQRIXQNQRZQFXOWXUDO VHVPD\FDXVHGLVWXUEDQFHVLQWKHVXUURXQGLQJVHDǍRRUWKH\DUH heritage resources, it is necessary to work with what is already QRWRULRXVO\GLǎFXOWWRǌQG657KLVPDNHVLWGLǎFXOWWRǌQG NQRZQDERXWWKHDUHD7KHNQRZQUHVRXUFHVŞVLWHVDOUHDG\ VKLSZUHFNVRYHUWLPHEXWLWLVVWLOOSRVVLEOHWRSUHGLFWWKH GLVFRYHUHGŞDUHRIWHQDJRRGLQGLFDWLRQWKDWRWKHUKHULWDJHIURP OLNHOLKRRGRIDǌQGLQWKHDQWLFLSDWLRQDQGIDFLOLWDWLQJRIWKH WKHVDPHSHULRGPD\VWLOOEHSUHVHQW7KHTXHVWLRQLQWKLVUHVSHFW eventual discovery of a site. It is also possible to provide an LV:KDWGRZHXQGHUVWDQGE\ŠNQRZQUHVRXUFHVš":HPLJKW indication of the likelihood of shipwrecks being located in places VXJJHVWWKDWWKH\FRPSULVHDOORIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVWKDWDUH ZKHUHVKLSVGRQRWQRUPDOO\VDLOVXFKDVH[WUHPHO\VKDOORZDUHDV NQRZQWRXVDWDSDUWLFXODUPRPHQW69 including all known physical UHPQDQWVWKDWSHUWDLQWRKXPDQDFWLYLW\LQWKHSDVW+RZHYHU $QLQGLFDWLYHPDSSURYLGHVDWRROIRUPDNLQJZHOOLQIRUPHG ZKDWGRHVŠNQRZQšPHDQH[DFWO\LQWKLVFRQWH[W"$UHWKHVHRQO\ GHFLVLRQVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIKHULWDJHLQFRQFHUWZLWK WKHRǎFLDOO\DSSUDLVHGVLWHV"2UGRHVLWLQFOXGHRWKHUREVHUYDWL- HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWV1HZO\GHYHORSHGWHFKQLTXHVDQGWKH RQVVXFKDVWKRVHE\QRQSURIHVVLRQDOV"$QGLIVRE\ZKRP" LPSURYHPHQWRIH[LVWLQJWHFKQLTXHVDUHPDNLQJLWLQFUHDVLQJO\ 'RREVHUYDWLRQVE\ǌVKHUPHQUHFUHDWLRQDOGLYHUVDQGDPDWHXU HDVLHUWRSUHGLFWDQGHYHQǌQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV,WLVHYHQ DUFKDHRORJLVWVFRXQWDVŠNQRZQUHVRXUFHVš",QRWKHUZRUGVLVD SRVVLEOHWKDWZHPD\VRRQEHDEOHWRŠORRNšLQWRWKHVXEVXUIDFH VLWHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDNQRZQUHVRXUFHRQO\ZKHQLWVH[DFW strata using geophysical prospection techniques on a large location is known, or when we have a general idea of its location scale.667KHVHPD\RYHUWDNHWKHUROHRISUHGLFWLYHPRGHOOLQJ EXWVWLOOOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWLWVTXDOLW\DQGYDOXH"70 ZKHQVXǎFLHQWO\GHYHORSHG 7KHŠ(UIJRHGEDODQVš Š+HULWDJHVWDWXVš UHSRUW71 states that the +RZHYHUWKLVOHDGVWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZGHWDLOHGWKHHYLGHQFH data on the known archaeological resources in the ground should EDVHGRUPRGHOOHGLPDJHZRXOGRUVKRXOGEH7RGHWHUPLQHWKH SULPDULO\EHVWRUHGLQWKH$UFKDHRORJLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP value of the heritage located, we require other data about the $5&+,672 DQGWKH&HQWUDO0RQXPHQW$UFKLYH &0$ 7KLV period and the condition of the covered site.67 These can be LPSOLHVWKDW DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUVRIWKHŠ(UIJRHGEDODQVš WKH GHWHUPLQHGWKURXJKUHVHDUFKLQWRODQGVFDSHIRUPDWLRQ NQRZQUHVRXUFHVPXVWEHFHQWUDOO\UHJLVWHUHGDOWKRXJKWKH 6KLSZUHFNVZKLFKUHPDLQFRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGDUHQRWHDV\WR DGGLWLRQRIWKHZRUGŠSULPDULO\šPD\PHDQWKDWWKLVLVQRWHQWLUHO\

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2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

WKHFDVH7KHVDPHŠ(UIJRHGEDODQVšDOVRH[DPLQHGPDULWLPH VLPSO\WKURZQWRJHWKHULWLVQRWDOZD\VFOHDUKRZPXFKYDOXH KHULWDJHUHVRXUFHVLQPRUHGHWDLO73XVLQJ$5&+,6DVWKHVROH VKRXOGEHSODFHGRQWKHLQGLYLGXDOGDWD+RZHYHUWKHGDWDIURP source for this analysis. This research searched for sites based on WKHVHGDWDEDVHVDUHDZHOFRPHDGGLWLRQZKHQZLVKLQJWRSURYLGH JURXQGXVHODEHOVVXFKDVŠXQGHUZDWHULQFKDQQHOVRQVDQGEDQNV DQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRQRULQ DQGEDUVšŠRQWKHEHDFKšŠLQGLWFKRURQEDQNšLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK WKHVHDǍRRU,QGLYLGXDOFDVHVPXVWEHWUHDWHGZLWKDKHDOWK\ FRPSOH[W\SHVRIVLWHVVXFKDVŠVKLSVšŠRWKHUš DYDULHW\RI GRVHRIVFHSWLFLVP FRPSOH[W\SHVVXFKDVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHWWOHPHQWVVDQFWXDULHV DQGŠXQNQRZQš74 7KLVZDVDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHPDULWLPHKHULWDJH 7KH$5&+,6V\VWHPWKDWKDVEHHQXVHGXSXQWLOQRZE\WKH PRUHDFFHVVLEOH7KHVXUYH\IRXQGDWRWDORIXQGHUZDWHU &XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\ DQGLQIDFWWKHHQWLUHDUFKDHRORJLFDO observations in the Netherlands, including 544 shipwrecks.75 This FRPPXQLW\ 79DOVRKDGLWVRZQVKRUWFRPLQJV)LUVWRQO\DYHU\ QXPEHUPD\VWLOOEHH[FHSWLRQDOO\VPDOOLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHWRWDO OLPLWHGQXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQVRQDQGXQGHUWKHVHDǍRRUZHUH SRWHQWLDORUXQNQRZQKHULWDJHHYHQZLWKWKHQXPEHURIVLWHVWKDW LQFOXGHGLQWKHV\VWHP VHHDERYH 0RUHRYHUWKHXVHRI DUHNQRZQRXWVLGHRIWKH$5&+,6V\VWHPZKLFKFXUUHQWO\ ODQGUHODWHGFRPSOH[W\SHVDQGWKHHQWU\RIGDWDE\SHRSOHZLWK FRQVLVWVRIRYHUFRQWDFWSRLQWV VHH)LJ 76 OLWWOHWRQRNQRZOHGJHRIXQGHUZDWHUDQGRUPDULWLPHDUFKDHR- ORJ\VXFKDVǌVKHUPHQDQGUHFUHDWLRQDOGLYHUVPDGHLWGLǎFXOW 7KH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW 5:6 DQG WRǌQGFHUWDLQREVHUYDWLRQVLQWKHV\VWHP7KHREVHUYDWLRQVŞ WKH+\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFH 1DY\ DOVRPDQDJHZUHFNDQGREVWDFOH HVSHFLDOO\WKHSUHFLVHORFDWLRQVŞKDYHQRWDOZD\VEHHQDFFXUDWHO\ GDWDEDVHVDVGRVHYHUDODPDWHXUDUFKDHRORJ\DQGUHFUHDWLRQDO recorded. GLYLQJJURXSV(DFKGDWDVHWKDVLWVRZQOLPLWDWLRQV7KH +\GURJUDSKLFDO6HUYLFHORRNVIRUREVWDFOHVDQGSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWV77 7KHUHLVDOVRWKHDGGLWLRQDOSUREOHPRIFRQYHUWLQJSRVLWLRQ DQGLVVSHFLǌFDOO\LQWHUHVWHGLQZKHUHVXFKREVWDFOHVDUHORFDWHG LQIRUPDWLRQDVPDQ\RIWKHREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHVRROGWKDWWKHLU $VDUHVXOWWKHSRVLWLRQVDUHRIWHQH[FHOOHQWEXWWKH\DUHQRW SRVLWLRQVKDGWREHFRQYHUWHGIURP'(&&$80WRWKHPRUH DOZD\VLQWHUHVWHGLQZKDWWKHǌQGUHSUHVHQWV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH XSWRGDWH('81DQG:*682 Many of these positions have cultural-historical value of the site has a very low priority. The DOVREHHQFRQYHUWHGWRWKH5LMNVGULHKRHNV0HHWV\VWHHP 5' 83 VDPHFDQEHVDLGRIWKHGDWDEDVHVRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI IRUWKH$5&+,6V\VWHP7KLVSUHVHQWVSUREOHPVIRUODUJHDUHDVRI ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGWKH:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW787KHPDQ\RIWHQ WKH1RUWK6HDVLQFHLWUHWXUQVQHJDWLYH;YDOXHVPHDQLQJWKDW UHJLRQDOGDWDEDVHVPDLQWDLQHGE\DPDWHXUDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQG WKHSRVLWLRQVRIVRPHǌQGORFDWLRQVPD\KDYHFKDQJHG RWKHUSDUWLHVLQWHUHVWHGLQPDULWLPHKLVWRU\DUHJHQHUDOO\PDGHXS FRQVLGHUDEO\$VWXG\RIWKLVLVVXHKDVGLVFRYHUHGGHYLDWLRQVRI of data collected by other organizations and individuals. XSWRbPHWUHVEHWZHHQWKHVKLSZUHFNšVFXUUHQWSRVLWLRQDQG Therefore, the quality of the data in these sets varies widely, and WKDWUHFRUGHGLQ$5&+,6 )LJ 84+RZHYHU$5&+,6FRQWDLQV WKHSURYHQDQFHLVRIWHQGLǎFXOWWRWUDFH$VWKHGDWDDUHRIWHQ WKHUHOHYDQWDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHIHZVKLSZUHFNV

73Š(UIJRHGEDODQVš FRDVWDOQDYLJDWLRQKWWSQOZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL'(&&$ DFFHVVHG 747KHVHFWLRQVRQ0DULWLPH+HULWDJHLQWKHŠ(UIJRHGEDODQVšSULPDULO\UHIHUWR 81 ('%\FDOFXODWLQJDORQJVHULHVRIWULDQJXODWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWVWKDWFRYHUHGDOORI XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWDOZD\VFRQVLVWHQW7KHVKLS (XURSH ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKH8. DQGHYHQSDUWVRI1RUWK$IULFD('ZDVDEOH ǌQGVLQFOXGHPRUHWKDQZUHFNVORFDWHGLQWKH,-VVHOPHHUSROGHUV VHHDOVR WRPHHWLWVFOLHQWVšGHPDQGVLQDIDLUO\VKRUWWLPHDOWKRXJKLWGLGQRWVDWLVI\DOORIWKH KWWSZZZYHUJDQHVFKHSHQQO )RUDSURSHUGHǌQLWLRQRIŠPDULWLPH JHRGHWLFSUHFLVLRQDQGUHOLDELOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWV('ORFDWLRQVFDQGHYLDWHE\DV KHULWDJHšVHH:LW 6ORRV ZKRVWDWHWKDWWKHQXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQVIRU PXFKDVPHWUHV0'UHSRUWQXPEHU0'*$3'HFHPEHU WKHFRPSOH[W\SHŠQDXWLFDOšZDVRQ$XJXVW 6LQFHWKHEORFNDVVLJQPHQWVIRUWKHRLODQGJDVLQGXVWU\RQWKH1HWKHUODQGVš 75%HXNHUV HG FRQWLQHQWDOVKHOIDUHEDVHGRQWKH('WKLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVVWLOOXVHGE\WKHLQGXVWU\ 76$FRPELQHGGDWDVHWRISRVLWLRQVLQ'XWFKZDWHUVREWDLQHGIURPWKHGDWDEDVHVRI 82 :*6LVDJHRFHQWULFDQGHDUWKERXQGV\VWHPRIFRRUGLQDWHV,WZDVGHǌQHGLQ WKH+\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFHWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQWWKH E\WKH'HIHQVH0DSSLQJ$JHQF\ '0$ WKHSUHGHFHVVRUWRWKHFXUUHQW1,0$ &XOWXUDO+HULWDJH0DQDJHPHQW$JHQF\ 5&( DQGYDULRXVDPDWHXUDUFKDHRORJLVWV 0'UHSRUWQXPEHU0'*$3'HFHPEHU PDQDJHGE\WKH5&(LQ$PHUVIRRUWDFFRXQWVIRUWKHVHPRUHWKDQORFDWLRQV 83 5LMNVGULHKRHN0HHWV\VWHHP7KLVLVWKHV\VWHPPDLQWDLQHGE\WKHODQGUHJLVWHU 77 +\GURJUDSKLFDO6HUYLFH:UHFN5HJLVWHU 7KHbEHQFKPDUNIRUWKLVV\VWHPLVWKHWLSRIWKH2Q]H/LHYH9URXZHQWRZHU Š/DQJH 786RQDU5HJGDWDEDVHVHHDOVR+HVVLQJHWDO -DQš LQ$PHUVIRRUW ; < 797KHUHLVDQREOLJDWLRQWRUHJLVWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOǌQGVLQWKH$5&+,6GDWDEDVH 84 %UHQN /LO ,WLVQRWDOZD\VFOHDUZKLFKSURMHFWLRQRWKHUSDUWLHVVXFKDV https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erfgoed/inhoud/archeologie-en- ǌVKHUPHQKDYHXVHGWRUHFRUGWKHORFDWLRQRIVKLSZUHFNV,I('ZDVXVHGWKHQ RSJUDYLQJHQ$5&+,6KDVUHFHQWO\EHHQUHSODFHGE\DQHZŞDOWKRXJKQRW WKHbSURMHFWLRQFDQRFFDVLRQDOO\EHWUDFHGEXWWKLVLVQRWSRVVLEOHLIWKHORFDWLRQZDV FRPSOHWHO\UHDG\ŞV\VWHP$5&+,6 KWWSDUFKHRORJLHLQQHGHUODQGQOEURQQHQHQ recorded using UTM projection (Universal Transversal Mercator projection). Map NDDUWHQDUFKLV DFFHVVHG SURMHFWLRQVDOZD\VUHVXOWLQWKHORVVRIVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQGXHWRGLVWRUWLRQRIWKH 80 '(&&$ GHYHORSHGE\'HFFD5DGLRDQG7HOHYLVLRQ/WG ZDVDK\SHUEROLFQDYLJDWLRQ (DUWKšVFXUYHGVXUIDFH0'UHSRUWQXPEHU0'*$3'HFHPEHU V\VWHPWKDWZRUNHGEDVHGRQPHGLXPIUHTXHQF\UDGLR7KHV\VWHPZDVXVHGIRU

51 WKDWKDYHEHHQHQWHUHGLQWRWKHV\VWHP geophysical data can be incorporated as well. Moreover, it has a ZRUOGZLGHFRYHUDJHDQGLVDEOHWRGLǋHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQYDULRXV 7KHǌUVWVWHSVLQOLQNLQJWKHEHVWGDWDEDVHVZLWKRQHDQRWKHU validated and invalidated data sets.88 7KH0$&+8V\VWHPZLOO LQYROYHGFRQQHFWLQJWKUHHJRYHUQPHQWGDWDEDVHV WKH HYHQWXDOO\KDYHWREHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKH5&(šVQHZDUFKDHRORJL- +\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFHšV6KLSZUHFN5HJLVWHUWKH0LQLVWU\RI FDOGDWDEDVH$5&+,689 This will also provide input for the ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWšV6RQDU5HJDQGWKH 1HWKHUODQGV1DWLRQDO&RQWDFW1XPEHU &XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\šV$5&+,6 LQWRD*,6HQYLURQPHQWDQG WKHQLVVXLQJHDFKREMHFWD1DWLRQDO&RQWDFW1XPEHU 1&1 85 .QRZOHGJHDERXWNQRZQKHULWDJHWKXVKHOSVLQPDNLQJDQ 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHORFDWLRQRIDVKLSZUHFNRQWKH%XUJ]DQGLQ HVWLPDWHRIWKHSRWHQWLDOŞWKH\HWXQNQRZQŞKHULWDJHLQDFHUWDLQ the Wadden Sea that has been recorded by the Ministry of area. We should realize, however, that there is a good reason why ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWRUWKH+\GURJUDSKLF we know about these locations. The techniques for underground 6HUYLFHIRUH[DPSOHFDQQRZEHOLQNHGZLWKWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRUL- REVHUYDWLRQDUHH[WUHPHO\OLPLWHGVRWKHNQRZQORFDWLRQVDUH FDOLQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWHGE\WKH5&(866LQFHWKH5&(KDV DOPRVWZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQIRXQGGXHWRWKHPEHLQJH[SRVHGDV DOVREHHQGHYHORSLQJLWVRZQPDULWLPHGDWDEDVHDQG*,67KLV a result of erosion.90$OPRVWZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQWKHNQRZQ V\VWHPZDVGHYHORSHGLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH0LQLVWU\RI FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOǌQGVLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHORFDWHGLQ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWDVSDUWRIWKH WKH]RQHVPRVWSURQHWRHURVLRQ$OPRVWQRWKLQJKDVEHHQ (8VSRQVRUHG0$&+8SURMHFW )LJ 877KHEHQHǌWRIWKLV IRXQGLQWKHPRVWVWDEOH]RQHVZKLFKDUHWKHDUHDVZLWKWKH V\VWHPRYHU$5&+,6LVWKDWLWLVD*,6WKDWLVVSHFLǌFDOO\JHDUHG KLJKHVWSRWHQWLDOIRUǌQGLQJSUHKLVWRULFVLWHV7KLVLVVRPHZKDW WRZDUGVFROOHFWLQJDQGSUHVHQWLQJPDULWLPHGDWD,QIRUPDWLRQ less the case for shipwreck sites, at least where the sea has VXFKDVWKHSRVLWLRQQRWDWLRQKDVEHHQDGMXVWHGEXWVSHFLǌF always been relatively shallow, or with regard to larger ships, which

)LJ7KHGLƢHUHQFHLQORFDWLRQEHWZHHQSRVLWLRQVNQRZQIURPWKH ARCHIS 2 data and the actual positions of the sites measured with multibeam sonar. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. Fig. 2.11 The MACHU GIS viewer. Figure: courtesy MACHU/RCE.

851DWLRQDO&RQWDFW1XPEHUKWWSZZZSHULSOXVQOKRPHQOUHIHUHQWLHV 89 8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKLVKDVVWLOOQRWEHHQDFFRPSOLVKHG,WLVQRZSODQQHGIRUVRPH SURMHFWHQQDWLRQDDOFRQWDFWQXPPHURQWVOXLWGDWDEDVHVPHWZUDNNHQHQ WLPHLQ REVWUXFWLHVRQGHUZDWHU DFFHVVHG 90%UHQNDQG0DQGHUV 86+RZHYHULWPXVWEHFOHDUWKDWWKHYDULRXVSRVLWLRQVLQWKHGLǋHUHQWGDWDEDVHVDOO DSSO\WRWKHVDPHZUHFNVLWH7KLVRIWHQUHTXLUHVFRQVLGHUDEOHSUHSDUDWLRQ including surveys under water and on the surface. 87 0DQDJLQJ&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH8QGHUZDWHU 0$&+8 )LQDQFHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ&XOWXUH3URJUDPPHZZZPDFKXSURMHFWHX DFFHVVHG +RRWVHQ 'LMNPDQ 88 7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOUHSRUWVDQGDUWLFOHVDYDLODEOHDERXWWKH0$&+8SURMHFWDQG WKH*,66HHWKHSURMHFWUHSRUWVE\2RVWLQJDQG0DQGHUV HGV 0DQGHUV 2RVWLQJDQG%URXZHUV HGV DQG0DQGHUV2RVWLQJDQG%URXZHUV HGV

52 ZRXOGXVXDOO\DYRLGWKHVHDUHDV+RZHYHULIDQ\VKLSZUHFNVDUH ORFDWHGLQWKHVHDUHDVWKHQWKHLUTXDOLW\LVSUREDEO\H[WUHPHO\ KLJKGXHWRWKHPKDYLQJEHHQFRYHUHGIRUFHQWXULHV91

2.5 Different databases with different numbers 5HVHDUFKLQ$5&+,6LQ'HFHPEHUUHVXOWHGLQDQXPEHURI REVHUYDWLRQVDERXWWKHFXUUHQWVHDERWWRPLQWKHUHVHDUFK area.92 EDVHGRQDJUDSKLFǌOWHUWRSYHFWRUǌOH LQIDFW ZUHFNUHSRUWVVSUHDGRYHUORFDWLRQVDQGRWKHUREVHUYD- WLRQVVSUHDGRYHUORFDWLRQV )LJ

Fig. 2.13 Known locations based on the Hydrographic Service of the Navy. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE/Hydrographic Service.

Fig. 2.12 Known locations from ARCHIS 2, the national archaeological database. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

7KH+\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFHPDLQWDLQVDQRYHUYLHZRIREVWDFOHV WKDWPD\SRVHDKD]DUGWRQDYLJDWLRQ7KLVRYHUYLHZLVSXEOLVKHG LQWKHZUHFNUHJLVWHU+3937KHUHJLVWHUGLǋHUHQWLDWHVEHWZHHQ three types of contacts: Wrecks, Obstructions and Possible 2EVWUXFWLRQV RU)RXO*URXQG )RUWKHVDPHDUHDDVDERYHWKLV UHJLVWHUFRQWDLQVDQGRIWKHVHW\SHVRIORFDWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJ Fig. 2.14 Known locations from Rijkswaterstaat (Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management). Note the large number of points directly west 6LQFHDOORIWKHREVHUYDWLRQVE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI of Texel. These are from a natural formation of large boulders. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE/Rijkswaterstaat. ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWKDYHEHHQUHJLVWHUHGLQ WKHb6RQDU5HJGDWDEDVH2IWKHVHIDOOZLWKLQWKHOLPLWV RIWKHGHǌQHGVWXG\DUHDLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD$ODUJH SURSRUWLRQRIWKHVH DSSUR[ DUHKRZHYHULQGLYLGXDO URFNVLQWKH7H[HOVWRQHǌHOG )LJ 94

91$VDYDOLGDWLRQRIWKHPRGHOIRUH[DPSOHLQDVKLSZUHFN :HVWHUYHOG ZDV LWRQHRIWKHROGHVWYHVVHOVGLVFRYHUHGLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDUHD2SGHEHHFN .RHKOHU GLVFRYHUHGRQDVDQGEDQNVRXWKRI9OLHODQG7KH+*06IRUWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKLVDUHDKDVEHHQH[FHSWLRQDOO\VWDEOHVLQFHDWOHDVWWKHODWHVL[WHHQWK 92 2QO\REMHFWVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUZDWHUDQGQRUHSRUWVLQIRUPHUZDWHUFKDQQHOVRUVHD FHQWXU\DQGOLWWOHWRQRHURVLRQKDVWDNHQSODFH7KHZUHFNZDVORFDWHGQH[WWRDQHZ ERWWRPVFXUUHQWO\VLOWHGRYHU FKDQQHOWKDWUDQRYHUWKHVDQGEDQNGLVWXUELQJWKHDUHDIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHLQFHQWXULHV 93 Š+3:UHFN5HJLVWHU1HWKHUODQGV&RQWLQHQWDO6KHOIDQG:HVWHUVFKHOGHš 7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHSKRWRVWKDWWKHGLVFRYHUHUVHQWWRXVRID SXEOLFDWLRQE\WKH+\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFH FOLQNHUEXLOWERDWZLWKDQDWXUDOO\IRUPHGIUDPHUHVXOWHGLQDIROORZXSVWXG\EHFDXVH 94 6HHDOVR(UGEULQN WKHERDWZDVSRWHQWLDOO\YHU\ROG,WZDVHYHQWXDOO\GDWHGWRDURXQG7KLVPDNHV

53 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

%DVHGRQWKHFRQFHSWŠ6LPSOHVWRUDJHŞPXOWLSOHXVHšLQ W\SHGWH[WSOXVWKUHH$IRUPDWPDSVHQWLWOHGŠ:UDNNHQUHJLVWHU WKHWKUHHJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVWKXVWRRNWKHLQLWLDWLYHWROLQN 1RRUG]HHHQ:DGGHQJHELHG5LMNVZDWHUVWDDW'LUHFWLH)ULHVODQG WKHLUGDWDEDVHVFRQWDLQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWXQGHUZDWHU $UURQGLVVHPHQW)ULHVODQG:HVWš98 This register describes REMHFWVLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV $5&+,6WKH6KLSZUHFN5HJLVWHU VKLSZUHFNGLVFRYHULHVIRUWKHSHULRGŞ7KHWH[WV DQG6RQDU5HJ 7KLVUHVXOWHGLQWKH1DWLRQDO&RQWDFW1XPEHU LQFOXGHGHVFULSWLRQVRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\VKLSZUHFNV2IWKHVH 1&1 GDWDEDVHDFHQWUDOUHJLVWHULQZKLFKHDFKFRQWDFWLVLVVXHG ZUHFNORFDWLRQVIDOOZLWKLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD ZLWKDXQLTXHQXPEHU7KHVHQXPEHUVDUHOLQNHGWRWKHGDWDED- UHVHDUFKDUHD )LJ VHVDWWKHYDULRXVJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVDQGDUHPDQDJHGE\D SULYDWHFRPSDQ\ 3HULSOXV RQEHKDOIRI5LMNVZDWHUVWDDW6HDDQG Delta.952QFHHDFKTXDUWHUWKHQXPEHUVDUHXSGDWHGEDVHGRQ QHZUHSRUWVIURPWKHYDULRXVDJHQFLHV7KH1&1LVDFFHVVLEOHYLD DFORVHGJHRZHEDSSOLFDWLRQPDQDJHGE\WKH=HHDQG'HOWD ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG3XEOLF:RUNV$JHQF\96 In total, 3,393 observa- WLRQVLQWKH1&1IDOOZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRIWKHVWXG\DUHD )LJ

Fig. 2.16 Known locations from a regional database of Rijkswaterstaat North. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE/ Rijkswaterstaat.

5HFUHDWLRQDOGLYHUVDQGFRPPHUFLDOVXUYH\ǌUPVLQWKH Netherlands also collect observations in a variety of lists and databases. These databases, which can be very large, contain XQLTXHGDWDDVZHOODVWKDWDFFXPXODWHGE\RWKHUFROOHFWRUVRU Fig. 2.15 Known locations from the National Contact Number or NCN RWKHUNQRZQSULYDWHRUJRYHUQPHQWGDWDEDVHV,WLVWKHUHIRUH database. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. RIWHQLPSRVVLEOHWRGLǋHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQWKHVHGDWD7KXVWKH LQIRUPDWLRQWKH\FRQWDLQVKRXOGEHXVHGZLWKFDUHEXWPD\ There are also other sources that record the locations of FRQVWLWXWHXQLTXHPDWHULDO7KHVHVRXUFHVLQFOXGHWKHZUHFNǌOHV REVWDFOHVDQGVKLSZUHFNV7KHVHDUHRIWHQGLǎFXOWWRDFFHVVRU IRUWKH1DWLRQDO:RUNLQJ*URXSIRU8QGHUZDWHU$UFKDHRORJ\ WKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHGDWDLVGLǎFXOWWRFRQǌUP:KHQWKHVHGDWD /:$2: 99 Pandora (now, Wrecksite.eu),100*,6B5:6B'1+ DUHHQFRXQWHUHGWKH\DUHUHYLHZHGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKH\ (Wraksys)101DQG3HULSOXV$UFKHRPDUH102 )LJ DGGDQ\WKLQJWRWKHH[LVWLQJRYHUYLHZDIWHUZKLFKWKH5&( GHFLGHVZKHWKHUWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKHGDWDRUQRW,QWKH5&( digitized an analogue register of wreck data in the North Sea and the Wadden Sea.97 7KLVLQYROYHGWZRELQGHUVZLWKSDJHVRI

95 The Periplus Group is a consultancy organization specialized in hydrography, KWWSZZZDZQDUFKHRORJLHQODUFKHRORJLHRQGHUZDWHU DFFHVVHG JHRORJ\JHRSK\VLFDOPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJ\*,6GDWDSURFHVVLQJGDWDPDQDJHPHQW 100 Pandora.be is now known as Wrecksite.eu. SURMHFWPDQDJHPHQWDQGHQJLQHHULQJEDVHGLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVZZZSHULSOXVQO 101 7KH:UDNV\V)RXQGDWLRQLVQRZPDQDJHGE\+LOOHYDQ'LHUHQ:UDNNHQPXVHXP 96KWWSVJHRZHEULMNVZDWHUVWDDWQO*HR:HE"9LHZHU /HJJHU Terschelling. 5LMNVZDWHUVWDDWVZHUNHQ DFFHVVHG 102 3HULSOXV$UFKHRPDUHK\GURJUDSKLFDQGPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRQVXOWLQJEXUHDX 970XLV %UHQN part of the Periplus group. 98:UHFNUHJLVWHUIRUWKH1RUWK6HDDQG:DGGHQ$UHD'HSDUWPHQWRI3XEOLF:RUNV 'LUHFWRUDWH)ULHVODQGGLVWULFW)ULHVODQG:HVW 99/:$2:LVWKHDYRFDWLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOGLYLQJDVVRFLDWLRQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV

54 $QRWKHUUHDVRQIRUQRWVKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQKDVWRGRZLWKWKH IHHOLQJRIH[FOXVLYHRZQHUVKLSRIDVLWH$PRQJVHYHUDODPDWHXU archaeologist groups, there is still a sense that the sites are RZQHGE\WKRVHZKRGLVFRYHUWKHP106 6KDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQGRHV QRWFRUUHVSRQGZLWKWKDWLGHD VHHDOVR&KDSWHU

Fig. 2.17 Known locations of combined amateur archaeologists’ 2.6 Combining data in interpretive maps databases. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. 7KHPRUHZHNQRZDERXWDQDUHDWKHPRUHZHFDQXQGHUVWDQG LWVLPSRUWDQFHIRUSDVWXVHUVDQGSUHGLFWWKHXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHV In total, 6,636 observations are known for the Western Wadden WKDWPD\ZHOOEHKLGGHQXQGHUWKHVRLOVXUIDFH:HFDQJDLQEHWWHU 6HDDUHD1RQHRIWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVKDYHEHHQYHULǌHGDQGWKH LQVLJKWZKHQZHFRUUHODWHFRPELQHDQGFRPSDUHGLǋHUHQWGDWD RYHUODSZLWKWKH1&1KDV\HWWREHGHWHUPLQHG'XHWRWKH sets with each other and start to interpret what we see. QXPEHURIVLWHVWKLVZLOOEHDQRQJRLQJSURFHVV 2.6.1 Geology and geomorphology It is probable that a lot of the data collected will never be shared &RPSRVLWHPDSVFDQEHSURGXFHGE\FRPELQLQJEDVLFJHRORJLFDO on a large scale and therefore will not end up in a central database DQGJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOGDWD,GHQWLǌFDWLRQRIQHZO\REWDLQHGGDWD VXFKDV$5&+,67KHUHDUHPXOWLSOHUHDVRQVIRUWKLV)LUVWWKHUHLV DOORZVWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHSRVVLEOHSUHVHQFHRIKHULWDJHLWV DORQJWHUPGHEDWHFRQFHUQLQJSXEOLFDFFHVVDPRQJKHULWDJH condition, its accessibility and any threats. This section provides professionals in the Netherlands, as well as other countries. DbIHZH[DPSOHVEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJEDVLFPDSVIRULOOXVWUDWLYH 6RPHFRQVLGHUWKDWWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIVLWHVDQGWKHLUSRVLWLRQVLV purposes: a hazard to their preservation,103DVWKHORFDWLRQZLOOXOWLPDWHO\ EHFRPHNQRZQQRWRQO\WRWKRVHZKRKDYHWKHEHVWLQWHQWLRQV » 7KH3OHLVWRFHQHODQGVXUIDFHDWWKHVWDUWRIWKH+RORFHQH EXWDOVRWKRVHZKRPHDQWRKDUPWKHUHVRXUFHVVXFKDV UHFRQVWUXFWLRQEDVHGRQWKHFXUUHQWORFDWLRQPLQXVHURVLRQ VRXYHQLUKXQWHUVDQGFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJHUV8QWLOQRZWKHOHYHO DUHDV )LJ% RIODZHQIRUFHPHQWKDVQRWEHHQVXǎFLHQWO\DGHTXDWHWRHQVXUH » &XUUHQWORFDWLRQRIWKH3OHLVWRFHQHXSSHUVWUDWD SURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWGDPDJHWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH104 Second, ZLWKHURVLRQFKDQQHOV )LJ$ DOWKRXJKSURPRWHGRQD(XURSHDQOHYHODQGIROORZHGXSE\VRPH » 0RVWUHFHQWGHSWKPRGHO countries, others still, and by law, prohibit the publication of the positions of cultural heritage sites.105

Fig. 2.18 A. The currently preserved Pleistocene layers, including the B. The reconstructed Pleistocene surface, ignoring the erosion gullies. eroded areas. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

103 7KH0$&+83URMHFW7HDP GRFXPHQWHQYDQGHHXURSHVHXQLH DFFHVVHG 104 (UIJRHGLQVSHFWLHŞ 106 KWWSZZZQGQODUWLNHOHQPHLVFKDWJUDYHQLQHHQZHUHOGYDQVWLOWH 105 See https://www.erfgoedinspectie.nl/toezichtvelden/archieven/inhoud/ DFFHVVHG ZHWHQUHJHOJHYLQJRYHULJHLQIRUPDWLHZHWJHYLQJRSHQEDDUKHLGYDQ

55 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 2.19 The thickness of the Holocene layer. Figure: courtesy Periplus Fig. 2.20 Areas of known depth surveys. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. Archeomare/RCE.

6XEWUDFWLQJRQH3OHLVWRFHQHPRGHOIURPWKHRWKHUFUHDWHVD &KDQJHVLQPRUSKRORJ\WKURXJKWLPHFDQEHLOOXVWUDWHGE\ PRGHOWKDWDOUHDG\LQGLFDWHVZKHUHWKHRULJLQDO3OHLVWRFHQH FRPELQLQJWKHEDVLFLQIRUPDWLRQIRUYDULRXV\HDUVVLQFH VXUIDFHPD\VWLOOEHLQWDFW1077KLVVXUIDFHDOVRGHǌQHVWKH 7RbWKLVHQGDOORIWKHEDVLFJULGVVLQFHKDYHEHHQFRPELQHG PD[LPXPGHSWKIRUZUHFNVIURPODWHUSHULRGVVLQFHWKH LQWRDVLQJOHPRGHO )LJ 1107KLVPRGHOFRQVLVWVRI[ 3OHLVWRFHQHSDFNDJHLVWRRFRPSDFWIRUVKLSZUHFNVWRVLQNEHORZ PHWUHJULGVTXDUHVZLWKWKHPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPQXPEHURI LW )LJ$% 108 YDOXHVDQGDYHUDJHYDOXHIRUHDFKVTXDUH([SRUWLQJWKHGLǋH- UHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPYDOXHIRUHDFKJULG ,QWKHHDUO\0HVROLWKLFSHULRG VWDUWRIWKH+RORFHQH DSSUR[LPD- VTXDUH ZLWKDPLQLPXPRIIRXUYDOXHV UHVXOWVLQDPRGHOWKDW WHO\\HDUVDJRWKHVHDOHYHOZDVPHWUHVORZHUWKDQLWLV GHVFULEHVWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHPRELOHOD\HU )LJ WRGD\7KHPRGHOIRUWKHORFDWLRQRIWKH3OHLVWRFHQHXSSHUVWUDWD DWWKHVWDUWRIWKH+RORFHQHWKHUHIRUHVKRZVWKHGU\ODQGVFDSH WKDWH[LVWHGDWWKDWWLPH7KHHQWLUHDUHDLQFOXGLQJODUJHVHFWLRQV of the North Sea Basin, was above sea level and potentially VXLWDEOHIRUKDELWDWLRQ$VWKHVHDOHYHOURVHPRUHDQGPRUHODQG EHFDPHVXEPHUJHG%DVHGRQWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHXSSHU 3OHLVWRFHQHVWUDWDZHFDQGHǌQHWKHKLVWRULFDOFRDVWOLQHVIURP WKLVSHULRG 6HHDOVR)LJ

7KHWKLFNQHVVRIWKH+RORFHQHFRYHUVWUDWDLVGHWHUPLQHGE\ VXEWUDFWLQJWKHFXUUHQWORFDWLRQRIWKHVHDǍRRU PRVWUHFHQW GHSWKPRGHO IURPWKHPRGHORIWKHFXUUHQWORFDWLRQRIWKH XSSHU3OHLVWRFHQHVWUDWD )LJ 7KHPXFKOHVVFRPSDFW +RORFHQHVWUDWDLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHŠPRELOHOD\HUšVLQFHLW LVYHU\VXVFHSWLEOHWRHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVHVDW least in certain areas. It is possible that well-preserved shipwrecks FRXOGEHIRXQGLQWKLVOD\HU6KLSZUHFNVPD\EHFRPHFRPSOHWHO\ FRYHUHGE\WKH+RORFHQHVWUDWDGXHWRVHWWOLQJ RIWHQFDXVHGE\ HURVLRQDURXQGWKHZUHFN RUVHGLPHQWDWLRQ109$UHDVZLWKDWKLFN Fig. 2.21 Thickness of mobile layer, measured between 1925 and 2005. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. OD\HURI+RORFHQHVDQGEXWQRVKLSZUHFNVORFDWHGRQWKH VXUIDFHPD\VWLOOKDYHVKLSZUHFNVEXULHGXQGHUWKHVHDǍRRU

107+RZHYHUWKLVLVVXEMHFWWRWKHOLPLWDWLRQVLQKHUHQWWRWKHEDVLFPRGHOV 1080DQGHUV2V :DOOLQJD+RZHYHUGXHWRWKHHURVLRQRIWKH3OHLVWRFHQH VXUIDFHVKLSVPD\VLQNWROHYHOVORZHUWKDQWKHRULJLQDO3OHLVWRFHQHXSSHUVWUDWD 1096HH'L[HWDOŞ 110 Sounding Grid Utility, QinSy.

56 2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

Fig. 2.22 Maximum sedimentation from 1925 onwards and in compari- Fig. 2.23 Maximum erosion from 1925 onwards and in comparison with son with 2005. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. 2005. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

7KHVHGDWDVHWVFDQLPPHGLDWHO\H[KLELWZKLFKDUHDVKDYH 2.6.2 Historical data as an add-on for understanding UHPDLQHGVWDEOHRYHUWKH\HDUVEHWZHHQDQGDQG ,IZHDGGKLVWRULFDOGDWDWRWKHJHRORJLFDOPRGHOVZHFDQJDLQD ZKLFKDUHDVKDYHFKDQJHGZLWKWKHPRGHOHDVLO\VKRZLQJWKH better understanding of the cultural landscape during the various FKDQJHVRYHUWKDWSHULRG&KDQJHVPD\LQFOXGHHURVLRQ periods. This is because the use of the landscape largely VHGLPHQWDWLRQRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIERWK,QWKHDUHDVWKDWKDYH GHWHUPLQHVZKHUHWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHPDLQVDUHGHSRVLWHG UHPDLQHGVWDEOHRYHUWKHSHULRGIHZDUFKDHRORJLFDOREVHUYDWLRQV )URPDVSDWLDODQGJHRJUDSKLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHKLVWRULFDOLQIRUPD- KDYHEHHQUHFRUGHG+RZHYHUWKLVGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWQR WLRQLVRIWHQQRWRIDXQLIRUPQDWXUH7KHGHWDLODFFXUDF\DQG FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLVSUHVHQWLQWKHVHDUHDV7KHVWDEOHDUHDVPD\ UHOLDELOLW\GLǋHUIURPVRXUFHWRVRXUFHIURPSHULRGWRSHULRGDQG VLPSO\EHOHVVWUDYHOOHGE\VKLSVGXHWRVKDOORZZDWHUVDQGVLQFH IURPDUHDWRDUHD7KHLQIRUPDWLRQ DVZHOODVLWVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV WKH+RORFHQHGHSRVLWVDUHVWDEOHDQ\REMHFWVZLOOEHFRYHUHGE\ DOVRLQǍXHQFHGE\DQXPEHURIIDFWRUVVXFKDVVNLOOXWLOLW\DQG sand and out of sight. HFRQRPLFRUSROLWLFDOREMHFWLYHV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHWKDWZKLOH EHDFKHVDQGKDUERXUVDUHRIWHQWKHRXWHUOLPLWVRIODQGPDSV %\FRPSDULQJWKHVKDOORZHVWYDOXHIRUHDFKJULGVTXDUHZLWKWKH they are the starting point for navigational charts.111 These, PRVWUHFHQWGHSWKZHFDQFUHDWHDPRGHORIWKHPD[LPXP WKHUHIRUHDGGDGLǋHUHQWGLPHQVLRQWRRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH GHJUHHRIVHGLPHQWDWLRQ )LJ $UHDVWKDWZHUHGHHSHUE\D landscape. Much of our knowledge of the sea and its uses has PHWUHRUPRUHLQWKHSDVW EHWZHHQDQGWKHSUHVHQW EHHQUHFRUGHGLQKLVWRULFDOVRXUFHVEXWPXFKKDVQRW7KLV KDYHEHHQǌOOHGLQZLWKVHGLPHQWRYHUWKHSDVW\HDUV knowledge, often recorded in oral traditions, has been lost )RUDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[SHFWDWLRQSXUSRVHVZHFDQGHWHUPLQHWKDW RYHUbWLPH112 WKHVHDUHDVZLOOWKXVKDUERXUQRFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHPDLQVIURP EHIRUHGRZQWRWKHOHYHORIWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKIRUWKLV SHULRGRUDQ\VXFKUHPDLQVZLOOEHLQDGLVWXUEHGVWDWH%\ FRPSDULQJWKHGHHSHVWYDOXHIRUHDFKJULGVTXDUHZLWKWKHPRVW UHFHQWGHSWKZHFDQFUHDWHDPRGHOWKDWVKRZVWKHPD[LPXP GHSWKLQWKHDUHD )LJ

$UHDVWKDWZHUHVKDOORZHULQWKHSDVW EHWZHHQDQGWKH SUHVHQW KDYHEHHQHURGHGRYHUWKHSDVW\HDUV:LWK UHJDUGWRDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[SHFWDWLRQVZHFDQVWDWHWKDWDQ\ UHPDLQVLQWKHVHDUHDVZLOOEHORFDWHGRQWKHFXUUHQWVHDǍRRURU GHHSHU$OPRVWDOORIWKHNQRZQREVHUYDWLRQVLQ$5&+,6DUH plotted in these areas. They are also the areas where sites, GLVFRYHUHGRUQRWKDYHGLVDSSHDUHGRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWLPH

111/DPEHUWHWDO$QLQWHJUDWLRQRIDODQGEDVHGSHUVSHFWLYHDQGD SURGXFHbQHZLGHDV VHDEDVHGSHUVSHFWLYHLQVWXGLHVDERXWG\QDPLFXUEDQJHRJUDSKLHVFRXOG 112/DPEHUWHWDO

)LJ$%5HFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHODQGVFDSHVLQWKH $ 5RPDQDQG % (DUO\PHGLHYDOSHULRGV $IWHU9RV 'H9ULHV LQFOXGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH major sailing routes. Figure: RCE.

$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVZHFDQDGGKLVWRULFDOO\ the harbours, beacons and anchorages.1137KLVLQIRUPDWLRQFDQ NQRZQVKLSSLQJURXWHVIURPWKH5RPDQHUDDQGWKHHDUO\0LGGOH KHOSXVDQDO\VHWKHXVHRIDQDUHDHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQZHFRPSDUH $JHV )LJ$% 7KLVFDQKHOSFODULI\FHUWDLQVKLSSLQJODQHV WKHPDSVRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWLPH+LVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQIURP but also the areas of habitation that they connected within the ZULWWHQVRXUFHVFDQDOVRSURYLGHXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQZKLOHVHD PDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSH$QLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHXVHRIWKHDUHD EDWWOHVRUPDMRUVWRUPVPD\SURYLGHLQVLJKWLQWRWKHOLNHO\QXPEHU LQWKHPRGHUQSHULRGKDVEHHQLPSOLFLWO\LQFOXGHGWKURXJKWKH RIVKLSVWKDWKDYHVXQNLQDVSHFLǌFDUHD114 digitization of historical navigational charts which also contain LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVXFKXVH )LJ$ %\JHRUHIHUHQFLQJKLVWRULFDOPDSVDQGFRPSDULQJWKHPWRPRUH UHFHQWPRUSKRORJLFDOPDSVZHFDQH[WUDSRODWHWKHSURFHVVHVRI +RZHYHUKLVWRULFDOPDSVDOVRFRQWDLQPXFKPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQ HURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQŠEDFNZDUGVšWRWKHHQGRIWKH than data about depths and currents, such as the routes used, VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\7KLVLQWXUQKHOSVXVYLVXDOL]HPRUHWKDQIRXU

Fig. 2.25A Map of the Wadden Sea by Waghenaer from 1584. A. Original map, B. the digitalized and vectorized map. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/ RCE.

113KWWSFHOHEUDWLQJ\HDUVQRDDJRYQHZB\RUNBFKDUWVZHOFRPHKWPOLQIR GHYHORSLQJDYLHZDERXWZKDWPD\DFWXDOO\KDYHKDSSHQHG%DVHGRQVXFKLQWHUSUHWDWL- DFFHVVHG RQVZHFDQGHFLSKHUWKHVHDEHGDQGPDNHDQHVWLPDWLRQRIZKDWPDWHULDOZLWQHVVHV 114$UHDVZKHUHEDWWOHVKDYHWDNHQSODFHPD\EHUHIHUUHGWRDVODQGVFDSHVRIZDU:KHUH PD\EHOHIWXQGHUZDWHU$WWKHVDPHWLPHDQ\HYLGHQFHIRXQGRQRULQWKHVHDEHGPD\ sea battles have taken place, we usually see no evidence on the surface of the water. VWUHQJWKHQRUZHDNHQRXUWKHRULHVDQGWKXVDVVLVWXVWRPRYHFORVHUWRWKHWUXWK +RZHYHUKLVWRULFDONQRZOHGJH ŠZKDWKDVKDSSHQHGDFFRUGLQJWRDSHRSOHš NQRZOHGJH 115 Westerdahl 1996. RIZDUIDUHDQGVDLOLQJ ŠZKDWZRXOGEHWKHPRVWORJLFDOWKLQJWRGRš PD\DVVLVWLQ 116 See also Wang et al. 1995

FHQWXULHVRIG\QDPLFVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDQGPD\SURYLGH LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHXVHRIWKHDUHDVXSSRUWHGE\WKHRULHVRQWKH XVHRIPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVXFKDVWKRVHGHYHORSHGE\ Westerdahl,115 and the presence and preservation conditions of VLWHV7KHOHYHORIGHWDLOWKLVSURYLGHVLVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKH Fig. 2.26 Historic (non-navigation) maps of the Wadden Sea by Jan van Scorel KLJKUHVROXWLRQPRUSKRORJLFDOPRGHOVORZ:HWKHUHIRUHKDYHWR (c. 1552) (left) and Christiaan Sgroten (right) (Delineatio Sinus Meridionalis Maris, Vulgo De Zuyder Zee; Phrisia occidentalis, et Watterlandia, 1573). EHFDUHIXOWRFRPELQHWKHPLQWRRQHPRGHO7KH\VHUYHD purpose on a regional scale however to visualize changes that have occurred. as navigational aids and, therefore, details of water areas, such as depth soundings and shoals, are only sporadically illustrated and 2.7 Geomorphological models DOPRVWQHYHUPHDVXUHG )LJ$% 117

2.7.1 Basic geomorphological models 2.7.2 The period 1584–1852 $VVWDWHGDERYHWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHVHDǍRRUDQGWKHFRDVWOLQH 6L[QDYLJDWLRQDOFKDUWVIURPWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQWKHODVWTXDUWHU LVRQHRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDšVGHǌQLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV6LQFHWKH RIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGWKHPLGQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ZHUH FUHDWLRQRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDWKHDUHDKDVEHHQIRUPHGE\JXOOLHV VWXGLHG7KHVHLQFOXGHWKHPDSE\:DJKHQDHU118 the 1649 WKDWFDQPRYHRUFKDQJHGLUHFWLRQVRYHUWLPHXQGHUWKH PDSE\%ODHX119WKHPDSE\*RRV120WKHPDSE\ LQǍXHQFHRIWLGDOFXUUHQWV116,QVLJKWLQWRWKHVHJHRPRUSKRORJLFDO Sepp,121WKHPDSE\WKH%ULWLVK$GPLUDOW\122DQGWKH FKDQJHVLVDEVROXWHO\YLWDOWRGUDZXSH[SHFWDWLRQPDSVIRUWKH WRSRJUDSKLFPDSIRUWKH'XWFKPLOLWDU\123 )LJ ODWHPHGLHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRGV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQIRUPRGHOOLQJPRUSKRORJLFDOFKDQJHVFRPHVIURP GHSWKVRXQGLQJV GHSWKPHDVXUHPHQWV RIWKHVHDǍRRU%\ FRPSDULQJGLǋHUHQWVRXQGLQJVWKURXJKWLPHZHFDQJDLQLQVLJKW LQWRWKHVHFKDQJHV,IVXǎFLHQWGDWDLVDYDLODEOHZHFDQDOVRGUDZ XSSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOVIRUWKHIXWXUH$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKH FXUUHQW3OHLVWRFHQHVXUIDFHLVWKHERWWRPOLPLWIRUWKHGHSWKLQ WKHVHPRGHOVVLQFHVKLSZUHFNVFDQQRWVLQNLQWRWKLVFRPSDFW layer of sand.

7KHGHSWKPRGHOVDYDLODEOHIRUWKH:DGGHQ6HDLQWKHPRGHUQ SHULRG DIWHU$' FDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHFKURQRORJLFDO VWDJHVEDVHGRQWKHPDSPDWHULDOVDYDLODEOH IRUQDYLJDWLRQ purposes) and the accuracy and resolution of the data:

1. 7KHSHULRGŞ 2.7KHSHULRGŞ 3. 7KHSHULRGŞSUHVHQW Fig. 2.27 Series of historic maps by (A) Pieter Goos (1666), (B) J.C. Sepp :KLOHPDSVGDWLQJIURPEHIRUHDUHDYDLODEOH -DQYDQ6FRUHO (1777), (C) British Admiralty (1799) and the Chromo-topographic military FDQG&KULVWLDDQ6JURWHQ WKHVHZHUHQRWLQWHQGHG chart of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1850.

117 7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWWKHVHPDSVFDQQRWSURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOGHWDLOUHJDUGLQJWKH LOOXVWUDWRU,QKHSXEOLVKHGWKH1LHXZH*HRJUDǌVFKH5HLVHHQ=DN$WODVYDQ'H use of the landscape in this period. 9,,9HUHQLJGH1HGHUODQGVFKH3URYLQFLHQLQFOXGLQJGDWDIURPWKH:DGGHQ6HDLQŠ'H 118/XFDV-DQV]RRQ:DJKHQDHU Ş &R[VZDLQEXWEHFDPHIDPRXV 9HUHHQLJGH1HGHUODQGHQRI=HYHQ9U\H3URYLQFLQ*HVORWHQLQGHQ-DDUHWH IRUWKLVVHDFDUWRJUDSK\+LV6SLHJHOGHU=HHYDHUWIURPZDVDEHQFKPDUNIRU 8WUHFKWLQš IXWXUHVHDQDYLJDWLRQPDSSLQJ 122 7KLVPDSŠ'XWFKPHQRIZDU6XUUHQGHUHGLQWKH1LHXHYH'LHS 1LHXZH'LHS WRWKH 119'U-DQ -RDQ :LOOHPV]%ODHX Ş ZDVD'XWFKSULQWHUSXEOLVKHUDQG $GPLUDOV'XQFDQ 0LWFKHOO$XJWšZDVSUREDEO\SDUWO\SURGXFHGWRSUHSDUH FDUWRJUDSKHU,QKHSXEOLVKHG DPRQJRWKHUV WKH+ROODQGLD&RPLWDWXVZKLFK IRUDQ$QJOR5XVVLDQLQYDVLRQRI+ROODQGE\WKH%ULWLVK$GPLUDOW\DQGSDUWO\GXULQJWKH FRQWDLQVPDSPDWHULDORINQRZQJXOOLHVDQGVDQGEDQNVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDUHD LQYDVLRQ DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGDWH 7KLVFDPSDLJQWRRNSODFHEHWZHHQ$XJXVWDQG 1203LHWHU*RRV Ş ZDVD'XWFKPDSPDNHUHQJUDYHUDQGERRNVHOOHU7KH 1RYHPEHUGXULQJWKH:DURIWKH6HFRQG&RDOLWLRQLQZKLFKDQH[SHGLWLRQDU\ ǌUVWHGLWLRQRIKLV=HH$WODV2IWH:DWHU:HHUHOG 6HD$WODVRIWKH:DWHU:RUOG ZDV IRUFHRI%ULWLVKDQG5XVVLDQWURRSVLQYDGHG1RUWK+ROODQGDWWKDWWLPHSDUWRIWKH SXEOLVKHGLQLQFOXGLQJVRPHQDYLJDWLRQFDUWRJUDSK\RIWKH:DGGHQ6HDDUHD Batavian Republic. Š3DVFDDUWHYDQGH=X\GHU=HH7H[HOHQGH9OLHVWURRPDOVPHGHšW$PHODQGHUJDWš 123&KURPRWRSRJUDSKLFPLOLWDU\FKDUWRIWKH.LQJGRPRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV0DGHE\ 121 -DQ&KULVWLDDQ6HSS Ş ZDVDQHQJUDYHUHWFKHUERRNVHOOHUDXWKRUDQG WKH7RSRJUDSKLF2ǎFHRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI:DULQ

59 7KHǌUVWNQRZQQDYLJDWLRQDOFKDUWIRUWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD LVbWKHPDSHQWLWOHGŠ'HYHUPDHUGHVWURHPHQŠWYOLHHQGHŠW PDHUVGLHSš 7KHUHQRZQHGFXUUHQWV9OLHDQG0DUVGLHS E\ /XFDVb-DQV]RRQ:DJKHQDHULQWKH6SLHJHOGHU=HHYDHUWWKH ǌUVWbYROXPHRIZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ,WLVDVVXPHGWKDW Waghenaer based the charts on his own observations and PHDVXUHPHQWV124DQGWKH\ZHUHXVHGE\VDLORUVIRUPDQ\\HDUV ,WLVHYHQSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHFKDUWVZHUHVWLOOLQFRPPRQXVHORQJ DIWHUWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWVKLSSLQJFKDQQHOVDQGVDQGEDQNVKDG shifted to other locations.125

7KHKLVWRULFDOPDSVZHUHPDGHXVLQJGHDGUHFNRQLQJ7KLV LQYROYHGGUDZLQJDFRDVWOLQHVWDUWLQJDWDNQRZQSRLQW)URP WKHUHWKHVXUYH\RUGHWHUPLQHGWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHFRDVWEDVHG RQWKHVSHHGDWZKLFKWKHVKLSZDVVDLOLQJWKHFRPSDVVFRXUVH the degree of drift and the sea currents.126,QVWUXPHQWVZHUH DOVRDYDLODEOHWRGHWHUPLQHODWLWXGH127/RQJLWXGHZDVPXFK PRUHGLǎFXOWWRFDOFXODWHDQGWKHPHWKRGVZHUHYHU\XQUHOLDEOH ,WRQO\EHFDPHSRVVLEOHWRPHDVXUHORQJLWXGHDFFXUDWHO\ZLWKWKH LQYHQWLRQRIWKHFKURQRPHWHULQ128 Taking this into FRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHUHPXVWKDYHEHHQPDMRUGLVFUHSDQFLHV between the calculated position and the actual position. This is DOVRUHǍHFWHGLQWKHPDSV7KHPDSSURMHFWLRQLVDOVRRIWHQ GLǋHUHQWIURPWKDWXVHGLQPDSVWRGD\1297KHVHPDSVWKHUH- fore, needed to be digitally georeferenced, vectorized and,

Fig. 2.29 Original map of the Zuiderzee and Waddenzee by Hulst van Keulen (1852).

ZKHUHQHFHVVDU\FRUUHFWHGIRUPRGHUQSURMHFWLRQV130

6XEVHTXHQWO\VLPLODUVFDOHVDQGFXWRXWVZHUHDSSOLHGWRHDFK PDS+RZHYHUWKHPDSVVWLOOGLǋHUIURPRQHDQRWKHULQGHWDLO )RUbH[DPSOHVRPHFRQWDLQPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDQRWKHUVDQG VHYHUDODUHDVGRQRWIHDWXUHGHSWKVRXQGLQJV7KLVLVSULPDULO\ GXHWRWKHSXUSRVHIRUZKLFKWKHPDSVZHUHPDGH7KH\ZHUH LQWHQGHGDVQDYLJDWLRQDODLGVDQGVKLSVZHUHH[SHFWHGWRVDLO DORQJWKHUHFRJQL]HGVKLSSLQJFKDQQHOV,WZDVLPSRUWDQWWR Fig. 2.28 Series of digital maps of the pilot area from 1584 (after indicate the depths of the sailing channels and the navigational Waghenaer), 1666 (after Goos), 1777 (after Sepp), 1852 (after Hulst Van aids at sea,131 while shoals were a threat to shipping and were to Keulen), 1948 and 2005. Each subsequent map shows more detail due to EHDYRLGHGLISRVVLEOH7KHH[DFWGHSWKVRIWKHVDQGEDQNVZHUH the increasing resolution of the data. Figure: courtesy RCE/Menne Kosian. WKHUHIRUHOHVVLPSRUWDQW )LJ

124.RVLDQ projection for nautical purposes because it represented lines of constant course as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Ş

2.7.3 The period 1852–1975 7KHǌUVWGHWDLOHGDQGUHOLDEOHGHSWKFKDUWZDVWKHŠ.DDUW YDQbGH=XLGHU=HHš 0DSRIWKH=X\GHU=HH E\+XOVWYDQ .HXOHQ1327KHGHSWKYDOXHVDUHH[SUHVVHGLQŠ$PVWHUGDPIHHW133 DWQRUPDOHEEWLGHšDQGZHUHREWDLQHGWKURXJKV\VWHPDWLF PDQXDOGHSWKVRXQGLQJV1347KHPDSFRQWDLQVPRUHWKDQ soundings in the current Western Wadden Sea and the Fig. 2.30 Digitalized and vectorized map of the Zuiderzee (from Hulst van Keulen, 1852). Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. ,-VVHOPHHUDUHD%DVHGRQWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVGHSWKFRQWRXUV ZHUHWKHQDGGHGE\KDQG )LJ 2.7.4 The period 1975–present 7KHHQWLUHRULJLQDOPDSZDVGLJLWL]HG VRXQGLQJVDQGFRQWRXU 6WDUWLQJLQWKHGHSWKRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDZDVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ OLQHV DQGWKHQWKHYDOXHVZHUHFRQYHUWHGWRWKHFXUUHQW1$3135 PHDVXUHGXVLQJ]RQHVRXQGLQJV7KHDUHDZDVGLYLGHGLQWRD LQbWKHIROORZLQJVWHSV QXPEHURI]RQHVZLWKDSDWWHUQRIFURVVVHFWLRQVIRUHDFK]RQH )LJ 7KHPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQV 1. Digitization of original soundings ZDVPHWUHV7KHVHFURVVVHFWLRQVZHUHPHDVXUHGXVLQJD 2. Digitization of original depth contours VLQJOHEHDPDFRXVWLFVRXQGLQJV\VWHPZKLFKPHDVXUHGGHSWK 3.&RQYHUVLRQRI$PVWHUGDPIHHWWRPHWUHV IDFWRU LQbDYHUDJHLQFUHPHQWVRIFHQWLPHWUHV:KHQWKHGDWDZDV 4.&RQYHUVLRQRI1RUPDO/RZ:DWHUWR1$3LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK SURFHVVHGDQGYDOLGDWHGVSLNHVZHUHUHPRYHGDQGWKHYDOXHV FRUUHFWLRQPRGHO EDVHGRQGDWDSURYLGHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI ZHUHUHIHUUHGWR1$37KHGDWDZDVWKHQSODFHGLQDJULGRI[ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW PHWUHVTXDUHV7KHJULGGLQJPHWKRGKDVLPSURYHGVLJQLǌ- FDQWO\RYHUWKH\HDUVDQGVLQFHWKHWXUQRIWKHFHQWXU\WKH The values converted to RD136ZHUHWKHQDSSOLHGWRDJULGPRGHO SUHIHUUHGPHWKRGKDVEHHQ'LJLSRODQLQWHUSRODWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK[PHWUHFHOOV )LJ GHVLJQHGE\WKH5,.=HVSHFLDOO\IRUVHDEHGV138

+DQGGUDZQRYHUYLHZFKDUWVZHUHSXEOLVKHGIRUWKHSHULRGV ŞDQGŞ7KHVHZHUHWKHQGLJLWL]HGLQWKH VE\WKH)ULHVODQG'LUHFWRUDWHIRU,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG3XEOLF Works. This involved drawing vertical and horizontal lines on the PDSYDU\LQJLQGLVWDQFHIURPWRPHWUHV7KHGHJUHHRI FRYHUDJHIRUVRPHDUHDVPD\DOVRKDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGDWWKLV WLPH)ROORZLQJWKLVWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHIRUHDFK[P square was calculated. These values were then interpolated to Db[PJULG

7KHVRXQGLQJVIURPEHIRUHWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZHUHFRQGXF- WHGXVLQJDPDQXDOOHDGDQGWKHSRVLWLRQVZHUHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJ DVH[WDQW KRUL]RQWDODQJOHPHDVXUHPHQW ,WLVXQFOHDUZKHQ DFRXVWLFVRXQGLQJDQGK\SHUEROLFSRVLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVZHUHǌUVW XVHGDOWKRXJKLWZDVSUREDEO\QRHDUOLHUWKDQWKHODWHV $bIXOOFRYHUDJHV\VWHPRQO\FDPHLQWRXVHLQWKHODWHV Fig. 2.31 The pattern of zone soundings in the southwestern part of the DQGbHDUO\V7KHRULJLQDORYHUYLHZPDSVZHUHGHVWUR\HG Wadden Sea near Texel and Den Helder. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. DIWHUbWKH\ZHUHGLJLWL]HG137

1327KHQDYLJDWLRQFKDUWŠ=HHNDDUWYDQGH=XLGHU]HHHQGH:DGGHQ]HH 7H[HO 1351RUPDDO$PVWHUGDPV3HLO 1RUPDO$PVWHUGDP/HYHO UHIHUHQFHOHYHOIRU $PHODQG šZDVSXEOLVKHGE\:HGXZH ZLGRZ *+XOVWYDQ.HXOHQLQLQ ZDWHUOHYHOPHDVXUHPHQWVLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV $PVWHUGDP$OWKRXJK*HUDUG+XOVWYDQ.HXOHQGLHGLQKLVZLIHPXVWKDYH 1365LMNVGULHKRHNVWHOVHOFRRUGLQDWHGFRQYHUVLRQXVLQJ5'1$375$16 .DGDVWHUQO FRQWLQXHGWKHWUDGHDVGLGRWKHUVDIWHUKHUDVPDSVZHUHSURGXFHGWKURXJKRXWWKH 137 6RXUFH:LOOHPYDQGHU+RHYHQFRQVXOWDQWIRU',''6'* nineteenth century. 138+DOGHUHQ5,.=5LMNVLQVWLWXXWYRRU.XVWHQ=HH 1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHIRU 133$Q$PVWHUGDPIRRWLVHTXDOWRPHWUHV &RDVWDODQG0DULQH0DQDJHPHQW 134 6RXQGLQJZDVGRQHIURPDVKLSXVLQJDVRXQGLQJOHDG6HHDOVR+RUVWHQHWDO 316.

61 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 2.32 Disturbances in the Wadden Sea pilot area. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

2.8 Known and allocated areas for disturbances YDOXDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQIRUGUDIWLQJSROLF\PDSVIRUPXQLFLSDOLWLHV 7KHVHDEHGKDVLQFUHDVLQJO\EHFRPHDSODFHWKDWQHHGVWREH ZLWKWKHDLPRIREWDLQLQJH[HPSWLRQVWRDFHUWDLQGHSWKRUWR DGDSWHGIRUFRPPHUFLDODFWLYLWLHVZKHWKHUWKLVLVWKHLQVWDOODWLRQ PDUNWKHFXUUHQWSRWHQWLDORIDQDUHD140 RIZLQGIDUPVSLSHOLQHVHOHFWULFFDEOHVWKHGUHGJLQJRIVKLSSLQJ ODQHVVDQGDEVWUDFWLRQVHDIDUPLQJRUWKHUHFODLPLQJRIODQGIRU 7KHGLJLWDOPDSRIGLVWXUEDQFHVLQWKH+*06VKRZVWKHNQRZQ building purposes.1397KHVHKXPDQDQGRWKHUWKUHDWVZLOOEH GLVWXUEDQFHVRIWKHVHDǍRRULQWKHSLORWDUHDEDVHGRQYDULRXV IXUWKHUGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHU VRXUFHVIURPZLWKLQWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW )LJ 7KHGLVWXUEHGDUHDVDUHGHǌQHGE\WKH 7KH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWLVVXHV 0LQLVWU\DVSRO\JRQVLQZKLFKWKHREMHFWLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJ SHUPLWVWRNHHSWUDFNRIZKLFKDUHDVKDYHEHHQGLVWXUEHGGXHWR sources and disturbance depth are recorded.141 SXEOLFZRUNVRUZKHUHVXFKGLVWXUEDQFHVDUHSHUPLWWHG7KHVH data can be used to inventory the current disturbances of areas .QRZQVHDERWWRPGLVWXUEDQFHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRDQXPEHURI of interest based on geological and historical data. This is in turn categories.

Type Description Degree of disturbance Dredging areas 1RUPDOGUHGJLQJZRUNWRNHHSVKLSSLQJFKDQQHOVFOHDU ,QSULQFLSOHRQO\GLVWXUEDQFHRIUHFHQWO\DFFXPXODWHG to a certain depth VHGLPHQW 'UHGJLQJGXPS 'XPSLQJRIGUHGJLQJGHEULV 1RGLVWXUEDQFHRIWKHVHDǍRRURQO\DFFXPXODWLRQ 'DPVDQG &RQVWUXFWLRQRIPROHV /LPLWHGGLVWXUEDQFHRIVHDǍRRURQO\FRYHUDJH beachheads &DEOHVDQG Trenching and burying cables and pipelines 'LVWXUEDQFHWRPD[LPXPGHSWKRIPPZLGH pipelines

0XVVHOǌHOGV 5DLVLQJPXVVHOVIRUFRQVXPSWLRQ 'LVWXUEDQFHRIWKHVHDǍRRUWRDGHSWKRIDSSUR[FP during harvest 5RFNǌOODQG &RQVWUXFWLRQRIUHLQIRUFLQJVWUXFWXUHVXQGHUZDWHU /LPLWHGGLVWXUEDQFHRIVHDǍRRURQO\FRYHUDJH breakwaters Shell collection Shell collection through suction 'LVWXUEDQFHWRDPD[LPXPRIDIHZPHWUHVLQGHSWK Table 2.1. Overview of the known disturbances in the Dutch Wadden Sea.

1396HHIRUH[DPSOHŠ2QWZHUSEHOHLGVQRWD1RRUG]HHŞš DWWDFKPHQWWRWKH W\SHRIDFWLYLW\LQYROYHVDVSHFLǌFGHJUHHRIGLVWXUEDQFH6HHDOVR7DEOH 1DWLRQDO:DWHU3ODQŞ IRUDQRYHUYLHZRIDFWLYLWLHVSODQQHGIRUWKH1RUWK6HD 141 6RPHRIWKHSRO\JRQVZHUHSURYLGHGYLDWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU ǍRRUZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ'HFHPEHUE\WKH0LQLVWULHVRI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG 0DQDJHPHQWZHEVHUYLFHDQGDUHEDVHGRQWKHSHUPLWVLVVXHG,QUHDOLW\WKLV :DWHU0DQDJHPHQWDQG(FRQRPLF$ǋDLUV LQIRUPDWLRQVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHPHWDGDWD[POSURYLGHGDORQJZLWKWKHǌOHVEXW 140,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRLQGLFDWHZKLFKDUHDVKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQGLVWXUEHGDQGLQZKLFK XQIRUWXQDWHO\WKLVLVRIWHQOLPLWHGRULQFRPSOHWH DUHDVVXFKGLVWXUEDQFHVDUHSHUPLWWHGEXWZKHUHQRLQWHUIHUHQFHKDVWDNHQSODFH(DFK

62 2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

7KH+*06SURYLGHVYHFWRUǌOHVGHVFULELQJWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRI disturbances which cover the entire Dutch Wadden Sea area.

2.9 Refinements 6HYHUDOUHǌQHPHQWVFRXOGEHPDGHWRWKH+*06LQWKHIXWXUH 7KHJULGIRUWKHEDVLFǌOHVGHULYHGIURPWKHRULJLQDOGDWDIRUWKH SDODHRJUDSKLFPDSVRIWKH1HWKHUODQGVLVQRWDJUDGXDOPRGHO EXWDŠVWHSSHGšPRGHOZLWKWZRPHWUHLQWHUYDOV )LJ $VWKH RULJLQDOLQIRUPDWLRQZDVQRORQJHUDYDLODEOHWKHVHODUJHVWHSV PD\SRVHVRPHSUREOHPVLQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ142)RUH[DPSOHWKH PRGHOGRHVQRWVKRZYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQ1$3DQGUDWKHU LWDVVLJQVWKHVDPHYDULDEOHWRWKHHQWLUHDUHDWKHQMXPSVWZR Fig. 2.34 Core density in the pilot area as registered in DINO. Figure: PHWUHVWRWKHDGMDFHQWDUHD7KLVPD\PHDQWKDWWKHORFDO courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE/TNO. UHODWLYHKLJKSRLQWVZKHUHKDELWDWLRQPD\KDYHEHHQSRVVLEOHDUH not shown. )XUWKHUPRUHLWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHGHQVLW\RIWKHGDWDXVHG IRUWKH+*06LVKLJKO\YDULDEOHZLWKGLVWDQFHVRIXSWR NLORPHWUHVEHWZHHQWZRFRUHVDPSOHV )LJ 7KLVPHDQV that, in certain areas, such as the highly erosive zone of the %XUJ]DQGWKHGHQVLW\RIFRUHVDPSOHVLVVRORZWKDWDQ\LQWHU SUHWDWLRQRIZKHWKHUFKDQQHOVDUHVXLWDEOHIRUVKLSSLQJPXVWEH Fig. 2.33 The current maps based on the Pleistocene surface data are PDGHZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWRIFDUH7KHPDSPDWHULDOLQFOXGHGLQWKH ‘stepped models’. Ultimately, it would be better to have a more gradual +*06LVVWLOOLQWKHHDUO\VWDJHVDQGLWVKRXOGEHLPSURYHGDVQHZ model. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. GDWDLVDGGHGRYHUWKHFRPLQJ\HDUV144+RZHYHUDVPXQLFLSDOL- WLHVDQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPSDQLHVZLOOXVHWKHGDWDVHWVQRWRQO\ $QRWKHUSUREOHPLVWKDWLQFHUWDLQDUHDVWKHHURGHG3OHLVWRFHQH ZLOOWKHVHEHLPSURYHGEXWQHZORFDODQGPRUHGHWDLOHGGDWDPD\ VXUIDFHLVKLJKHUWKDQWKHPRGHOIRUWKHRULJLQDOVXUIDFHZKLFKLV DOVREHLQFOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VHVLPSURYLQJWKHRYHUDOOSURGXFW145 E\GHǌQLWLRQLPSRVVLEOH7KLVPXVWEHGXHWRDPLVWDNHLQWKH original or the interpreted data. +LVWRULFDOPDSVDUHDOVRVXEMHFWWROLPLWDWLRQV:HVKRXOGNHHSLQ PLQGWKDWVXFKPDSVDUHDOVRKLVWRULFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDQG 7KHEDVLFPRGHOVDUHSDUWRIWKHODUJHVFDOHQDWLRQDOPRGHO WKHUHIRUHGRQRWDOZD\VUHǍHFWWKHIDFWVDQGǌJXUHVZKLFKPD\ ZKLFKKDVDUHODWLYHO\ORZUHVROXWLRQ7KH*HR723PRGHOZRXOG LQWHUHVWDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGKHULWDJHPDQDJHUV7KH\DUH EHDEHWWHUDOWHUQDWLYH,Q*HR723WKHXQGHUJURXQGYROXPHLV LQǍXHQFHGE\PDQ\IDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHVXUYH\RU GLYLGHGLQWRPLOOLRQVRI[PHWUHYR[HOV EORFNV LQWKH DQGWKHGUDXJKWVSHUVRQWKHDPRXQWRINQRZOHGJHDYDLODEOHDV KRUL]RQWDOD[LVDQGFHQWLPHWUHVLQWKHYHUWLFDO3DUDPHWHUVDUH ZHOODVWKHSXUSRVHIRUZKLFKWKHPDSZDVPDGH146(DFKPDS WKHQOLQNHGWRHDFKYR[HO7KHVHFDQLQFOXGHJHRORJLFDOFKDUDFWH- has its own degree of accuracy and detail. The earliest historical ULVWLFVVXFKDVWKHVWUDWLJUDSKLFXQLWWRZKLFKWKHYR[HOEHORQJV PDSV XSWR DUHDOOGLǋHUHQWZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHGHQVLW\RI DQGWKHVRLOW\SH VDQGSHDWFOD\ EXWDOVRSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHG,QRUGHUWRFRPSDUHWKHPDSVZLWKRQH SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVWKHSHUPHDELOLW\WRJURXQGZDWHU6LQFH DQRWKHUDQGZLWKODWHUGHSWKFKDUWVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHSURFHVVRI 712KDVEHHQZRUNLQJRQDQH[SDQVLRQRI*HR723WRWKH UHSURMHFWLRQKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQ7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKH Wadden Sea region.143$WWKHWLPHRIWKHDQDO\VHVGHVFULEHG UHVROXWLRQIRUWKHVHPDSVLVYHU\ORZ7KHǌUVWGHWDLOHGDQG above, this was not yet available. UHOLDEOHGHSWKFKDUWLVWKHUHIRUHWKHPDSE\+XOVWYDQ .HXOHQ

142 7KHRULJLQDOJULGSRLQWǌOHIURPZKLFKWKH3O]JHXOVKS3O]PJHXOVKSQ&VKS WKH+*06WRSURGXFHSROLF\PDSVIRULWVVHDEHGDUHD Q&VKSHQQ&VKS9RV 'H9ULHV 146 7KLVPD\LQFOXGHQDYLJDWLRQDOSXUSRVHVEXWDOVRSROLWLFDOREMHFWLYHV7KHODWWHUPD\ 143 KWWSZZZZDGGHQDFDGHPLHQOQOWKHPDVJHRZHWHQVFKDSLQVWLWXWHQ PHDQWKDWDGGLWLRQDODWWHQWLRQLVSDLGWRFHUWDLQDUHDVVXFKDVERUGHUVRUQDPHV JHRWRSLQGHZDGGHQUHJLR DFFHVVHG PD\bEHFKDQJHGRUGHWDLOVFRQVFLRXVO\GHOHWHGRUIDOVLǌHG/DPEHUWHWDO S 144 ,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKH5&(VKRXOGWDNHXSWKHWDVNRIUHJXODUO\XSGDWLQJ Ş DUJXHGWKDWVLQFHJHQGHUFODVVDQGUDFHSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQFUHDWLQJD WKHbEDVLFPDSVRIWKH+*06 KLVWRULFDOJHRJUDSK\RIWKHVHDDQGLWVODQGVFDSHWKH\PD\DOVRLQǍXHQFHWKHPDWHULDO 145$WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ 'HFHPEHU WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI7H[HOLVZRUNLQJZLWK SURGXFWVVXFKDVWKHPDSPDWHULDOVDVZHOODVRXULPDJHRIWKHSDVW

63 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

7KHDFFXUDF\RIWKHPDSVLQFUHDVHVDVZHDSSURDFKWKHSUHVHQW PD\EHSRVVLEOHWRJDLQDEHWWHULQVLJKWLQWRWKHRFFXUUHQFHRI GD\$IWHUWKHFKDUWVXWLOL]HGDǌ[HGFURVVVHFWLRQSDWWHUQ SUHKLVWRULFDUWHIDFWVVXFKDVKDQGD[HVRUIUDPHVIURPODWH VRWKHGHSWKFKDUWVDUHHDVLHUWRFRPSDUHWRRQHDQRWKHUDVWKH PHGLHYDOVKLSV153 GDWDZDVFROOHFWHGZLWKWKHVDPHPHWKRGDQGIURPWKHVDPH FURVVVHFWLRQV+RZHYHUWKHVLQJOHEHDPVRXQGLQJVXVHGLQ There are also several studies under way that deal with the spatial WKHVHFKDUWVUHTXLUHFRQVLGHUDEOHLQWHUSRODWLRQ,QVPDOOHUDUHDV VWUXFWXUHDQGXVHRIPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVLQSUHKLVWRU\ WKHFRYHUDJHLVLPSURYHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIPXOWLEHDPVRQDU147 WKH5RPDQHUDDQGWKHHDUO\0LGGOH$JHV154 These studies will 7KLVPHWKRGSURYLGHVDPRUHRUOHVVDFFXUDWHUHOLHILPDJHRIWKH certainly result in new insights that can lead to a better under- VHDǍRRU6LQFHVRPHVHFWLRQVRIWKHSLORWDUHDDUHQRWLQFOXGHG VWDQGLQJRIWKHJHRORJLFDOODQGVFDSHDQGKXPDQXVH2QFHZH LQWKHPRUHGHWDLOHGPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJVWKRVHWKDWZHUH DGGPRUHKLVWRULFDOGDWDWRWKHJHRORJLFDOPRGHOVZHZLOOJDLQD recorded in these sections were not taken into consideration. better understanding of the culture landscape during the various 7KH\DUHKRZHYHUDYDLODEOHIRUPRUHGHWDLOHGUHVHDUFKLQVPDOOHU periods. The integration of historical geographic studies on land areas.148 DQGWKRVHIURPDPDULWLPHSHUVSHFWLYHPD\DOVRSURYLGH additional knowledge. 7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIVWXGLHVWKDWFDQEHFRQGXFWHGWRKHOS UHǌQHWKHPDSPDWHULDOIRUWKHSHULRGVWDUWLQJIURPSUHKLVWRU\ 2.10 Conclusion WKURXJKWRWKHODWH0LGGOH$JHV)RUH[DPSOHWKH*HR723 Š,QVLWXVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGWKHǌUVWRSWLRQšLVDPDQWUDFRQ- PRGHOGLVFXVVHGDERYHFRQWDLQVPXFKPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDQ VWDQWO\KHDUGLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW:KDWGRHVLW PHUHO\DGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHXSSHU3OHLVWRFHQHVWUDWD149)RUWKH PHDQ"0RUHVSHFLǌFDOO\ZKDWGRHVLWPHDQIRUXQGHUZDWHU :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDWKHUHDUHDOVRGHVFULSWLRQVRIPRUHWKDQ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHREMHFWV"7RDQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQLWLVǌUVWO\ FRUHVDPSOHVDYDLODEOH 5,-3DUFKLYH ZKLFKFDQEHXVHGWR LPSRUWDQWWRORRNDWZKDWZHPHDQE\ŠLQVLWXšDQGWKXVWKHSODFH UHǌQHWKHPRGHOVSUHVHQWHGKHUH7KHVHKDYHQRW\HWEHHQ RIŠSULPDU\šGHSRVLWLRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKVLWHVZHUH included because they were only recently rediscovered. 150 created and can still be found. Objects are purposely or accident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these processes is the key to the biography of a place. With that SDUWRIWKH(8ǌQDQFHG0$&+8SURMHFWKDVLQGLFDWHGWKDW26/ LQIRUPDWLRQZHFDQORRNIXUWKHUWKDQPHUHO\WKRVHDUFKDHRORJLFDO dating also works for sand that has been deposited under VLWHVWKDWDUHDOUHDG\GLVFRYHUHG WKHŠNQRZQUHVRXUFHVš DQGWDNH water.151 the step to predicting the chances of cultural heritage being found in other places and zones of the seabed. To do so, we need The known underwater cultural heritage resources can also DORWRIYDOLGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQDVDEDVLVZLWKZKLFKWRZRUN)URP provide an indication of the possible presence of other objects. WKLVEDVLVZHFDQDGGQRQYDOLGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKFDQDOVR The known resources in the Western Wadden Sea area are fairly \LHOGDWUHDVXUHRILQIRUPDWLRQDOWKRXJKWKLVŞRIWHQKLJKO\ OLPLWHGXSWRWKHODWH0LGGOH$JHVKRZHYHUWKLVGRHVQRWPHDQ VXEMHFWLYHŞLQIRUPDWLRQVKRXOGQHYHUEHFRQIXVHGZLWKGDWD that nothing has been found over the past few decades. UHWULHYHGV\VWHPDWLFDOO\E\ZHOOSODQQHGUHVHDUFKSURMHFWV 1HYHUWKHOHVVLPSRUWDQWREMHFWVZLWKYHU\ROGSURYHQDQFHDUH RIWHQIRXQGDWJUHDWHUGHSWKVZLWKRXWFRQWH[WWKURXJKWKH SURFHVVRIGUHGJLQJRUVDQGDQGJUDYHOPLQLQJ152 By educating WKHZRUNHUVLQWKLVLQGXVWU\DQGPDNLQJLWHDVLHUWRUHSRUWǌQGVLW

147 6HHDOVRWKH%XUJ]DQGPRQLWRULQJUHSRUW %UHQN 0DQGHUV 151 0DQGHUV2V :DOOLQJD 148 6LQFHWKHZUHFNVLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDKDYHEHHQPRQLWRUHGXVLQJ 152 $IUDPHRIDFOLQNHUEXLOWYHVVHOZDVLGHQWLǌHGDWWKH:UHFN0XVHXP KLJKUHVROXWLRQPXOWLEHDPVRQDURQDQDQQXDOEDVLV7KLVUHVHDUFKKDVOHGWRPDQ\ :UDNNHQPXVHXP RQ7HUVFKHOOLQJZKLFKGHQGURFKURQRORJLFDOGDWLQJSODFHGLQWKH QHZLQVLJKWVDERXWWKHEHKDYLRXURIWKHVHDǍRRULQWKLVDUHDDQGDURXQGWKHZUHFNVLQ IRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\ DIWHU$' ,WZDVIRXQGPDQ\\HDUVDJRDWDJUHDWGHSWK SDUWLFXODU %UHQN 0DQGHUV XQGHUWKHVDQG E\DVDQGGUHGJHU7KHH[DFWSRVLWLRQLWOD\LQLVQRWNQRZQ5,1* 1497KHXSSHUP7KHHQWLUHDUHDLVGLYLGHGLQWRFXERLGVRIP[PZLGHDQG 153$VWDUWZDVPDGHZLWKWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHSDPSKOHWŠ+HUNHQQHQYDQ FPWKLFN DUFKHRORJLVFKHYRQGVWHQXLWZDWHUERGHPVš Š5HFRJQL]LQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOǌQGVIURP 150 7KHDQDORJXHFRUHGHVFULSWLRQVIURPWKHDUFKLYHRI5:6LQ+DUOLQJHQ WKH5,-3 ZDWHUEHGVš ZKLFKZDVDFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH5&(DQG5:6 +RXNHV archive) are currently being validated by Deltares and will then be added to the DINO &DVSHUV database. 154 6HHIRUH[DPSOH-DQVPDHWDODQG/DQHQ DQG

64 2. Developing a landscape approach to underwater cultural heritage

6HDEHGVDUHRIWHQYHU\G\QDPLFHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV$ research questions and added to national and international FRQVWDQWǍRZRIQDWXUDOSURFHVVHVWKDWVKDSHWKHVHDEHGDVZHOO research agendas. DVKXPDQDFWLRQWKDWKDVVLJQLǌFDQWO\DGDSWHGWKHDUHDKDYH EHHQRQJRLQJIRUFHQWXULHV7KLVKLJKOHYHOG\QDPLFZDVWKH 6HWWLQJSULRULWLHVLVDQHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI reason why the Dutch waters were initially not included in the XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH:KHUHFDQWKHVHDǍRRUEH SUHGLFWLYHPDSSLQJ ,.$: ZKLOHODWHUDWWHPSWVGLGQRWKDYH GLVWXUEHGZLWKRXWGDPDJLQJWKHKLVWRULFDODQGDUFKDHRORJLFDO UHOLDEOHRXWFRPHV,WZDVIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKDWDSURMHFWWRGHYHORS UHFRUG":KLFKKHULWDJHLVVXǎFLHQWO\LPSRUWDQWWREHSUHVHUYHG DPRUHG\QDPLFPDSEHJDQ '[\]DQGWLPH $IWHULQLWLDOO\ DQGSURWHFWHGDQGZKLFKLVQRW":KHUHLVDFWLYHPDQDJHPHQW focusing on creating an Indicative Map for the Western Wadden necessary to preserve heritage, and where is this unnecessary Sea, another direction was taken. This was not only to avoid GXHWRWKHODFNRIWKUHDWV"&KRLFHVZLOOKDYHWREHPDGHEDVHGRQ DVVXPLQJWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVEXWDOVRWR ŠKDUGšQXPEHUVDQGŠVRIWšLPSUHVVLRQV7KHGDWDSURYLGHGZLOORǋHU IRFXVRQSURYLGLQJPDSVWKDWRǋHUHGDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHTXDOLW\ WKHDPPXQLWLRQIRUZHOOIRXQGHGPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDLPLQJWR and quantity of heritage in the area. preserve our underwater cultural heritage.

7KLVOHGWRWKHELUWKRIWKH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HW 7RFRQFOXGHWKH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWIRUWKH +*06 6RPHRIWKHGDWDVHWVQHFHVVDU\IRUHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH :DGGHQ6HDLVDSURGXFWWKDWLVLQWHQGHGWRKHOSSROLF\PDNHUV +*06ZHUHUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHUHTXLULQJQRDGGLWLRQDOHGLWLQJZKLOH DQGRWKHUSDUWLHVLQWKHǌHOGRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW RWKHUVUHTXLUHGORQJVHDUFKHVDQGLQWHQVLYHHGLWLQJWRPDNH 7KHPHWKRGLPSURYHVWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVSHUWDLQLQJ WKHPVXLWDEOHIRUXVH7KHSURMHFWKDVVXEVHTXHQWO\EHHQDEOH WRbWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH,QGRLQJVR to include data that had not been available until recently, and LWFRPSOHPHQWVWKHPHWKRGVXVHGLQGHVNWRSVWXGLHV155 By HYHQWRSURGXFHQHZGDWDSULPDULO\E\FRPELQLQJGLǋHUHQWGDWD JLYLQJWKHV\VWHPDPRGXODUVWUXFWXUHEDVHGRQVRXQGWKHRU\ VHWV7KHPDSVHWFDQVHUYHDVDIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHGUDZLQJXSRI DQGPHWKRGWKHV\VWHPFDQEHH[SDQGHG IRUPDQDJHPHQW SROLF\PDSVE\PXQLFLSDOLWLHVDQGSURYLQFHV+RZHYHULWFDQDOVR DQGbVFLHQWLǌFUHDVRQV DQGPDGHPRUHSUHFLVHZLWKRXWKDYLQJ EHXVHGWRDQVZHUDFDGHPLFUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV WRbUHSODFHLW'XHWRLWVVWUXFWXUHLWGRHVUHTXLUHVRPHH[SHUW MXGJHPHQWSULPDULO\ZKHQQHZGDWDVHWVDUHDGGHGDQGZKHQ 7KH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWFRQVLVWVRIWKUHH SROLF\RUYDOXHPDSVDUHSURGXFHG156 JURXSVRIPDSV7KHǌUVWJURXSLVPDGHXSRIPDSVWKDWZHUH FUHDWHGXVLQJREMHFWLYHPHDVXUHPHQWGDWD7KHVHFRQGLVPDGH 7KH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWIRUWKH:DGGHQ6HD XSRIFRPELQDWLRQVRIPDSVIURPWKHǌUVWJURXS7KHWKLUGJURXS PRUHRYHUFDQDOVRVHUYHDVDVRXQGEDVLVIRUDFDGHPLFUHVHDUFK RIPDSVSURYLGHVLQVLJKWLQWRKXPDQDFWLYLW\DQGODQGXVHLQWKH VLQFHHDFKGDWDVHWKDVEHHQYDOLGDWHGDQGVXPPDUL]HGWDNLQJ DUHDŞLQFOXGLQJWKHPDULWLPHODQGVFDSHŞLQWKHYDULRXVKLVWRULFDO LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKWKHGDWDZHUHFROOHFWHG SHULRGV+RSHIXOO\WKHVHPDSVDQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJDFTXLVL- when it was collected, the original purpose of the data, the WLRQRIQHZNQRZOHGJHZLOOFRPSOHPHQWWKHPDSVHWWKDWLV reason for the collection and the processing that the data set has DYDLODEOHLQWKH0$&+8*,6DQGDOVRDVDSDFNDJHWKDWFDQEH undergone. GRZQORDGHGIRUXVHLQLQWHUQDOV\VWHPV7KHLUXVHZLOOIXUWKHU LPSURYHRXUNQRZOHGJHRIWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHD %\XQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHSODFHŞE\EHLQJDEOHWRUHDGWKHODQGVFDSH IURPSDVWEXWDOVRIURPFXUUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHV LQFOXGLQJPDQDJH- +RZHYHUH[SHUWMXGJHPHQWZLOOVWLOOEHUHTXLUHGLQDGGLWLRQWR PHQW ŞZHFDQPDNHEHWWHUXVHRIWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWKHDUHD WKHbGDWDVHWVFROOHFWHG,QVLJKWLQWRZKDWKDVKDSSHQHGLQWKH RǋHUVXVLQWHUPVLWVDUFKDHRORJLFDOKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDO SDVWFDQRQO\EHJDLQHGWKURXJKDFRPELQDWLRQRITXDQWLǌDEOH resources. We will then also be better equipped and better GDWDFXUUHQWNQRZOHGJHDERXWDVSHFLǌFDUHDDQGRUDVSHFLǌF SUHSDUHGWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKUHDWVFDXVHGE\FKDQJHV period, logical reasoning and historical interpretation. This FRPELQDWLRQRIGDWDDQGVSHFLǌFH[SHUWLVHFDQDLGLQSUHGLFWLQJ WKHOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJKHULWDJHEXULHGLQWKHǍRRURIWKH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD6\VWHPDWLFSURFHVVLQJRIWKHGDWDDQG WKHbFOHDUVHSDUDWLRQRIV\VWHPDWLF RUŠREMHFWLYHš DQGLQFLGHQWDO ŠVXEMHFWLYHš REVHUYDWLRQVZLOOKHOSWRLGHQWLI\WKHJDSVLQRXU NQRZOHGJH7KHVHJDSVFDQWKHQEHGLVWLOOHGLQWRIXQGDPHQWDO

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65 3. Threats to underwater

archaeological heritage Archeomare/RWS. Periplus courtesy Figure: Sea. Wadden Western in the patterns 3.1 Erosion Fig.

66 3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

3.1 Introduction WKUHDWV PD\RFFXURQDPLFUROHYHOVXFKDVZUHFNSDUWVEHLQJ 7KHSUHFHGLQJFKDSWHUIRFXVHGRQWKHPDULWLPHODQGVFDSHDQG H[SRVHGGXHWRLOOHJDOH[FDYDWLRQRUFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHV the possible presence of cultural heritage in the Wadden Sea WKUHDWHQLQJDVLWHGXHWRFRQWDFWEHWZHHQPHWDOVDQGWKH DUHD7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOGLVFXVVDPRUHQHJDWLYHLVVXHWKHWKUHDWV R[\JHQULFKHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKFDXVHVFRUURVLRQ2QDODUJHU WRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH 8&+ LQWKHDUHDPRUHVSHFLǌ- VFDOHKRZHYHUHURVLRQRIWKHVHDEHGPD\RFFXUWULJJHULQJPDQ\ FDOO\LQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD7KUHDWVWR8&+FDQKDYH IRUPVRIGHWHULRUDWLRQGXHWRDFKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQW7KH GLǋHUHQWFDXVHVDQGFDQDOVRFRQFHUQGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVRIVLWHV XQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWFDXVHVZRRGWRGHWHULRUDWHOHDGLQJWR )RUH[DPSOHVRPHWKLQJRUVRPHSURFHVVPD\WKUHDWHQWKH alterations in its properties. These changes occur at a cellular LQWHJULW\RIDQHQWLUHVLWHRURQO\WKHFRQGLWLRQRIDVSHFLǌF level due to hydrolysis, bacterial and fungal attack, and on a PDWHULDO7KUHDWVDUHDOZD\VFRQQHFWHGWRWKHORVVRILQIRUPDWLRQ PDFURVFRSLFOHYHOGXHWRZRRGERUHUV7KLVDWWDFNQRWRQO\ DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\SRWHQWLDONQRZOHGJH7KXVDQDVVHVVPHQWRI FDXVHVGHJUDGDWLRQDQGZHLJKWORVVEXWDOVRSK\VLFDOGDPDJHWR VLWHVLQWHUPVRIWKUHDWVPXVWVHOIHYLGHQWO\KDYHFRQVHTXHQFHV WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDO DQGWKHUHIRUHORVVRILQIRUPDWLRQ IRUIXWXUHPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQV DQGORVVRIPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWK

/HJLVODWLYHSURWHFWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIDQRYHUDOOPDQDJH- ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUVRID PHQWVWUDWHJ\,WGHǌQHVWKHŠSOD\LQJǌHOGšZLWKLQZKLFKZHPXVW VKLSZUHFNVLWHDVFRQGLWLRQVZLOOGLUHFWO\LQǍXHQFHWKHVWDWHRI PDNHRXUPRYHV1/HJLVODWLRQDOVRFRQVWLWXWHVDIRUPRISURWHF- SUHVHUYDWLRQRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDOV3DUDPHWHUVPD\YDU\ WLRQDJDLQVWFXOWXUDODQGLQGXVWULDOWKUHDWVWRDVLWHEXWLQPDQ\ ZLWKLQDQLQGLYLGXDOVLWHDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFHGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVRI FDVHVLWLVQRWVXǎFLHQW1DWXUDOSURFHVVHV PHFKDQLFDO GHWHULRUDWLRQPD\RFFXURQWKDWSDUWLFXODUVLWH:KHQORRNLQJDW ELRORJLFDODQGFKHPLFDO PD\FRQWLQXHWRRFFXUDQGWKHUHIRUHD QDWXUDOGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHVZHFDQPDNHDGLVWLQFWLRQ VFLHQWLǌFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHVRIVLWHVLV between processes within the seabed and those above the UHTXLUHGWRGHWHUPLQHKRZEHVWWRSUHVHUYHWKHPLQVLWX7KXV VHDEHGVHGLPHQWLQRSHQZDWHU7KHIDFWRUVDǋHFWLQJGLǋHUHQW ZHQHHGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO PDWHULDOVLQWKHPDULQHHQYLURQPHQWYDU\GHSHQGLQJXSRQ KHULWDJHDQGWKHWKUHDWVZKHWKHUVKRUWRUORQJWHUPWKDWWKH ZKHWKHUWKH\DUHH[SRVHGWRVHDZDWHUDQGR[\JHQRUEXULHG HQYLURQPHQWSRVHVWRWKHSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHSUHVHUYDWLRQRI ZLWKLQVHGLPHQWVLQDQDQR[LFHQYLURQPHQW,QRSHQVHDZDWHU that heritage. DERYHWKHVHDEHG PHFKDQLFDODQGELRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVDUHWKH PDMRUFDXVHVRIGHWHULRUDWLRQRIZRRGHQDQGRUJDQLFPDWHULDOV When we look into the question of what is threatening our &KHPLFDOSURFHVVHVFDQDOVRLQǍXHQFHWKHFRUURVLRQRILURQ7KLV XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZHVHHDFRPELQDWLRQRIPDQ\ DJDLQPD\LQǍXHQFHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJZRRG3 SURFHVVHVWKDWRIWHQLQǍXHQFHHDFKRWKHU,QWKHǌUVWLQVWDQFH +XPDQDFWLYLW\FDQDOVRFDXVHVHULRXVGDPDJH:LWKLQWKH ZHFDQPHQWLRQPDQ\GLǋHUHQWWKUHDWVWRKHULWDJHREMHFWVXQGHU VHDEHGWKHPDLQDJHQWVRIGHWHULRUDWLRQDUHPLFURELDODQG ZDWHUEXWZKDWH[DFWLPSDFWWKH\KDYHLVQRWDOZD\VLPPHGLDWHO\ FKHPLFDO FOHDU:KDWLVWKHUHDOFDXVHRIWKHWKUHDW",VLWDORFDOŞVLWH VSHFLǌFŞSKHQRPHQRQRUGRHVLWKDYHDUHJLRQDORUHYHQ The various deterioration processes also interact. Microbial VXSUDUHJLRQDOHǋHFW"+RZORQJKDVLWEHHQDSUREOHP":KDWLVLW VRIWHQLQJRIZRRGPD\EHIROORZHGE\PRUHVHYHUHDEUDVLRQGXH threatening? The integrity of the site? The condition of the WRVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWRQWKHVHDEHGLQDUHDVZLWKVWURQJ PDWHULDOV"7KHVHTXHVWLRQVQHHGWREHDGGUHVVHGSULRUWR FXUUHQWV7KHELRORJLFDOZHDNHQLQJRIWLPEHUVPD\DOVREH PLWLJDWLQJDJDLQVWWKHP:HQHHGWREHDEOHWRUHIHUWRWKHHǋHFW IROORZHGE\SK\VLFDOGDPDJHGXHWRKXPDQLPSDFWDQGYLFH of the threat on the future of the site.2 versa.

Previously, we have focused on landscapes and the relationship ,QWKLVFKDSWHUWKHPDMRUFDXVHVRIGHWHULRUDWLRQZLOOEHEULHǍ\ of individual sites to the landscape. Threats to underwater described. The focus will be on the processes that have been cultural heritage often have a regional character. They have UHFRUGHGLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD6LQFHWKHHDUO\V LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUPRUHWKDQMXVWWKHVLWHZLWKZKLFKZHPD\EH when professional underwater archaeology in the Netherlands GHDOLQJ7KHH[WHQWRIWKLVVXUURXQGLQJHQYLURQPHQWLVQRWDOZD\V EHJDQWKHJRYHUQPHQWWKURXJKYDULRXVGHSDUWPHQWVKDVEHHQ LPPHGLDWHO\FOHDUEXWPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG&KDQJHV DQGWKXV archaeologically involved in wreck sites in this area.4)URPWKH

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Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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69 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 3.3 Sluice gates in the Afsluitdijk. Photo courtesy RCE. LQWKHŞSHULRGWRPLQWKHŞSHULRG7KLV considerable change in seabed depth has obviously caused the 9ODDNWKXVZDWHUZLWKVXVSHQGHGVHGLPHQWFRXOGǍRZGHHSLQWR VHYHUHGHJUDGDWLRQRIPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOVKLSZUHFNV34 and this WKH=XLGHU]HHGHSRVLWLQJWKHVPDOOHVWSDUWLFOHVRIVHGLPHQWRQ SURFHVVRIGHHSHQLQJZLOOWHPSRUDULO\FRQWLQXH35+RZHYHUVRPH WKHVHDEHGIXUWKHVWDZD\IURPWKH1RUWK6HDLQOHW29 Now, water RIWKHHURVLRQPD\KDYHDOUHDG\EHJXQEHIRUHWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH LVSXVKHGWKURXJKWKHQDUURZLQǍX[HVVXFKDV0DUVGLHSZLWK $IVOXLWGLMN367KHRXWOHWFDSDFLWLHVRIWKHVOXLFHVLQWKHGLNHIRUP JUHDWHUIRUFHEXWFDQQRWǍRZIXUWKHUGXHWRWKH$IVOXLWGLMN )LJ DQRWKHUWKUHDWWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHORFDWHGDVIDUDVNPIURPWKH 3.2).30 In the Western Wadden Sea, the tidal range also changed GLNHGLUHFWO\QRUWKRIWKHRXWOHWVDVDGLUHFWHǋHFWRIKHDY\ E\PHWUHVEHWZHHQŞ \HDUV SUREDEO\FDXVHGE\ HURVLRQRIWKHVHDEHG )LJ 37 the construction of the two dikes. This tidal increase led to the destabilization and shifting of sandbanks, which is still causing the $QRWKHUQHJDWLYHHǋHFWRIFXUUHQWVRQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLVWKDW WKUHDWRIH[SRVXUH\HDUV,QFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQDQG WKH\FDQEULQJDFRQVWDQWǍRZRIŠIUHVKšZDWHULQWRWKHDUHD WKHWLGDOFKDQJHZDVPHWUHV31 introducing new degrading species,38FKHPLFDOVGLVVROYHG R[\JHQRUIRUH[DPSOHPRUHRUOHVVVDOLQLW\%\GHǌQLWLRQWKLV 7KH7H[HOVWURRPJXOO\LVPRYLQJLQDVRXWKHUO\GLUHFWLRQDQGWKH KDVDQHJDWLYHHǋHFWRQWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQG 6FKHHUJXOO\LVGHHSHQLQJDQGH[WHQGLQJ32 This change is causing stability is what is needed for in-situ preservation of archaeologi- VKLSZUHFNVWKDWKDYHEHHQXQGHUDOD\HURIVHGLPHQWIRU cal sites.39'XULQJWKHUHVHDUFKH[HFXWHGXQGHUWKH0R66SURMHFW FHQWXULHVWREHH[SRVHGDJDLQ7KLVKDVSUREDEO\DOVRFDXVHG VRPHSDUDPHWHUVLQRSHQZDWHUDQGLQWKHVHGLPHQWVZHUH further erosion of the seabed in the Burgzand area, although this HVWDEOLVKHGZLWKDGDWDORJJHU )LJ 40 The salinity recorded on relationship is not indisputable.33 $FRPSDULVRQZLWKKLVWRULFDO WKH%=1VLWHŞVLWXDWHGLQWKHFHQWUHRIWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDŞ GDWDDQGFRQVHTXHQWPRQLWRULQJVLQFHFHUWDLQO\UHYHDOVD ǍXFWXDWHGLQWKDWSHULRGEHWZHHQDQG36841$OWKRXJK GHHSHQLQJRIWKHDYHUDJHVHDEHGGHSWKIURPPEHORZ1$3 368VHHPVWREHWRRORZPRUHRUOHVVWKHVDPHYDOXHVZHUH

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Much research has been done on the local erosion patterns around obstacles on the seabed, such as shipwrecks, but also ZLQGIDUPV45'XULQJWKH0R66SURMHFWRQVLWHWXUELGLW\PHDVXUH- )LJ'HSWKRIWKHVHDEHGWKURXJKWLPHRQVSHFLƥF%=1ZUHFN locations. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. PHQWVZHUHWDNHQDWGLǋHUHQWZUHFNVLWHV46 Turbidity refers to KRZFOHDQ DPRXQWVRISDUWLFOHV WKHZDWHULVWKHJUHDWHUWKH DPRXQWRIWRWDOVXVSHQGHGVROLGV 766 LQWKHZDWHUWKHPXUNLHU DQDFRXVWLFDWWHQXDWLRQPHWKRGDOVRXVHGIRUVOXGJHGHQVLW\ LWDSSHDUVDQGWKHKLJKHUWKHPHDVXUHGWXUELGLW\+LJKWXUELGLW\ PHDVXUHPHQW50 The change in strength of the acoustic signal PD\EHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHDPRXQWRIVXVSHQGHGVHGLPHQWLQ LQGLFDWHVWKHUHODWLYHDPRXQWVRIVHGLPHQWEHLQJGHSRVLWHG WKHZDWHUDQGWKXVVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUW47 The data logger was EHWZHHQWKHWUDQVGXFHUDQGWKHUHFHLYHU7KLVDSSDUDWXVEHFDPH GHSOR\HGDWǌYHVLWHVRQWKH%XUJ]DQG%=1%=1%=1 DYDLODEOHIRUXVHLQWHVWLQJRQWKH%=1VLWHDWWKHHQGRIWKH %=1DQG%=1,WZDVDOVRGHSOR\HGPRUHWKDQRQFH VHYHQ MoSS project. It functioned, therefore, only for a short period of WLPHV RQWKH%=1VLWH48)OXFWXDWLRQVFDQEHVHHQDVFDQD WLPHLQODWHDQGZDVDOVRKHDYLO\GDPDJHGDIWHUGHSOR\- strong correlation between the tidal cycles and when the PHQW,WKDVQRWEHHQUHLQVWDOOHG51 VHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWLVDWLWVKLJKHVW7KHVHGLPHQWORDGLQJZLWKLQ WKHZDWHUFROXPQLQFUHDVHVLQWKHODVWSKDVHRIWKHHEEWLGHDQG 5HJXODUPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJVRIWKHVHDEHGVXUIDFHDURXQG WKHQGURSVRǋVLJQLǌFDQWO\ZLWKWKHǍRRGWLGHRQO\WREH VHYHUDOVKLSZUHFNORFDWLRQVLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDIURP UHSHDWHGZLWKWKHQH[WWLGDOF\FOH49 The data logger showed that RQZDUGVKDVJLYHQXVPXFKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSURFHVVHVRI WKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDLVYHU\G\QDPLFZLWKVHGLPHQWPRYHPHQW HURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQURXQGVKLSZUHFNV527KHFRPSDULVRQ FRUUHODWHGZLWKWKHWLGDOPRYHPHQWDQGEHLQJDWLWVKLJKHVWSRLQW RIROGHUVRXQGLQJGDWDIURPKLVWRULFPDSVKDVJLYHQXVDQ in the last phase of the ebb tide. LQGLFDWLRQRIZKHQVLWHVKDYHHPHUJHGIURPWKHVHDEHGDQG ZKHQWKHRSHQZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWPXVWKDYHVWDUWHGWRWKUHDWHQ 7KHGDWDORJJHUZDVDOVRHTXLSSHGZLWKD6HGLPHQW/D\HU'HYLFH WKHVLWHV6HH)LJ)RUWKHDQDO\WLFUHVXOWVVHH6HFWLRQ 7KLVZDVDQH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQGHYHORSHGE\(DX[6\V/WGXVLQJ

41*UHJRU\ Ş7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHVWURQJǍXFWXDWLRQPD\SDUWO\EHGXHWR 45,ELG:KLWHKRXVHHWDO IRXOLQJRIWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\VHQVRUKRZHYHUWKHSURǌOHVDOVRLQGLFDWHWKDWDQRWKHU 46*UHJRU\ Ş UHDVRQPD\EHWKHWLGDOLQǍXHQFHEULQJLQJIUHVKZDWHUWRWKHVLWH 47*UHJRU\ 42KWWSZZZZDGJLGVQOZDGJLGVHQZHELQGH[SKSZDGGHQ]HH]RXW- 482IZKLFKLWZDVDEOHWRUHFRUGGDWDVL[WLPHV6HH7DEOH JHKDOWHKWPO DFFHVVHG 6HHDOVR$NHQDQG'XUDQ0DWXWHHWDO 49*UHJRU\ Ş $NHQPHQWLRQVDGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQDQG3687KLVLVVWLOO 50 *UHJRU\ VLJQLǌFDQWDQGLVFDXVHGE\WLGDOPRYHPHQWVDQGWKHLQǍX[RIIUHVKZDWHUIURPWKH 51$QRYHUOD\EHWZHHQGHSWKGDWDDQGWKHVHGLPHQWOD\HUGHYLFHWKDWZDVUHFRUGHG 5KLQHDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKH,-VVHOPHHU does not show a strong correlation. 43 4XLQQ 520DQGHUV 446HHDOVR6P\WK 4XLQQ

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

3.2.2 Swell and waves 6ZHOORUZDYHVZKLFKKDYHDFHUWDLQOHQJWKPD\DOVRWKUHDWHQ XQGHUZDWHUVLWHV7KHHQHUJ\RIWKHLUPRWLRQDOVRZRUNVGRZQ- ZDUGWRWKHH[WHQWRIKDOIWKHGLVWDQFHRIWKHZDYHOHQJWK53$ VWRUPFUHDWHVZDYHVWKDWFRPSHOVWKHZDWHURQWRWKHVLWHDQG FDQHDVLO\VWLUXSWKHVHDEHGWRDGHSWKRIPHWUHV54 The FRQVHTXHQFHVFDQEHGUDVWLFIRUIUDJLOHPDWHULDOVVXFKDV ZDWHUORJJHGZRRG0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\KRZHYHULVWKDWVXFKD VXUJHPD\H[SRVHREMHFWVLQSURWHFWLYHVHGLPHQWVVWLUXSWKH site and even redistribute the objects. Uncovered archaeological Fig. 3.8 Two multibeam recordings executed only 5 days apart (10 and 15 UHPDLQVDUHHYHQPRUHYXOQHUDEOHWRRWKHUFDXVHVRIGHWHULRUD- November 2011) revealed the movement of large sand ripples on the seabed near the BZN 3 wreck. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare. tion, such as the Teredo navalis. 7KHGHVWUXFWLYHHǋHFWRIVHDVRQDOVWRUPVXUJHVKDVEHHQ H[DPLQHGDWDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOG55 The 3.2.4 Ice VKDOORZ0DUNHUPHHUDQG,-VVHOPHHU SDUWRIWKHIRUPHU &U\VWDOOL]DWLRQGXHWRIUHH]LQJRIWKHVHDZDWHUPD\KDYHDQ Zuiderzee) are especially vulnerable to wave erosion.56+RZHYHU DEUDVLYHHǋHFWRQVRIWDQGGHWHULRUDWHGZRRGVXUIDFHVRI the Wadden Sea and the coastal zones of the North Sea are also DUFKDHRORJLFDOREMHFWV:KHQWKHLFHEHFRPHVDGHQVHPDVVWKH YXOQHUDEOHWRVWRUPLQGXFHGZDYHV57 Shipwrecks are often GHVWUXFWLYHHǋHFWLVHYHQPRUHGUDVWLF64,QFDOPHUZDWHUVWKHLFH located in shallower areas, as the dangers of running aground IRUPVWKLQVKHHWVDQGWKHUDIWLQJDQGEXLOGXSRIWKHVHLFHVKHHWV ZHUHPXFKJUHDWHUWKHUH$OWKRXJKQRVSHFLǌFDQDO\WLFDOGDWDRQ creates an irregular surface, not only above but also under water. WKHHǋHFWRIZDYHVRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOVLWHVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HD 7KLVLFHPDVVFDQUHDFKWKHVHDEHGLQVKDOORZZDWHUVDQGSORXJK VHDEHGLVDYDLODEOHZHFDQDVVXPHWKDWWKLVPD\EHFRQVLGHUDEOH WKHVHDǍRRU$Q\DUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVZLOOEHOLWHUDOO\EXOOGR]HG 583UHYLRXVUHVHDUFKKDVVKRZQWKDWWKHPHJDULSSOHVWKDWUXQ DZD\,FHFDQDOVREORFNRUUHURXWHFXUUHQWVZKLFKZLOODǋHFWWKH DORQJWKH'XWFK1RUWK6HDFRDVWDUHIRUPHGE\ZLQGZDYHV59 VLWHHYHQPRUH 7ZRPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJVPDGHVKRUWO\DIWHURQHDQRWKHURQWKH %=1VLWHDOVRUHYHDOHGWKHPRYHPHQWRIVDQGZDYHVRUULSSOHV ,QWKH:DGGHQ6HDGXULQJVHYHUHZLQWHUVWKHORZWHPSHUDWXUH GXHWRZDYHDFWLRQ )LJ 0RUHRYHUWKHSDWWHUQVDQGWKHVL]HV VRPHWLPHVIUHH]HVWKHVHDZDWHU LQQRUPDOVHDZDWHURI RIWKHVHZDYHVFKDQJHGSRVVLEO\GXHWRDVWRUPHYHQW60 DSSUR[LPDWHO\SSWWKHIUHH]LQJWHPSHUDWXUHLVŎ& 65 :KHQWKHVHDZDWHUEHJLQVWRIUHH]HŠIUD]LOšZLOOEHIRUPHG7KLVLV 3.2.3 Surf WKHVFLHQWLǌFQDPHIRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWLQ\FU\VWDOVRQO\ 7KHVXUI]RQHXSWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVLQGHSWKLVD PLOOLPHWUHVZLGH,QURXJKZDWHUVRUZDWHUVZLWKDKLJKFXUUHQW high-energy zone and thus hostile to sites.617KHHǋHFWLVVLPLODU YHORFLW\WKHHQHUJ\DQGWXUEXOHQFHPHDQWKHQHZLFHUHPDLQVD to swell or wave action. Usually, cultural heritage located in surf dense suspension of frazil.667KHVHPLQLVFXOHLFHFU\VWDOVKDYH zones is heavily eroded. The constant waves cause protective VLPLODUO\WRVDQGSDUWLFOHVDQDEUDVLYHHǋHFWRQDUFKDHRORJLFDO VHGLPHQWWRGLVDSSHDUDQGVHGLPHQWZLWKODUJHUJUDLQVWREH UHPDLQV,QWKHDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHGLQWKH PRUHDEUDVLYH,QWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDQRH[DPSOHVRIVXFK 1HWKHUODQGVIRUWKHZKROHRI-DQXDU\ZDVr&67 and ice GHJUDGDWLRQDUHNQRZQRIDWWKLVPRPHQWKRZHYHUWKHHǋHFWV IRUPHGRQWKH:DGGHQ6HDVXUIDFH68:KLOHWKHLFHǍRHVZHUH RIVWURQJHURVLRQKDYHEHHQQRWHGLQPDQ\RWKHUSDUWVRIWKH UHODWLYHO\VPDOODQGKDGQRGLUHFWHǋHFWRQWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO ZRUOG([DPSOHVDUHWKHZUHFNRIWKHAvondster in Sri Lanka62 and VLWHVRQWKHVHDEHGZLWKWKHPLQLPXPUHFRUGHGWHPSHUDWXUHRI that of a possible Dutch shipwreck found in Portuguese waters.63 r&IUD]LODOVRIRUPHG697KHVHLFHFU\VWDOVPRYHXSDQGGRZQ

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3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

WKHVHDEHGDQGPD\ZHOOVSHHGXSHURVLRQRIWKHWRSVDQG\OD\HU ,QODWHU\HDUVWKHPRQLWRULQJDUHDZDVH[WHQGHGWRREWDLQPRUH DQGDQ\SURWUXGLQJ ZRRGHQ VKLSHOHPHQWV GDWDIURPPRUHVLWHV75,QWKLVH[WHQGHGDUHDZHDOVRVHHWKH constant erosion of the seabed. Since the building of the 3.3 An example: erosion in the Burgzand area $IVOXLWGLMNLQWKHDUHDKDVGHHSHQHGE\DQDYHUDJHRI 'XHWRVKDOORZQHVVWLGDOPRYHPHQWVFKDQJHRIJXOOLHVDQGZDYH FPSHU\HDUXQWLO$IWHUFRUUHFWLQJWKLVQXPEHUZLWKWKH action on the Burgzand area,70PDQ\ZUHFNVDUHVXEMHFWWR ERWWRPGHFOLQH FP\ WKLVPHDQVDQQXDOHURVLRQRI FRQWLQXRXVHURVLRQRUDFKDQJLQJF\FOHRIVHGLPHQWHURVLRQ bPu76 processes.717KHYHU\KLJKOHYHORIVHGLPHQWDWLRQIDFLOLWDWHV DQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVDQGLQWKHH[SRVHGSDUWVRIWKHZUHFNVD ,QWKHFDVHRIWKHHURVLRQRIWKH+RORFHQHVHDEHGLWLVLPSRUWDQW KLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIGHVWUXFWLYHRUJDQLVPVDQGIRXOLQJ WRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWVKLSZUHFNVGRQRWŞDVSUHYLRXVO\RIWHQ activities have been found. The seabed is ever changing and sites WKRXJKWŞVLQNLQWRWKHVRIWVHGLPHQWRIWKH+RORFHQHRIWKH are considered unstable.72%HWZHHQDQGDQDUHDRI :DGGHQ6HDXQWLOWKH\UHDFKWKHPRUHFRPSDFW3OHLVWRFHQH PtLQWKH%XUJ]DQGZDVPRQLWRUHGDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOVRI OD\HU7KH\PD\EHFRPHVWXFNLQVDQGOD\HUVRIDPXFKODWHUGDWH one year.73,QWKLVDUHDWKHUHDUHIRXUZUHFNV%=1DQG 7KLVKDVEHHQSURYHQWKURXJK2SWLFDO6WLPXODWHG/XPLQHVFHQFH )URPWRWKHDYHUDJHGHHSHQLQJRIWKHVHDEHG 'DWLQJ 26/ UHVHDUFKZKLFKZDVFDUULHGRXWGXULQJWKH0$&+8 PHDVXUHGLQWKHǌUVWWHVWDUHDZDVFPZKLFKPHDQVWKHUHKDG project.777KLVLPSOLHVWKDWLWLVQRWVXǎFLHQWWRNQRZKRZGHHS EHHQDORVVRIPuRIVHGLPHQWIURPWKLVDUHD747KHPRVW the Pleistocene layers are to ensure the good preservation of SURQRXQFHGGHHSHQLQJRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQDQGE\ shipwrecks, as would have been suggested by the previously DSSUR[LPDWHO\FPLQMXVWRQH\HDU developed theory.78

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&XOWXUDOKHULWDJHLQWKHHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDDQGRQ DQGLQ9RJHO]DQG6FKHHU7H[HOVWURRPDQG6FKHXUUDNDUHPRVW Fig. 3.9 Stable and well-preserved areas (in yellow) in the Western DWULVNRIEHLQJH[SRVHGDQGGHJUDGHGE\HURVLRQDQGVXEVH- Wadden Sea. In blue the eroded areas. Figure: courtesy Periplus TXHQWO\RWKHUWKUHDWV )LJ 82 Archeomare/RCE.

70:LWKDPLQLPXPGHSWKRQWKHIRUPHUVDQGEDQNVRIMXVWPHWUHVDQGDPD[LPXP 756HHDOVR&KDSWHU GHSWKLQWKH7H[HOVWURRPRIPHWUHVDW//: 76%UHQN 0DQGHUV 71 In addition to erosion, two further processes contribute to the decrease in bed-level 770DQGHUVHWDO DQG HOHYDWLRQQDWXUDOJDVH[WUDFWLRQ VXEVLGLQJDWDUDWHRIŞPP\HDU ODUJHVFDOH 780DQGHUV 0DDUOHYHOG JHRORJLFDOSURFHVVHV JODFLDOUHERXQG DOVRFRQWULEXWHWRVXEVLGHQFHDWDPXFKORZHU 790DQGHUVHWDO6HHDOVR)LJ UDWHRIPP\HDU$VWOH\$OWKRXJKDGGLQJXSWRDODUJHUGHSWKWKH\GR 800DQGHUVHWDO QRWVHHPWRKDYHDVJUHDWDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHFRQGLWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRQWKH 816HHDOVR&KDSWHU seabed as erosion. 82%UHQN 0DQGHUVVHHDOVR%UHQN$QDO\VHVRIWKH9RJHO]DQGZUHFNV 723DOPD EDVHGRQWKHJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOGDWDQRWRQO\UHYHDOHGWKHVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQG 73%UHQN 0DQGHUV7KLVLVWKHFRUHDUHDRIWKH1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWDQGDOVRWKH erosion patterns throughout the decades, but also the erosion of the Pleistocene DUHDWKDWKDVEHHQPRQLWRUHGPRVW OD\HU ERXOGHUFOD\ DIWHUFDXVLQJWKHDUHDWRHURGHWRDQHYHQGHHSHUOHYHO 74%UHQN 0DQGHUV

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 3.10 Disturbed areas due to erosion and other ground penetrating activities in the pilot area of the Western Wadden Sea. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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BZN 3 ,QWKHZKROHVLWHVHHPHGWRKDYHEHHQOHYHOOHGZLWKDJUHDW 7KH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG %=1 ZUHFNLVWKDWRIWKH(DVW,QGLDPDQ deal of sand caught in the nets. On the eastern side of the wreck 'H5RED92&YHVVHOWKDWVDQNGXULQJDVWRUPLQ87 It was PRXQGWZRWRWKUHHHURVLRQJXOOLHVVWDUWHGWRDSSHDUUHDFKLQJD GHFODUHGWKHǌUVW'XWFKQDWLRQDOXQGHUZDWHUPRQXPHQWLQ PD[LPXPGHSWKRIPHWUHVLQ90$IWHUZDUGVWKH\GLVDS- 1991.88 7KHZUHFNZDVSK\VLFDOO\SURWHFWHGLQDQGWKLVZDV SHDUHGDJDLQDQGZHUHQRORQJHUYLVLEOHLQ7KHZHVWHDVW H[WHQGHGLQDQG,QWKHVLWHZDVSURWUX- FKDQQHOLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHZUHFNZDVVORZO\GLVDSSHDULQJDQG GLQJIURPWKHVHDEHGRYHUDQDUHDRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVE\ one year after the covering was applied, the bow section also PHWUHV0XOWLEHDPGDWDIURPWRVKRZDQRQJRLQJ VHHPHGWREHFRYHUHGLQVDQG6HGLPHQWDWLRQZDVYLVLEOHRQERWK GHHSHQLQJRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHD$FOHDUHGJHRQWKHZHVW WKHZHVWDQGHDVWVLGHVRIWKHZUHFNPRXQG)URPWKHPLGGOHRI VLGHIURPZKHUHWKHQHWSURWHFWLRQVWDUWVKDVDOVREHFRPH WKHZUHFNWKLVZDVWKHFDVHIRUXSWRPHWUHVWRWKHZHVWDQG YLVLEOH6RPHVHGLPHQWKDGEHHQGHSRVLWHGRQWKHHDVWVLGH89 DOVRDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVWRWKHHDVW,QVRPHSODFHVVPDOO The erosion around the net continued in subsequent years, and erosion pits were visible, probably due to bad connections WKHZUHFNKDVEHFRPHODUJHO\H[SRVHGRQWKHQRUWKZHVWVLGHLQ EHWZHHQWKHVWULSVRIQHWWLQJ7KHHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQ SDUWLFXODUDVZHOODVVRPHSDUWVLQWKHVRXWKHUQDUHD,QWKH HURVLRQPDSSURGXFHGIRUWKHSHULRGŞFOHDUO\VKRZV PLGGOHRIWKHZUHFNDVPDOOFKDQQHOZDVYLVLEOHUXQQLQJIURP WKHGHSRVLWLRQRIVHGLPHQWDURXQGWKHROGHUSURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOV ZHVWWRHDVW,QWKHVRXWKDVPDOOSDUWRIWKHZUHFNDSSHDUHGWR IURPDVDUHVXOWRIWKHQHZSURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHV:KLOHWKH KDYHEHFRPHVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHPDLQSURWHFWHGSDUW7KLV KHLJKWUHPDLQHGWKHVDPHLQWKHDUHDRIWKHRULJLQDOZUHFN VKRZVWKDWHYHQZLWKSURWHFWLRQVPDOOHURVLRQJXOOLHVFDQHDVLO\ PRXQGLQQHZO\FRYHUHGDUHDVPRUHWKDQDPHWUHRIDGGLWLRQDO IRUPZLWKLQDZUHFN deposition had occurred.91

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$VHGLPHQWEXLOGXSRIDWOHDVWPHWUHVDORQJWKHZHVWVLGHRI WKHZUHFNWKDWZDVYLVLEOHLQZDVSUREDEO\FDXVHGE\WKH %=1ZUHFNZKLFKOLHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVZHVWRI%=1 7KLVVKRZVWKHLQǍXHQFHWKDWRWKHUREMHFWV VXFKDVRWKHU shipwrecks) can have, not only on the surrounding seabed, but also on other sites in the area.92

'XULQJWKHGLYHVLQWKHXQFRYHUHGSDUWVRQWKHZHVWVLGHRI WKHZUHFNŞSDUWRIWKHKROGŞZHUHGRFXPHQWHGDQGFRYHUHG ZLWKSRO\SURS\OHQHQHWV7KHHǋHFWLVFOHDUO\DSSDUHQWLQWKH PXOWLEHDPGDWDIRU-XO\LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHSURWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHVKDGEHHQWDNHQEXWXQIRUWXQDWHO\WKHPXOWLEHDPGDWD IRU'HFHPEHURIWKHVDPH\HDUVKRZVDQDEQRUPDOGHHSHQLQJ DURXQGWKHDQFKRUV7KLVPD\EHDQLQGLFDWLRQRILOOHJDOH[FDYD- WLRQEHWZHHQ-XO\DQG'HFHPEHU7KHPXOWLEHDPGDWD VKRZVDIXUWKHUGHHSHQLQJRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHD$FRPSDUL- VRQZLWKKLVWRULFDOGDWDVKRZVXVWKDWVLQFHWKHDUHDDURXQG WKHZUHFNVLWHKDVHURGHGE\DSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHV93+RZHYHU WKHSURWHFWLRQLVZRUNLQJ7KHVDQGEDJPRXQGWKDWZDVRULJL- QDOO\bXVHGWRSURWHFWWKHVLWHLQKDVUHPDLQHGVWDEOH Fig. 3.12 Compilation of BZN 2 erosion-sedimentation history. Two WKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUHPRQLWRULQJSHULRGDQGWKHZHVWSDUWRI multibeam recordings for comparison: one from 2012 and the other WKHbZUHFNKDVVDQGHGLQDIWHUWKHSURWHFWLYHDGGLWLRQVLQ from 2016. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. )LJb$%& 94

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%=1 =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif -4,53 6,5 -4,44 4,5 6,4 0,00 -4,15 6,2 -2,00

-9,41 -4,00 -4,64 4,9 -6,00 -9,32 -4,61 -9,54 -4,63 4,9 -8,00

-10,00 -9,26 -4,59 -4,55 4,9 -12,00 -4,55 5,2 -14,00 5,3 -16,00 -14,22 -12,23 5,5 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Fig. 3.13 A, B, C Compilation of BZN 3 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2004 and 2016 compared, (B) A side scan sonar image from 2016 and (C) Burial history of the site. Figures: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

BZN 4 7KHPRUSKRORJLFDOFKDQJHVWKDWKDYHRFFXUUHGRQWKLVVLWH The Burgzand Noord 4 (BZN 4) wreck is that of a possible West LQFOXGHVHGLPHQWDWLRQRQWKHHDVWVLGHRIWKHZUHFNDIWHU ,QGLDPDQWKDWVDQNLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\,WZDV DQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQRQWKHVRXWKVLGHVLQFH7KURXJKRXW GLVFRYHUHGLQDQGDIWHULQWUXVLYHUHVHDUFKSURWHFWHGLQVLWX WKHbPRQLWRULQJSHULRGWKHZUHFNPRXQGLWVHOIUHPDLQHGVWDEOH97 LQ957KHVLWHZDVPRQLWRUHGZLWKPXOWLEHDPVRQDUEHWZHHQ 6LQFHWKHDUHDLPPHGLDWHO\DURXQGWKHVLWHHURGHGE\ DQG96 DSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHV+RZHYHULQWKHODVW\HDUVWKLV SURFHVVVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQUHYHUVHGDQGWKHDUHDKDVVWDUWHG WRVHGLPHQWDWH )LJ$% 98

%=1 =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif b b b na b b b na -5,32 4,9 b b b na 5,3 -4 -5,29 5,1 -5

5,4 -6 -5,32 -7 -5,24 5,3 -5,39 4,4 -8 -9,95 -5,14 -9

-5,19 4,6 -10 -5,22 5,1 -11 -9,61 4,2 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Fig. 3.14 A, B Compilation of BZN 4 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2005 and 2015 compared, (B) Burial history of the site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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%=1 =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif 2,9 3,2 3,1 -9,12 3,3

-5,94 3,6 -5,00 -9,15 -5,93 3,2 -5,50 -5,95 -6,00 -9,33 3,3 -6,50 -7,00 -9,51 -7,50 -9,24 -5,96 3,3 -8,00 3,3 -8,50 -9,23 -5,33 3,9 -9,00 3,3 -9,50 -10,00 2,9 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Fig. 3.15 A, B Compilation of BZN 8 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2003 and 2015 compared, (B) Burial history of WKHbVLWH)LJXUHFRXUWHV\3HULSOXV$UFKHRPDUH5&(

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,QWKHSURWHFWLYHOD\HUZDVFOHDUO\FDWFKLQJVDQGDQGPRVW BZN 10 KHLJKWGLǋHUHQFHVLQWKHZUHFNKDGOHYHOOHGRXW+RZHYHULQWKH 7KH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG %=1 ZUHFNLVWKDWRIDVHYHQWHHQWK VRXWKHDVWDQGQRUWKZHVWDUHDVVRPHLQGLYLGXDOXQFRYHUHGVKLS century trader.107,WZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQWKHVDQGSK\VLFDOO\ SDUWVZHUHEHLQJUHYHDOHGDQGHDVWRIWKHZUHFNPRXQGDODUJH SURWHFWHGLQZKLFKZDVH[WHQGHGLQWRPtDQGLQ EXWVKDOORZHURVLRQSLWDSSUR[LPDWHO\E\PHWUHVZDVEHFR- WRPt108 Subsequently, the protection has been PLQJYLVLEOHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHZUHFN(DVWRIWKHZUHFNPRXQG PDLQWDLQHGDQGLQDQGDIRUWKH1HWKHUODQGVQHZ LQWKHQRUWKDQGVRXWKUHJLRQVPRUHVDQGKDGEHHQGHSRVLWHG PHWKRGRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQXVLQJDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVZDVWULDOOHG109 DQGWZRODUJHVDQGULGJHVKDGIRUPHG(VSHFLDOO\LQDORWRI VDQGVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQGHSRVLWHGRQWKHZUHFNVLWH2QWKH 0XOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJVRIWKH%=1ZUHFNVLQFHDUH west side, the edges of the protection nets were covered with DYDLODEOHIRUWKLVUHVHDUFK )LJ 7KHǌUVWUHFRUGLQJZDV VDQG,QWKHHURVLRQSLWLQWKHHDVWKDGGHHSHQHGDQGWKLV produced for the MoSS project and focused only on this wreck FRQWLQXHGLQ,QVLGHWKHZUHFNWKHPRXQGZDVOHYHOOLQJRXW site.110 The physical protective nets are clearly visible in the GXHWRVHGLPHQWEXLOGXS102 LPDJH7KHVLWHZDVVWLOOUHODWLYHO\ǍDWEXWVRPHDUFKDHRORJLFDO features were already protruding, including one cannon to the )URPXQWLODURXQGWKHZUHFNDUHDHURGHGE\DSSUR[L- north of the site. On the edges of the nets, on the north, south PDWHO\PHWUHVDIWHUZKLFKVHGLPHQWDWLRQWRRNRYHU+RZHYHU DQGZHVWVLGHVRIWKHVLWHVKDUSO\GHǌQHGHGJHVZHUHYLVLEOH,Q IURPRQZDUGVWKHDUHDVWDUWHGWRHURGHDJDLQE\DQRWKHU areas with clear signs of strong erosion, archaeological features PHWUHV6LQFHZKHQWKHSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHVZHUHSXWLQ were also surfacing on the seabed.

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%=1 =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif b b b na b b b na b b b na b b b na -9,32 1,9 -9,31 -9,21 2,2 -9,29 1,9 -9,31 1,9 -9,1 1,9 -9,16 1,9 -9,34

Fig. 3.16 A, B Compilation of BZN 9 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2007 and 2015 compared, (B) Burial history of the site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

,QDIWHUWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHFRYHULQJWKHVLWHZDVPHWUHVZLGHZLWKVWULSVRIQHWWLQJ H[WHQGLQJDQRWKHUPHWUHVRQWKHHDVWVLGH7KHOHQJWKRIWKHVLWHZDVPHWUHV0RUHVHGL- PHQWKDGVHWWOHGRQWKHZUHFNFRYHULQJDOOWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDO)URPWKHZHVWVLGHWRWKH PLGGOHRIWKHZUHFNPRXQGZHPHDVXUHGPHWUHVZKLOHIURPWKHPLGGOHRIWKHPRXQGWRWKH HDVWDVPXFKDVPHWUHV,QWKHVRXWKDVDQGULGJHKDGIRUPHGH[WHQGLQJWRZDUGVWKHHDVW,Q WKHVLWHZDVPHWUHVZLGHDQGPHWUHVORQJ(YHQPRUHVHGLPHQWKDGEHHQFDXJKWLQWKH ZUHFNDQGWKHVDQGULGJHLQWKHVRXWKHDVWKDGH[WHQGHG7KHHGJHRIWKHSURWHFWLYHQHWVWRWKH ZHVWZDVEHFRPLQJPRUHYLVLEOHGXHWRWKHORZHULQJRIWKHVHDEHGDURXQGWKHZUHFNVLWH7KLVZDV HYHQPRUHSURQRXQFHGLQ0RUHVHGLPHQWKDGEHHQFDXJKWRQWKHHDVWDQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW RQWKHZHVWVLGHRIWKHZUHFN+RZHYHULQWKHPLGGOHSDUWHDVWRIWKHZUHFNPRXQGDQDUHD outside the protective nets had deepened severely.

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7KHSUR[LPLW\RIWKLVZUHFNKDVKRZHYHUH[SRVHGWKHVHDEHGWRVWURQJHUHURVLRQRQWKHVRXWKVLGH RI%=17KHVHDEHGDWDQGLPPHGLDWHO\VXUURXQGLQJWKH%=1ZUHFNVLWHGHHSHQHGE\DQ DYHUDJHRIRYHUFPEHWZHHQDQG,IZHWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHIDFWWKDWWKHSK\VLFDOO\ SURWHFWHGSDUWRIWKHVLWHKDVJDLQHGPRUHVHGLPHQWRYHUWKDWVDPHSHULRGWKHGHHSHQLQJKDV EHHQPXFKJUHDWHULQWKHVXUURXQGLQJVHDEHG7KHPRVWVHYHUHHURVLRQWRRNSODFHLQŞ ZLWKWKHDYHUDJHGHHSHQLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\FP6WURQJHURVLRQDOVRRFFXUUHGLQŞ Fig. 3.17 The multibeam monitoring is possibly the ŞDQGŞ$VPDOOSRVLWLYHVHGLPHQWDWLRQUDWHZDVGHWHFWHGLQŞDQG longest measured sequence on ŞPDLQO\GXHWRWKHǌOOLQJRIVRPHGHHSHURVLRQJXOOLHVLQWKHHDVWDQGQRUWK,WLVVWULNLQJ a wreck site: from 2002 to 2016. KRZHYHUWKDWLQWKHVHWZR\HDUVWKHDUHDRQWRSRIWKHZUHFNVLWHVHHPHGWRORVHVHGLPHQWIRUWKH Figure: courtesy Periplus ǌUVWWLPH7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDWWKHQHWVKDGUHDFKHGWKHLUPD[LPXPH[WHQVLRQDQGVDQG Archeomare/RCE.

%=1QZ =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif -5,52 3,5 -5 3,4 -4,39 -9,34 -3,92 5,4 -9,45 -4,42 -4,41 5,4 -3 -5,11 3,9 -4

-9,5 -5,31 4,2 -5 -9,1 -5,53 3,6 -6 -5,42 4,2 -7

-9,35 -5,45 3,9 -8 -9,29 -5,41 3,9 -9 3,6 4,6 -10

-11 -9,61 4,1 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Fig. 3.18 A, B, C Compilation of BZN 10 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2003 and 2015 compared, (B) A side scan sonar image of the BZN 10 wreck site from 2016, (C) Burial history of the wreck site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

VWDUWHGWRǍRZRXWIURPXQGHUWKHSURWHFWLYHQHWVLQVRPHDUHDV HVVRIWKHPDWVRYHUDVKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH7KHVHDEHGPRUSKR- )URPRQZDUGVJXOOLHVVWDUWHGWRIRUPRQWRSRIWKH ORJ\LQ-XO\VKRZHGDSDWWHUQRIVPDOOVDQGULSSOHVZKLOHLQ protective nets.111 'HFHPEHUWKLVKDVFKDQJHGLQWRODUJH PHJD ULSSOHV7KLVPD\ EHDVHDVRQDOSKHQRPHQRQ GXHWRZDYHDFWLRQ " VHHDOVR ,QWKHZUHFNZDVXVHGDVDWHVWORFDWLRQIRUWKH(XURSHDQ EXWQRVSHFLǌFUHVHDUFKKDV\HWEHHQGRQH116 6$60$3SURMHFWŠ'HYHORSPHQWRIWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHVWR 6XUYH\$VVHVV6WDELOLVH0RQLWRUDQG3UHVHUYHXQGHUZDWHU 7KHZUHFNDUHDHURGHGE\DSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVEHWZHHQ DUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVš112$VWKHQDPHVXJJHVWVWKLVSURMHFWZDV DQGDIWHUZKLFKLWVWDUWHGWRVHGLPHQWDJDLQXQWLODSSUR[L- GHYHORSLQJDOOVRUWRIWRROVIRUDUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- PDWHO\ZKHQHURVLRQDJDLQWRRNRYHU7KHLQVLWXSURWHF- PHQWXQGHUZDWHU3DUWRIWKLVLVWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGWULDORI WLRQLQKDGDQHǋHFWRQWKHDYHUDJHVDQGGHSRVLWVEXWLQ DUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVDVDPHWKRGWRSUHVHUYHVKLSZUHFNV2QWKH HURVLRQFRQWLQXHGRQFHDJDLQ7KHVHGLPHQWOD\HULQWKH VRXWKZHVWVLGHRIWKHZUHFNIRXUPDWVZHUHLQLWLDOO\LQVWDOOHGLQ %=1DUHDKDVYHUWLFDOO\HURGHGE\FPVLQFH6LQFH 7KH\ZHUHQRWRQO\GHVLJQHGWRIXQFWLRQDVSURWHFWLRQIRU LWUHPDLQVPRUHRUOHVVVWDEOHZLWKDVOLJKWLQFUHDVHLQ ZKDWOLHVXQGHUQHDWKWKHPEXWDOVRWRSURWHFWWKHSRO\SURS\OHQH VHGLPHQWDWLRQLQUHFHQW\HDUV1DWXUDOFKDQJHVWRWKHVHDEHG net edges, which are vulnerable to underscouring, and for FKDQJLQJRIWKHFRXUVHRIWKH7H[HOVWURRP PD\KDYHDVWURQJ DGGLWLRQDOVDQGFDWFKLQJ,QWKHǌUVWLQVWDQFHWKLVKDVZRUNHG LQǍXHQFHRQWKHFRQWLQXRXVVHGLPHQWDWLRQRQWKHVRXWKVLGHRI UHPDUNDEO\ZHOO113 Sand has been deposited in between the WKHZUHFNDQGWKHIRUPLQJRIDQHURVLRQJXOO\LQWKHQRUWKSDUW IURQGVRIWKHPDWVDVZHOODVLPPHGLDWHO\EHIRUHDQGDIWHU )LJ$%& 117 thereby protecting the edges of the nets. The fronds also slow GRZQWKHFXUUHQWEXWGRQRWIRUPDKDUGHGJH7KHUHIRUH BZN 11 VHGLPHQWDWLRQSURFHHGVPRUHJUDGXDOO\1142QWKLVEDVLVLQ The Burgzand Noord 11 (BZN 11) wreck was probably a seven- DQRWKHUIRXUPDWVZHUHLQVWDOOHGLQWKHPLGHDVWVHFWLRQRQWKH WHHQWKFHQWXU\PHUFKDQWYHVVHO,WZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQDQG HGJHRIDQLPSUHVVLRQWKDWKDGIRUPHGGXHWRHURVLRQ115,Q UHVHDUFKHGLQDQG118$IWHULWZDVGHFLGHGWKDW LWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHVDQGEDJVKROGLQJWKHDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVV WKLVVLWHVKRXOGEHOHIWXQSURWHFWHGDVDUHIHUHQFHRUEHQFKPDUN PDWVGRZQRQWKHVLWHKDGEHHQXQGHUVFRXUHG+RZHYHULWPD\ for the other wrecks in the area. LQWKHIXWXUHEHSRVVLEOHWRǌ[WKLVE\LQVWDOOLQJWKHPDWVXVLQJD GLǋHUHQWWHFKQLTXH ,QWKHVLWHFRQVLVWHGRIDODUJHZUHFNVHFWLRQPHWUHV ORQJE\PHWUHVZLGHVXUURXQGHGE\ORRVHZUHFNSDUWV7KHUH 7KHZUHFNZDVUHFRUGHGWZLFHE\PXOWLEHDPLQLPPHGLD- was a strong erosion gully on the south side of the wreck. By WHO\DIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHǌUVWIRXUDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVPDWVLQ WKHVLWHZDVRQO\PHWUHVZLGH7KHOHQJWKUHPDLQHGWKH -XO\WKDW\HDUDQGDJDLQLQ'HFHPEHU7KLVJLYHVXVDXQLTXH VDPHEXWDODUJHULGJHZKLFKZDVDWOHDVWPHWUHVORQJZDV RSSRUWXQLW\WRFRPSDUHWKHVHDEHGPRUSKRORJ\DQGHǋHFWLYHQ- IRUPLQJWRWKHHDVW)URPWKHGHHSHURVLRQJXOO\OHYHOOHG

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BZN11 =PLQ =PHG =PD[ Zdif -6,16 3,4 -6,25 3,2 -9,56 3,6 -5,00 -6,12 4,3

3,1 -6,00 2,6 2,5 -7,00 -8,00

-9,36 -9,00 -9,34 1,6 2,4 -10,00 -9,45 -11,00 1,2 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Fig. 3.19 A, B Compilation of BZN 11 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2003 and 2015 compared, (B) Burial history of the wreck site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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In general, the wreck appears to be slowly disappearing, probably BZN 12 because it is falling apart. Evidence of this can also be found in the The Burgzand Noord 12 (BZN 12) wreck, a seventeenth-century PXOWLEHDPGDWD:KLOHLQWKHKHLJKWGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH PHUFKDQWPDQZLWKDKHDY\FDUJRRIEULFNV121 was recorded with ZUHFNDQGWKHVXUURXQGLQJVHDEHGZDVVWLOODSSUR[LPDWHO\ PXOWLEHDPIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHLQ2FWREHU$IWHUWKUHH\HDUVRI PHWUHVLQWKHZUHFNZDVSURWUXGLQJDERYHWKHVHDEHGE\ PRQLWRULQJ 'HFHPEHUDQG OLWWOHGLǋHUHQFHLQ RQO\FP,QWKHVHORRVHSDUWVDQGWKHZUHFNPRXQGKDG VHDEHGPRUSKRORJ\FRXOGEHVHHQ )LJ 122 DOPRVWFRPSOHWHO\GLVDSSHDUHG7KHZKROHDUHDKDGǍDWWHQHG RXWDQGPRVWRIWKHREMHFWVDERYHWKHVHDEHG FDXVLQJHGG\ currents) had disappeared.119

Fig. 3.20 A, B Compilation of the BZN 12 erosion-sedimentation history. Fig. 3.21 Compilation of the BZN 13 erosion-sedimentation history. Two (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2012 and 2015 compared, (B) Burial multibeam recordings from 2012 and 2015 compared. Figure: courtesy history of the wreck site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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BZN 13 The Burgzand Noord 13 (BZN 13) wreck, a seventeenth-century VKLSZUHFN ERDUG ZDVUHFRUGHGIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHLQ7KH PXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJIURP'HFHPEHUVKRZHGWKDWWKHJXOO\ to the north of the site had sanded in. This process had conti- QXHGLQDQGWKHDUHDZDVǍDWWHQLQJRXW7KHUHVROXWLRQRI ZDVORZHUWKDQWKHRWKHUPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJVEXW VHHPHGWRVKRZWKHVDPHǍDWWHQLQJRXWRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHD )LJ 123 Fig. 3.23 Compilation of the BZN 15 erosion-sedimentation history. Two BZN 14 multibeam recordings from 2012 and 2015 compared. Figure: courtesy The Burgzand Noord 14 (BZN 14) wreck, a seventeenth-century Periplus Archeomare/RCE. DUPHGPHUFKDQWPDQZDVUHFRUGHGLQIRUWKHǌUVWWLPH124 7KHUHFRUGLQJVIURP'HFHPEHU2FWREHUDQG DSSDUHQWLQWKHUHFRUGLQJIURP DOWKRXJKWKHUHVROXWLRQRI 'HFHPEHUVKRZWKDWWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKHDUHDDURXQG WKLVUHFRUGLQJLVFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUWKDQWKRVHPDGHSUHYLRXVO\ WKHZUHFNVLWHKDGGHHSHQHGFRQVLGHUDEO\ )LJ 125 )LJ 127

BZN 15 BZN 16 7KH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG %=1 ZUHFNVLWHZDVǌUVWDVVHVVHGLQ 7KHǌUVWPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJRIWKH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG %=1 1999. It consisted of partly disarticulated ship parts and cargo. 16) wreck (a seventeenth/eighteenth-century shipwreck) area 7KHPRVWSURWUXGLQJHOHPHQWZDVDFDUJRRILURQURGV7KHZUHFN ZDVPDGHLQ:RRGHQZUHFNSDUWVZHUHUHSRUWHGE\ was dated to the seventeenth century,126 and was recorded with JRYHUQPHQWDUFKDHRORJLVWVLQ,QWKHUHFRUGLQJ PXOWLEHDPIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHLQ2FWREHU$FRPSDULVRQZLWK however, no evidence of any shipwreck was found in a radius of WKHUHFRUGLQJVLQDQGUHYHDOHGYDULRXVORQJREMHFWV PHWUHVIURPWKHUHSRUWHGORFDWLRQ7KLVPD\EHEHFDXVHWKH RQHHYHQDVORQJDVPHWUHV WRWKHVRXWKRIWKHHDUOLHU location was not accurately recorded or the wreck parts had recorded iron rods. The area itself is deepening, which is also HURGHGDQGZDVKHGDZD\7KHODWWHULVDSODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQDV WKHDUHDKDGGHHSHQHGE\PHWUHVVLQFHWKHǌUVWUHSRUWRID ZUHFN )LJ 128

BZN 17 7KH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG %=1 ZUHFNZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQ DQGZDVUHFRUGHGZLWKPXOWLEHDPIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHLQ7KH ZUHFNSDUWVFRYHUDQDUHDRIE\PHWUHV%HWZHHQDQG

Fig. 3.22 Compilation of the BZN 14 erosion-sedimentation history. Two Fig. 3.24 One multibeam from 2015 of the BZN 16. The wreck is not multibeam recordings from 2012 and 2015 compared. Figure: courtesy visible. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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Fig. 3.25 A, B, C Compilation of the BZN 17 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Two multibeam recordings from 2011 and 2015 compared, (B) A side scan sonar image from 2016, (C) Burial history of the site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

DOPRVWQRFKDQJHVZHUHYLVLEOH,QDVWUXFWXUHRI WKLVQRFOHDUVWUXFWXUHVKDGEHHQYLVLEOH'LYHUHVHDUFKLQ PRUHWKDQPHWUHVORQJKDGEHFRPHYLVLEOHRQWKHVRXWKVLGHRI UHYHDOHGLWWREHDZUHFNDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVORQJ1RW WKHZUHFN'XULQJDTXLFNVXUYH\LQGRQHE\WKH5&(WKLV PXFKHOVHLVNQRZQDERXWWKHVLWHH[FHSWWKDWLWKDGDOUHDG\ WXUQHGRXWWREHDERDUGRIDVKLS,WDOVREHFDPHLPPHGLDWHO\ been severely attacked by Teredo navalis6LQFHWKHDUHD REYLRXVWKDWKHDY\DLUOLIWLQJKDGRFFXUUHGRQWKHVLWHDVVXPHGWR KDVGHHSHQHGE\DSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHV,WLVVWULNLQJWKDW have been done by local diving groups. This site disturbance is shortly after the appearance of the wreck at the seabed surface FOHDUO\YLVLEOHLQWKHPXOWLEHDPVRQDUGDWDRI/DUJHKROHV LQDGHHSHURVLRQSLWTXLFNO\GHYHORSHGWRWKHHDVWVLGH,Q have appeared in the centre of the wreck site.129$IXUWKHU WKHSLWUHDFKHGLWVPD[LPXPGHSWKRIPHWUHV LQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVFDUULHGRXWLQWRORRNLQWRWKHSRVVLELOLWLHV 6XEVHTXHQWO\WKHVFRXUSLWZDVǌOOHGDQGFRPSOHWHO\OHYHOOHGRXW of physically protecting the site 130DQGWKLVZDVGRQHLQ LQ )LJb$%& 'XULQJDGLYHVXUYH\LQWKHKHLJKWGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH BZN 18 ZUHFNDQGWKHHDVWVLGHZDVDOUHDG\PRUHWKDQPHWUHV131 This, $QDO\VHVRIWKHPXOWLEHDPVRQDUIURPUHYHDOHGDQHZ KRZHYHUKDGGLVDSSHDUHGLQZKHQWKHDUHDDURXQGWKH VKLSZUHFN %=1 PHWUHVIURPWKH%=1ZUHFN3ULRUWR ZUHFNǍDWWHQHGRXW )LJ$% 132

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Fig. 3.26 A, B Compilation of the BZN 18 erosion-sedimentation history. (A) Three multibeam recordings from 2004, 2014 and 2016 compared. This comparison shows us how dynamic a site can be over a short period of time. (B) Burial history of the site. Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE.

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3.3. ThreatsThThrThhrreaeateatatsst ttooou uunderwaterndendnddeerwarwrwawateterterer aararchaeologicalrchachchhaaeoleoeoollogoogigigicalcacalal hehheritageeritriittaagagee

3.4 Some conclusions about the seabed morphology 7KH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLVDG\QDPLFDUHDDQGWKLVFRQVWLWXWHV )LJ$IUDPHDWWKH%=1VLWHXVHGGXULQJWKH0R66SURMHFWWRƥ[ DPDMRUWKUHDWWRWKHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKHZUHFNVLWHV the wood samples for measurements in the water column (aerobic samples). Photo: R. Obst/RCE/MoSS project. described above, as well as a potential threat to other, as yet XQNQRZQVLWHV7KHPRELOH+RORFHQHOD\HULVFKDQJLQJLQ WKLFNQHVVUHJXODUO\FRQVHTXHQWO\FRYHULQJDQGH[SRVLQJ While specialized fungi and bacteria are able to degrade wood for shipwrecks. On a larger scale, we see that the currents and wave H[DPSOHXVXDOO\E\UHODWLYHO\VORZELRFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHV DFWLRQVKDYHDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHPRUSKRORJ\RIWKHVHDEHG ELYDOYHVDQGFUXVWDFHDQVHǋHFWLYHO\IUDJPHQWZRRGWKHUHE\ *XOOLHVWLGDOFKDQQHOVDQGIRUPHUVDQGEDQNVFKDQJHSODFHDQG FRQWULEXWLQJWRDPXFKIDVWHUGHJUDGDWLRQSURFHVV course, opening up new areas which threaten the cultural heritage. These areas are the Burgzand, Vogelzand, Scheer, %LRORJLFDODWWDFNRIRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVE\ZRRGERUHUVIXQJLDQG 7H[HOVWURRPDQG6FKHXUUDN PRVWEDFWHULDLVSULPDULO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQ :HFDQWKHUHIRUHPDNHDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSURFHVVHVWKDW 7KHUHDUHDOVRPRUHVWDEOHDUHDVURXJKO\WKHDUHDEHWZHHQ occur above the seabed and those within the seabed. Within the 9RJHO]ZLQDQG9DDUZDWHUQDDUGH&RFNVGRUSDQGSDUWVRIWKH VHDEHGWKHDPRXQWRIR[\JHQLVXVXDOO\H[WUHPHO\ORZRUHYHQ /XWMHVZDDUG=XLGRRVWUDNDQG%DOJ]DQG+LVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKKDV QRQH[LVWHQW+RZHYHUVHDRUJDQLVPVFDQDOVREHWKHFDXVHRI VKRZQWKHVHWREHJHQHUDOO\VWDEOHIRUDORQJWLPH5HVHDUFKRQ seabed disturbance due to bioturbation and, therefore, introduce VHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQLQWKHJUHDWHU:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD R[\JHQLQWRGHHSHUDUHDVRIWKHVHDEHG134(OHPHQWVRIDVLWH KDVVKRZQWKDWVHGLPHQWDWLRQLVWKHJHQHUDOWUHQGLQWKHDUHD GLUHFWO\H[SRVHGWRWKHVHDZDWHURUDWKLFNHUOD\HURIWKH +RZHYHUPDLQO\GXHWRWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNLQ VHGLPHQWPD\EHFRPHDHURELFDQGWKHUHIRUHVXEMHFWWRVHYHUH WKHUHLVQRVWDELOLW\DV\HWDQGLWPD\WDNHDQRWKHUFHQWXU\EHIRUH ELRORJLFDODQGFKHPLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ the entire area is stable once again.133 In the light of this basic knowledge about biological deterioration 7KHG\QDPLFVRIVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQGXHWRFXUUHQWVDQG of archaeological wood under water, a series of European ZDYHVDWWKHVLWHOHYHORIVRPHRIWKHZUHFNVLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHD projects were designed, in which tests were conducted and the KDYHDOVREHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGǌQGLQJWKDWHDFK\HDUWKHPRUSKR- W\SHDQGVSHHGRIELRGHWHULRUDWLRQZHUHPHDVXUHG135 This also ORJ\DURXQGWKHPRQLWRUHGVKLSZUHFNVFKDQJHV7KHREVWUXFWLRQ UHVXOWHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIZD\VWRPRQLWRUVLWHV136 of the wreck itself causes local eddy currents that can cause scour and erosion pits in and around the site. The in-situ %HWZHHQDQGWKH%=1ZUHFNZDVWKHWHVWDQG VWDELOL]DWLRQPHWKRGVKDYHZRUNHGWRFUHDWHDPRUHVWDEOH VDPSOHVLWHIRUWKH&XOWXUH0R66SURMHFW137$WWKLV HQYLURQPHQW7KHWHQGHQF\KRZHYHULVWKDWWKH7H[HOVWURRPLV SURWHFWHGZUHFNVLWHDUWLǌFLDOZRRGEORFNVDQGDGDWDORJJHUWR PRYLQJVRXWKZDUGVRYHUWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDZKLFKLQVRPH PHDVXUHWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVZHUHLQVWDOOHGDERYHWKH places will cause strong erosion patterns. Nevertheless, due to its seabed to investigate degradation in aerobic conditions, and also FRQWLQXRXVPRYHPHQWVRPHZUHFNVLWHVLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRI in the seabed (actually on site) to investigate degradation in WKHDUHDDUHDJDLQLQWKHSURFHVVRIVHGLPHQWDWLRQ anaerobic conditions.138,QDODUJHIUDPHZRRGEORFNV [ [FP RIIUHVKRDN Quercus sp.) and pine (Pinus sylvestrus) and 3.5 Biological threats archaeological wood (also oak: Quercus sp. ZHUHH[SRVHGDERYH WKHVHDEHG )LJ 1396RPHRIWKHVHEORFNVZHUHSK\VLFDOO\ 3.5.1 Introduction SURWHFWHGZLWK7HUUDPJHRWH[WLOH RIGLǋHUHQWJUDGHV $UFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVDUHQRWRQO\VXEMHFWWRPHFKDQLFDOGHWHULR- DQG DQGRWKHUVZHUHQRW VHHIRUPRUHRQWKLV ration, there is also a biological threat, with wood being especially &KDSWHU 1406HWVRIEORFNVZHUHFROOHFWHGDIWHUPRQWKVDQG YXOQHUDEOHWRDWWDFN7KHHǋHFWVRIELRORJLFDODWWDFNFDQYDU\ PRQWKVUHVSHFWLYHO\141

1336RPHRIWKHFKDQJHVLQHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQSDWWHUQVKDYHDOVREHHQFDXVHG VHGLPHQWS+DQGUHGR[SRWHQWLDOZHUHPHDVXUHG*UHJRU\ E\WKH%DOJ]DQGGLNHZKLFKZDVEXLOWLQ6HHDOVR%UHQN 0DQGHUV 1393LQHDQGRDNZHUHWKHPDLQZRRGW\SHVXVHGLQ(XURSHDQVKLSEXLOGLQJLQWKH 1346HHIRUH[DPSOH9RONHQERUQHWDO VL[WHHQWKDQGVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXULHV7KHDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGIURPWKHMary Rose 1356HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH0R66%$&32/(60$&+8:UHFN3URWHFWDQG VKLSZUHFN 3RUWVPRXWK ZDVSURYLGHGE\WKHMary Rose$UFKDHRORJLFDO 6$60$3SURMHFWV Services, a partner in the MoSS project. 1366HHDOVR&KDSWHU 1407KHKLJKHUWKHJUDGHWKHPRUHGHQVHDQGOHVVǍH[LEOHWKHJHRWH[WLOH 137 See also Section 3.1. 141$WWKHVWDUWRIWKHSURMHFWZRRGVDPSOHVZHUHSODFHGDERYHWKHVHDEHGIRU 138:DWHU:DWFK6\VWHPŞVXEVHDORJJHUIURP(DX[6\V 8. /WG,QRSHQZDWHU DQGPRQWKV+RZHYHUGXHWRWLPHUHVWULFWLRQZLWKLQWKHSURMHFWRQO\WKH LWbPHDVXUHGWHPSHUDWXUHGHSWKGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGFRQGXFWLYLW\ ZKLFKFDQEH VDPSOHVIRUDQGPRQWKVZHUHFROOHFWHG FRQYHUWHGLQWRVDOLQLW\ 7XUELGLW\DQGVHGLPHQWPRYHPHQWVZHUHDOVRWULDOOHG,QWKH

Fig. 3.28 PVC pipes at the BZN 10 site with wood samples to measure the decay in the sediment (anaerobic samples). Photo: R. Obst/RCE/ Fig. 3.30 Anemones growing in abundance on the BZN 11 wreck site. MoSS project. Photo: RCE/M. Manders.

The blocks that were used to investigate the anaerobic environ- PHQWZHUHSODFHGLQWKHEXULDOPRXQGRIWKH%=1RQWKHZHVW VLGHRIWKHZUHFNFORVHWRWKHIUDPHIRUWKHDHURELFVDPSOHV,Q WRWDOVPDOOEORFNV [FP[FP RIIUHVKRDNDQGSLQH ZHUHEXULHGLQRSHQ39&WXEHVLQWKHVHGLPHQW )LJ 7KH\ ZHUHFROOHFWHGDWWKHVDPHWLPHLQWHUYDOVDVWKHDHURELF ZRRGEORFNV$FRQWUROPDWHULDO6KLUOH\7H[WLOHZDVDOVRSODFHGLQ WKHVHGLPHQW )LJ 142 This fabric consists of 96% cellulose, ZKLFKHQDEOHVXVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHH[WHQWRIDWWDFNFDXVHGE\ cellulose degrading bacteria and fungi.

%DFWHULDOGHFD\RIVXEPHUJHGZRRGZDVDOVRWKHVSHFLDOIRFXV EHWZHHQWRLQWKH(XURSHDQWK)UDPHZRUNǌQDQFHG %$&32/(6SURMHFW,QDGGLWLRQWRKRXVHIRXQGDWLRQSROHVDQG Fig. 3.31 An Iberian jar, part of the cargo of the BZN 10 ship, with a woven RWKHUNLQGVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVWZRVXEPHUJHGZUHFNVLQWKH basket that deteriorated due to the currents and the crabs. Photo: RCE. :DGGHQ6HDZHUHDOVRFKRVHQDVWHVWDQGVDPSOHVLWHVWKH%=1 3 and BZN 15. $ERYHWKHVHGLPHQWWKHHQYLURQPHQWLVRIWHQR[\JHQULFK143 ([SRVHGSDUWVRIDZUHFNDUHWKXVVXEMHFWWRDYDULHW\RIELRORJL- 7KHRXWFRPHVRIWKHVHWZRSURMHFWVIRUPWKHEDVLVRIWKH cal deterioration processes. LQIRUPDWLRQRQELRORJLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQRIVLWHVDVVHPEOHGLQWKLV chapter. %DFWHULDDQGIXQJLSURGXFHH[WUDFHOOXODUHQ]\PHVZKLFKGHVWUR\ WKHPDWHULDORQZKLFKWKH\JURZZKLOHFUXVWDFHDQVDQGPROOXVFV 3.5.2 Above the seabed ERUHLQWRZRRGZKLFKWKH\LQJHVWDQGPD\VXEVHTXHQWO\XWLOL]H There is a lack of natural hard substrate habitats in the oceans of $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHUHDUHIRXOLQJRUJDQLVPVVXFKDVDOJDHPRVV the world, including Dutch waters. Therefore, when a ship sinks to DQLPDOV144 Tunicata, Actiniaria, RUVHDDQHPRQHVEDUQDFOHVDQG WKHVHDEHGYDULRXVPDULQHLQYHUWHEUDWHVZLOOFRORQL]HLWUHODWLYHO\ Mollusca, which use the wood and also other natural and TXLFNO\DQGWKHUHLVVWURQJFRPSHWLWLRQDPRQJVSHFLHVIRUVSDFH KXPDQPDGHPDWHULDOVDVDVXEVWUDWHRQZKLFKWRJURZ:LWKLQ WKH%$&32/(6DQG0R66SURMHFWVYLVXDOREVHUYDWLRQVRI DEXQGDQWJURZWKRIVHDDQHPRQHVRQXQVWDEOHKHDYLO\GHWHULR- UDWHGZRRGHQZUHFNVZHUHPDGH7KLVFDXVHVWKHEUHDNXSRI VKLSHOHPHQWVGXHWRWKHJUHDWHUUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVWUXFWXUHWR WKHFXUUHQWV )LJ 145%LRWXUEDWLRQE\VKHOOVOXJZRUPVDQG FUDEVKDVDOVREHHQREVHUYHG7KHODWWHUHYHQŠDWWDFNšH[SRVHG DUFKDHRORJLFDOREMHFWV )LJ 7KHLUHǋHFWVKDYHQRWEHHQ VFLHQWLǌFDOO\PHDVXUHG

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3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

Fig. 3.32 Teredo navalis or shipworm. Photo: courtesy National Museum Denmark.

3.5.3 Within the seabed ZRRG7KHVLSKRQVQRUPDOO\H[WHQGRXWRIWKHHQWUDQFHKROHVEXW 8VXDOO\RQO\WKHǌUVWIHZPLOOLPHWUHVRIWKHVHGLPHQWLVR[\JH- ZLOOEHTXLFNO\UHWUDFWHGLIGLVWXUEHG$VORQJDVDVKLSZRUPFDQ nated. Bioturbation by invertebrates, wave action or other SRVLWLRQLWVVLSKRQVLQDQR[\JHQDWHGHQYLURQPHQWLWFDQERUH FXOWXUDODQGQDWXUDOSURFHVVHVPD\H[WHQGWKLVR[\JHQDWHG]RQH GHHSLQWRDZUHFNO\LQJLQVHGLPHQW6KLSZRUPVQHHGR[\JHQULFK downwards.1477KHGHSWKRIWKHVHGLPHQWGRHVDǋHFWWKH water in their burrows for respiration to survive. Nevertheless, DPRXQWRIPLFURRUJDQLVPVSUHVHQW+RZHYHUEDFWHULDXQOLNH they can seal their burrows for several weeks if the surrounding WKHPDULQHERUHUVDQGIXQJLFDQVXUYLYHLQHQYLURQPHQWVZLWK FRQGLWLRQVEHFRPHXQIDYRXUDEOH YHU\ORZR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVHYHQLQDQDHURELFRUDQR[LF conditions.1485HODWLYHO\KLJKQXPEHUVRIDHURELFEDFWHULDDQG 7KHPDMRUIDFWRUVLQǍXHQFLQJFRORQL]DWLRQE\PDULQHERUHUV IXQJLRFFXULQWKHǌUVWIHZFHQWLPHWUHVRIPRVWPDULQHVHGL- LQFOXGLQJVKLSZRUPVDUHWHPSHUDWXUHVDOLQLW\GHSWKDQGWKH PHQWVEXWQXPEHUVDUHUDSLGO\UHGXFHGLQGHHSHUVHGLPHQW GLVVROYHGR[\JHQFRQWHQWRIWKHZDWHU152$GXOWVSHFLHVRIWKH layers. Teredo navalisDUHWROHUDQWRIZDWHUVZLWKDPLQLPXPWHPSHUDWXUH DVORZDVŎ&DQGDVKLJKDVŎ&7KH\DUHKRZHYHUPRVW 3.5.4 Different environments, different degradation DFWLYHEHWZHHQŎ&DQGŎ&7KH\VWDUWVSDZQLQJDWŎ& processes DQGWKHODUYDHDUHDFWLYHEHWZHHQŎ&DQGŎ& 'LǋHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVGRPLQDWHGE\WKHDEVHQFHRUSUHVHQFH 0HWDPRUSKRVLVRIWKHODUYDHLVSRVVLEOHDERYHŎ&7KLVPHDQV RIR[\JHQIRUH[DPSOHWULJJHUWKHELRORJLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQRI WKDWIRUWKHUHSURGXFWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIDKHDOWK\SRSXOD- PDWHULDORQVLWHGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIGLǋHUHQWDQLPDOV%HORZ WLRQŎ&LVWKHPLQLPXPIRUDWOHDVWVRPHSHULRGRIWLPHHDFK WKHPRVWGDPDJLQJVSHFLHVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG \HDU/DUYDHQHHGŎ&PRUHWRGHYHORSLQWRDGXOWTeredo, at least DOVRIRUVRPHSHULRGRIWLPHHDFK\HDU7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\WKHFDVH Wood-boring bivalves for the Wadden Sea. :RRGERULQJELYDOYHVJHQHUDOO\FDOOHGVKLSZRUPVEHORQJWRWKH IDPLOLHVTeredinidae and Pholadidae )LJ 7RJHWKHUWKH\ ,QDGGLWLRQQRUPDOERULQJDFWLYLWLHVRIDGXOWVRFFXULQVDOLQLWLHV constitute the suborder Pholadina of the Eulamelli branch of the IURPWR3681536DOLQLW\OHVVWKDQŞ368DUHOHWKDO order Myoida.1496KLSZRUPVDUHSRWHQWLDOO\WKHPRVWUDSLG 5HSURGXFWLRQLVSRVVLEOHDERYHŞ368$GXOWVUHPDLQDFWLYH GHFRPSRVHUVRIZRRGVWUXFWXUHVXQGHUZDWHU0RUHRYHUZKHQ EHWZHHQŞ368DQGODUYDHIURPŞ368ZKLOH368RU UHOHDVHGLQWRWKHZDWHUFROXPQWKH\FDQWUDYHOORQJGLVWDQFHVLQD lower is lethal to the larvae.154$FWLYHVKLSZRUPKDVEHHQ relatively short period in search of wood.150 GHWHFWHGIURPWRDOPRVWPHWUHV155$OWKRXJKSUREDEO\DYHU\ LPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHUQRWPXFKZRUNKDVEHHQGRQHRQWKH 6KLSZRUPODUYDHVHWWOHRQWRVXEPHUJHGZRRGDQGXQGHUJRD R[\JHQWROHUDQFHRIWKHVKLSZRUP+RZHYHUWKHPLQLPXP PHWDPRUSKRVLVEHFRPLQJWLQ\MXYHQLOHVWKDWPDWXUHZKLOHOLYLQJ WROHUDQFHOHYHOVDUHHVWLPDWHGWREHOHVVWKDQPJR[\JHQSHU inside the wood.1517KHHQWUDQFHKROHZKHUHWKHODUYDHǌUVWVHWWOH OLWUHZLWKLQKRXUVIRUODUYDHDQGPRQWKIRUDGXOWV156$KHDOWK\ LVVPDOODQGRQO\VOLJKWO\HQODUJHVGXULQJWKHOLIHVSDQRID FRQGLWLRQFRQVLVWVRIDQR[\JHQOHYHORIPRUHWKDQPJOLWUH )LJ VKLSZRUP7KHRUJDQLVPVǌOWHUIHHGDQGREWDLQR[\JHQE\ 3.33).157 SXPSLQJZDWHULQDQGRXWWKURXJKWKHLUVLSKRQV7KHVHWXEHOLNH RUJDQVDUHWKHRQO\SDUWRIWKHDQLPDOWKDWLVYLVLEOHRXWVLGHWKH &XUUHQWVDUHLPSRUWDQWLQUHODWLRQWRWKHDQLPDOšVFDSDFLW\WR

1467KH\PD\EHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUPDNLQJWKHZRRGVRIWE\GHVWUR\LQJWKHLQQHUFHOO OLVKWPDFFHVVHG VWUXFWXUHV7KLVDJDLQPDNHVWKHZRRGYXOQHUDEOHWRPHFKDQLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ 6DOLQLW\WKH1(0(6,6GDWDEDVHSURYLGHVDVDOLQLW\UDQJHRIŞSSWIRUWKHTeredo 147+HOPKROW]&HQWUHIRU2FHDQ5HVHDUFK.LHO *(20$5 navalis$OHWKDOORZVDOLQLW\OLPLWRISSWKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGIRUODUYDOLQGLYLGXDOV 148)RUH[DPSOHVXOSKXUUHGXFLQJEDFWHULD6HHIRUH[DPSOH0X\]HU 6WDPV 2[\JHQTeredo navalisFDQVXUYLYHH[WHQGHGSHULRGVRIDQR[LD XSWRZHHNV E\ 149 Turner 1966. VXVSHQGLQJIHHGLQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGUHPDLQLQJVHDOHGLQEXUURZVPHWDEROL]LQJVWRUHG 1500DQGHUV HG JO\FRJHQUHVHUYHVIRUHQHUJ\1(0(6,6 KWWSLQYDVLRQVVLHGXQHPHVLV&+(&2 1516HHDOVR1DLU 6DUDVZDWK\ MVS"6SHFLHVBQDPH 7HUHGRQDYDOLVDFFHVVHG 152:UHFN3URWHFWJXLGHOLQH0DQGHUV HG 6RPHWLPHVRWKHUǌJXUHVDUH 1530DQGHUV HG PHQWLRQHG)RUWHPSHUDWXUHTeredo navalis individuals can survive in water 1540DQGHUV HG WHPSHUDWXUHVDVKLJKDVr&DOWKRXJKJURZWKPD\FHDVHDERYHr&0LQLPXP 155 KWWSHRORUJSDJHVGHWDLOVKDELWDW DFFHVVHG UHSURGXFWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHLVUHSRUWHGDVDSSUR[LPDWHO\Şr&7KHVSHFLHVKDV 156 The adults can retract into their burrows. UHFHQWO\EHHQUHSRUWHGLQWKH:HVHU(VWXDU\QRUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\ZKHUHZLQWHUZDWHU 1570DQGHUV HG WHPSHUDWXUHVRIr&ZHUHUHFRUGHG KWWSZZZVPVVLHGXLUOVSHF7HUHGRBQDYD-

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 3.33 Table with parameters for adult and larvae of the Teredo navalis Fig. 3.34 Wood from the BZN 18 site completely eaten and crumbled due to survive. Figure: courtesy WreckProtect Project. WR7HUHGRDWWDFN3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH

WUDYHO$GXOWVFDQVSUHDGLQGULIWZRRG/DUYDHDUHIUHHVZLPPHUV 1HWKHUODQGVIRUDORQJWLPH(DUO\VHYHUHLQIHVWDWLRQVDUH DQGFDQGRVRIRUEHWZHHQWRZHHNVDIWHUZKLFKWKH\PXVW KLVWRULFDOO\UHFRUGHGLQŞDQGŞ ǌQGZRRGVXEVWUDWHWRFRORQL]H158 1637KHVLQIHVWDWLRQPD\KDYHEHHQWKHPRVW GLVDVWURXVFDXVLQJJUHDWFRQFHUQDPRQJWKH'XWFK7KHDWWDFN In TeredinidaeWKHQHDUO\KHPLVSKHULFDOVKHOOVFRYHURQO\WKH DOVRGHVWUR\HGPRVWGLNHVHPEDQNPHQWVDQGVOXLFHJDWHV DQWHULRUSDUWRIWKHDQLPDODQGDWKLQFDOFDUHRXVOD\HUGHSRVLWHG %HIRUHWKHUHLVQRPHQWLRQRIVXFKDSODJXHKRZHYHUWKH RQWKHZDOOVRIWKHEXUURZVSURWHFWVWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUPOLNH VKLSZRUPZDVNQRZQDVHDUO\DVWKHVZKHQLWLVDOUHDG\ ERG\6SHFLHVLQWKLVIDPLO\DOVRKDYHWZRDVVRFLDWHGFDOFLǌHG PHQWLRQHGLQWH[WV164 structures at the posterior end called the pallets. These are used WRFORVHWKHVPDOOKROHFRQQHFWLQJWKHEXUURZWRWKHH[WHUQDO 7KHPDMRUWKUHDWSRVHGE\WKLVFUHDWXUHFRQFHUQVWKHIDFWWKDW HQYLURQPHQW159 WKH1HWKHUODQGVKHDYLO\GHSHQGVRQLWVVHDGHIHQFHPHDVXUHV )LJ 7KHFDXVHVRIWKHDWWDFNLQDQGWKXV The average length of an individual Teredo navalisLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ KDGWREHIRXQG$WWKHWLPHPHQZHUHVHQWHQFHGWRGHDWK FP160ZKLOHWKRVHLQWURSLFDOZDWHUVPD\UHDFKFP161 IRUDOOHJHGKRPRVH[XDOLW\ZKLFKKDGVXSSRVHGO\FDXVHGWKH 6KLSZRUPLQGLYLGXDOVW\SLFDOO\OLYHIRUŞ\HDUV$IWHUVHWWOLQJ DWWDFNE\WKHVKLSZRUP165 In addition, the TeredoOHGWRWKHǌUVW WKH\ERUHLQWRWKHZRRGDQGVHOGRPDORQJWKH ZRRGVXUIDFH7KHPROOXVFGLJVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ FPZLGHEXUURZVXSWRŞPORQJ162 It avoids joints and knots and turns around when LWUHDFKHVWKHHQGRIWKHWLPEHU7KHZRRGRQ WKHRXWVLGHORRNVDOPRVWLQWDFWH[FHSWIRUWKH HQWUDQFHKROHV7KHGDPDJHLVWKHUHIRUHQRW always easy to detect by eye, especially under water.

'HVSLWHH[WHQVLYHLQWHUQDOGDPDJHDZUHFN WKDWKDVEHHQDWWDFNHGE\VKLSZRUPRIWKH IDPLO\TeredinidaePD\UHPDLQLQWDFWIRUDORQJ WLPHDIWHULQIHVWDWLRQEHFDXVHWKHEXUURZVRI WKHVHVKLSZRUPVDUHOLQHGZLWKFDOFLXP7KLV supporting structure helps to hold the piece of ZRRGWRJHWKHUDOWKRXJKWKHPDWHULDOVWUHQJWK is severely reduced. Such infested wood is very IUDJLOHDQGPD\HDVLO\EUHDNXSRQLPSDFWZLWK RWKHUREMHFWVVXFKDVǌVKLQJQHWVGLYHUV DQFKRUOLQHVRUPRYLQJGHEULVRQWKHVHDEHG )LJ

The infestation and consequently devastating HǋHFWRIWKHVKLSZRUPRQVXEPHUJHGZRRGHQ Fig. 3.35 Historical print of the devastating shipworm attack on quays and dikes in the VWUXFWXUHVKDVEHHQDSUREOHPLQWKH Netherlands in 1733.

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Fig. 3.37 The OVM 14 is a well-preserved shipwreck with high upright construction in the Oostvoornsemeer (Oostvoorne lake). Photo: courtesy Kuyvenhoven.

+HULWDJHDFWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVLQGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW 6XEVHTXHQWO\LWZDVXVHGIRUVDQGH[WUDFWLRQIRUWKHH[WHQVLRQ GROPHQ hunebedden ZHUHEHLQJUHPRYHGDQGXVHGWRGHIHQG RIbWKH5RWWHUGDPKDUERXU,QWKHSURFHVVWKHODNHZDVGHHSHQHG the coast in the north of the Netherlands, rather than the E\WRPHWUHV'XULQJWKHVHGUHGJLQJDFWLYLWLHVVHYHUDO ZRRGHQGHIHQFHVWKDWZHUHEHLQJDWWDFNHGE\VKLSZRUP166 KLVWRULFDOVKLSZUHFNVHPHUJHGIURPWKHVHDEHG173 These, KRZHYHUUHPDLQHGLQDYHU\JRRGFRQGLWLRQGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW 6KLSZRUPKDVDOVRSRVHGDQHQRUPRXVWKUHDWWRZRRGHQVKLSVLQ WKHRULJLQDOVDOWZDWHUDUHDKDGGHVDOLQL]HG7KLVKDVPDGHWKH WKHSDVW'XULQJKLVIRXUWKYR\DJHLQ&ROXPEXVH[SHULHQ- 2RVWYRRUQVHPHHUXQLTXHDQGDSRSXODUGLYHVSRW )LJ 174 FHGWKHGHYDVWDWLQJHǋHFWWKH\FRXOGKDYHRQWKHKXOOVRIVKLSV 1HDU3DQDPDWZRRIKLVVKLSVWKH*DOOHJDDQG9L]FDLQDZHUH ORVWGXHWRVKLSZRUPGDPDJH1677KH92&DOVRUHSHDWHGO\ PHQWLRQVDWWDFNVRQWKHLUVKLSVLQWURSLFDOZDWHUV168$OWKRXJKLWLV also often thought that the Teredo is an invasive species, SUH&KULVWLDQHUD*UHHNDQG5RPDQVRXUFHVDQGIRVVLOǌQGVLQWKH 8.DQG%HOJLXPVXJJHVWWKHRUJDQLVPZDVSUHVHQWLQ(XURSHDV early as the Eocene.1697KHVLJQLǌFDQWSUREOHPVDULVLQJDIWHU LQWKH1HWKHUODQGVPD\KDYHEHHQGXHWRPRUHIDYRXUDEOH FRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHUHSURGXFWLRQDQGVXUYLYDORIVKLSZRUPWKXV FDXVLQJDQH[SORVLRQRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ

6KLSZRUPKDVFDXVHGSUREOHPVZLWKZRRGHQVWUXFWXUHVŞLQFOX- GLQJVKLSZUHFNVŞLQPDQ\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOG$VVHHQDERYHWKLV LVQRGLǋHUHQWIRUWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGWKH:DGGHQ6HD

Until recently, the Baltic Sea was free of Teredo navalis. This is one RIWKHPDMRUUHDVRQVZK\WKH%DOWLF6HDFRQWDLQVVRPDQ\ H[WUHPHO\ZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNV+RZHYHURYHUWKHSDVWIHZ years Teredo navalisDQGLWVGHVWUXFWLYHHǋHFWRQZRRGHQ shipwrecks and harbour installations have been recorded in 'HQPDUNDQG*HUPDQ\UDQJLQJIURPWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKH%DOWLF 6HDWRWKH*HUPDQVWDWHRI0HFNOHQEXUJ9RUSRPPHUQ170 This is SUREDEO\GXHWRWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIPRUHVDOLQHVHDZDWHUIURP the North Sea into the Baltic Sea and possibly also due to an LQFUHDVHLQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGXHWRFOLPDWHFKDQJH171 Research in the WreckProtect project revealed that although there is a real threat in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, large areas to the QRUWKZLOOQRWEHLQIHVWHGLQWKHQHDUIXWXUH )LJb 172 Fig. 3.36 A pamphlet showing the threat of shipworm in the Baltic was ,QWKHVWKH2RVWYRRUQVHPHHU DODNH LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV produced in the EU WreckProtect project. Figure: courtesy WreckProtect project. ZDVIRUPHGE\FORVLQJRǋWKH%ULHOVH0DDVIURPWKHVHD

166%UX\Q:LOOHPV 171KWWSZZZHXFFGGHWOBǌOHVHXFF*OREDO&KDQJHDQG%DOWLF 167 6HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSDUFKLYHDUFKDHRORJ\RUJUHYLHZVFROXPEXVKWPO &RDVWDO=RQHV&KDSWHU6WRHUPHUSGI DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG 1720DQGHUV HG 1686HHIRUH[DPSOH'XLYHQYRRUGHŞ 173%UHQN 0XLV 1696HHDOVR%RUJHVHWDO3DOPD 6DQWKDNXPDUDQ 174KWWSVZZZGXLNHUVJLGVQODFWXHHORRVWYRRUQVHPHHUZRUGWPRJHOLMNRQGHUZD- 170*MHOVWUXS%M¸UGDKO *UHJRU\ HGV WHUPXVHXP DFFHVVHG %HUNHUV

)LJ$$SLHFHRIZRRGIURPRQHRIWKH2RVWYRRUQVHPHHUZUHFNVZKLFKKDVEHHQDWWDFNHGE\VKLSZRUP3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH %$VPDOOVKLSZRUPUHPRYHGIURPDSLHFHRIZRRGIURPRQHRIWKH2RVWYRRUQVHPHHUZUHFNV3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH&;UD\RI wood from one of the Oostvoornsemeer wrecks that is completely infested by shipworm. Photo: P. Paalvast/RCE.

,QLWZDVGHFLGHGWRUHYHUVHWKLVGHVDOLQL]DWLRQSURFHVVWR WKHFRVWVRIUHSDLURUUHSODFHPHQWRIKDUERXUVWUXFWXUHV LPSURYHWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGWRPDNHWKHDUHDDXQLTXHEUDFNLVK are high.183 water lake.1757KLVPHDQWVDOLQL]LQJWKHODNHDJDLQ7KHDGYLFHRI WKH5&(ZDVWRNHHSWKHVDOLQLW\ORZHUWKDQSSW8QIRUWXQDWHO\ Crustaceans ŞSUREDEO\GXHWRDPLVFRPPXQLFDWLRQŞWKHVDOLQLW\ZDVǌQDOO\ ,QFRQWUDVWWRVKLSZRUPVWKDWSHQHWUDWHWKHZRRGZRRGHDWLQJ VHWWRD&KORULGHOHYHORISSW7KLVKRZHYHUUHVXOWVLQDVDOLQLW\ FUXVWDFHDQVPDLQO\JQDZDQGEXUURZRQWKHVXUIDFH7KHVSHFLHV OHYHORISSWZD\DERYHWKHPLQLPXPOHYHOV176 Subsequently, FDXVLQJWKHPRVWSUREOHPVDUHPHPEHUVRIWKHJHQHUDLimnoria, DUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKH[HFXWHGLQUHYHDOHGDQDWWDFNE\ SphaeromaDQG&KHOXUD184 These crustaceans are collectively VKLSZRUP177 This was the start of intensive research to investi- FDOOHGŠJULEEOHVš )LJ ,QDUHDVZLWKYHU\OLWWOHWLGDOPRYHPHQW JDWHWKHSUHVHQFHRIVKLSZRUPLWVVSUHDGDQGLQǍXHQFHRQWKH wood attacked by gribbles often develops an hourglass-shaped shipwrecks in this area.178 DSSHDUDQFHEHFDXVHWKHSUHGRPLQDQWDWWDFNVRFFXUFORVHWRWKH PHDQVHDZDWHUOHYHO+RZHYHUJULEEOHVDOVRGHJUDGHZRRGLQ ,Q-XO\ZRRGVDPSOHVWDNHQIURPVLWHVLQGLFDWHGWKDW deeper waters.185,QWKHIDPLO\Limnoriidae, cellulose is degraded KDGEHHQDWWDFNHGE\WKHVKLSZRUPTeredo navalis )LJ 179 GXULQJSDVVDJHWKURXJKWKHJXW0HPEHUVRIWKHIDPLO\ 2QO\DWWKHGHHSHVWVLWHDWWRPHWUHVDQGŎ&ZHUHQR Sphaeromatidae, which does not ingest wood, break down the living TeredoIRXQG,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWVKRZHG ZRRGPHFKDQLFDOO\DQGDOVRFDXVHHQRUPRXVGDPDJH WKDWKHUHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGGHSWKVHHPWREHWKHOLPLWLQJIDFWRUV $OWKRXJKWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKDWZKLFKTeredo has been found to 7KHHǋHFWRI/LPQRULDOLJQRUXPLVJHQHUDOO\OHVVGHVWUXFWLYHWKDQ GDWHLVDOLWWOHEHORZPHWUHVWKHUHLVDV\HWQRKDUGHYLGHQFHWR that of Teredo navalisEXWRYHUDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGRIWLPHZRRG suggest why it should not be present at greater depths. The site, VWUHQJWKFDQEHFRPSURPLVHGDQGLPSRUWDQWDUFKDHRORJLFDO WKHUHIRUHVWLOOKDVWREHPRQLWRUHGIRUFRORQL]DWLRQE\VKLSZRUP LQIRUPDWLRQPD\EHORVWHVSHFLDOO\EHFDXVHLWDWWDFNVWKHVXUIDFH

6KLSZRUPLVWKXVSUREDEO\WKHPRVWGDPDJLQJVHDRUJDQLVPRQ ZRRGHQVKLSZUHFNVDQGRWKHUVXEPHUJHGZRRGHQVWUXFWXUHV One Teredo navalisFDQHDWDZD\DFPSLHFHRIZRRGLQRQH year.180:RRGVDPSOHVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKH0R66SURMHFWUHPRYHG IURPWKHZDWHUDIWHUPRQWKVDOUHDG\VKRZHGWKHHDUO\VWDJHVRI LQIHVWDWLRQE\ZRRGERUHUVLGHQWLǌHGDVTeredo navalis. This was PXFKZRUVHLQXQSURWHFWHGZRRGEORFNVDIWHUPRQWKVZKLFK had been heavily attacked.1813LQHVDPSOHVSODFHGRQVLWHIRU PRQWKVVKRZHGGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVRIDWWDFNZKLOHWKHRDNVDPSOHV were generally less attacked.1827KHGLǋHUHQFHLQRDNDQGSLQHLV LQWHUHVWLQJLIZHWKLQNRIWKHVDFULǌFLDOOD\HURISLQHZRRGSODQNVWKDW shipbuilders used to add to ships that were going to the tropics. Was the choice only based on the price of the wood or were they ZHOODZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWSLQHLVPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRDWWDFN"7KH Fig. 3.39 Gribble. Photo: courtesy National Museum of Denmark. FRQWLQXRXVGDPDJHLQWKHSDVWEXWDOVRWRGD\LVHQRUPRXVDQG

175 5XLWHU 1793DDOYDVW 176&RHQHQ +RXNHV 180 $SSHOTYLVW 177 There was recent attack, with live Teredo navalisIRXQGLQDOPRVWDOOWKHZUHFNVWKDW 1813DOPD Ş ZHUHVDPSOHGH[FHSWIRU290 VHHEHORZ $QROG7HUHGRDWWDFNZDVDOVR 1827KLVGHSHQGVRQWKHGLǋHUHQWJHRWH[WLOHVWKDWZHUHXVHGWRSURWHFWWKHFRQWURO LGHQWLǌHG$VLJQLǌFDQWDWWDFNPD\DOVRKDYHRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQWKHFORVXUHRIWKHǌUVW VDPSOHV %ULHOVHGDPLQWKHVDQGWKHGDPWKDWFORVHGRǋWKH2RVWYRRUQVHPHHUIURPWKH 183(ODP VHD%HIRUHWKDWWLPHIUHVKULYHUZDWHUPD\KDYHKDGDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHUHODWLYHO\ 184$SSHOTYLVW ZHOOSUHVHUYHGVWDWHRIPDQ\RIWKHZUHFNV 185 KWWSZZZFDELRUJLVFGDWDVKHHW DFFHVVHG 178&RHQHQ +RXNHV

3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

of the wood. Gribble requires an aerobic and saline environ- BZN 3 and BZN 15 wrecks were colonized by fungi.196 PHQW186ZLWKDQGDWWDFNZDVREVHUYHGRQDHURELFZRRGVDPSOHV in the Wadden Sea.187 %DFWHULDGHJUDGHZDWHUORJJHGZRRGPRUHVORZO\WKDQIXQJL +RZHYHULQORZR[\JHQWRQHDUDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVRQO\ Micro-organisms bacterial degradation can be found.197 Two types of bacteria have Specialized fungi and bacteria degrade wood in all types of EHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVWKHPDLQZRRGGHJUDGHUVQDPHO\HURVLRQDQG DTXDWLFHQYLURQPHQWV7KHIXQJLEHORQJPDLQO\WRWKHJURXSRI tunnelling bacteria.198 $OWKRXJKZRRGGHJUDGDWLRQE\HURVLRQ Ascomycetes and Fungi imperfectiDQGIRUPZKDWLVNQRZQDV EDFWHULDZDVUHSRUWHGLQWKHV199 little was known about their soft-rot decay.1888VLQJǌODPHQWRXVJURZWKK\SKDHSHQHWUDWH WD[RQRP\DQGJURZWKEHFDXVHIRUDORQJWLPHWKH\KDGQRWEHHQ LQWRWKHZRRGVWUXFWXUHDQGXWLOL]HWKHZRRGFRPSRQHQWV successfully isolated or cultivated in pure cultures.2006RPHVWXGLHV FHOOXORVHKHPLFHOOXORVHVDQGOLJQLQ LQHQ]\PDWLFSURFHVVHV189 ZHUHGRQHLQWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFW201 Tunnelling bacteria are 6RIWURWGHFD\UHVXOWVLQDORVVRIFHOOZDOOPDWHULDOLQWKHRXWHU- active in seawater conditions202 but require higher concentrations PRVWVXUIDFHOD\HURIWKHZRRGDVWKHIXQJLDUHGHSHQGHQWRQ RIR[\JHQIRUDFWLYLW\7KH\FDQHVSHFLDOO\EHIRXQGLQWKHRXWHU DFFHVVWRKLJKHUOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQIURPWKHZDWHU)RU layers of non-buried wood, whereas erosion bacteria are able to PRVWPDULQHIXQJLOHYHOVRIOHVVWKDQPOOLWUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ degrade wood under near anaerobic conditions, including interior PJOLWUH KDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGWRSUHYHQWWKHLUJURZWK190 Wood SDUWVRIWKHZRRG)RUDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH IURPVOXLFHGRRUVLVIRUH[DPSOHRIWHQVXEMHFWWRIXQJLDWWDFN EHKDYLRXURIHURVLRQEDFWHULDDQGRQWKHGDPDJHWKH\PD\GRWR GXHWRWKHKLJKOHYHOVRIR[\JHQRIWHQSUHVHQW191 Wood that is DUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGLQVLWXLVRISULPHLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKH ZDWHUVDWXUDWHGEXWZKHUHWKHUHLVVWLOODPSOHR[\JHQVXSSOLHGLV PDQDJHPHQWDQGSURWHFWLRQRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVVLQFHWKH\ RIWHQPDLQO\GHJUDGHGE\VRIWURWIXQJL192 It is then present in the PD\RIWHQEHWKHRQO\GHJUDGHUVOHIWLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW outer layers of the wood. Other fungi such as white-rot and EURZQURWDUHDOVRH[WUHPHO\GHVWUXFWLYHWRZRRG193+RZHYHU $VWURQJVPHOORIK\GURJHQVXOSKLGHZDVWKHǌUVWLQGLFDWLRQWKDW WKH\DUHRQO\DFWLYHLQZRRGWKDWLVSDUWO\GULHGRXW Ş DQG EDFWHULDOGHFD\KDGRFFXUUHGLQZRRGIURPWKHZUHFNVLQWKH LQDQHYHQPRUHR[\JHQULFKHQYLURQPHQWWKDQVRIWURW194 :DGGHQ6HD7KLVRGRXUZDVQRWLFHGIRUH[DPSOHZKHQWKH 7HUUDPJHRWH[WLOHDQGWKHVHGLPHQWZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKH 2EVHUYDWLRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHRIVDPSOHZRRG RDNDQGSLQH ZRRGEORFNV SLQHDQGRDN VDPSOHGIURPWKH%=1ZUHFN203 EHLQJLQIHFWHGE\PDULQHIXQJLDVTXLFNO\DVPRQWKVŞDIWHU 7KHVPHOOZDVDOVRQRWLFHGIURPWKHZRRGVDPSOHVGXJXSIURP EHLQJSODFHGRQWKH%=1ZUHFNLQWKH:DGGHQ6HD195 WKHDQDHURELFVHGLPHQWRQWKDWVDPHVLWHDQGIURPVDPSOHVWDNHQ 0RUHRYHUDOORIWKHVDPSOHVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGIURPWKH LQWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFWIURPZUHFNV%=1DQG204 The wood

186KWWSZZZPDULQHVSHFLHVRUJDSKLDSKS"S WD[GHWDLOV LG DFFHVVHG VKRZHGVLPLODULW\7KLVSUHOLPLQDU\UHVHDUFKPXVWEHFRQWLQXHGLQWKHIXWXUH/DQG\HW DOŞ 187 8QSURWHFWHGSLQHZRRGVDPSOHWDNHQIURPWKHVHDEHG DHURELF DIWHUPRQWKV 2029HQNDWDVDP\HWDO1LOVVRQ 6LQJK 3DOPD 203 3DOPD )RU7HUUDP*HRWH[WLOHVHH&KDSWHU 188%M¸UGDOHWDO6HHDOVR+XLVPDQHWDO 2043DOPD .ODDVVHQHWDO:RRGVDPSOHVIURPWKH%=1ZUHFNZHUH 189'DQLHO 1LOVVRQ WDNHQIURPDSDUWRIWKHVKLSšVERDUGWKDWKDVQHYHUSK\VLFDOO\EHHQFRYHUHGZLWK 190*UHJRU\ SURWHFWLRQPDWHULDOEXWKDGEHHQFRYHUHGZLWKDWRFPWKLFNOD\HURIVHGLPHQW 191%LMHQ IRUPDQ\FHQWXULHV 192*URVVHU 7KHVHGLPHQWFRQVLVWVRISXUHVHDVDQGZKLFKLVDONDOLQHKDVDYHU\ORZFDUERQ 193 *URVVHU content, no nitrogen, is low in phosphorus, low in base cations, low in sulphur and with 194+XLVPDQHWDO PHGLXPOHYHOVRILURQ 1953DOPD (YHQZRRGVDPSOHVWKDWZHUHSURWHFWHGZLWK7HUUDPJHRWH[WLOH The surrounding water is alkaline, contains no dissolved organic carbon, is low in RIWKHKLJKHVWJUDGHV VKRZHGHYLGHQFHRIDWWDFN QLWURJHQORZLQQLWUDWHFRQWDLQVQRDPPRQLXPDPHGLXPDPRXQWRISKRVSKDWHDQG 196 .ODDVVHQ HG Ş is high in base cations, high in sulphate and high in iron. The water has a high 197%ODQFKHWWH%M¸UGDOHWDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ZKLFKLVQRWVRVWUDQJHGXHWRLWVVDOLQLW\ 6HH.ODDVVHQHWDO 198*HOEULFKHWDO 7KH%=1ZUHFNOLHVDWDGHSWKRIWRPHWUHVDWKLJKWLGH2QO\WZRZRRG 199+ROWDQG-RQHV'DQLHODQG1LOVVRQ VDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQIURPWKHZUHFNDQRDNSODQNRIWRFPDQGDSLQHSODQNRI 2001LOVVRQHWDO WRFPEHORZWKHVXUIDFH7KHSODQNVZHUHFXWLQWRVHYHUDOVPDOOHUVDPSOHVIRU 2017KHPDMRULW\RIEDFWHULDFDQQRWEHFXOWXUHGDQGLGHQWLǌHGXVLQJVWDQGDUGPHWKRGV DQDO\VHV+HUHWKHVHGLPHQWLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKH%=1ZUHFNSXUHVHDVDQG 7KLVLVDPDMRUOLPLWDWLRQLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRISUHYHQWLYHWUHDWPHQWV7KLVLVWKH alkaline, very low in carbon content, no nitrogen, low in phosphorus, low in base UHDVRQZK\WKH%$&32/(6SURMHFWXQGHUWRRNWULDOVDWWHPSWLQJWRLGHQWLI\EDFWHULD FDWLRQVORZLQVXOSKXUDQGZLWKPHGLXPOHYHOVRILURQ7KHVXUURXQGLQJZDWHULV ZLWKRXWDQLQLWLDOELDVRIFXOWXULQJ7KLVZDVGRQHE\XVLQJDUHODWLYHO\QHZPROHFXODU alkaline, with no dissolved organic carbon, low in nitrogen, low in nitrate, no WHFKQLTXH6U'1$ZLWKZKLFKZHZHUHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\DKLJKO\YDULDEOHOHYHORI DPPRQLXPORZLQSKRVSKDWHKLJKLQEDVHFDWLRQVKLJKLQVXOSKDWHDQGORZLQLURQ EDFWHULDOGLYHUVLW\ZLWKLQHDFKJURXSRIVDPSOHVLWHV2QO\RIWKHPDULQHVDPSOHV 1DWXUDOO\WKHVHDZDWHUKHUHKDVDKLJKFRQGXFWLYLW\DVZHOO .ODDVVHQHWDO

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

FDXVHDVVHYHUHGDPDJHWRWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGDVIXQJDORU shipwrecks that were buried under reducing conditions within Teredo degradation. While the latter can destroy features and VHDEHGVHGLPHQWDUHH[SRVHGWRR[\JHQDWHGZDWHU+RZHYHU VRXUFHVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQEDFWHULDXVXDOO\RQO\ WKLVLVDOVRDFRPPRQRFFXUUHQFHRQFHWKHRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVDUH GDPDJHWKHLQQHUFHOOVWUXFWXUH1RQHWKHOHVVEDFWHULRORJLFDO UHFRYHUHGIURPDVLWH7KHVHR[LGDWLRQUHDFWLRQVSURGXFH GHJUDGDWLRQPD\VRPHWLPHVEHWKHRQO\GLUHFWWKUHDWWRD VXOSKXULFDFLGDQGDUDQJHRILQWHUPHGLDWHLURQVXOSKXUVSHFLHV VKLSZUHFNHVSHFLDOO\LQDUHDVZLWKDODFNRIR[\JHQ218 7KHVWURQJDFLGLǌFDWLRQWKDWUHVXOWVFDXVHVDUDQJHRIGHJUDGD- WLRQUHDFWLRQVLQZRRGERQHDQGPHWDOV119b7KHDERYHPHQ- 3.5.5 Some conclusions on the biological threats WLRQHGSURFHVVHVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLǌHGRQVHYHUDOVKLSVVKLS Biological deterioration of wooden shipwrecks is a continuous IUDJPHQWVDQGDUWHIDFWVUHFRYHUHGIURPWKHVHDEHGVXFKDVWKH SURFHVV,QDHURELFHQYLURQPHQWVPRUHVSHFLHVDUHDFWLYHZKLOH Vasa, a warship in Sweden, the Mary Rose in England, the Batavia in LQOHVVDHURELFDQGHYHQDQDHURELFRUDQR[LFHQYLURQPHQWV :HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDWKH%=1DQGZUHFNVDQGWKHVentjager HURVLRQEDFWHULDPD\VWLOOEHDFWLYH+RZHYHUWKHVSHHGRI wreck and Roompot wreck in the Netherlands. deterioration varies. While deterioration by Teredo navalis is H[WUHPHO\YLROHQWDQGUDSLGHURVLRQEDFWHULDZRUNDWDPXFK 'XULQJWKHVWXG\RIGHJUDGDWLRQSDWWHUQVZRRGIURPWKH%=1 VORZHUSDFH%LRORJLFDODWWDFNFDQEHDFFHOHUDWHGE\PHFKDQLFDO DQGVLWHVDSSHDUHGWRFRQWDLQVXEVWDQWLDODPRXQWVRIS\ULWH

DWWDFNVXFKDVHURVLRQRIWKHVHDEHG:DWHUǍX[DQGWKHDPRXQW )H62 7KHFKHPLFDOZRRGDQDO\VHVWKDWDUHDYDLODEOHFRQǌUP RIRUJDQLFPDWWHULQWKHVHGLPHQWDOVRKDYHDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKH WKDWKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRILURQ )HŞ DQGVXOSKXU 6 deterioration of wood. Ş RFFXULQWKHZRRGIURP%=12203\ULWHLVIRUPHGLQ UHGXFLQJHQYLURQPHQWVZKHUHDPSOHUHGXFLEOHLURQVXOSKDWHDQG 3.6 Chemical threats RUJDQLFPDWWHUDUHDYDLODEOH7KHRUJDQLFPDWWHULVXVHGE\ $VRQODQGVHYHUDOSURFHVVHVPD\RFFXUWKDWFKHPLFDOO\WKUHDWHQ EDFWHULDWRUHGXFHLURQWRIRUP)HDQGVXOSKDWHWRIRUP DUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV2QDODUJHVFDOHFOLPDWHFKDQJHPD\FDXVH ELVXOǌGH +6 ZKLFKVXEVHTXHQWO\UHDFWWRIRUPVXOSKLGHV7KH S+LQZDWHUWRFKDQJH219aFKDQJHVRIFXUUHQWPD\FDXVHGLǋHUHQW SUHVHQFHRIS\ULWHPLQHUDOVKDVEHHQREVHUYHGXQGHUWKH VHGLPHQWVRUW\SHVRIZDWHUWRPLQJOHDQGVWDUWUHDFWLRQVZKLOH PLFURVFRSHLQPDQ\ZRRGVDPSOHVEXWWKHDPRXQWRIVXFK DFWLYLWLHVRQWKHVLWHPD\FDXVHR[\JHQWRUHDFWZLWKDUFKDHRORJL- PLQHUDOVIRUPHGZRXOGEHGHSHQGHQWRQWKHVXSSO\RIVXOSKDWH FDOO\YDOXDEOHPDWHULDO'LǋHUHQWPDWHULDOVDQGHOHPHQWVPD\ and iron. In fresh water, little sulphate is available, so pyrite will be UHDFWZLWKHDFKRWKHU&KDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWGXHWR VFDUFHZKHUHDVLQVHDZDWHUVXOSKDWHLVSUHVHQWLQPXFKODUJHU FOLPDWHFKDQJHH[FDYDWLRQELRWXUEDWLRQRUPRUHFRPPRQ DPRXQWV,URQPD\EHDYDLODEOHLQWKHVHGLPHQWDQGLQZRRGLQ natural changes in the seabed trigger new reactions that cause a SUR[LPLW\WRLURQREMHFWV HJQDLOVEROWVFDQQRQVDQGDQFKRUV FKDQJHLQWKHHTXLOLEULXPZKLFKLVRIWHQIRXQGWRDYDU\LQJH[WHQW but will be in shorter supply elsewhere inside the wood.221 on historic sites. 3\ULWHPD\FDXVHGHJUDGDWLRQLQDGGLWLRQWREDFWHULDODFWLYLW\LI &KHPLFDOSURFHVVHVFDQDǋ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ǍRRUŞLQFOXGLQJWKH9DVDWKHMary Rose and the BataviaŞKDYH SUHFLSLWDWHLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVŞLQFOXGLQJZRRG VXǋHUHGVHYHUHGDPDJHDVDUHVXOWRIVXFKSURFHVVHV223 There ŞWKDWDUHLQFRQWDFWZLWKRULQFORVHSUR[LPLW\WRWKHFRUURGLQJ DUHVRPHLQGLFDWLRQVWKDWZRRGIURPWKHPDULQHVKLSZUHFNVLQ LURQ,URQPRQRVXOSKLGHVDQGGLVXOSKLGHVVXFKDVS\ULWHDUHDOVR WKLVVWXG\PD\DOVRKDYHEHFRPHVXEMHFWWRWKHVDPHGDPDJH IRUPHGXQGHUUHGXFLQJFRQGLWLRQVLQVHDǍRRUVHGLPHQWVDQGFDQ XQGHUR[\JHQDWHGFRQGLWLRQV7HOOWDOHRUDQJHEURZQLURQR[LGH SUHFLSLWDWH,URQPRQRVXOSKLGHVDQGGLVXOSKLGHVPD\EH precipitates were observed224GXULQJPLFURELDOFXOWXULQJRIZRRG R[LGL]HGLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQ7KLVFDQRFFXUZKHQ VDPSOHVIURPWKH%=1ZUHFN225 The presence of pyrite was

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91 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

DOVRVKRZQVHSDUDWHO\LQRQHRIWKHVHVDPSOHV226)LQDOO\WKH H[DPSOHVbLQUHODWLRQWRWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHD SUHVHQFHRIKROHVPDGHE\VKLSZRUPLQWKHZRRGRI%=1LV HYLGHQFHWKDWLWKDGEHHQLQDQDHURELFHQYLURQPHQWVRPHWLPH 1. /RRWLQJFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJDQGVRXYHQLUKXQWLQJ EHIRUHVDPSOLQJDQGWKHUHIRUHXQGHUGLUHFWWKUHDWRIGDPDJHE\ 2. )LVKLQJ S\ULWHR[LGDWLRQ227 3. 'UHGJLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWZRUNV 4. $UFKDHRORJ\ 3.6.1 Some conclusions on the chemical threats 5. 3HUFHSWLRQRIVLJQLǌFDQFH 'LǋHUHQWPDWHULDOVDQGHOHPHQWVPD\FDXVHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQV ZKHQWKH\DUHFRPELQHG7KLVDOVRRFFXUVLQDQGRQWKHVHDEHG 3.7.1 Looting, commercial salvaging and souvenir &KDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWWULJJHUQHZUHDFWLRQVWKDWFDXVHD hunting FKDQJHLQWKHHTXLOLEULXPWKDWLVRIWHQIRXQGWRDYDU\LQJH[WHQW 7KHSULPDU\DLPRIFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJLVWRPDNHPRQH\DQG on historic sites. QRWWROHDUQPRUHDERXWWKHSDVW,WLVDVVLPSOHDVLWLVORJLFDO RWKHUZLVHLWZRXOGQRWEHFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJ7KLVIXQGDPHQ- 7KHPRVWZHOONQRZQFKHPLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVLVWKDWRI WDOGLǋHUHQFHOHDGVWRŞDPRQJRWKHULVVXHVŞGLǋHUHQWVHOHFWLRQ corrosion. This is also active in the Wadden Sea, especially with FULWHULDDQGGLǋHUHQWZRUNLQJPHWKRGVDQGWHFKQLTXHVDLPLQJWR LURQLQKLJKR[\JHQDQGVDOLQHDUHDV7KLVLVWKHFDVHIRUREMHFWV PDNHSURǌWVIRUDIHZDQGQRWIRUWKHEHQHǌWRIDOO230 Treasure VXUIDFLQJWKHVHDEHG,QORZR[\JHQFRQGLWLRQVIRUH[DPSOHLQ KXQWLQJKDVWKHDLPWRŞDVWKHQDPHVXJJHVWVŞǌQGYDOXDEOH WKHVHGLPHQWWKHSURFHVVRIFRUURVLRQLVPXFKOHVVEXWPD\ WUHDVXUH,WLVXVXDOO\WULJJHUHGE\WKHDVVXPHGHFRQRPLFYDOXHRI H[LVWHVSHFLDOO\XQGHUWKHLQǍXHQFHRIELRORJLFDODWWDFNE\ WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOǌQGV,QUHODWLRQWRVKLSZUHFNVWKHVHWUHDVX- EDFWHULD7KLVIRUPRIFRUURVLRQPD\FDXVHVLJQLǌFDQWSUREOHPV UHVDUHRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSUHFLRXVPHWDOVDQGVWRQHV7KLV when wood is salvaged and needs to be conserved. The results KXQWIRUREMHFWVRIHFRQRPLFYDOXHXVXDOO\OHDGVWRFRPPHUFLDO of this process have been noted in large conservation projects VDOYDJLQJZKLFKKDVRIWHQDWWUDFWHGPXFKDWWHQWLRQIURPWKH such as that of the Vasa and the Mary Rose. PHGLDDQGWKHUHE\VHQWDGLǋHUHQWPHVVDJHWRWKHSXEOLFWKDQ WKDWSUHIHUUHGE\FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUV231 3.7 Human threats +XPDQWKUHDWVWRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH 8&+ PD\EH +RZHYHULWLVQRWDOZD\VHDV\WRPDNHDQLPPHGLDWHGLVWLQFWLRQ FRQVLGHUDEOH+XPDQDFWLYLW\FDQHLWKHUDǋHFWXQGHUZDWHU between treasure hunting, looting and souvenir hunting. They FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\$QREYLRXVDQGPXFK UHSUHVHQWDVOLGLQJVFDOH$QREYLRXVDQGFOHDUH[DPSOHRI GHEDWHGSUREOHPLVWUHDVXUHKXQWLQJ228 This is a direct threat to ODUJHVFDOHFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJRQDKLVWRULFVKLSZUHFNLQWKH XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDVDUHRWKHUIRUPVRIFRPPHUFLDO 1HWKHUODQGVLVWKH+06Lutine 232 The various activities salvaging and even opportunistic souvenir hunting by recreatio- FRQFHUQLQJWKHVDOYDJHRIZUHFNPDWHULDOVKDYHD\HDU QDOGLYHUV+RZHYHUZKLOHVXFKDFWLYLWLHVDUHDVHYHUHWKUHDW history, beginning right after the disaster. This case, therefore, is regarding perceptions and opinions of underwater cultural interesting in the sense that, over the years, salvaging on a site heritage and its preservation in situ, they probably only pose a FKDQJHVIURPWKHUHPRYDORIFRQWHPSRUDU\REMHFWVWRFRPSHQ- VPDOOGLUHFWWKUHDWWR8&+LQJHQHUDOHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQFRPSDUHG VDWHWKHRZQHUVRIWKHVKLSRUIRUUHXVHWRFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJ WRWKHPXOWLSOHRWKHUKXPDQLQGXFHGWKUHDWV2WKHUKXPDQ UHODWHGWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGWKDWZKLFKDLPVWRVDOYDJHD LQWHUYHQWLRQVPD\YHU\ZHOOKDYHPXFKODUJHUHǋHFWVVRPHWLPHV ZUHFNšVVFUDSRUHFRQRPLFYDOXH GLUHFWVRPHWLPHVLQGLUHFW2QHRQO\QHHGFRQVLGHUWKHGHEDWHV RQWKHHǋHFWVRIWUDZOLQJRQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH229 7KHVDOYDJHRIVWLOOXVHIXOPDWHULDOVKDVDORQJWUDGLWLRQ,QWKH :DGGHQ6HDH[DPSOHVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VDOYDJLQJKDYHEHHQ ,WZLOOEHLPSRVVLEOHWRGLVFXVVDOOIRUPVRIKXPDQDFWLYLW\WKDW DUFKDHRORJLFDOO\LGHQWLǌHGRQWKH6FKHXUUDN62ZUHFN HQGRI GLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\LPPHGLDWHO\RUHYHQWXDOO\WKUHDWHQRXU WKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ 233 and the Buytensorgh 234 )LJ XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH%HORZ,ZLOOGLVFXVVVRPH ,PSRUWDQWDUFKDHRORJLFDOǌQGVVXFKDVWKH9DVD

226)RUV QHZVDUWLFOH7UHDVXUHKXQWHUVEHOLHYHJROGVWROHQ&RQIHGHUDWHV&LYLO 227+XLVPDQ :DUZRUWKPLOOLRQ/DNH0LFKLJDQVKLSZUHFNKWPO DFFHVVHG 228*UHQLHUHWDO[Ş[LL7KH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH 232+HQGULNVPD6WULFN+XLVNHV :HHUGW HGV 0ROHQ 8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV IRUH[DPSOHLVVWLOOYHU\PXFKIRFXVHGRQ 233 The only part of the portside of the ship that has survived was investigated, WKHǌJKWDJDLQVWWUHDVXUHKXQWLQJ UHPRYHGDQGFRQVHUYHG,WVKRZVFOHDUD[HPDUNVRQWKHIUDPHV7KHSRUWVLGHZDV 229(YDQV)LUWK 6WDQLIRUWK7ROVRQ *HUWKDQG.LQJVOH\ WKDWSDUWRIWKHVKLSVWLOOVXUIDFLQJWKHORZZDWHUPDUNDQGPXVWKDYHEHHQFXWDZD\WR 230KWWSZZZEORRPEHUJYLHZFRPDUWLFOHVWUHDVXUHKXQWLQJLVWKH SURYLGHDFFHVVWRWKHVKLS0DQGHUV ZRUOGVZRUVWLQYHVWPHQW DFFHVVHG 234%UDYHQHWDO 2317KHUHDUHPDQ\H[DPSOHVRIWKLV6HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZGDLO\PDLOFRXN

92 3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

VDOYDJLQJRIVKLSZUHFNVWKLVUHYHQXHPRGHOLVŞHVSHFLDOO\ZLWK UHVSHFWWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLWHVŞYHU\GRXEWIXODQGRIWHQIDLOV241

7KHPRVWVLJQLǌFDQWSUREOHPZLWKFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJPD\QRW be the direct disturbance of any particular archaeological site, but KRZLWDǋHFWVWKHZD\SHRSOHORRNDWŞHVSHFLDOO\ŞVKLSZUHFNV ZLWKDIRFXVRQFRPPHUFLDOYDOXHZKLFKPD\HYHQWXDOO\KDYHDQ HǋHFWRQWKHSXEOLFSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHHQWLUHXQGHUZDWHU UHVRXUFH7KLVPD\EHPXFKPRUHSUREOHPDWLFWKDQDQ\RQHVLWH being destroyed. Working on wrecks, telling their stories and UHPRYLQJJUHDWDUWHIDFWVGRHVDSSHDOWRWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF +RZHYHUWKHUHDOFRQWH[WRIWKHDUWHIDFWVLVRIWHQIRUJRWWHQDQG Fig. 3.40 The only surviving piece of the portside of the Scheurrak SO1 WKHVWRU\ODFNVDQ\VFLHQWLǌFEDVLVZLWKWKHLQIRUPDWLRQRU wreck. This piece was cut out of the structure, most probably immedia- NQRZOHGJHJDLQHGPLQLPDODQGRUXQWUXVWZRUWK\243 tely after sinking at the end of the sixteenth century.

6RPHVLWHVDUHVDOYDJHGSXUHO\IRUWKHLUPDWHULDOYDOXH7KH ZHUHVDOYDJHGIRUFDQQRQVLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUVLQNLQJ2357KH+06 GLǋHUHQFHIURPWKHDERYHLVWKDWKHUHŞIRUWKHDFWRUVLQYROYHG LutineKDGDFDUJRRIJROGRQERDUGIRUWKH+DPEXUJVWRFN ŞWKHVWRU\RIWKHVKLSLVQHYHULPSRUWDQWDQGVRPHWLPHVLWLV H[FKDQJHZKHQLWVDQNEHWZHHQ7HUVFKHOOLQJDQG9OLHODQGLQ IRXQGWREHEHWWHUWRUHPDLQVLOHQWDERXWZKHUHWKHPDWHULDO 236 DQGVLQFHWKHQP\VWHU\KDVVXUURXQGHGWKHZUHFNDJHDQGLWV FRPHVIURP'XWFKH[DPSOHVRIVFUDSPHWDOVDOYDJLQJDUHWKH FDUJR7KHǌUVWRǎFLDOVDOYDJHDWWHPSWRFFXUUHGDVHDUO\DV Kerwood DQGWKHWKUHH%ULWLVKZDUVKLSVWKH+06Aboukir, -DQXDU\237DQGXQRǎFLDOO\WKHUHPD\KDYHEHHQPDQ\ +06CressyDQG+06Hogue (1914).244 In the Wadden Sea, bricks, PRUHDWWHPSWV7KHUHDUHVWRULHVRIǌVKHUPHQZKRDWWHPSWHGWR ǌQGWKHJROGIURPWKHLutine,238DQGWKHUHDUHVRPHLQGLFDWLRQV WKDWWKHVHDWWHPSWVPD\KDYHEHHQVXFFHVVIXORQHQLJKWLQ 2FWREHUEXWWKLVFDQQRWEHFRQǌUPHG239 In recent years, research has been conducted on site to gain an understanding of ZKDWUHDOO\KDSSHQHGGXULQJWKDWQLJKWLQ2FWREHU240 New plans are being developed.241

&RPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJLVGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVPDNLQJPRQH\7KH VKLSZUHFNVDUHDUHVRXUFHDPLQHH[SORLWHGWRPDNHWKDWPRQH\ )LJ +RZHYHUKLVWRULFDODQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKPD\ SOD\DUROHLQWKHSURFHVVRIFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJE\ORFDWLQJWKH VLWHRILQYHVWLJDWLRQRUE\FRQǌUPLQJRUHQKDQFLQJVWRULHVDERXW DVLWHDQGLQVRGRLQJUDLVLQJWKHPDUNHWYDOXHRIWKHREMHFWV FRQFHUQHG3HRSOHDUHXVXDOO\PRUHSURQHWRSD\KLJKHUSULFHV Fig. 3.41 The Karimata, a large tin mill that was used for dredging the IRUREMHFWVZLWKDFRQWH[WRUVWRU\7KHUHIRUHFRQWH[WXDOL]LQJD /XWLQH VLWHLQWKHKRSHRIƥQGLQJJROGEDUV$OWKRXJKRQHEDUZDV VLWHPD\EHZHOOLPSRUWDQWLQWKHFRPPHUFLDOH[SORLWDWLRQRID found, the mill failed overall, destroying large parts of the still surviving structure of the wreck. Photo: courtesy D. Bruin. VLWH$OWKRXJKPRQH\FDQEHPDGHWKURXJKWKHFRPPHUFLDO

235 &HGHUOXQGŞ 2437KHLQIRUPDWLRQLVRIWHQXQWUXVWZRUWK\EHFDXVHWKHUHDUHGLǋHUHQWLQFHQWLYHV 236 7KHDPRXQWRIJROGWKDWZDVRQERDUGLVXQNQRZQDQGKDVEHHQGHEDWHGVLQFHWKH 0RQH\PDNLQJLVWKHELJJHVWGULYHUQRWFXULRVLW\7LPHLVPRQH\DQGWKHVWRU\LVD VLQNLQJRIWKHVKLS6HHDOVR+HQGULNVPDǋ VHOOLQJSRLQW2EMHFWVPD\LOOXVWUDWHZKDWZHDOUHDG\NQRZRUWKH\PD\EHGHOLEHUDWHO\ 237'LHUHQŞ or even unintentionally connected to a wreck because the story has to be enhanced 2386HHIRUH[DPSOH+HQGULNVPDŞ RUDVKLSZUHFNQHHGVWREHLGHQWLǌHG 239 6HHIRUH[DPSOH6WULFNEXWDOVR+HQGULNVPD'LHUHQ 2447KH.HUZRRGVDQNLQDIWHULWKLWDPLQH,WVFRSSHUDQGOHDGYDOXHDQGWKH Ş SURǌWVPDGHE\VDOYDJLQJWKHPPDUNHGWKHIRXQGLQJRIWKHVDOYDJLQJFRPSDQ\ 240 'XLMI 0DDUOHYHOGŞ )ULHQGVKLS%9IURP7HUVFKHOOLQJ KWWSZUDNNHQPXVHXPQONHUZRRGDFFHVVHG 241 1HZSURMHFWSURSRVDOVKDYHEHHQGHOLYHUHGWR5:6DQGWKH5&(WRREWDLQSHUPLWV 7KH+06$ERXNLU+06&UHVV\DQG+06+RJXHVDQNLQDIWHU IRUH[FDYDWLRQDWWKHVXSSRVHGZUHFNVLWHRIWKH+06/XWLQH EHLQJWRUSHGRHGE\D*HUPDQVXEPDULQH0RUHWKDQORVWWKHLUOLYHV7KHZUHFNV 242 KWWSZZZEORRPEHUJYLHZFRPDUWLFOHVWUHDVXUHKXQWLQJLVWKH KDYHEHHQVDOYDJHGIRUVFUDSPHWDO KWWSZZZZRUOGZDUFRXNFUHVV\KWP ZRUOGVZRUVWLQYHVWPHQW DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG

93 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

leather and tropical hardwood are also known to have been DOVRFRQFHUQVWKHLVVXHRIRZQHUVKLSRIDVLWHRUPD\DWOHDVWEH VDOYDJHGRQDVPDOOHUVFDOHDOOIRUUHXVH245 DQH[SUHVVLRQRIRUGHOLEHUDWHHYLGHQFHWKDWDGLYHUKDVEHHQ there. This territoriality can occur on a private or group level.250 ,WFDQEHVDIHO\DVVXPHGWKDWREMHFWVKDYHEHHQUHPRYHGIURP 7KLVLQWULQVLFFODLPRIRZQHUVKLSKDVDORQJWUDGLWLRQDORQJWKH all shipwrecks discovered in the Wadden Sea. It is not always bad Dutch Wadden Sea coast251DQGPD\H[SODLQWKHKHVLWDQFHRI LQWHQWLRQVWKDWLQLWLDWHGVXFKDFWLYLW\6RPHRIWKHZUHFNVDUH SHRSOHIURPWKH'XWFK:DGGHQ,VODQGVWRUHSRUWWKHLUǌQGVRU SHUFHLYHGWRKDYHEHHQŠVDYHGšIURPEHLQJZDVKHGDZD\E\ LQYROYHWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWLQVKLSZUHFNPDQDJHPHQWLQ FXUUHQWVDIWHUKDYLQJEHHQH[SRVHGE\WKHRQJRLQJHURVLRQRI the Wadden Sea.2528QGHUPLQLQJWKHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQRI the seabed.246 Other objects have been dug out, with severe VKLSZUHFNVVXFKDVWKH%=1PD\WKXVEHVHHQDVDORFDO GDPDJHWRWKHVLWHDVDFRQVHTXHQFH6RPHRIWKHVHREMHFWV UHVSRQVHWRDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWDNHQE\WKHFHQWUDODXWKRULWLHVLQ ǌQGWKHLUZD\WRDXFWLRQKRXVHVRUZHEVLWHVRWKHUVZLOOHQGXSLQ other words, a warning not to interfere with their history and past, VRPHRQHšVJDUDJHRURQWKHLUPDQWHOSLHFH247 The looting or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ǌQDQFLDOUHDVRQVRUWRKDYHDVRXYHQLUWRUHPHPEHUWKHSDVW,W GHFHQWUDOL]HGDQGPXQLFLSDOLWLHVFDQSULRULWL]HZKDWWKH\SURWHFW

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94 3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

and what not.255 Nevertheless, people are still required to report edulis 7KHPHFKDQLFDOǌVKHU\RIFRPPRQFRFNOHLQWKH:DGGHQ WKHLUǌQGV256 and intrusive activities are prohibited without an 6HDDUHDKDVEHHQǌHUFHO\GHEDWHGUHVXOWLQJLQWKLVIRUPRIǌVKHU\ H[FDYDWLRQSHUPLW2578QWLOWKHQHZ+HULWDJHDFWZDVLPSOHPHQ- EHLQJSURKLELWHGLQ2667KHPHWKRGRIǌVKLQJZDVYHU\ WHGLQ-XO\LWSURYHGYHU\GLǎFXOWWRHǋHFWLYHO\HQIRUFHWKH intrusive on the top layer of the seabed and although its negative ODZ2QHRIWKHPDLQLVVXHVZDVWKDWWKRVHDSSHDOLQJWRWKHODZ HǋHFWRQWKHSRSXODWLRQRIFRFNOHVZDVGLVSXWHGWKHPHWKRGKDG have to prove that intrusive activities have occurred on a DQHJDWLYHHǋHFWRQWKHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLQWKHVHDEHG267 VKLSZUHFN7KHVHDEHGLVYHU\G\QDPLFDQGDOWKRXJKH[FDYDWLQJ REMHFWVZLWKRXWDSHUPLWZDVPDGHLOOHJDOLWZDVQRWSURKLELWHGWR 7KH:DGGHQ6HDLVDOVRDQLPSRUWDQWDUHDIRUPXVVHOV2IDOOWKH UHPRYHǌQGVIURPWKHVHDEHGVXUIDFH,OOHJDOH[FDYDWLRQFRXOG PXVVHOVWUDGHGDWWKH'XWFKǌVKDXFWLRQFHQWUHVFRPH only be proven if it was visually observed.258 This has changed in IURPWKH:DGGHQ6HD268,QDGGLWLRQDQHQRUPRXVQXPEHURI WKHQHZ+HULWDJHDFWZKLFKFDPHLQWRIRUFHRQ-XO\259 It is PXVVHOVHHGVDUHKDUYHVWHGFDXJKWDQGEUHG7KHPXVVHOǌHOGV QRZVXǎFLHQWWRSURYHWKDWWKHVLWHVDUHEHLQJGLVWXUEHG7KH VWDELOL]HWKHVHDEHGDQGIRUPDNLQGRIQDWXUDOSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVW UHPRYDORIREMHFWVIURPDVLWHLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHGWREHDQDFWRI erosion of the seabed.269+RZHYHUKDUYHVWLQJWKHPXVVHOVDQG GLVWXUEDQFHDVLVFXWWLQJWKHSURWHFWLRQQHWV:LOOWKLVVLPSOH PXVVHOVHHGVIURPWKHVHDEHGLVKDUPIXOWRWKHXSSHUOD\HU270 FKDQJHRIZRUGLQJLQWKHQHZODZEHVXǎFLHQWWRSUHVHUYHDQG $JDLQWKLVPD\DOVRWKUHDWHQWKRVHZUHFNVWKDWDUHVXUIDFLQJWKH SURWHFW"7KLVZLOOKDYHWREHSURYHGLQWKHFRPLQJ\HDUV1RW seabed. Mussel seed capture installations (MZI) have now been EHLQJDEOHWRHQIRUFHWKH+HULWDJHDFWIRUPVDPDMRUWKUHDWWRWKH GHVLJQHGWRFDWFKVHHGPXVVHOVIURPWKHZDWHU7KLVVKRXOGEH cultural heritage on the seabed, which we have seen in the past.260 OHVVLQWUXVLYHWKDQǌVKLQJIRUWKHPIURPWKHVHDEHG+RZHYHU 0=,VPD\KDYHRWKHUQHJDWLYHHǋHFWVRQWKHZUHFNVRURWKHU 3.7.2 Farming and fishing FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWKDWPLJKWSRVVLEO\EHSUHVHQWLQWKHVHDEHG 7HQVLRQPD\DULVHEHWZHHQWKHXVHRIWKHVHDIRUIDUPLQJDQG ǌVKLQJDQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH7KH:DGGHQ6HDKDVORQJEHHQ 7KHUHDUHDWOHDVWWZRZD\VWRFRQVWUXFW0=,V7KHUHDUHǍRDWLQJ XVHGDVDVRXUFHRIIRRG)LVKDQGVKHOOVDUHLPSRUWDQWUHVRXUFHV PRGHOVWKDWDUHVHFXUHGLQSODFHZLWKDQFKRUVRUFRQFUHWHEORFNV ,QHDUOLHUWLPHVXQWLOWKHHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\VHDJUDVV RQWKHVHDEHGDQGǌ[HG0=,VZKLFKDUHDWWDFKHGWRSROHVWKDW (Zostera marina and noltii JUHZLQODUJHǌHOGVRQWKHVHDEHGDQG DUHGULYHQLQWRWKHVHDEHG7KHODWWHULVPRVWLQWUXVLYHDQGSRVHV ZDVKDUYHVWHGIRUPDWWUHVVHVDQGGLNHV261 This seagrass DUHDOWKUHDWWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLQWKHVHGLPHQW271)RUDIHZ disappeared in the Dutch Wadden Sea262 due to disease263 and \HDUVWKHǍRDWLQJYHUVLRQZDVSUHIHUUHGE\WKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH WKHFORVLQJRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNLQ7RGD\UHSODQWLQJRIWKH $JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV 5&( ZKLFKJDYHDSSURYDOWR species is being tested.264 In addition to its attractiveness for sea RSHUDWHLQVXFKDZD\8QIRUWXQDWHO\KRZHYHULQWKHG\QDPLF OLIHDQGZDWHUFODULW\VHDJUDVVPD\DOVRPDNHWKHVHDEHGOHVV Wadden Sea, the anchors proved not to be strong enough, and in VXVFHSWLEOHWRHURVLRQMXVWDVWKHDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVRQWKH%=1 WKHPXVVHOVHHGIDUPHUVGHFLGHGWRXVHWKHǌ[HGPHWKRG VLWHGRHVDWWKHPRPHQW265 )LJ 272 In addition to the intrusive driving of the poles into WKHVHDEHGWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUWKHǌ[HGPHWKRGDOVRKDVD 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRPPHUFLDOVKHOOVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDUH QHJDWLYHHǋHFWRQHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQSDWWHUQVRQWKH WKHFRPPRQFRFNOH Cerastoderma edule DQGWKHPXVVHO Mytilus seabed is still the subject of research. Monitoring of the areas

255:LWKWKHQHZ+HULWDJHDFWWKDWFDPHLQWRIRUFHLQWKHUROHVRIPXQLFLSDOLWLHV 262 ([FHSWIRUDVPDOOSRSXODWLRQQHDUWKH(HPV%RV .DWZLMN KDYHEHFRPHHYHQJUHDWHU 263%RV .DWZLMN 256 7KHUHZDVXQIRUWXQDWHO\QRGDWHDWWDFKHGWRWKHUHSRUW$UWLFOH0RQXPHQWV 264 6HH%RV .DWZLMN+HLGHHWDO /DZDQG$UWLFOHLQWKH+HULWDJHDFWRI6HHDOVRKWWSDUFKHRORJLHLQ- 265 )RUDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVRQ%=1VHH6HFWLRQ QHGHUODQGQORPJDDQPHWDUFKHRORJLHYRQGVWHQPHOGHQ DFFHVVHG 266 KWWSVZZZVSQORSLQLHNULVWDYDQYHO]HQYHUELHGPHFKDQLVFKHNRNNHO- 257$UWLFOH0RQXPHQWV/DZ YLVVHULM DFFHVVHG 258 6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHFDVHRIWKH.XUVNPHQWLRQHGDERYH 267 KWWSZZZWURXZQOWUQO1HGHUODQGDUWLFOHGHWDLO 259 KWWSVFXOWXUHHOHUIJRHGQOGRVVLHUVHUIJRHGZHW DFFHVVHG *HHQQHJDWLHIHǋHFWPHFKDQLVFKHNRNNHOYLVVHULMGKWPO DFFHVVHG 260 6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHSUREOHPVZLWKODZHQIRUFHPHQWRQWKHWKUHH(QJOLVKZDUVKLSV 268 KWWSZZZZDGGHQ]HHQO0RVVHOYLVVHULMKWPO DFFHVVHG LQWKH1RUWK6HDKWWSZZZGDLO\PDLOFRXNQHZVDUWLFOH'XWFKYHVVHOV 2697KLVPD\DOVRKDYHDSRVLWLYHHǋHFWRQWKHJURZWKRIQDWXUDOVHDJUDVVLQWKH UDQVDFNVXQNHQ%ULWLVKZDUVKLSVFRQWDLQLQJERGLHVVDLORUVVFUDSPHWDO Wadden Sea. KWPO DFFHVVHG $GLVFXVVLRQRQWKHŠ'XLNIRUXPšFOHDUO\VKRZVWKDWODZ 270%RV .DWZLMN KWWSZZZZDGGHQDFDGHPLHQOǌOHDGPLQLQKRXGSGIB HQIRUFHPHQWRQXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVZLOOEHH[WUHPHO\GLǎFXOWDQGZLOOQHHGWRLQFOXGHD WDNHQNHQQLVDJHQGDUDSSRUWHQB&OHDUBDVB0XGBZHEYHUVLHSGIDFFHVVHG FKDQJHLQPHQWDOLW\E\PDQ\ZUHFNGLYHUVDVZHOOKWWSVZZZGXLNIRUXPQOIRUXP GXLNHQZUDNGXLNHQUHJHOVYRRUZUDNGXLNHUVGLHVRXYHQLHUVYDQZUDNNHQ 271:DOGXVHWDO PHHQHPHQ DFFHVVHG 272 7KLVKDVQRWEHHQDSSURYHGE\WKH5&($WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJWKHGLVFXVVLRQ 261%RV .DWZLMN EHWZHHQWKH5&(DQGWKH0LQLVWU\RI, 0LVRQJRLQJ

95 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 3.42 The Burgzand area with mussel seed installations (MZIs) in the background. Photo: M. Manders.

ZLWKPXOWLEHDPVRQDUEHIRUHWKHLQVWDOODWLRQDQGDIWHUWKHSROHV RIZUHFNVZLWKFRQVHTXHQWGDPDJHWRWKHVHVLWHV278 In-situ KDYHEHHQWDNHQRXWRIWKHVHGLPHQWGRQRWVKRZVLJQLǌFDQW SURWHFWLRQE\FRYHULQJDVLWHZLWKSRO\SURS\OHQHQHWVPLWLJDWHV changes in the seabed surface.273$QRWKHUULVNUHODWHGWRWKHXVH DJDLQVWWKUHDWVE\WUDZOLQJDVWKH\WUDQVIRUPWKHVLWHLQWRD of MZIs that should be further investigated is growth in the VORSLQJDUWLǌFLDOUHHIZKLFKWKHQHWVSDVVRYHU VHH&KDSWHU DPRXQWRIRUJDQLFFDUERQ & RQWKHVHDEHGDIWHULQVWDOODWLRQRI 1HZERWWRPWUDZOLQJPHWKRGVKDYHDOVRGHFUHDVHGWKHLPSDFW large MZIs.2747KLVPD\FDXVHPRUHEDFWHULRORJLFDODWWDFNVRQWKH RIVXFKQHWVRQWKHVHDEHG )LJ 279 On a worldwide scale, ZRRGHQVKLSZUHFNVWUXFWXUHVLQWKHVHGLPHQW GHHSVHDWUDZOLQJLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHRQHRIWKHPRVWGDPDJLQJ KXPDQDFWLYLWLHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH280 $SRVVLEOHV\QHUJ\EHWZHHQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQG PXVVHOFXOWLYDWLRQKDVEHHQSURSRVHGZLWKWKHLGHDRIXVLQJ 3.7.3 Dredging and development works in-situ preserved shipwrecks as places to install these MZIs.275 It is clear that although the Western Wadden Sea is part of a 81(6&2:RUOG+HULWDJHVLWHWKHV\VWHPLVXQGHUFRQVLGHUDEOH ,QWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDVHYHUDOW\SHVRIǌVKLQJRFFXU0RVW SUHVVXUHIURPKXPDQXVHDQGH[SORLWDWLRQ7KLVDOVRKDVDQ IRUPVRIǌVKHU\DUHSURKLELWHGRQWKHWLGDOǍDWV276 but in other LPSDFWRQVHGLPHQWG\QDPLFV7KHVHDQWKURSRJHQLFSUHVVXUHV areas, which are often subject to seabed erosion and which DQGLQǍXHQFHVLQFOXGHPDQ\GLǋHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVWKH LQFOXGHZUHFNVWKDWDUHVXUIDFLQJWKHVHDEHGWUDZOLQJIRUVKULPS DERYHPHQWLRQHGVDOYDJLQJIDUPLQJDQGǌVKLQJ )LJ$%& RUǍDWǌVKFRQWLQXHV277 The trawling nets disturb the seabed 7KHUHLVDOVRVWLOOFRQVLGHUDEOHGUHGJLQJRFFXUULQJWRPDLQWDLQWKH GLUHFWO\DQGPD\EHFRPHHQWDQJOHGLQWKHZRRGHQFRQVWUXFWLRQV waterways.281 These areas, however, are usually already disturbed WRDFHUWDLQGHSWKDQGDVORQJDVWKRVHPD[LPXPGHSWKVDQG DUHDVDUHUHFRJQL]HGWKHUHVHHPVWREHQRWPXFKULVNRI DGGLWLRQDOGLVWXUEDQFHWRH[LVWLQJFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLWHV+RZHYHU KDUERXUVPXVWEHDFFHVVLEOHWRVKLSVZKRVHVL]HVDUHHYHULQFUH- asing. This increases the pressure to dredge deeper channels, with consequences for hidden cultural heritage resources. 0RUHRYHUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIODUJHUVKLSVPD\OHDGWRWKH GLVWXUEDQFHRIWKHVHDEHGDQGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIPRUHR[\JHQ LQWRWKHZDWHUORFDOO\GXHWRSURSHOOHUPRYHPHQW

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96 3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

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283 'XUHQHWDO VHDEHG VHHDOVR&KDSWHU LQFOXGLQJ'SKRWRJUDSK\ 6NDUODWRVHWDO DQG 284 This process of degradation was noted at the shipwreck site of the Ranger in Port HYHQ'SULQWLQJ KWWSZZZDLPDXQGHUZDWHURUJDXXSORDGVXǌOHV$,0$B 5R\DO -DPDLFD GXULQJWKH81(6&2IRXQGDWLRQFRXUVHRQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO 1HZVOHWWHUV1/YQ\SGIDFFHVVHG KHULWDJHZKLFKZDVKHOGLQ KWWSZZZXQHVFRRUJQHZHQFXOWXUHWKHPHV 290 $FFRUGLQJWRWKH(UIJRHG0RQLWRU +HULWDJH0RQLWRU RIWKHPXQLFLSDOL- XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHHGXFDWLRQFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJDFFHVVHG ties have declared they have included underwater cultural heritage in their heritage DQGRQWKH290VKLSZUHFNLQ/DNH2RVWYRRUQHLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVLQ SROLF\PDSV KWWSFXOWXUHHOHUIJRHGQOSXEOLFDWLHVHUIJRHGPRQLWRU$FFHVVHG 285 4XHVWLRQVQHHGWREHDQVZHUHGXVLQJVSHFLǌFPHWKRGV 8QVHOHFWLYHWHVWLQJE\WKH0DULWLPH3URJUDPPHRIWKH5&(KRZHYHU 286 LustgrabungLVWKH*HUPDQZRUGIRUXQGHUWDNLQJDQH[FDYDWLRQZLWKRXWDQ\IRFXV UHYHDOHGWKDWWKLVSHUFHQWDJHPD\EHDELWKLJK LQWKHKRSHRIǌQGLQJVRPHWKLQJVSHFLDO 291 6HHKWWSZZZELQQHQODQGVEHVWXXUQOUXLPWHHQPLOLHXDFKWHUJURQG 287*UHJRU\.LQJVOH\ DFKWHUJURQGERGHPVFKDWLVNRVWHQSRVWO\QN[ DFFHVVHG 288 0HXOHQHWDO 289 $OWKRXJKELJVWHSVDUHEHLQJWDNHQXVLQJQHZWHFKQRORJLHVIRUPDSSLQJWKH

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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3. Threats to underwater archaeological heritage

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99 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

4. Why preserve underwater

heritage in situ? 3 site. label on the BZN 4.1 Monument Fig.

4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

4.1 Introduction +RZHYHUZKDWLVWKHUHDVRQIRUWKLV":K\QRWFRQVLGHU $VGHVFULEHGDERYHWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLVFRQ- H[FDYDWLRQbǌUVWDQGIRUHPRVW" VWDQWO\XQGHUWKUHDW6RPHDUHDVZLWKVWURQJFXUUHQWVDQGWLGDO PRYHPHQWVIRUH[DPSOHPD\EHPRUHKRVWLOHWRXQGHUZDWHU %HIRUHZHDWWHPSWWRDQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQIURPDFXOWXUDO FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWKDQRWKHUV$VZHKDYHVHHQLQWKHSUHYLRXV KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWSHUVSHFWLYHZHPXVWDVNRXUVHOYHVZKDW chapters, the Wadden Sea is a hostile area. Seabed erosion, ŠLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQšRIXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHVLWHVPHDQV,VLW DEUDVLRQELRORJLFDODWWDFNE\VKLSZRUPIXQJLDQGEDFWHULDDQG ŞDVLVRIWHQVDLGŞŠEUXVKLQJVLWHVXQGHUWKHFDUSHW RIVDQG š" RQWRSRIDOOWKLVWKHPXOWLSOHWKUHDWVFDXVHGE\KXPDQVDOORFFXU 2UbGRHVLWVHUYHDKLJKHUJRDO"$QGDOVR&DQZHUHDOO\SK\VLFDOO\ LQWKLVDUHD+RZHYHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRWDNHDFWLRQWRPLWLJDWH SURWHFWXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVIURPLGHQWLǌHGWKUHDWV" WKHVHWKUHDWVDVSDUWRIDUHVSRQVLEOHPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\,Q UHFHQW\HDUVLWKDVEHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPPRQSUDFWLFHWR This chapter starts by outlining a general idea of what in-situ PDQDJHWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHLQDPRUHKROLVWLF SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQPHDQ7KLVZLOOEHIROORZHGE\DQ PDQQHUIRUH[DPSOHWRWUHDWWKHUHVRXUFHDVDZKROHZLWKDYLHZ answer to the question of why we should undertake the in-situ WRWKHIXWXUHDQGLQDSURDFWLYHZD\NHHSLQJLQPLQGWKHGLǋHUHQW preservation of our underwater cultural heritage sites, while also YDOXHVWKDWDVLWHPD\KDYHWRYDULRXVDFWRUV FRQVLGHULQJWKHUHDVRQVZK\WKLVPLJKWQRWEHSUHIHUDEOH

([FDYDWLRQVDUHFDUULHGRXWDFFRUGLQJWRERWKQDWLRQDODQG 4.2 What is an in-situ site and what is part of it? LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG1 with the ,QDUFKDHRORJ\ŠLQVLWXšPHDQVŠWKHRULJLQDOSODFHRIGHSRVLWLRQš4 LQWHQWLRQWRQRWVSRLOWKLVǌQLWHUHVRXUFHRUDOORZLWWRGLVDSSHDU +RZHYHUWKHUHDUHQRGHǌQHGUXOHVDERXWKRZŠRULJLQDOšWKLV ZLWKRXWSURSHUGDWDFROOHFWLRQ$UFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQLVD GHSRVLWLRQVKRXOGEH,VLWWKHǌUVWGHSRVLWLRQRUDGHSRVLWLRQ PHWKRGRIH[VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIGDWD7KHNQRZOHGJHDERXW ZLWKVXEVHTXHQWUHODWHGSURFHVVHV RIDODWHUGDWH"$V6FKLǋHU ZUHFNVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDQGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH:DGGHQ6HD DVNHG,VLWDSULPDU\VHFRQGDU\RUGHIDFWRUHIXVH"5$ ŞFRQVLGHUHGDVERWKDQLPSRUWDQWQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWDQG ŠSULPDU\UHIXVHšPD\IRUH[DPSOHKDYHOHGWRUHXVHRUUHGHSRVL- FXOWXUDOFRQWH[WŞKDVLQFUHDVHGFRQVLGHUDEO\GXHWRUHVHDUFK WLRQLQJ$IWHUGHSRVLWLRQSRVWGHSRVLWLRQDOSURFHVVHV GHIDFWR UDQJLQJIURPVDPSOLQJWRIXOOVFDOHH[FDYDWLRQDQGHYHQLQWHJUDO UHIXVH DOWHUWKHSODFHDQGWKHREMHFWVLQLW,WLVH[WUHPHO\UDUHWR ODQGVFDSHDSSURDFKHVGHDOLQJZLWKPXOWLSOHVLWHVDWWKHVDPH ǌQGDQDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHZKLFKDFRPPXQLW\VXGGHQO\FHDVHG WLPH,QDGGLWLRQVLWHVWKDWKDYHQRWEHHQH[FDYDWHGDUH to inhabit6DWRQHSRLQWLQWLPHDQGLPSRVVLEOHWRǌQGRQHWKDW SURWHFWHGDQGPDQDJHGLQVLWX2 The basic reason for this is often has not been altered through post-depositional processes.7 universal and applicable to terrestrial as well as underwater sites. 7KLVbLVQRGLǋHUHQWIRUXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVDVZHKDYHVHHQLQ 7KHGHVLUHWRSURWHFWXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHH[LVWVVLWHVDUH SUHYLRXVFKDSWHUV:KLOHIROORZLQJWKHGHǌQLWLRQRIŠLQVLWXšDVWKH SUHVHUYHGLQRIWHQH[WUHPHO\JRRGFRQGLWLRQVEXWDUHVWLOOXQGHU ŠRULJLQDOSODFHRIGHSRVLWLRQšPD\JLYHXVVRPHKHDGDFKHVLQ WKUHDW &KDSWHUDQG 6RPHVLWHVDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRI GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHURULJLQDOLW\LVSULPDU\VHFRQGDU\RUGHIDFWR VSHFLǌFHOHPHQWVRI'XWFKKLVWRU\DQGDOWKRXJKSHUKDSVQRW LQWKLVWKHVLVŠLQVLWXšZLOOVLPSO\EHGHǌQHGDVWKHSODFHZKHUHZH GLUHFWO\YLVLEOHWRWKHFRPPXQLW\DWODUJHDUHKLJKO\YLVLEOHWR GLVFRYHUWKHFXOWXUDOPDWHULDOLQRURQWKHVHDEHG VSHFLǌFVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVVXFKDVWKHVSRUWVGLYHUVWKDWGR dive the Wadden Sea (and are often strong voiced), to be enjoyed $QRWKHULVVXHFRQFHUQVZKDWŠEHORQJVšWRWKHVLWHDQGZKDWZH DVUHFUHDWLRQDOREMHFWV VHH&KDSWHU ZDQWWRSUHVHUYHRUUHVWRUH$UHZHVHOHFWLYHO\DWWHPSWLQJWR SUHVHUYHWKHRULJLQDOVWDWXVRIVLWHVDWWKHWLPHRIGHSRVLWLRQ &XUUHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVVWDWHWKDWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ ZKLFKLVEDVLFDOO\LPSRVVLEOH "2UbDUHZHDWWHPSWLQJWRSUHVHUYH LVbWKHǌUVWRSWLRQWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQPDQDJLQJDVLWH3 the current situation, including the post-depositional processes,

1,QWKH1HWKHUODQGVDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKPXVWEHH[HFXWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH +HULWDJH 9DOOHWWD 'XWFK4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVIRU$UFKDHRORJ\ .1$.ZDOLWHLWV1RUP$UFKHRORJLH:LOOHPV 4 6HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZXQHVFRRUJQHZHQFXOWXUHWKHPHVXQGHUZDWHU %UDQGW ,QWHUQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQFHWRWKH$QQH[RIWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHSURWHFWLRQLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ DFFHVVHG WKH3URWHFWLRQRI8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV 7KH$QQH[LVDŠ&RGHRI 5 6FKLǋHU%LQIRUG *RRG3UDFWLFHš 6 %LQIRUG 2 While doing research for this thesis, I noticed that the archaeological dictionaries 7 7KHVHSRVWGHSRVLWLRQDOSURFHVVHVPD\EHYHU\VWURQJRUYHU\ZHDNEXWDVLWHDQG Archeologische termen en technieken&KDPSLRQHWDODQGWKH0DF0LOODQ WKHPDWHULDORIZKLFKLWFRQVLVWVZLOOIRUH[DPSOHDOZD\VEHVXEMHFWWRGHJUDGDWLRQ Dictionary of Archaeology:KLWHKRXVHGRQRWHYHQPHQWLRQWKHFRQFHSWDQG SURFHVVHV$V%LQIRUGSXWVLWŠ7KHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGLVWKHGLVRUJDQL]HG GHǌQLWLRQRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ DUUDQJHPHQWRIPDWWHUUHJXODUO\JHQHUDWHGDIWHUWKHSRLQWRIWLPHšŠ7KHDUFKDHROR- 3 7KH,&2026&KDUWHURQWKH3URWHFWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO JLFDOUHFRUGLVUDYDJHGE\WLPHDQGQHHGVWREHWUHDWHGDVVXFKUDWKHUWKDQDVD +HULWDJH 6RǌD &RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO SUHVHUYHGSDVWš%LQIRUG +HULWDJH 3DULV (XURSHDQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH$UFKDHRORJLFDO

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

KHQFHWKHŠIXOOšVWRU\RIWKHVLWH"7KLVGHFLVLRQPD\UHPDLQSDUWRI navigation or a battle at sea) and are thus seen as part of an WKHSURFHVVRIDVVHVVPHQWE\DQH[SHUW H[SHUWMXGJHPHQW DV HYHQWFHQWUHGKLVWRU\2IFRXUVHZHFDQWKLQNRIPDQ\H[FHSWL- WKHUHLVQRVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDQVZHU&KDQJHVKDYHRFFXUUHGDQG RQVDVKLSRUVKLSZUHFNPD\KDYHEHHQUHXVHGIRUH[DPSOHDVD ŠJDSVšFRQFHUQLQJZKDWKDVKDSSHQHGLQWKHSDVWDOVRDSSHDU ship barrier and been subject to post-depositional processes. 7KHDERYHLVVXHVZKLFKKDYHEHFRPHNQRZQLQWKHDUFKDHRORJL- 1HYHUWKHOHVVDWǌUVWVLJKW3RPSHLLOLNHVLWHVPD\DSSHDUPRUH FDOOLWHUDWXUHDVWKHŠ3RPSHLLSUHPLVHšGHEDWHKDYHEHHQ often under water than on land.10 H[WHQVLYHO\GLVFXVVHGE\WZRDUFKDHRORJLVWVLQSDUWLFXODUŞ 0LFKDHO6FKLǋHUDQG/HZLV%LQIRUG +RZHYHU%LQIRUGLVDOVRULJKWLQVWDWLQJWKDWZHŠPXVWXQGHUVWDQG the archaeological record in the state in which it is available to 7KH3RPSHLLSUHPLVHGHEDWHUHǍHFWVRQWKHZD\DUFKDHRORJLVWV XVš11DQGWKDWŠ>W@KHFKDOOHQJHLVKRZWRXVHWKHţGLVWRUWHGŤVWXǋš12 IRUPHUO\WUHDWHGWKHLUǌQGVDVLIWKH\ZHUHPRPHQWVIUR]HQLQ EHFDXVHŞDOWKRXJKVKLSZUHFNVRIWHQUHSUHVHQWWKHPDWHULDOL]D- WLPHVLPLODUWRWKHDQFLHQWFLW\RI3RPSHLLZKLFKLQ$'ZDV WLRQRIDŠXQLTXHHYHQWšŞSURFHVVHVRIGHSRVLWLRQDOZD\VFKDQJH FRYHUHGZLWKKRWYROFDQLFDVKOHDYLQJWKHVLWHŠIUR]HQšLQDQ the original situation. The ability to reconstruct the past depends LQVWDQW7KHSUHPLVHKDVWZREDVLFDVVXPSWLRQVǌUVWWKDWLWHPV RQKRZZHLQWHUSUHWZKDWKDVUHPDLQHGWKURXJKWLPHGLVWRUWHG found by archaeologists have been placed there by the last E\DOOVRUWVRIKXPDQDQGQDWXUDOSURFHVVHVNQRZQDV KLVWRULFDODFWRURIWKHOLYLQJV\VWHPXQGHUVWXG\DQGVHFRQGWKDW Š17UDQVIRUPVš QDWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV DQGŠ&7UDQVIRUPVš WKHVHLWHPVPLUURUWKHDFWLYLWLHVWKDWWRRNSODFHLQWKHDUHDLQ FXOWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV DVGHǌQHGE\6FKLǋHU13 which they are now found. :KHQZHORRNRQFHPRUHDWWKHLQǍXHQWLDOGHǌQLWLRQVRIŠDUFKDH- :HPXVWNHHSLQPLQGWKDWWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH3RPSHLL RORJ\šWKH\DOOHQWDLOUHIHUHQFHWRDQHǋRUWWRUHFRQVWUXFWSDVWOLIH SUHPLVHZDVSURYRNHGE\WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDODQDO\VHVRI DQGEHKDYLRXUWKURXJKPDWHULDOUHOLFVRUUHVRXUFHV14 Essential to WHUUHVWULDODQGFRQWLQXRXVKDELWDWLRQVLWHVDQGZDVQRWV\VWHPD- this is a thorough understanding of post-depositional processes tically related to shipwrecks located under water. Binford stated WKDWKDYHRFFXUUHGRQDVLWHDVWKH\DUHDOVRSDUWRIWKHVLWHšV WKDWWKHŠ3RPSHLLSUHPLVHLVLPSRUWDQWRQO\LIRQHDGRSWVDVWULFW KLVWRU\DQGPD\EHFDXVHGE\QDWXUDOSURFHVVHVRUKXPDQ LQGXFWLYHDSSURDFKWRWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGH[SHFWLQJWR activity.15 $FRQFHUQIRUWKHHǋHFWVRIQDWXUDORUKXPDQLQGXFHG XQFRYHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOIDFWVZLWKVHOIHYLGHQWPHDQLQJIRUWKH changes to and interventions in the landscape on individual sites SDVWš8DQGŠ3RPSHLLLVRQO\LGHDOIRURQHLQWHUHVWHGLQHYHQWV LVUHǍHFWHGLQWKHFXUUHQWFKDQJHRISHUFHSWLRQVLQXQGHUZDWHU VSHFLǌFEHKDYLRXUVDQGHYHQWFHQWUHGţKLVWRU\Ťš9 This is, archaeology, which does not focus on singular sites, but on however, largely what research on individual shipwrecks quite DUFKDHRORJLFDOODQGVFDSHVDQGWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWDQGYDOXH RIWHQFRQFHUQV6KLSZUHFNVDQGWKHLUŠSULPDU\UHIXVHšDUH WKURXJKWLPH16$ODQGVFDSHDSSURDFKKRZHYHUHQWDLOVWKHLVVXH PDWWHUVRIDVSHFLǌFHYHQW WKHVLQNLQJRIWKHVKLSDVDVLQJXODU of where a site begins and ends and thus also whether it is HYHQW FRQVLGHUHGWREHGXHWRVSHFLǌFEHKDYLRXU HUURQHRXV DFFHSWDEOHWRSUHVHUYHVLWHVFRPSOHWHO\RURQO\SDUWO\+RZRIWHQ

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4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

is a wreck site considered to consist of only the visual construc- XQGHUWDNHQE\WKHDXWKRULWLHV+RZHYHUWKLVPD\RǋHURSSRUWX- WXUDOHOHPHQWVRIWKHIRUPHUVKLSDQGQRWWKHVXUURXQGLQJ QLWLHVIRURWKHUVWREHFRPHLQYROYHGLQDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK VHDEHGHYHQZKHQFXOWXUDOPDWHULDOVDUHVFDWWHUHGDURXQGRU on site. What these others (other than archaeologists and ZKHQWKHIRUPHUVKLSDSSHDUVWREHSDUWRIDEDUULHURUUHODWHGWR FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUV ZRXOGOLNHWRGRZLWKDVLWHGHSHQGV WKHKLVWRULFǌOOLQJRIDQDUHD"17+HUHZHHQFRXQWHUDFRPSOH[ on the value they attach to the site or the area.22 LVVXH8OWLPDWHO\ZRUOGZLGHODUJHDUHDVDQGZKROHUHJLRQVDUH OLQNHGE\VKLSVVHDURXWHVDQGPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV18 :KDWDUFKDHRORJLVWVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUVRURWKHU 7KHERXQGDULHVWKHUHIRUHPXVWDQGZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGE\PDQ\ stakeholders involved would like to investigate, preserve or use in IDFWRUVVXFKDVJHRORJLFDOHOHPHQWVDQGKLVWRULFDODQGDGPLQL- DQRWKHUZD\XOWLPDWHO\GHSHQGVRQZKLFKYDOXHSUHYDLOVIRUWKH strative boundaries and the questions raised in research.19 VSHFLǌFVWDNHKROGHUJURXS23,WLVQRWDJLYHQEXWGHWHUPLQHGE\ WKRVHZKRZLVKWRŠXVHšLW7KLVDOVRLPSOLHVWKDWRQHVLWHPD\ 4XHVWLRQVVXFKDVŠ:KDWVKRXOGEHSUHVHUYHGDQGSURWHFWHGDQG KDYHYDULRXVYDOXHVSURPRWHGE\GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV ZKDWQRW"šDQGŠ:KDWLVZRUWKSUHVHUYLQJ"šDUHGLǎFXOWWRDQVZHU IURPPRUHHQFRPSDVVLQJJHRJUDSKLFDODQGWHPSRUDOSHUVSHFWL- 4.3 Different views on in-situ preservation YHVŠ$UHZHIRFXVLQJRQWKHZHOOSUHVHUYHGKHULWDJHRIDVSHFLǌF %HWZHHQGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVDQGFHUWDLQO\DOVRDPRQJFXOWXUDO period or are we interested in the long sequence of use, with its KHULWDJHPDQDJHUVDQGDUFKDHRORJLVWVWKHWHUPVŠLQVLWX VXEVHTXHQWFKDQJHVDQGODQGVFDSHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVŞDOD\HUHG SURWHFWLRQšŠSUHVHUYDWLRQšDQGŠFRQVHUYDWLRQšKDYHEHHQŞDQGDUH KHULWDJH"š7KLVTXHVWLRQDULVHVIRUH[DPSOHZKHQZHWKLQNRI ŞRIWHQXVHGLQDQLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHEXWQDUURZZD\,WLVQRWDOZD\V protecting the Burgzand area as a whole. Is it because of its HDV\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHGLǋHUHQFH 6HHDOVR&KDSWHU 7KH VLJQLǌFDQFHDVDURDGVWHDGLQJHQHUDOWKDWLVRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJD reason for the initial widespread acceptance of the Valletta Treaty SDVWFXOWXUDOV\VWHP"2USHUKDSVZHDUHRQO\FRQFHUQHGDERXW LQ(XURSHE\DUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGSROLWLFLDQVPD\OLHLQWKHIDFWWKDW WKH'XWFK*ROGHQ$JH"2UDUHZHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHDUHDDVD IRUPDQ\VWDNHKROGHUVWKHZRUGVPD\KDYHEHHQWKHVDPHEXW ZKROHDQGRYHUWKHORQJWHUPZLWKLWVXVHVE\FRPPXQLWLHVIURP WKHPHDQLQJWKH\JDYHWKHPDQGLQWHQWLRQVWKH\KDGPD\KDYH SUHKLVWRU\WRPRGHUQWLPHV",QRWKHUZRUGVZKDWEHORQJVWRWKH EHHQGLǋHUHQW:KHQLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQŞDVZHOODVSURWHFWLRQ narratives we want to investigate and/or keep and what not? DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQŞLVLQWHUSUHWHGDVŠEUXVKLQJVLWHVXQGHUWKH FDUSHWšDQGŠRXWRIVLJKWLVRXWRIPLQGšRUPRUHGLSORPDWLFDOO\ 7KHVHTXHVWLRQVIRUPWKHEDVLVRIVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWV ŠOHDYLQJVLWHVZKHUHWKH\DUHšZLWKRXWDQ\IXUWKHUDFWLRQLW ZKLFKGHWHUPLQHVHOHFWLRQDQGGHVHOHFWLRQ6XFKDVVHVVPHQWV EHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWWKLVPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGWKHŠFKHDSHUšRSWLRQ VKRXOGEHDQLPSRUWDQWWRROLQRYHUDOOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWIRU and of interest to those who are liable to pay. ZKLFKPDQ\JRYHUQPHQWLQVWLWXWHVDUHUHVSRQVLEOH20$OWKRXJK VHOHFWLRQVKDSSHQ IRUH[DPSOHWREHFRPHDQDWLRQDOPRQX- &RQYHUVHO\DVVRFLDWLQJLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQZLWKUHVSRQVLEOH PHQW LQSUDFWLFHQRWPDQ\XQGHUZDWHUVLWHVKDYHEHHQH[SOLFLWO\ PDQDJHPHQWOHVVGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHUHVRXUFHVWKDQEHIRUHDQG GHVHOHFWHG3ULPDULO\WKLVLVEHFDXVHIHZXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVKDYH PRUHMRERSSRUWXQLWLHVǌQDQFHGRXWVLGHWKHSXEOLFV\VWHPWKLV XQGHUJRQHWKHH[WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKUHTXLUHGIRUVXFKDQDUFKDHR- VHHPVQRWRQO\WREHWKHPRUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUPRIPDQDJHPHQW ORJLFDOVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQW,PSOLFLWO\VLWHVDUHRIWHQQRW DQGDPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHXVHRIUHVRXUFHVEXWDOVRWRRǋHUPRUH IXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHGE\WKHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRǎFHUVUHVSRQVLEOH VHFXULW\IRUMREVLQWRWKHIXWXUH)RUDFDGHPLFDUFKDHRORJLVWV GXHWRWKHH[SHFWHGORZDUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXH7KXVWKHUHPLJKW KRZHYHULQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWPD\VHHPOLNHWKHVKXWWLQJGRZQ EHDORWWRJDLQE\PDNLQJWKHVHLPSOLFLWFKRLFHVPRUHH[SOLFLW of opportunities to learn about the past by undertaking intrusive 7KHSUDFWLFHRIGHVHOHFWLQJLVWKXVPRUHFRPPRQLQWHUUHVWULDO research on site. archaeology,21DQGPHDQVWKDWQRIXUWKHUSURWHFWLRQRUDFWLRQLV

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Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

7KHYDULRXVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVKDYHOHGWRDPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKUHDWVDQGVKRXOGFRQVLVWRIPLWLJDWLRQDJDLQVWWKHVHWKUHDWV,W EHWZHHQLPSRUWDQWVWDNHKROGHUVZKRDFWXDOO\QHHGWRFRRSHUDWH LVLPSRUWDQWLQGRLQJVRWRWDNHQRWHRIWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIWKH LQRUGHUWRPDNHWKHZLGHVSUHDGSROLF\RILQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWD GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVUHJDUGLQJWKHSK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQRIDQ VXFFHVV7RGD\PRUHWKDQWZHQW\ǌYH\HDUVDIWHUWKHVLJQLQJRI archaeological site.25'LǋHUHQFHVPD\DULVHLQUHODWLRQWRKRZORQJ WKHWUHDW\DQGDGHFDGHDIWHULWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQWKH'XWFK LQVLWXSURWHFWLRQVKRXOGEHDSSOLHG6KRXOGLWEHORQJWHUPRU +HULWDJH$FWIRUPDQ\RIWKHVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVŞIURP VKRUWWHUPIRUH[DPSOH")RUVRPHVWDNHKROGHUVLQVLWX DFDGHPLFDUFKDHRORJLVWVWRGHYHORSHUVDQGHYHQWKHJHQHUDO SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQPD\HYHQEHV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKQRW SXEOLFŞWKHSROLF\RILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQVWLOORIWHQKDVDQHJDWLYH KDYLQJWRGHDOSK\VLFDOO\ZLWKWKHVHVLWHVDWDOORUVWDWHGPRUH FRQQRWDWLRQ0XFKRIWKLVQHJDWLYLVPPD\EHDGGUHVVHGE\ positively, entailing considerably lower costs than opting for FODULI\LQJWKHGLǋHUHQWSRLQWVRIYLHZDQGLQFHQWLYHVSHRSOHKDYH H[FDYDWLRQ7RSDUDSKUDVH:LOOHPV WKHLQVLWXGRJPDLV EXWDOVRE\HQVXULQJHYHU\ERG\VSHDNVWKHVDPHODQJXDJHXVLQJ OHGE\EXUHDXFUDWL]DWLRQDQGFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ0RQH\WLPHDQG WKHVDPHGHǌQLWLRQVZKHQWDONLQJDERXWSUHVHUYDWLRQFRQVHUYD- UHVSRQVLELOLW\VHHPWREHWKHGULYLQJIDFWRUV WLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQDQGDOVRIRUH[DPSOHLVVXHVVXFKDVVLWH stabilization. 6LQFHWKHVLJQLQJRIWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\PDQ\FRXQWULHVLQ(XURSH have been frenetically holding to in-situ policy. In addition, due to $QLPSRUWDQWVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUDOOVWDNHKROGHUVLQYROYHGLVWKH WKHGUDIWLQJRIWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH question: Why do we want to preserve sites in situ? While 8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV DQGLWVVLJQLQJDQG DQVZHUHGIURPDFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWSHUVSHFWLYH UDWLǌFDWLRQE\PDQ\FRXQWULHVWKLVSROLF\KDVEHHQJLYHQDǌUP EHORZWKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQPD\EHŞDVLQGLFDWHGDERYH EDVLVLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOŞLQFOXGLQJXQGHUZD- ŞYHU\GLǋHUHQWGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVWDNHKROGHU+RZHYHULQ WHUŞKHULWDJH,WKDVJRQHVRIDUWKDWWKHGRFWULQHRIŠLQVLWXLVWKH addressing this question I hope to reach the core of the reason ǌUVWRSWLRQWRFRQVLGHUšKDVIRUPDQ\EHFRPHŠWKHSUHIHUUHG IRUEHLQJLQYROYHGDVZHOODVWKHEDVLVRISRVVLEOHFRQǍLFWV7KH RSWLRQš+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDPDVVLYHGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHVH FKRLFHRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQPD\EHEDVHGRQGLǋHUHQWFXOWXUDO WZRSKUDVHV:KLOHWKHODWWHUǌWVSHUIHFWO\LQWKHPLQGVRIWKRVH KHULWDJHYDOXHVZKLFKLQFOXGHVFLHQWLǌFYDOXHVEXWDOVRDHVWKHWLF IRUZKRPLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQKDVEHFRPHDJRDOLQLWVHOIKRZ YDOXHVHQMR\PHQWRUFRPPHPRUDWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH can we say that in situ is the preferred option in any general HFRQRPLFGLPHQVLRQŞLHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJK sense, without considering the individual situation of each site? planned construction in, or use of, the area and the possible 6KRXOGVXFKDVVHVVPHQWQRWEHSDUWRIWKHPLWLJDWLRQSURFHVVRU SURǌWVIRUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWŞVKRXOGQRWEHRYHUORRNHG SULRUWRWKDW"&RQVLGHULQJLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ DQGDFWLYHLQVLWX There is a need to strike a balance between these values. The protection) to be WKHƥUVWRSWLRQLVWKXVGLǋHUHQWIURPLWEHLQJthe 4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVIRU'XWFK$UFKDHRORJ\ .1$ LQFOXGHVDFKHFN preferred option7KLVLVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIURPZKLFKZHVKRXOG OLVWWKDWDLPVWRREWDLQDEDODQFHGDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHŠDUFKDHROR- all at least begin, and after thoughtful consideration and for the gical value, quality and aesthetic value (whether it is visible and ULJKWUHDVRQVZHPLJKWGHSDUWLQYDULRXVGLUHFWLRQV ZRUWKVHHLQJ š1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHSHUVRQXVLQJWKHFKHFNOLVW PDNHVDGLǋHUHQFHXVXDOO\WKLVLVDQDUFKDHRORJLVWZKLFKPHDQV 3ROLFLHVPD\QRWDOZD\VEHIRUPXODWHGRUVXSSRUWHGIRUREYLRXV there is a natural biase towards science. UHDVRQV,QVLWXSURWHFWLRQPD\ZHOOEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHFKHDS option. In addition to the question of whether this is true, we are :KHWKHUWRSUHVHUYHLQVLWXRUQRWLVDPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQ also risking forgetting why we choose preservation. It is not our EDVHGRQWKHEDODQFLQJRIGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVUHJDUGHGDVLPSRUWDQW VROHDLPWRSURWHFWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOVLWHVVLPSO\EHFDXVHZHGR by the stakeholders involved.24,WVKRXOGEHEDVHGRQDVLWHŞDQG QRWKDYHWKHPRQH\ RUGRQRWZDQWWRVSHQGWKHPRQH\ WR SUHIHUDEO\DOVRDUHDŞVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWZKLFKGHWHUPLQHV LQYHVWLJDWHWKHP:HDOVRZDQWWROHDUQIURPWKHSDVWDQGRQWKH WKHGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVRIWKHVLWHDQGSUHIHUDEO\DOVRWKHODQGVFDSH basis of our curiosity, preserve for later generations what we have LQZKLFKWKHVLWHLVVLWXDWHG+RZHYHUDVLQGLFDWHGDERYHYDOXHV OHDUQHG8OWLPDWHO\DUFKDHRORJLVWVZDQWWROHDUQIURPWKHSDVW DUHVXEMHFWLYH7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQVLGHUZKRLV DQGSDVVWKLVNQRZOHGJHRQWRVRFLHW\VRRWKHUVPD\DOVR GHWHUPLQLQJWKLVYDOXHDQGZKRKDVWKHULJKWWRGRVR:HDOVR XQGHUVWDQGWKHLUSDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH&XULRVLW\LVWKXVDQ KDYHWRNHHSLQPLQGWKDWWKHOHYHORQZKLFKRQHRSHUDWHVPD\ LPSRUWDQWDVVHWWRKDYHIRUDQDUFKDHRORJLVW+RZHYHULWZLOOQRW PDNHDGLǋHUHQFHWRKRZVLWHVDUHDVVHVVHG)RUH[DPSOHDVLWH EHVDWLVǌHGE\LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRULQVLWXFRQVHUYDWLRQRI which is not rated of high cultural heritage value at a national level VLWHVDORQH,QWUXVLYHUHVHDUFKPD\EHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKLV7KRVH PD\EHVRDWWKHUHJLRQDOOHYHODQGYLFHYHUVD VHHNLQJHQMR\PHQWŞWKHLQFHQWLYHIRUVSRUWVGLYLQJFRPPXQLWLHV ŞPD\SURǌWIURPLQVLWXSROLF\DQGPDQDJHPHQWDVZHOO ,QVLWXSURWHFWLRQVKRXOGDOVREHEDVHGRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRI +RZHYHUWKLVZLOOGHSHQGRQWKHZD\ZHSURWHFWVLWHVDQGSUHVHQW

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4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

WKHPLQVLWX7KHUHIRUHDOWKRXJKWKLVVWDNHKROGHUJURXSPLJKWLQ PLQG,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWRSUHGLFWDQGWKHUHIRUHWRGHFLGHZKDW WKHǌUVWLQVWDQFHEHUHOXFWDQWWRVXSSRUWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQG values future generations will hold, because we cannot know SURWHFWLRQLWPD\HDVLO\EHFRPHWKHELJJHVWVXSSRUWHUGHSHQ- ZKDWWKH\ZLOOFRQVLGHUWREHWKHLUKHULWDJH,WPD\EHEHWWHUWR GLQJRQWKHZD\LWLVH[HFXWHG SUHVHUYHWKHSDVWIRURXUVHOYHVŞEDVHGRQZKDWZHFRQVLGHU LPSRUWDQWWRSUHVHUYHIRUWKHVKRUWDQGORQJWHUPIXWXUHDQGRQ $QRWKHULVVXHIRUGLYHUVJHQHUDOO\LVWKDWGLYLQJLVVWLOODUHODWLYHO\ what we want to tell future generations (starting with our H[FOXVLYHDFWLYLW\DQGDFFHVVWRZUHFNVLVWKHUHIRUHDOVRH[FOXVLYH FKLOGUHQ DERXWXVDQGRXUSDVW,QWKHǌUVWLQVWDQFHWKLVPD\ 7DNLQJREMHFWVIURPWKLVHQYLURQPHQWUHGXFHVWKLVH[FOXVLYH VRXQGOLNHDPLQRUUHZRUGLQJRIWKHVDPHLGHDEXWWKHUHLVD DFFHVVHQRUPRXVO\DQGDOVRGHSULYHVWKHVLWHRILWVH[FLWLQJDQG FUXFLDOGLǋHUHQFHZHZLOOGHFLGHIRURXUVHOYHVZKDWWRJLYHZHZLOO P\VWHULRXVHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKDGGVWRWKHHQMR\PHQW2QO\ GHFLGHIURPRXURZQSHUVSHFWLYHZKDWLVLPSRUWDQWRUQRWDQG ZKHQVDOYDJHLVFRPELQHGZLWKDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKDQG ZLOObQRWGLFWDWHLWWRRWKHUV WKHIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQ SRVWDUFKDHRORJLFDOSURFHVVLQJZLOOWKHEHQHǌWVRIH[FDYDWLRQ EHFRPHFOHDU7KLVWDNHVWLPHDQGZKLOHLWPD\HQKDQFHWKH Several other reasons for preserving shipwrecks in situ, both HQMR\PHQWIDFWRUIRUODUJHUJURXSVRIPXVHXPYLVLWRUVZKRZLOO IURPDSKLORVRSKLFDODQGIURPDSUDFWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZDUH EHDEOHWRVHHWKHSK\VLFDOUHPQDQWVRIWKHSDVWLWZLOOQRW PHQWLRQHGEHORZ29 HQKDQFHWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKRVHZKRZDQWWRYLVLWWKHVLWHV under water. 4.4.1 For future enjoyment and research ,WLVFRPPRQO\KHOGWKDWZHPXVWQRWRQO\DLPWRSUHVHUYHD 4.4 Defining common-sense arguments for in-situ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHSDUWRIWKHPDULWLPHSDVWIRUVFLHQWLǌFUHVHDUFK preservation EXWDOVRIRUIXWXUHHQMR\PHQWDQGUHVHDUFK:HVKRXOGKRZHYHU The reasons for preservation depend on the value we attach to NHHSLQPLQGWKDWWKHVHOHFWLRQRIZKDWWRSUHVHUYHLVRXUFKRLFH WKHVLWHVDVDVRFLHW\ZLWKGLǋHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHVRIGLǋHUHQW DVSDUWRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHW\ZLWKRXURZQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG VWDNHKROGHUJURXSVDQGHYHQLQGLYLGXDOV+RZHYHUIURPDSXUHO\ set of values. Thus, we are passing on what we think is worth DUFKDHRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOSRLQWRIYLHZWKHUHDUHPDQ\ keeping for future generations. Moreover, it is only possible to well-founded reasons for wanting to preserve shipwrecks in situ. PDNHDVHOHFWLRQRIZKDWWRSUHVHUYHEHFDXVHWKHQXPEHURI VXEPHUJHGVLWHVRISRWHQWLDODUFKDHRORJLFDOLQWHUHVWLVLPPHQ- )LUVWDQGIRUHPRVWIRUDUFKDHRORJLVWVWKHLQWULQVLFYDOXHRID se.30%HIRUHZHPDNHVXFKDGHFLVLRQWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWR SDUWLFXODUVLWHVKRXOGSULPDULO\GHWHUPLQHWKHUHVSRQVHWRWKH NQRZWKHH[WHQWRIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVRXUFH:HDOVRKDYHWR question of why it should be protected and not another. The LQYHVWLJDWHWKHOLNHO\PHDQLQJ VLJQLǌFDQFH RIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVLWHV DUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHRIDQLQGLYLGXDOVLWHLVQRWHDV\WRGHWHUPLQH IRUPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJ\DQGIRUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIRXUSDVW TXDQWLI\RUTXDOLI\+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHPHWKRGVLQSODFHLQWKH This can be achieved by assessing each site individually and the 1HWKHUODQGVLQWKHIRUPRIWKH4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVIRU'XWFK archaeological resource in general. $UFKDHRORJ\ .1$ DQGVSHFLǌFDOO\WKHŠ.1$:DWHUERGHPVš ZKLFKKDVEHHQVSHFLǌFDOO\GHYHORSHGIRUXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\26 In the past, in-situ preservation was carried out with the intention of leaving archaeological sites for future generations or even for There are also other reasons for the in-situ preservation of eternity.31 Today, we know that protection in situ can slow the FXOWXUDOO\VLJQLǌFDQWVLWHV,QWKHSDVWIHZ\HDUVWKHLVVXHRI SURFHVVRIGHJUDGDWLRQEXWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRFRPSOHWHO\VWRSWKH LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQKDVEHHQZLGHO\GHEDWHGLQWKHǌHOGRI deterioration of sites.32,IZHZDQWLWWREHHǋHFWLYHLQVLWX archaeology.277KLVGHEDWHKDVKRZHYHUOHGWRVRPHFRQIXVLRQ SUHVHUYDWLRQRIWHQPHDQVDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQW DQGWKXVEHFR- ZLWKLQDQGRXWVLGHWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\$QRIWHQFLWHG PHVSURWHFWLRQ ZLWKWKHDZDUHQHVVWKDWDOOHǋRUWVDUHWHPSR- UHDVRQIRULQVLWXSURWHFWLRQLVWKDWZHVKRXOGSUHVHUYHVRPH rary.33,WLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWWRKDYHVRPHLGHDDERXWKRZ PDWHULDOIRUIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV28 This notion alone has little or no ORQJFHUWDLQNLQGVRIPHDVXUHVFDQSURWHFWDQXQGHUZDWHUVLWH value, and has the capacity to fuel critics who believe that in-situ 7KHSURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHVVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQWKHLU preservation is equivalent to out-of-sight and therefore out-of- FDSDFLW\WRPLQLPL]HGHWHULRUDWLRQRIDVLWHEXWDOVRDOORZDFFHVV

26Š.1$:DWHUERGHPVšZZZ6,.%QO DFFHVVHG 7KHŠ.1$ 8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHQ\ :DWHUERGHPVšZDVUHFHQWO\LQFRUSRUDWHGDORQJZLWKWKHTXDOLW\VWDQGDUGVIRUODQG 31$FNQRZOHGJLQJWKLVPDNHVLWHDVLHUWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWQRIXWXUHDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGLQJ DUFKDHRORJ\LQWRD%5/ DFFHVVHG PDLQWHQDQFHDQGPRQLWRULQJZHUHSODQQHGŠ(WHUQLW\šPHDQWOHDYLQJWKHVLWHVDVWKH\ 276HHIRUH[DPSOH:LOOHPV6WDQLIRUWK 6KHǌ were found, and with no plans for the future. 286HHIRUH[DPSOH6SHQQHPDQQRU2UWPDQQ 32 6HH&KDSWHU 290RVWRIWKHVHUHDVRQVZHUHǌUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ0DQGHUV 33 This is also the case for shipwrecks and objects which have been raised, conserved 30 81(6&2HVWLPDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHXQGLVFRYHUHGVKLSZUHFNVDURXQGWKH DQGSUHVHUYHGH[VLWX ZRUOG3URPRWLRQIROGHUWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 4.2 Diving on wrecks may just be for the fun of it. Sports divers on the shore of the Oostvoornsemeer. Photo: M. Manders.

to the site in the future for archaeological purposes, for other UHJXODWRU\V\VWHPVWRSURWHFWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLQ(XURSHRIWHQ VFLHQWLǌFUHVHDUFKDQGVRPHWLPHVHYHQIRUWKHVDNHRIWKHLU EDVHGRQWKH9DOOHWWD&RQYHQWLRQ0DULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHU HQMR\PHQW,WLVQRWRQO\LPSRUWDQWWRVDYHDFURVVVHFWLRQRI archaeological heritage is often included in this legislation or, if PDULWLPHKLVWRU\ WKH6WHSSLQJ6WRQHVVHHDPRQJVWRWKHUV QRWVHSDUDWHODZVKDYHEHHQPDGH7KLVVKRZVWKHFRPPLWPHQW IRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK ZKHQZHPLJKWKDYHDGLǋHUHQWYLHZRQRXU RIFRXQWULHVDVVXPLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUSUHVHUYLQJWKHLURZQDQG SDVWDQGGLǋHUHQWTXHVWLRQVWRDVN WKHFKRLFHVPXVWDOVREH DOVRDFRPPRQPDULWLPHSDVW36 The protection of archaeological acceptable to the general public.34 VLWHVXQGHUZDWHULQOHJDODQGSK\VLFDOZD\VLVDORJLFDOPHWKRGWR PDQDJHWKHVHVLWHVUHVSRQVLEO\ 7KHDVSHFWRIHQMR\PHQW LQDGGLWLRQWRUHVHDUFK VKRXOGQRW VROHO\EHIRFXVHGRQIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV,QIDFWPDNLQJVXUHWKDW 6RPHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHSURWHFWLRQRI the current generation has the opportunity to enjoy its heritage, XQGHUZDWHUPDULWLPHKHULWDJHJRHYHQIXUWKHUE\VWDWLQJWKDW LQFOXGLQJXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLVH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQW LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHǌUVWRSWLRQ Through this, understanding or awareness can be created, which 7KHVHLQFOXGHWKH(XURSHDQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH DJDLQLVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHHǋHFWLYHSURWHFWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQW $UFKDHRORJLFDO+HULWDJHRI LQVKRUW9DOOHWWD&RQYHQWLRQRU RIWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFH )LJ 35 Treaty of Valletta),37WKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQ RIWKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHRI38 DQGWKH,&2026 4.4.2 Showing responsibility and commitment &KDUWHURQWKH3URWHFWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRI8QGHUZDWHU Most countries today have well-developed legislation and &XOWXUDO+HULWDJHRI39 In the Netherlands, underwater

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4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

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4.5.1 No inclusion in regional identity building FRQWLQXHV:HPD\EHDEOHWRVORZGRZQWKHGHJUDGDWLRQSURFHVV 7KURXJKDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVZHFDQOHDUQPRUHDERXWRXU DQGHYHQFRXQWHUVRPHWKUHDWVEXWRWKHUVZLOOFRQWLQXH DWD past. This understanding helps us to build our current identity.69 VORZUDWH )RUH[DPSOHLIZHUHPRYHR[\JHQIURPDVLWHPRVW 'HFLGLQJQRWWRH[FDYDWHPHDQVOLPLWLQJWKHDPRXQWRILQIRUPD- biological attack will cease, but erosion bacteria are still able to WLRQZHFDQH[WUDFWIURPDVLWHDQGWKXVRIJDLQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ VXUYLYHLQDQR[LFHQYLURQPHQWV72 which would potentially rebuild, reshape or reinforce our identity. $FXOWXUDODVVHVVPHQWLVWKHQH[WEHVWWKLQJLJQRULQJWKHVLWHWKH 4.5.4 The long-term financial consequences ZRUVW2XWRIVLJKWPD\PHDQRXWRIPLQGDQGWKLVPD\HQWDLO It is often said that in-situ preservation is a cheaper option than OHVVLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKZKLFKWREXLOGFROOHFWLYHPHPRU\,Q H[FDYDWLRQ7KLVPD\EHWUXHIRUWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHKRZHYHUZKHQ DGGLWLRQOHDUQLQJOHVVDERXWWKHSDVWPD\PHDQWKDWWKHVRFLDO FRQVLGHULQJORQJWHUPPDQDJHPHQWWKLVPD\EHVRPHZKDW UROHRIDUFKDHRORJ\ŞDQGLQIDFWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW GLǋHUHQW7KLVRIFRXUVHGHSHQGVRQKRZWKHFRQFHSWVRI LQJHQHUDOŞZLOOEHGLPLQLVKHGQRWWRPHQWLRQWKHQHJDWLYH UHVSRQVLEOHKHULWDJHDQGLQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWDUHXQGHUVWRRGLQ HFRQRPLFLPSDFWEHFDXVHŠLQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWšZLOOVWLOOEH SUDFWLFH,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWHQUHTXLUHVDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQW FRVWO\EXWQRWKLQJZLOOEHJDLQHGLQWHUPVRINQRZOHGJH SURWHFWLRQ DWOHDVWLQWHUPVRIPRQLWRULQJDQGWKHPLWLJDWLRQRI QHJDWLYHHǋHFWVRQVLWHVXFKDVUHSDLUDQGPDLQWHQDQFH:K\ 4.5.2 No methodological development or capacity RWKHUWKDQIRUEXGJHWDU\UHDVRQVZRXOGZHSURFODLPSUHVHUYD- building WLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQDVDSROLF\RWKHUZLVH",WVHHPVORJLFDOWKDW ([FDYDWLRQXQGHUZDWHULVEDVHGRQWKHVDPHSUHPLVHVDVRQ ZKHQDVLWHKDVEHHQGHWHUPLQHGWREHRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHLW ODQG+RZHYHUWKHPHWKRGRORJ\LVRIWHQGLǋHUHQWDQGHYHQ ZLOOŞZLWKWKHSUHYDLOLQJLQVLWXSROLF\ŞEHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWXDQG ZLWKLQYDULRXVXQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWV IUHVKDQGVDOWZDWHU PHDVXUHVZLOOEHWDNHQWRHQVXUHLWVYDOXHLVGHWHUPLQHGRYHU FXUUHQWVORZRUKLJKYLVLELOLW\HWF GLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVDQG WLPH7KLVLQYROYHPHQWLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRILQVLWXSUHVHUYHG WHFKQLTXHVDUHRIWHQUHTXLUHG:LWKRXWSUDFWLFHLWLVGLǎFXOWWR VLWHVUHTXLUHVORQJWHUPEXGJHWVWRHQVXUHFRQWLQXLW\7KHVH GHYHORSQHZPHWKRGRORJLHVDQGWHFKQLTXHVDQGWRLPSURYHWKH EXGJHWVZLOOQHHGWRJURZDVPRUHVLWHVDUHSUHVHUYHGDQG TXDOLW\RIWKHSURIHVVLRQ0RUHRYHUZLWKRXWVXǎFLHQWQXPEHUVRI protected in situ.73 DFFHVVLEOHXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVWKHUHZLOOEHD lack of practice in the profession and a hold on new capacity. 4.5.5 Is the in-situ dogma ‘threatening archaeology’? ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVDWRRORIPDQDJHPHQWRQHVWHSLQDODUJHU 7KLVLVDUHDOLVWLFWKUHDW$UFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\ SURFHVV 6HH)LJ ,WFRPHVDIWHUFRQVLGHUDWHHYDOXDWLRQDQG XQGHUZDWHUKDYHGHFUHDVHGLQQXPEHURYHUWKH\HDUVXQGHUWKH VKRXOGEHEDODQFHGZLWKRWKHUVWHSVLQPDQDJHPHQW7KLV LQǍXHQFHRIQHZOHJLVODWLRQSROLF\DQGWKHIHDURIKLJKFRVWV7KLV LQFOXGHVH[FDYDWLRQRUXVLQJWKHVLWHWRJDLQNQRZOHGJH,WLVIRU LVDSURFHVVWKDWFDQEHVHHQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV,QFRPELQDWLRQ this particular reason that traditional archaeologists see a global with very strict diving law, this has resulted in a halt to the active LQVLWXSROLF\ŞRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWREHDGRJPDŞDVDWKUHDWWR SDUWLFLSDWLRQE\DPDWHXUDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORU WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\LQLWVHOI74 and there other archaeologists who do not have the appropriate diving is a lot to say for this. There is a natural tension between the two: licenses, restricting activities to professionally licenced underwa- LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWHQPHDQVDQRQGLVWXUEDQFHDSSURDFK ter archaeologists.70:KLOHDQH[FHSWLRQKDVEHHQQHJRWLDWHGIRU FRQVLGHULQJWKHVLWHDVDUHVRXUFHIRUWKHIXWXUHEXWQRWQRZ$ students,71WKH\DUHQRWSHUPLWWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQH[FDYDWLRQ VLWHPD\WULJJHUFXULRVLW\EXWFDQQRWVDWLVI\LW7KLVPD\EHSDUWO\ techniques that use airlifts and water dredges, which are GXHWRWKHSUHGRPLQDQWDOORUQRWKLQJDSSURDFKHLWKHUH[FDYDWH FRQVLGHUHGWRUHTXLUHKHDY\HTXLSPHQW7KHUHIRUHLWKDV RUGRQRWWRXFKDQGOHDYHLQVLWX+RZHYHUVKRXOGZHEHVRULJLG EHFRPHGLǎFXOWWRH[FKDQJHNQRZOHGJHZLWKH[SHUWVRQVLWHDQG LQWKLVFKRLFH"%RWKDUHLPSRUWDQWVWHSVLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH WKHUHLVQREXLOGXSRIH[SHUWLVHLQH[FDYDWLRQE\VWXGHQWV 6HH PDQDJHPHQW DOVR&KDSWHU If we decide to preserve in situ for the purpose of investigating 4.5.3 Ongoing degradation WKHPDWDODWHUGDWHFDQZHǌQGDPLGGOHJURXQG":HFRXOGVWDUW $OWKRXJKZHFDQPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHQHJDWLYHHǋHFWVRIQDWXUDO E\RǎFLDOO\LQFOXGLQJSDUWLDOH[FDYDWLRQDVDIRUPRIDUFKDHRORJL- and anthropological interventions with in-situ protection and FDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KHVHH[FDYDWLRQVFRXOGEHXVHG FRQVHUYDWLRQZHPXVWUHDOL]HWKDWWKHSURFHVVRIGHJUDGDWLRQ FDUHIXOO\ WRDQVZHUDIHZREYLRXVO\VLJQLǌFDQWTXHVWLRQVZKLOH

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4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

the rest of the site is either preserved in situ or deselected are not budgeted.797KLVPHDQVWKDWLQSUDFWLFHWKH\GRQRWIRUP DOWRJHWKHU7KLVVHHPVWREHPRUHLQOLQHZLWKWKHHVVHQFHRI SDUWRIWKHWDVNRUGDLO\XQGHUWDNLQJRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- archaeology, which is guided by a curiosity to learn about the past. PHQW7KLVODFNRIPDQDJHPHQWUHVXOWVLQZHOONQRZQVLWHV IDOOLQJbDSDUWXQGHUWKHH\HVRIWKRVHVWDNHKROGHUVZKRVKRXOG ,WLVVWLOOGLǎFXOWWRH[SUHVVWKLVRSWLRQŞRIRQO\GRLQJSDUWLDO EHbSDUWQHUVLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWH[HUFLVHEXWZKRFDQVHH H[FDYDWLRQDQGSUHVHUYLQJWKHRWKHUSDUWLQVLWXRUGHVHOHFWLQJŞ WKDWbWKHbJRYHUQPHQWLVIDLOLQJLQLWVUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV80 H[SOLFLWO\,PSOLFLWO\LWKDVEHHQGRQHRIWHQHQRXJK6RPHWLPHV WKHFKRLFHPD\KDYHEHHQWULJJHUHGE\DODFNRIPRQH\ LQWKH ,ILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVWDNHQVHULRXVO\ZRXOGLWQRWEHPRUH ORQJWHUP VRPHWLPHVWKHUHZDVDGHVLUHWRFRQWLQXHEXWWKH ORJLFDOWRKDYHDVXǎFLHQWSHUPDQHQWEXGJHWDYDLODEOHDOORZLQJ political support was lacking, or there was a shift in priorities.75 HǋHFWLYHDFWLRQVWRSUHVHUYHSURWHFWDQGFRQVHUYHVLWHVWREH WDNHQ")RUWXQDWHO\LQDVPDOOǌUVWVWHSZDVWDNHQE\PDNLQJ 7KHUHDUHVRPHYLVLEOHFKDQJHVRIDSSURDFKLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH IXQGVDYDLODEOHIRUQDWLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWV81 The PDQDJHPHQWIURPWKHDOPRVWEOLQGVHQVHRIXUJHQF\QRWWR QH[WVWHSZLOOEHWRKDYHVXǎFLHQWUHJXODUEXGJHWVDYDLODEOHWR H[FDYDWHWRDPRUHSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFKWRKRZEHVWWRH[FDYDWH PDNHWKHVHOHFWLRQSURFHGXUHVIRUQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVHDVLHU ZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW76 Moreover, and quicker and to include sites that do not have national ERXQGDULHVDUHEHLQJH[SORUHGDQGVRPHUXOHVDQGUHJXODWLRQV PRQXPHQWVWDWXVZKHQDOORFDWLQJEXGJHWV are being re-evaluated.77)RUH[DPSOHGRHVFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH PDQDJHPHQWEHQHǌWIURPWKHH[FOXVLYHLQYROYHPHQWRIKLJKO\ 4.6 In-situ preservation in numbers HGXFDWHGSURIHVVLRQDOVRUVKRXOGLWEHPRUHRSHQ")RUWXQDWHO\ 6RKRZPXFKDUHZHSUHVHUYLQJLQVLWX":LWKWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\ WKHUHDOUHDG\VHHPVWREHZLGHULQYROYHPHQWRISURIHVVLRQDOV VLJQHGLQDQGLPSOHPHQWHGLQ'XWFKODZLQLWLVRI other than archaeological stakeholders.78$WOHDVWWKLVVKRZVD interest to take a look at what has actually happened in overall ZLGHULQWHUHVWDQGFRPPLWPHQW0RUHSHRSOHDUHEHFRPLQJ DUFKDHRORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KH LQYROYHGLQWKHVWXG\RIWKHSDVW+RZHYHUFRXOGWKH\DOVREH RIGO RapportZULWWHQLQWRHYDOXDWHWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRI PRUHLQYROYHGLQWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKLVSDVWLQVLWX"7KLV WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\IRUDUFKDHRORJLFDO depends on the approach. Basically, people want to learn, people KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVVWDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUH DUHFXULRXV,QFUHDVLQJLQYROYHPHQWPD\DOVREHDJRRGUHVSRQVH QRTXDQWLWDWLYHDQDO\VHVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQQXPEHUV82 This is WRFULWLFVZKRFODLPWKDWLQVLWXSROLF\EUXVKHVVLWHVXQGHUWKH rather reprehensible, considering that in-situ preservation is, carpet. Proof of a neglect of sites in situ, it is argued, can be found DFFRUGLQJWRWKLVFRQYHQWLRQŠWKHǌUVWRSWLRQWRFRQVLGHUš+RZ LQWKHIDFWWKDWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVIRUH[DPSOHDFWLYHLQVLWX can we consider it, if we do not have any data to support action? SUHVHUYDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHHVVHQWLDOPRQLWRULQJDQGIROORZXS

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111 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

In its evaluation, the RIGO report did not take underwater cultural UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUVLWHVZKHQOHIWLQVLWX WKHYDVWPDMRULW\RIVLWHV KHULWDJHLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQHYDOXDWLQJWKHHǋHFWRIWKH9DOOHWWD are not being preserved in situ. 7UHDW\RQ'XWFKFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KLVVKRZVWKH lack of interest in and understanding of this topic within the wider 3UHFHGLQJDQGDQWLFLSDWLQJWKHHYDOXDWLRQUHSRUWE\5,*25$$385 DUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\GHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWXQGHUZDWHUVLWHV ŞD'XWFKDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPSDQ\ŞVWDUWHGLWVRZQLQWHUQDO are included in the national databases and institutes that were UHVHDUFKWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZPDQ\RIWKHVLWHVWKDW LQYROYHGLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZKLFKIRUPHGWKHEDVHVRIWKH are regarded as worth protecting, have indeed been protected, UHSRUWDUHRǎFLDOO\DOVRUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKLVSDUWRIWKHFXOWXUDO H[FDYDWHGRUOHIWDORQH86 Its conclusion was that of all the sites heritage. 5$$3KDGLGHQWLǌHGDQGUHSRUWHGRQ87 for every ten that were considered to be worth preserving, the advice to do so had been $OWKRXJKQRRYHUDOOTXDQWLWDWLYHDQDO\VHVZHUHDYDLODEOHLQWKH JLYHQIRUVHYHQDQGXOWLPDWHO\IRXUKDGEHHQSUHVHUYHG88$VZH 5,*2UHSRUWVRPHGDWDUHJDUGLQJLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQFDQEH VDZDERYHLQWKHLUHYDOXDWLRQ5,*2FDPHXSZLWKDQHVWLPDWHRI IRXQG8QIRUWXQDWHO\PRVWŞLIQRWDOOŞRIWKHDQDO\VLVLVEDVHGRQ IRUWKHZKROHRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KH5DDGYDQ&XOWXXU DVVXPSWLRQVDQGQRWUHDOPHDVXUHGGDWD7KH5,*2UHSRUWLWVHOI &RXQFLORI&XOWXUH FRQVLGHUHGWKDWWKLVǌJXUHZDVQRWZHOO VWDWHVWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIDOOVLWHVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHUHGWR IRXQGHGDQGGHPDQGHGWKURXJKWKH6WDWH6HFUHWDU\WKDW EHZRUWKSUHVHUYLQJDUHLQIDFWSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX VHHIRUPRUH UHVHDUFKEHFDUULHGRXWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHDOǌJXUH89 Through below).837KLVLQLWVHOIGRHVQRWVXJJHVWWKDWWKHǌUVWFRQVLGHUD- WKH5&(WKLVUHVHDUFKDVVLJQPHQWZDVJLYHQWR5$$3GXHWRWKH WLRQWRSUHVHUYHLQVLWXŞDVVWDWHGLQWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\ŞLVEHLQJ research it had already carried out, and it was asked to provide IXOO\PHWEHFDXVHLWFOHDUO\VXJJHVWVWKDWIRXURXWRIǌYHVLWHV TXDQWLWDWLYHDQDO\VHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHQXPEHURIVLWHVWKDWDUH have not been preserved in situ. being preserved in situ.90

This, being the practice is particularly interesting if we take into %DVHGRQUHVHDUFKUHSRUWVWKDWZHUHHYDOXDWHGIRUWKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ*RXGVZDDUG ZKRLQUHODWLRQWRWKHWHUUHVWULDO SHULRGEHWZHHQDQGRIDOODUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV Betuweroute project, stated that in-situ preservation would be were being preserved in situ. Thus, one in three sites are actually FKHDSHUWKDQH[FDYDWLQJ847KLVLVDOVRDQLQWHUHVWLQJǌJXUH EHLQJSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX$OWKRXJKQHJOHFWHGLQWKH5,*2UHSRUW DQGPLJKWEHFRQYLQFLQJHQRXJKIRUWKRVHZKRKDYHWRIXQGVXFK 5$$3KDGLQFOXGHGŠPDULWLPHšLQWKHLUUHVHDUFKEXWGXHWRDODFN SURMHFWVEXWZKDWGRHVLWPHDQ":RXOGLWEHFKHDSHUVLPSO\ of good (ready) data no quantitative analyses had been done.91 because it entails avoiding the areas altogether during the building 7KLVSUHVHQWVWKHGDQJHURIEHFRPLQJDYLFLRXVFLUFOHLQWKH SURFHVVDQGWKHUHE\GRHVQRWHQWDLOH[FDYDWLRQDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQ VHQVHWKDWGXHWRDODFNRILQWHUHVWRUVHQVHRIGLǎFXOW\WKHUHLVD H[VLWXHLWKHU"'RHVLWLQFOXGHORQJWHUPPRQLWRULQJ" lack of activity, which results in a lack of data. It is, therefore, a SRVLWLYHVLJQWKDW5$$3KDGPDGHWKHHǋRUWWRORRNLQWRWKHGDWD It is an interesting fact that while the Valletta Treaty stipulates IRUPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGUHSRUWHGWKLVRPLVVLRQ92 It is WKDWWKHGLVWXUEHUSD\VIRUGLUHFWGLVWXUEDQFHORQJWHUP now of urgency to collect this data on underwater cultural PDQDJHPHQWLVQRWVWLSXODWHG7KHUHIRUHLWLVXOWLPDWHO\QRWWKH KHULWDJH:HUHTXLUHGDWDRQWKHDPRXQWRINQRZQDQGXQNQRZQ SUREOHPRIWKHGLVWXUEHULIDVLWHLVPHUHO\OHIWLQVLWXLQVRIDUDV KHULWDJHGDWDRQWKHVLWHVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHRIKLJK WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUDQ\ORQJWHUPDFWLRQLVQRWWKHLUVDQGZLOO DUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHDQGWKXVLQQHHGRISURWHFWLRQWKHWKUHDWV QRWOHDGWRWKHPLQFXUFRVWV WKHHǋHFWRILQVLWXPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDQGWKHFRVWVLQYROYHG in in-situ preservation of underwater sites. 7KHVHFRPSDULVRQVRIWKHFRVWRIOHDYLQJVLWHVLQVLWXRUH[FDYD- WLQJDQGSUHVHUYLQJH[VLWXGRQRWWKHUHIRUHRǋHUDQ\UHDOǌJXUHV $QLPSRUWDQWSDUWRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVSURWHFWLRQE\ODZ,Q DQGWKHLVVXHLVQRWZHOOUHJXODWHGE\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH DGGLWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVDOOŠDUFKDHRORJLFDOš 9DOOHWWD7UHDW\LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV,WLVPRUHLQWHUHVWLQJWRVHH sites are protected by a blanket law, regardless of whether these that even without this cost incentive (of disturbers having to take sites have been found or not,93 those that are registered as

83.HHUVHWDO 91 6FKXWHHWDOQRWH 84*RXGVZDDUG 92,WLVKRZHYHULPSRUWDQWWRPHQWLRQWKDWWKHGHǌQLWLRQRIŠPDULWLPHšDQG 85 6FKXWHHWDO ŠXQGHUZDWHUšDUHQRWWKHVDPH0DULWLPHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHUHIHUVWRDOOWKHKHULWDJH 86 5$$3UDSSRUW FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKXPDQVRFLHWLHVDQGZDWHUUHJDUGOHVVRI 87 ,QWRWDO5$$3UHVHDUFKUHSRUWVZHUHLVVXHGEHWZHHQWKH6HSWHPEHU whether this is under water or on land (harbours, jetties, shipwrecks), while DQG0D\ underwater cultural heritage refers to what is lying still fully or partly under water. This 88 7REHSUHFLVH PD\DOVRFRQFHUQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKXPDQVRFLHWLHVDQGZDWHUVXFKDV 89 7ZHHGH.DPHUYHUJDGHUMDDUQR EULGJHVDQGVKLSZUHFNVEXWWKH\PLJKWDOVREHLQXQGDWHGSUHKLVWRULFVLWHV 906FKXWHHWDO 932WWH

112 4. Why preserve underwater heritage in situ?

QDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVPD\EHSURWHFWHGE\DGGLWLRQDOODZV94 In VLWHVŞD5RPDQTXD\LQWKH0DDVLQ&XLMN101 a seventeenth-cen- WKHUHZHUH1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWVLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV tury shipwreck in Lake Oostvoorne102DQGDǌIWHHQWKFHQWXU\ RIZKLFKDUHŠDUFKDHRORJLFDOšVLWHVDQGRQO\VL[ZHUHO\LQJ VKLSZUHFNLQWKH,-VVHOPHHU103ŞKDYHEHHQSK\VLFDOO\SURWHFWHG under water.95 7KLVQXPEHURIXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVLVWKXVYHU\ORZ 7KLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKHIRFXVRQDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK£QG RIWKHWRWDO1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWVDQGRIWKH PDQDJHPHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVKDVEHHQRQWKH:HVWHUQ QDWLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWV SHUKDSVSUHSRVWHURXVLIZH Wadden Sea. NHHSLQPLQGWKDWWKH\QRWRQO\HQFRPSDVVVKLSZUHFNVEXWDOVR sunken bridges and villages, and that two-thirds of the 4.7 Conclusion Netherlands (including the EEZ) is water.96 The Netherlands has ,QVLWXPHDQVŠRULJLQDOSODFHRIGHSRVLWLRQš7KLVGHǌQLWLRQLVQRW been shaped by the relationship of its people to the water and VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDQGPD\OHDGWRGLVFXVVLRQDERXWZKDWŠRULJLQDOš FDQWKHUHIRUHEHFDOOHGDPDULWLPHQDWLRQ97 PHDQVDQGZKDWEHORQJVWRDVLWH,QUHODWLRQWRVKLSZUHFNVLWLV RIWHQPRUHFOHDUZKDWEHORQJVWRWKHVLWHDQGZKDWQRWDGLVDVWHU :K\DUHWKHUHQRWPRUHPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUQDWLRQDO occurred and the ship sank with everything it had on board. DUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWV",VLWEHFDXVHWKH\DUHQRWFRQVLGH- (YHU\WKLQJRQWKHVKLSDWWKDWVSHFLǌFPRPHQWDQGFRQQHFWHG UHGWREHRIQDWLRQDOLPSRUWDQFH",VLWEHFDXVHWKHVLWHVGRQRW WRbWKHHYHQWWKXVEHORQJVWRWKHVLWH3RVWGHSRVLWLRQDO need protection? Is it because the process of registration is too SURFHVVHVPD\DOVRIRUPSDUWRIWKHVLWHDWOHDVWLQVRIDUDVWKH\ FRPSOLFDWHGDQGWLPHFRQVXPLQJ"2ULVWKHUHPHUHO\DODFNRI PD\GLVWXUEWKHYLHZZHKDYHRIWKHSDVW7KLVKRZHYHUQHHGVWR LQWHUHVW"$OWKRXJKWKHODWWHUZRXOGEHDORJLFDOH[SODQDWLRQLW be acknowledged to begin with, and the distinction of what is ZRXOGEHWKHPRVWGHYDVWDWLQJDQGQHJDWLYHO\FKDUJHG,WZRXOG FRQWHPSRUDU\DQGZKDWLVQRWVKRXOGEHPDGH:KDWZHbFRQVL- VXJJHVWǌUVWRIDOOWKDWWKHUHLVQRXQLYHUVDOREMHFWLYHZD\WR GHUbWREHORQJWRWKHVLWHLQVLWXGHWHUPLQHVZKDWZHSUHVHUYH evaluate an archaeological site (on land or under water) such that DQGbZK\ it leads to a certain kind of protection or not. Moreover, it would also suggest, as a consequence, that sites are being designated There are several overarching reasons why we preserve sites in VLJQLǌFDQWEDVHGRQDQDUELWUDU\DQGSRVVLEOHSHUVRQDOLQWHUHVW VLWXLWPD\EHIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKDQGHQMR\PHQWVKRZLQJWKDW ZHDUHVHULRXVDERXWRXUUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGKDYHDFRPPLWPHQW 7KHDPRXQWRIQDWLRQDOXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHUHFRJQL]HG WKHUHLVDQHQRUPRXVQXPEHURIXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVDQGPDQ\ HYHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHPDULWLPHPRQXPHQWVWKDWDUHQRWO\LQJ PRUHDUHEHLQJGLVFRYHUHGDQQXDOO\ZKLFKPDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWR XQGHUZDWHULVFHUWDLQO\QRWVXǎFLHQWWRFRQVLGHUWKHVHWREHWKH GHDOZLWKWKHPVWUDLJKWDZD\XQGHUZDWHUUHVHDUFKLVH[SHQVLYH VWHSSLQJVWRQHV LQ'XWFKPDULWLPHKLVWRU\98 If this was a reason DQGWKHUHLVXVXDOO\DWLPHJDSEHWZHHQWKHGLVFRYHU\DQG WRGHVLJQDWHPRUHVLWHVŞDQGWKLVLVOHJLWLPDWHŞWKHQWKHUHZRXOG LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIDVLWHDQGLQWKHPHDQWLPHLWQHHGVWREHWDNHQ EHQRWKLQJDJDLQVWDVVLJQLQJPRUHXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVWRWKHOLVW$ FDUHRIDQGWKHUHPD\EHFRQVHUYDWLRQGLǎFXOWLHVWKDWIRUFHXV WRSRUZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHDQGRǋHUDWRROIRUWHOOLQJWKH WRPDLQWDLQDVLWHLQDQHQYLURQPHQWWKDWHQVXUHVLWUHPDLQVLQ PDULWLPHKLVWRU\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGVWRLWVRZQSHRSOHDQGDOVR UHODWLYHO\JRRGFRQGLWLRQIRUPDQ\\HDUVUDWKHUWKDQFKDQJLQJ DEURDGDVDQH[SRUWSURGXFW,WZRXOGHYHQEHSUHIHUDEOH99 This WKHHQYLURQPHQWE\UHPRYLQJLWZLWKDOOWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQ ZRXOGEHHTXLYDOHQWWRWRRIWKHFXUUHQWWRWDO SUREOHPVWKDWDULVHDVDUHVXOW:HPD\DOVRGHFLGHWRNHHSDVLWH QXPEHURIQDWLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWV preserved in situ for other reasons, such as the wish and the need WRH[SHULHQFHDQGHQMR\DVLWHXQGHUZDWHUQRZRUSHUKDSV $WSUHVHQWVHYHQZUHFNVKDYHEHHQSK\VLFDOO\SURWHFWHGRQWKH another value that has been attached to the site by another Burgzand in the Western Wadden Sea.100 In addition, three other stakeholder.

94 See also: https://cultureelerfgoed.nl/onderwerpen/advies/archeologische-rijks- RI'XWFKHPSOR\HHVZRUNGLUHFWO\LQWKLVLQGXVWU\ KWWSZZZPDULWLHPODQGQO PRQXPHQWHQ DFFHVVHG QHZVPDULWLHPEHGULMIVOHYHQQDXZEHWURNNHQELMRSVWHOOHQPDULWLHPHVWUDWHJLH 95$5&+,6DQG(UIJRHG0RQLWRU5&( +HULWDJH0RQLWRU5&( $FFHVVHG,W 98 0DQGHUV $TXLFNVHDUFKWKURXJKWKH1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWVOLVWVKRZV WXUQHGRXWWREHGLǎFXOWWRVHOHFWPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVIURPWKHGDWDEDVHV VLWHV RXWRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV WKDWFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVŠPDULWLPHš+RXNHV VLQFHWKHUHDUHQRVSHFLǌFWDEVWRVHOHFWWKHVHVLWHVLQWKHRYHUDOOGDWDEDVH2QHVLWH the Aanloop Molengat wreck site, was still in the process of being declared a National 99 6HH%HHUHSRRW RQWKLVVXEMHFW 0RQXPHQWZKHQWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQVZHUHPDGH+RZHYHUZKHWKHUZHDUHWDONLQJ 1007KLVLVRQHQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQW DERXWRUVLWHVGRHVQRWPDNHDELJGLǋHUHQFH2IWKRVHWKHUHDUHVKLSZUHFNV 1010DQGHUV DQGWZR5RPDQ%ULGJHV$QRWKHUVLWH9DONHQLVVHLVDKDOIVXEPHUJHGVLWHRIDYLOODJH 102.OHLM VKLSZUHFNVLQWKHSROGHUV QRZGU\ODQG DUH1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWV 103KWWSZZZǍHYRODQGHUIJRHGQOKRPHHUIJRHGRRVWHOLMNǍHYRODQGVFKHHSV- 96 The whole North Sea seabed is an inundated prehistoric landscape with still ZUDNNHQZUDNKWPO DFFHVVHG XQGLVFRYHUHGFDPSVDQGRWKHUKXPDQWUDFHV6HH*DǋQH\HWDO 971HYHUWKHOHVVRI*'3FRPHVIURPPDULWLPHEXVLQHVVHVDQGSHRSOH

113 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

There are also reasons not to opt for in-situ preservation. One obvious reason is that the site has no or very low archaeological YDOXH+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHDOVRPRUHIXQGDPHQWDOUHDVRQVLIOHIW LQVLWXLWPD\QRWEHLQFOXGHGLQUHJLRQDORUQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\WKHUH ZLOOEHQRPHWKRGRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJWKH VLWHVZLOOFRQWLQXHWRGHWHULRUDWHDQGWKHUHZLOOVWLOOEHORQJWHUP ǌQDQFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHV

2SWLPLVWLFDOO\ZHFDQVD\WKDWRQODQGŞWKDWLVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH ŠWHUUHVWULDOšFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHŞDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIDOODUFKDHR- logical sites that have been discovered, assessed and proposed WREHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWXZLOOEHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX)RUXQGHUZDWHU VLWHVZHVWLOOKDYHQRQXPEHUVEXWKHUHDGLVWLQFWLRQZLOOKDYHWR EHPDGHEHWZHHQVLWHVEHLQJOHIWXQGHUZDWHUDQGWKRVHEHLQJ DFWLYHO\SURWHFWHG7KHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHIRUPHUPD\EHKLJK the latter very low.

$WSUHVHQWQLQHDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVKDYHEHHQSK\VLFDOO\ SURWHFWHGXQGHUZDWHUVL[DUHO\LQJLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD This shows the current focus, not only of archaeological research EXWDOVRPDQDJHPHQWRQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD2QO\VL[ XQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVDUHQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVZKLFK LVHTXLYDOHQWWRRIWKHWRWDO'XWFK1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWV DQGRIQDWLRQDODUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQXPHQWV

Once we know why we want to protect an underwater site, we can start to think of how to do so. The way we protect a site has LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUKRZZHZLOOXVHLWQRZDQGLQWKHQHDUIXWXUH7KLV GHFLVLRQVKRXOGUHǍHFWZK\ZHŞDVDVRFLHW\ŞZLVKWRSUHVHUYH the sites and thus what values prevail in relation to that site. The GLǋHUHQWYLHZVRQLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQUHYHDOWKHQHHGWRWDON DPRQJVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVHYHQEHIRUHDFWLYHO\ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHULQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWZLWK WKHbDLPRIFUHDWLQJDPRUHEDODQFHGLQVLWXSROLF\

114 115 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in

situ? 3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH )LJ$UWLƥFLDOVHDJUDVVPDWORZHUHGGRZQWRWKH%=1VLWH

116 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?1

5.1 Introduction ODWLRQRIVHGLPHQWRQDVLWHDQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDUWLǌFLDO $IWHUJDLQLQJDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHV PRXQGVLQVHYHUDOOD\HUV5 These techniques will be described RFFXUULQJRQVLWHDVZHOODVWKHH[HFXWLRQRIDEDVHOLQHVWXG\RQ EHORZ,ZLOOǌUVWGLVFXVVWKHWKUHHGLǋHUHQWZD\VRISK\VLFDOO\ WKHFRQGLWLRQRIDVLWHDQGWKHIRUPXODWLRQRIUHDVRQVIRU protecting sites in situ in Section 5.2, followed by a discussion of SURWHFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJZKDWYDOXHVSUHYDLO PHDVXUHVWRPLWLJDWH reburial in Section 5.3. Then, in Section 5.4, the protection of a GHJUDGDWLRQFDQEHWDNHQ7KHVHPHDVXUHVDUHDOZD\VDFRPSUR- VLQJOHREMHFWRUVLWHLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHODQGVFDSHDSSURDFKZLOO PLVHEHWZHHQ WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDORURWKHUYDOXHRIWKHVLWH EHGLVFXVVHGIROORZHGE\WKHFRPSOH[LVVXHRISURWHFWLQJ WKHUHDVRQVZHZDQWWRSUHVHUYHLW WKHH[SHFWHGHǋHFWVRI well-preserved sites in Section 5.5, how to choose the best WKHPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJ\ WKHWLPHVSDQRYHUZKLFKLWKDVWREH PHWKRG 6HFWLRQ DQGWKHFRVWVLQYROYHG 6HFWLRQ :K\ HǋHFWLYH WKHHǋHFWRQWKHORFDOHQYLURQPHQWDQG WKH DQGZKHQH[FDYDWLRQLVVWLOODQRSWLRQLQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO resources required. When we talk about in-situ preservation, we KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWZLOOEHH[SODLQHGLQ6HFWLRQ7KLVZLOOEH XVXDOO\PHDQVLWHVWKDWDUHSURWHFWHGLQWKHLURULJLQDOSRVLWLRQDQG IROORZHGE\DGLVFXVVLRQRQDYRLGLQJDGXDOLVPEHWZHHQLQVLWX FRQWH[WSUHVHUYLQJDQGSURWHFWLQJWKHLUFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQDQG SURWHFWLRQDQGH[FDYDWLRQDQGWKHQHHGIRUWKHODWWHULQDUFKDHR- DUFKDHRORJLFDOLQWHJULW\DVORQJDVSRVVLEOHRUQHHGHG+RZHYHU ORJLFDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQ6HFWLRQ7KHFKDSWHUZLOO LWbLVREYLRXVWKDWWHFKQLTXHVXVHGIRUUHEXULDORIXQGHUZDWHUVLWHV ǌQLVKZLWKVRPHFRQFOXGLQJUHPDUNV 6HFWLRQ SRVWH[FDYDWLRQVKRXOGDOVREHLQFOXGHGLQDQHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH GLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVWKDWDUHDQGFDQEHXVHGIRULQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ 5.2 Three ways to preserve sites in situ *HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJWKHUHDUHWKUHHGLǋHUHQWZD\VWRSK\VLFDOO\ 2QJRLQJPRQLWRULQJRIDZUHFNVLWHLVDFULWLFDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKH protect underwater sites in situ. RYHUDOOFRQVHUYDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWSODQDQGRQHZD\WRLQYHVWL- JDWHWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHLQVLWXFRQVHUYDWLRQPHDVXUHV 1. $EDUULHUFDQEHSODFHGEHWZHHQWKHREMHFWDQGWKHPDMRU taken. This should be taken into consideration before deploying RUbRWKHUWKUHDWV DQ\LQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGV8QIRUWXQDWHO\LWLVRIWHQWKHFDVH 26DFULǌFLDOPDWHULDOFDQKHOSWRSUHVHUYHDVLWHRYHUDORQJHU that when shipwrecks are protected in situ, little, if any, subse- SHULRGRIWLPH TXHQWPRQLWRULQJWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRIVXFK 3$VLWHFDQEHFRYHUHG6 WHFKQLTXHVLVXQGHUWDNHQ$KROLVWLFDSSURDFKWRWKHVWXG\RIWKH HQYLURQPHQWSUHDQGSRVWEXULDOLVQHFHVVDU\WRJDLQDIXOO 7KHFKHPLFDOSURWHFWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLWHVKDVDOVREHHQ understanding of the changes occurring in the local reburial WULDOOHGDQGPLFURELRORJLFDOPHWKRGVRISURWHFWLQJZUHFNVDJDLQVW HQYLURQPHQW7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQDOORZVDFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWRI bacterial degradation have also been discussed. These will, WKHVXFFHVVRURWKHUZLVHRIWKHPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJ\LQUHODWLRQ KRZHYHUQRWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWKHUHDVWKH\GRQRWVHHPWR WRbWKHORQJWHUPSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKHZUHFNVLWH2 be viable options.7,QDGGLWLRQDIWHUH[FDYDWLRQVLWHVPD\DOVREH UHEXULHGLQRUGHUWRSUHVHUYHWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDOV,QWKLV In-situ conservation of underwater sites has increased conside- SURFHVVWKHVDPHPHWKRGVWHFKQLTXHVDQGPDWHULDOVDUHXVHG UDEO\VLQFHWKHV37KHǌUVWVHULRXVDWWHPSWVZHUHDOUHDG\ PDGHLQWKHVDOVRLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD4 The 5.2.1 Barrier methods WHFKQLTXHVXVHGKDYHUDQJHGIURPWKHUHODWLYHO\VLPSOHGHSRVL- $OWKRXJKVHGLPHQWFDQVHUYHDVDEDUULHULQWKLVVHFWLRQWKH WLQJRIH[WUDOD\HUVRIVHGLPHQWDQGRUVDQGEDJJLQJDVLWHWR EDUULHUPHWKRGVGLVFXVVHGRQO\FRQFHUQKXPDQPDGHPDWHULDO PRUHFRPSOLFDWHGWHFKQLTXHVWKDWSURPRWHWKHQDWXUDODFFXPX- WKDWLVXVHGWRREVWUXFWWKHPDLQFRQǌUPHGWKUHDWVWRVSHFLǌF

1 Parts of the research below have already been published in Manders, Gregory & SURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOVXVHGLVEHLQJFRQGXFWHG1HZDVZHOODVROGPDWHULDOIURP 5LFKDUGVDQG0DQGHUV HG GLǋHUHQWLQVLWXSURWHFWHGVLWHVLVEHLQJH[DPLQHG6HHDOVR*UHJRU\6KDVKRXD 2)RUPRQLWRULQJVHH&KDSWHU (ULNVHQ HGV 32[OH\ 7 &KHPLFDOVZHUHXVHGLQWKHVWRSURWHFWXQGHUZDWHUVLWHV2QHH[DPSOHLVWKH 47KHǌUVWSK\VLFDOLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVZDVH[HFXWHGLQRQWKH XVHRI7ULEXW\OWLQ2[LGHRQWKH5DSLGZUHFNLQ$XVWUDOLD 2UWPDQQ 7KH %=1ZUHFNLQWKH:DGGHQ6HD0DDUOHYHOG %$&32/(6SURMHFWGLVFXVVHGZKHWKHUWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIEDFWHULRSKDJHV YLUXVHV 5 7KH&RXQW\0XVHXPRI%RKXVO¦Q6ZHGHQSURWHFWHGWKHZUHFNRIWKHVHYHQ- FRXOGVWRSEDFWHULRORJLFDOGHFD\+RZHYHULQDGGLWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ WHHQWKFHQWXU\'DQLVKZDUVKLS6WRUD6RSKLDLQ$PRXQGZDVFUHDWHGRYHUWKH RISKDJHVLVQRWEHVRPHWKLQJWKDWZRXOGEHPHWZLWKPXFKHQWKXVLDVPE\FXOWXUDO VLWHFRQVLVWLQJRIJUDYHOFRYHUHGZLWK(3'0UXEEHUFDUSHWDQGVPDOOVWRQHEORFNV KHULWDJHPDQDJHUVLWZRXOGDOVREHDWHPSRUDU\VKRUWWHUPVROXWLRQDVEDFWHULRSKD- 6 There is little data to indicate how long sites can be preserved in situ and what the JHVOLYHRQEDFWHULDDQGLIWKLVIRRGVRXUFHGHFUHDVHVWKHSKDJHVZLOODOVRGLH$OVRLW HǋHFWVDUHUHJDUGLQJWKHLULQWHJULW\WKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDOVWKDWDUHEHLQJ KDVEHHQSURYHQWREHGLǎFXOWWRLGHQWLI\DQGLVRODWHZRRGGHJUDGLQJEDFWHULD,WLV SURWHFWHGRUHYHQWKHSURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOVWKHPVHOYHV0XFKRIWKLVGHSHQGVRQ KRZHYHULPSRUWDQWWRNQRZZKLFKEDFWHULDDUHSUHVHQWDVVSHFLǌFEDFWHULDUHTXLUH GLǋHUHQWSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKXVDUHVLWHVSHFLǌF+RZHYHUZLWKLQWKH6$60$3SURMHFW VSHFLǌFSKDJHVVHH0§UGK %$&32/(6WHDP ZZZVDVPDSHXDFFHVVHG DQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH

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5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

Fig. 5.4 Pinewood doubling or sheeting was used on Dutch ships that went to the tropics to protect the hull against attack by shipworm. Here, the lower part of the stern of the Buitenzorg, a VOC ship that went down in the Wadden Sea in 1760. Photo: M. Manders.

ZLWKEDUVVRWKDWWKHVLWHVPD\EHYLHZHGIURPDGLVWDQFHEXWQRW OLYLQJVSDFHLQZKLFKLWFDQDOVRSURWHFWLWVHOIDJDLQVWǍXFWXDWLRQV touched.18 LQIRUH[DPSOHVDOLQLW\E\FORVLQJRǋWKHWXEHWKDWLWKDV created.21 It does not eat the wood. Therefore, the preference 5.2.2 Sacrificial in-situ protection RIbWKHDQLPDOVKRXOGOLHLQHDV\DFFHVVDQGPLQLPDOHǋRUWWRGULOO 6RPHPDWHULDOVGHJUDGHPRUHUHDGLO\DQGUDSLGO\WKDQRWKHUV through the wood structure. Since Teredo navalisVHHPVWRKDYH :LWKWKLVLQPLQGVLWHVFDQEHSURWHFWHGE\LQWURGXFLQJVDFULǌFLDO QRSUREOHPVLQGULOOLQJWKURXJKKDUGRDNZRRGLWUHPDLQVWREH QHZPDWHULDOWKDWZLOOEHDWWDFNHGLQVWHDGRIWKHRULJLQDODUFKDHR- seen whether less resistant wood would be a solution that would ORJLFDOPDWHULDO GLVWUDFWWKHVKLSZRUPIURPWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGRYHUDORQJ SHULRGRIWLPH22 7ZRH[DPSOHVDUHWKHXVHRIVDFULǌFLDOPHWDOVDQGZRRG,QWKH thDQGth century, Dutch wooden ship hulls were often Not being able to withstand the attack of Teredo for a very long SURWHFWHGDJDLQVWVKLSZRUP Teredo navalis E\DGGLQJDVDFULǌFLDO WLPHPD\KDYHEHHQWKHUHDVRQZK\LQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ OD\HURIWKLQSLQHZRRGRYHUWKHRDNKXOO )LJ 7KLVŠGRXEOLQJš DWOHDVW VRPH'XWFKVKLSVWKDWZHUHWREHLQWKHWURSLFVIRUD VHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDQHǋHFWLYHZD\RISUHVHUYLQJWKHPRVW YHU\ORQJWLPHZHUHSURWHFWHGZLWKDQRWKHUOD\HURIRDNSODQNVLQ valuable ship hull on trips to the tropics. The pinewood layer was DGGLWLRQWRWKHVDFULǌFLDOSLQHZRRG7KHVROXWLRQZDVQRWRQO\ XVHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWDUDQGKDLUPDWVEHWZHHQWKHKXOODQG VRXJKWLQWKHW\SHRIZRRGEXWDOVRLQWKHQXPEHURIOD\HUVWKDW the doubling, as well as thousands of iron nails that were used to FRXOGEHŠHDWHQšDZD\23 One downside to adding easily accessible ǌ[WKHWKLQSODQNVRQWRWKHVKLSšVKXOO7KHVHQDLOVZLWKODUJH VDFULǌFLDOZRRGPLJKWEHWKDWLWKDVDQHJDWLYHHǋHFWRQDUFKDHR- KHDGVZRXOGUXVWLQVDOLQHZDWHUVDQGIRUPDSURWHFWLYHFRUURVLYH ORJLFDOVLWHVLQVLWXLQVRIDUDVLWPD\PDNHLWHDVLHUIRUWKHVLWHWR OD\HURǋHULQJDGGLWLRQDOSURWHFWLRQWRWKHKXOO19 be colonized.

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18 1HJXHUXHOD SLQHZRRG6HHDOVR&KDSWHUDQG3DDOYDVW 19 )RUGRXEOLQJVHHDOVR'XLYHQYRRUGH,WZDVDOVRIDVFLQDWLQJWRǌQGDSROH 21 $SSHOTYLVW probably used in a quay or harbour structure, in Zeeland, the southwestern province 22 6HHDOVR3DOPD RIWKH1HWKHUODQGVLQ7KLVSROHZDVSURWHFWHGDJDLQVW7HUHGRLQH[DFWO\WKH 23 $GRXEOHOD\HURIIXOORDNSODQNLQJKDVEHHQDUFKDHRORJLFDOO\REVHUYHGRQGLǋHUHQW VDPHZD\DVWKHKXOORIZRRGHQVKLSV6HH$NNHUHWDO 'XWFKZUHFNVVXFKDVWKH0DXULWLXVZUHFN VHHHJ/š+RXUHWDO DQGKLVWRULFDOO\ 20 In the wrecks in the Wadden Sea, oak as well as pinewood is attacked. Research with GHVFULEHGIRUH[DPSOHRQWKHEendrachtIURPWKH6FKRXWHQDQG/HPDLUHH[SHGLWLRQ VDFULǌFLDOZRRGEORFNVKRZHYHUVKRZHGWKDWWKHVKLSZRUPKDVDSUHIHUHQFHIRU EHWZHHQDQG6HH6SUXLW 0DQGHUV

119 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

Fig. 5.6 A logboat supported with sandbags during a training course in in-situ protection for the WreckProtect project in 2011. Photo: M. Fig. 5.7 Six thousand sandbags were used to protect the BZN 3 wreck in Manders. 1988. Photo: RCE.

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121 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 5.8 A + B Geotextile rolled out over a wreck site during the UNESCO Advanced Course on In-situ Preservation in Thailand. Photos: M. Manders.

often easier if there are two divers. They should ensure that any Artificial seagrass FXUUHQWLVEHKLQGWKHPZKLFKZLOODOVRIDFLOLWDWHXQUROOLQJRIWKH 2QHPHWKRGZKLFKLVXVHGLQWKHRǋVKRUHLQGXVWU\IRUVWDELOL]LQJ JHRWH[WLOH$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHGLYHUVFDQXVHVDQGEDJVWR SLSHOLQHVDQGFDEOHVLQYROYHVWKHXVHRIDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVV7KHUH ZHLJKGRZQWKHJHRWH[WLOHDVLWLVEHLQJUROOHGRXWDQGSUHYHQWLW DUHVHYHUDOSURSULHWDU\SURGXFWVRQWKHPDUNHWDOORIZKLFK ǍRDWLQJ7KLVMREFDQDOVREHGLYLGHGEHWZHHQWKHWZRGLYHUVRQH IXQFWLRQRQWKHVDPHSULQFLSOH )LJ 49 When deployed, one UROOLQJRXWWKHJHRWH[WLOHDQGWKHRWKHUSODFLQJWKHVDQGEDJVDV VKRXOGHQVXUHWKDWWKHUHLVVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWRQWKHVLWH7KLV ZDVGRQHRQWHVWVLWHVLQ7XGVH+DJH IRUWKH:UHFN3URWHFW FDQEHHDVLO\QRWHGE\ORRNLQJDWEHGIRUPVWKDWLVVDQGULSSOHV SURMHFW DQGLQ5D\RQJ7KDLODQG IRUWKH81(6&2$GYDQFHG on the seabed. During tests, it was observed that aligning the &RXUVHRQ,QVLWX3UHVHUYDWLRQ )LJ$% 45 ORQJHGJHRIWKHPDWZLWKDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKH GLUHFWLRQRIDQ\FXUUHQWDOORZHGWKHPD[LPXPDPRXQWRI $VVHHQZLWKLQWKH0R66SURMHFW7HUUDPJHRWH[WLOHLQWKHIRUP VHGLPHQWWREHWUDSSHG50 RIbEDJVPD\DOVRǌOWHUVDQGRXWRIWKHZDWHUZKHQIRUH[DPSOH ZUDSSHGDURXQGDQREMHFW7KHDPRXQWRIVDQGFDXJKWLVUHODWHG 7KHHDVLHVWZD\WRLQVWDOOWKHPDWVLVE\HQVXULQJWKHFXUUHQWLV WRWKHWKLFNQHVVDQGGHQVLW\RIWKHJHRWH[WLOH7KHSURMHFWVWXG\ EHKLQGWKHGLYHUZKLFKIDFLOLWDWHVWKHUROOLQJRXWRIWKHPDW$IWHU IRXQGWKDWWKHORZHUWKHJUDGHWKHPRUHVHGLPHQWWUDSSHGHYHQ LQVWDOODWLRQLWLVEHQHǌFLDOWRUHJXODUO\ŠUXVWOHšWKHIURQGVWRPDNH WKRXJKWKHEDJVZHUHǍRDWLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHPHWUHIURP VXUHWKH\DUHQRWǌOOHGZLWKVHDZHHGRURWKHUGHWULWXV0RUHRYHU WKHbVHDEHG$IWHUWZHOYHPRQWKVRQVLWHVDPSOHVZHUHFRPSOH- ZKHQVHGLPHQWVHWWOHVEHWZHHQWKHIURQGVWKLVPRYHPHQWRI WHO\FRYHUHGE\VHGLPHQWZLWKLQWKHJHRWH[WLOHEDJV46 Moreover, sand also has a cleaning function. HYLGHQFHRIEDUQDFOHVDOJDHELYDOYHVDQGRWKHUPDULQHRUJD- QLVPVZDVUHFRUGHGRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHJHRWH[WLOHEDJV7KLV 7KHPDWVFDQEHTXLWHH[SHQVLYHHVSHFLDOO\LQUHODWLRQWRWKH VKRZVWKDWWKHJHRWH[WLOHPD\EHXVHGDVDFRPSRQHQWWRFUHDWH EXGJHWVDYDLODEOHIRUDUFKDHRORJLFDOSURMHFWV:LWKLQVRPH DQDUWLǌFLDOUHHIXQGHUZDWHUWKDWFDQEHQDWXUDOO\RYHUJURZQ47 SURMHFWVWKH\ZHUHSURGXFHGPDQXDOO\KRZHYHUWKLVLVODERXU intensive.51 *HRWH[WLOHKDVEHHQIRXQGWRZRUNZHOODJDLQVWDWWDFNE\Teredo navalisRUVKLSZRUP7KHOHYHORIDWWDFNGHFUHDVHGZLWKWKH WKLFNQHVVRIWKHJHRWH[WLOHJUDGHVXVHG7KHJUDGHVRIDQG ZHUHIUHHRIDWWDFN:KLOHWKHORZHUJUDGHVRIWH[WLOH DQG KRZHYHUFRXOGQRWSUHYHQWDWWDFNE\Teredo navalis, the attack was less severe. It can be concluded that the lower grades VORZGRZQDWWDFNSHUKDSVLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHVHGLPHQWWKDW WKH\FDWFKDQGWKHKLJKHUJUDGHVRI7HUUDPSUHYHQWDWWDFN48

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122 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

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7KHPDWVQHHGWREHIDVWHQHGWRWKHVHDEHG7KLVFDQEHGRQH debris netting protection, designed to avoid scour on the netting.56 E\DQFKRUV DVDUHXVHGE\6HDEHG6FRXU6\VWHPV 66&6 WKH SURGXFHURIWKHWHVWHGVHDJUDVVPDWV 7KHVHSHQHWUDWHWR 1RWDEOHH[DPSOHVZKHUHDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVHVKDYHEHHQXVHG FPLQWRWKHVHDEHGDQGFRXOGGDPDJHXQGHUO\LQJFXOWXUDO RUbWULDOOHGDUHRQWKHZUHFNVRIWKHWilliam Salthouse $XVWUDOLD 57 heritage.527KH\FDQDOVREHZHLJKWHGGRZQZLWKKHDY\PDWHULDO the James Matthews $XVWUDOLD 58WKH+§UEºOOH:UHFN 'HQPDUN 59 VXFKVDQGEDJV66&6KDVQRZGHYHORSHGDV\VWHPZKHUHHDFK and a test site in Thailand60 )LJ )RUWKH6$60$3SURMHFW PDWLVZHLJKWHGGRZQZLWKJUDYHOǌOOHGWXEHVRQHDFKVLGH )LJ WHVWVZHUHXQGHUWDNHQDWWKH%=1ZUHFN WKH1HWKHUODQGV 7KHVHPDWVZHUHWHVWHGGXULQJWKH(8IXQGHG6$60$3 7XGVH+DJH 'HQPDUN DQG%DLDH1DSOHV ,WDO\ 61 project.537KHSUHSDUHGPDWVFDQEHLQVWDOOHGRQWKHVHDEHGLQD FRXSOHRIPLQXWHVZLWKWKHKHOSRIDVSHFLDOO\GHYHORSHGKRLVWLQJ 2EYLRXVO\DQRWKHUIRUPRILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQFRXOGEHWKH IUDPHWKDWSLFNVXSDQGUHOHDVHVWKHbPDWV7KLVKRZHYHU reintroduction of natural seagrass in areas where this has requires a large ship and crane for installation.54 GLVDSSHDUHG7KLVKRZHYHULQYROYHVPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHVWKDW DGGUHVVZK\WKHQDWXUDOVHDJUDVVGLVDSSHDUHGLQWKHǌUVWSODFH ,QVWURQJFXUUHQWVWKHVHDJUDVVIURQGVFDQDFWXDOO\OLHǍDWDQGDUH IRUH[DPSOHLWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WRLPSURYHWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\ LQHǋHFWXDODWFROOHFWLQJVHGLPHQW7HVWVZLWKGLǋHUHQWVL]HVRI 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIVHDJUDVVKDVEHHQDWWHPSWHGDWYDULRXV fronds have revealed that in areas with strong currents, shorter sites, often with disappointing results.62 There are also plans for IURQGVDUHPRUHHǋHFWLYHGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\UHPDLQ other areas that include cultural heritage.63 Encouraging, XSULJKWPRUHHDVLO\WKDQORQJHUIURQGV55 +RZHYHUDFFRUGLQJWR WKHWHVWVWKH:DGGHQ6HDWXUQHGRXWWREHH[WUHPHO\KRVWLOHDQG QRWIDYRULWHWRXVHWKHPDWVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHǌ[LQJV\VWHP7KH latter seriously has to be reconsidered.

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123 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 5.12 A. Preparing polypropylene nets weighted down with sandbags to be used on the Avondster wreck site (1659) in Sri Lanka, B. The nets installed on the wreck. Photos: courtesy Avondster Project.

however, is that through natural dispersion, seagrass is slowly starting to recolonize the Dutch part of the Wadden Sea.64

Debris netting/shade cloth 'HEULVQHWWLQJLVQHWOLNHPDWHULDOZKLFKLVXVHGZKHQFDUU\LQJRXW construction work on buildings in order to prevent any building debris falling on passers-by.656KDGHFORWKLVTXLWHVLPLODUEXWXVHG WRSURWHFWSODQWVDJDLQVWWKHIXOOVWUHQJWKRIWKHVXQ )LJ$ B).667KHDUFKDHRORJLFDOXVHRIGHEULVQHWWLQJZDVǌUVWGHYHORSHG in the Netherlands and was further developed in the EU MoSS project.677KHGHEULVQHWWLQJIXQFWLRQVLQDVLPLODUZD\WRWKH Fig. 5.13 The method of using polypropylene nets on shipwrecks. The DUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVV7KHLGHDLVWKDWWKHQHWLVORRVHO\IDVWHQHGRYHU sand transported by the current will pass through the tiny holes in the net and settle on the wreck. Drawing: M. Manders. WKHVWUXFWXUHWREHSURWHFWHGVRWKDWLWǍRDWVLQWKHZDWHU )LJ $VZLWKWKHDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVWKHPHWKRGLVGHSHQGHQWRQ WKHUHEHLQJFXUUHQWVDQGVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWLQWKHZDWHU,IWKHUH ZKHQWKH\WLJKWHQGXHWRWKHVHGLPHQWEXLOGXSFDQEHDYRLGHG LVVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWDQGWKHVHGLPHQWLVVXǎFLHQWO\ǌQHWRSDVV Where possible, the long edge of the net should be aligned WKURXJKWKHPHVKWKHVHGLPHQWVZLOOEHVORZHGGXHWRIULFWLRQ perpendicular to the direction of any current in order to trap the FRPHRXWRIVXVSHQVLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\EHFRPHWUDSSHG PD[LPXPDPRXQWRIVHGLPHQW,QVWDOODWLRQRQVLWHLVIDFLOLWDWHGE\ XQGHUWKHQHWFUHDWLQJDEXULDOPRXQGXQGHUZDWHU ensuring that any current is behind the diver when positioning the net, allowing easier roll out of the net and also avoiding entangle- With the use of shade cloth/debris nets one should ensure that PHQW7KHQHWPXVWQRWEHVWUHWFKHGWLJKWRQWKHVHDEHGEXW WKHUHLVVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWRQWKHVLWHDQGKDYHDQLGHDRIZKDW VKRXOGEHORRVH)RUH[DPSOHZKHQFRYHULQJDOHQJWKRIPHWUHV NLQGVRIVHGLPHQWDUHEHLQJWUDQVSRUWHGLQWHUPVRISDUWLFOHVL]H DWOHDVWDIHZPHWUHVRIQHWPRUH !PWU VKRXOGEHUROOHGRXWVR 'HEULVQHWWLQJZKLFKKDVDPHVKVL]HODUJHHQRXJKIRUWKH WKDWWKHUHLVHQRXJKORRVHPDWHULDOWRǍRDWLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ VHGLPHQWWRSDVVWKURXJKVKRXOGDOZD\VEHFKRVHQ2QHW\SHRI QHWZKHUHWKHUHLVDUHFRJQL]HGJRRGFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQ 7KHQHWFDQEHǌ[HGWRWKHVHDEHGHLWKHUZLWKORQJSHJVZKLFK VWUHQJWKDQGPHVKVL]HLVNQRZQDVWKHŠ:LQGEUHDNQHWšRI SHQHWUDWHWKHVHDEHGRUKHDY\PDWHULDOVXFKDVDQFKRUFKDLQRU bJPPHVKVL]H[PP VDQGEDJV )LJ 686PDOOǌVKLQJEXR\VGHVLJQHGWRJLYHWKH QHWEXR\DQF\ZKHQǌ[HGRQWKHVHDEHGKDYHEHHQWULDOOHGDVD 0RVWGHEULVQHWVDUHVXSSOLHGLQPHWUHUROOVZKLFKDUH PHWKRGRINHHSLQJWKHQHWRǋWKHVHDEHG )LJ 69$IWHULQLWLDO PHWUHVZLGH7KHQHWLVH[WUHPHO\EXR\DQWDQGWKHUHIRUHVKRXOG LQVWDOODWLRQPRQLWRULQJRIWKHQHWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW6KRUWO\DIWHU EHZHLJKWHGZKHQLQVWDOOHGXQGHUZDWHUIRUH[DPSOHE\ZUDSSLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQWKHQHWVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGDQGVKDNHQWRUHPRYHDQ\ LWDURXQGDPHWDOURG(\HOHWVRQWKHHGJHVRIWKHQHWVKRXOGEH VHGLPHQWZKLFKLVO\LQJRQWRSDQGDWWDFKIXUWKHUEXR\VLI LQVHUWHGŞEXWDUHXVXDOO\DOUHDG\PDGHLQWKHIDFWRU\ŞERWKWR QHFHVVDU\IRUPRUHEXR\DQF\7KHQHWLVYXOQHUDEOHWRWHDULQJ HQDEOHǌ[LQJRIWKHQHWLQWRWKHVHDEHGDQGMRLQLQJQHWVWRJHWKHU particularly where it is held down or anchored with pins and where When joining the nets together, there should be an overlap WZRPDWVDUHMRLQHGWRJHWKHU,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRFKHFNWKLVDVZHOO between the two. In this way, potential gaps between the nets EHFDXVHWHDUVPD\TXLFNO\XQGRHYHU\WKLQJWKDWKDVEHHQDFKLHYHG

63)RUWKH:DGGHQ6HDVHHKWWSNOLPDDWEXǋHUVQOJZDGGHQVHDJUDVVUHVWRUDWLRQ DFFHVVHG 666HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZVKDGHFORWKVWRUHFRPGHSWVVKDGHFORWKDSSOLFDWLRQV 64 https://www.waddenvereniging.nl/onswerk/zeegrasherstel (accessed KWPO DFFHVVHG DQG0DQGHUV 679RVŞ0DQGHUV Ş 656RPHSURGXFHUVRIGHEULVQHWVDUH8.&RDVWDOQHWVKWWSZZZFRDVWDOQHWVFR 68,QWKH:DGGHQ6HDROG DQFKRURUǌVKLQJ FKDLQVKDYHEHHQXVHGWRZHLJKGRZQWKH XNLQGXVWULDOBPDLQKWP DFFHVVHG nets. On the Avondster site in Sri Lanka, sandbags were rolled into the sides of the 866HYHUDOKWWSZZZPDFUDHVEOXHERRNFRPVHDUFKSURGXFWBFRPSDQ\BOLVW QHWVDQGǌ[HGZLWKFDEOHWLHVWRZHLJKWKHQHWVGRZQ0DQGHUV DQG0DQGHUV FIP"SURGBFRGH DFFHVVHG 6RXWK.RUHD7DVFR/WGKWWS :HHUDVLQJKH ZZZDOLEDEDFRPSURGXFWIUHH6FDǋROGLQJB1HWKWPO DFFHVVHG 69 6HH0DQGHUV HG Ş

124 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

)LJ3RO\SURS\OHQHVFDƢROGLQJQHWLQVWDOOHGRQWKH%=1ZUHFN )LJ7KH%=1ZUHFNFRYHUHGZLWKSRO\SURS\OHQHVFDƢROGLQJQHWV ZLWKbVPDOOEXR\VWRNHHSWKHQHWDƦRDWXQWLOVDQGKDVVHWWOHG photo: courtesy R. Obst. Photo: M. Manders.

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125 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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126 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

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$VLPLODUSURMHFWUHFHQWO\EHJDQLQ6ZHGHQZKLFKVHWRXWWR 7KHRSWLPDOGHSWKRIEXULDOGHSHQGVRQWKHQDWXUHRIWKH YDOLGDWHWKHHǎFDF\RIUHEXULDORIDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDOVLQWKH VHGLPHQWWREHXVHG+RZHYHUDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHHYHQDWKLQ PDULQHHQYLURQPHQW7KHŠ5HEXULDODQG$QDO\VLVRI$UFKDHRORJLFDO FRYHULQJRIVHGLPHQWZLOOOLPLWWKHR[\JHQFRQWHQWVXǎFLHQWO\WR 5HPDLQVšSURMHFWIRFXVHVRQWKHUHEXULDORIDUWHIDFWVIURPWKH prevent the survival of wood borers. Reburying artefacts in one wreck of the Fredericus LQWKH6ZHGLVKLVODQGSRUWRI OD\HUDVZHOODVSURYLGLQJDGHWDLOHGVLWHSODQPDNHVLWHDVLHUWR Marstrand.91$UFKDHRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHUHLQLWLDWHGLQWKH return to the site if objects or ship structures need to be KDUERXUEHFDXVHRIWKHQHHGWRUHLQIRUFHWKHTXD\7ZRPDMRU DFFHVVHGIRUUHVHDUFKRUPRQLWRULQJ7KHPDWHULDOVXVHGLQWKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQVZHUHXQGHUWDNHQ2QHZDVDQH[FDYDWLRQRIWKH reburial, including labels and containers, should be durable. wreck of the frigate Fredericus, sunk in a battle between Sweden DQG'HQPDUNDQGWKHRWKHUZDVDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIDQDUHD ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG5HG%D\DQG0DUVWUDQG DORQJVLGHWKHTXD\ZKLFKUHYHDOHGFXOWXUDOUHPDLQVGDWLQJEDFN SURMHFWVWKH&ODUHQFHSURMHFWVKRXOGDOVREHPHQWLRQHG95 This WRWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KHVHWZRH[FDYDWLRQV\LHOGHG SURMHFWDLPHGVSHFLǌFDOO\DWUHEXULDODQGǌQGLQJFKHDSHUZD\VWR DSSUR[LPDWHO\DUWHIDFWV)XOOFRQVHUYDWLRQWUHDWPHQWRI conduct archaeological research on shipwrecks. DOORIWKHH[FDYDWHGDUWHIDFWVZDVFRQVLGHUHGERWKLPSUDFWLFDO DQGXQQHFHVVDU\IURPDQDUFKDHRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHDQGLWZDV $QRWKHUUHEXULDOKDVEHHQH[HFXWHGDWDVKLSEDUULHUFRQVLVWLQJRI GHFLGHGWKDWŞRIWKHǌQGVZRXOGEHUHEXULHGDIWHUSURSHU KLVWRULFDOVKLSZUHFNVLQWKH%D\RI*UHLIVZDOG7KHEDUULHUZDV DUFKDHRORJLFDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQ IRXQGZLWKDHULDOSKRWRJUDSK\ )LJ$% ,WZDVFUHDWHGLQ ZKHQWKH6ZHGLVKQDY\EDOODVWHGWKHVKLSVVLQNLQJWKHPLQ $PRQJRWKHUPDWHULDOV DVKLSZUHFNUDUHO\FRQVLVWVRIMXVWZRRG DOLJQPHQWLQZDWHUWKDWZDVWRPHWUHVGHHS7RJHWKHUWKH\ PRGHUQZRRGVDPSOHVZHUHOHIWH[SRVHGWRVHDZDWHUDQG IRUPHGDPHWUHGHIHQVLYHEDUULHUZKLFKSUHYHQWHGHQHP\ UHEXULHGDWYDULRXVGHSWKVGRZQWRFP5HVXOWVDIWHUWKUHH ǍHHWVIURPHQWHULQJWKHED\$VRQHRIWKHZUHFNV [PHWUHV \HDUVRIUHEXULDOVKRZHGWKDWWKHVDPSOHVOHIWH[SRVHGWR QHHGHGWREHUHPRYHGWRDOORZWKH1RUG6WUHDPSLSHOLQHWREH seawater were rapidly and heavily degraded by wood borers, ZKLOHbWKRVHFRYHUHGE\VHGLPHQWVZHUHRQO\PLFURELDOO\ degraded.927KHUHVXOWVUHǍHFWWKRVHRQWKH5HG%D\ZUHFNDQG RWKHUH[SHULPHQWVRQWKHUHEXULDORIZRRGDOORIZKLFKVXJJHVW WKDWHYHQDWKLQFRYHULQJRIVHGLPHQWLVVLJQLǌFDQWHQRXJKWR OLPLWWKHDPRXQWRIR[\JHQLQWKHVHGLPHQWWRDGHJUHHWKDW GRHVbQRWDOORZWKHVKLSZRUPWRVXUYLYH93

5HEXULDOFDQEHGRQHXVLQJH[LVWLQJVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWRYHUD VLWH2QHRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXVO\GHVFULEHGPHWKRGV WRFDWFKVHGLPHQWFDQEHDSSOLHG5HEXULDORIWKHVLWHFDQDOVREH GRQHXVLQJJHRWH[WLOHVSODVWLFJHRPHPEUDQHVRUWKHGXPSLQJ RIbFRDUVHUJUDLQHGPDWHULDO JUDYHO WRHQVXUHWKHVHGLPHQWLVQRW UHPRYHG94

/RFDOVHGLPHQWIURPVXUURXQGLQJDUHDVLVRIWHQXVHGIRUUHEXULDO DQGLVJHQHUDOO\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LWVVXLWDELOLW\+RZHYHUWKH SRURVLW\DQGRUJDQLFFRQWHQWRIDQ\VHGLPHQWVKRXOGEH DVVHVVHGDWOHDVWEHIRUHDSSO\LQJ6HGLPHQWVKRXOGLGHDOO\EH Fig. 5.17 A + B The Greifswald ship barrier. The dots on the aerial photo ǌQHJUDLQHGVDQGVZKLFKDUHOHVVSRURXVDQGQDWXUDOO\FRQWDLQ are the wrecks. Photo: courtesy MACHU project.

91%HUJVWUDQG *RGIUH\ HGV 6WHǌ 92*MHOVWUXS%M¸UGDKO 1LOVVRQ 956HHDOVRDQHDUOLHUSDSHURQWKHSRVVLEOHXVHRIWKHUHEXULDORIVKLSWLPEHUVLQ 93 Waddell 1994. *UHJRU\DQGKWWSZZZDKVSSRUJDX DFFHVVHG 947KLVZDVGRQHEHWZHHQH[FDYDWLRQVHDVRQVLQWKHMary Rose project, Staniforth &

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 5.18 Each single shipwreck may tell multiple stories about the past. Together, they tell the history of a people or a country. Figure: courtesy M. Manders.

laid,96 the whole wreck was lifted out of the way and reburied a area to be enjoyed by sports divers, but without further FRXSOHRIKXQGUHGPHWUHVDZD\97 protection.

$ZUHFNQHDUWKHLVODQGRI5HLFKHQDXLQ/DNH&RQVWDQFH 5.4 The ‘single’ object vs landscape approach *HUPDQ\ZDVDOVRUHEXULHGLQDFHUWDLQVHQVH98 This fourteenth- 6KLSZUHFNVKDYHEHHQWKHSULPDU\IRFXVRIXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHR- century shipwreck was lying in such shallow water that the ORJLFDOUHVHDUFKIRUDYHU\ORQJWLPH7KLVKDVQRWRQO\UHVXOWHGLQ DUFKDHRORJLVWVLQFKDUJHGHFLGHGWRWHPSRUDULO\UHPRYHLWIURP an object-focused approach but also in a narrow view regarding the lakebed, investigate it, deepen the hollow in which it was WKRVHZUHFNVDVWLPHFDSVXOHVQRWKLQJOHVVEXWFHUWDLQO\QRWKLQJ found and put the wreck back into it. It was then further protec- PRUH103 This perspective on shipwrecks as enclosed stand-alone WHGZLWKJHRWH[WLOHDQGVDQGEDJV99 REMHFWVKDVKDGDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH)LUVWRIDOOWKHIRFXVKDVEHHQRQ ,QWKH1HWKHUODQGVWKHUHLVDFHQWUDOUHEXULDODUHD7KLVLVWKHǌHOG the ship and the event of its wrecking. This also concerns the GHSRWRIWKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV connection and integrity of the objects belonging to the ship, HVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHVZKLFKKDVEHHQXVHGVLQFHWKHQIRUWKH DOObUHODWLQJWRDFHUWDLQHYHQWDWDFHUWDLQWLPH/HVVHPSKDVLVKDV UHEXULDORIH[FDYDWHGPDWHULDOIURPVKLSZUHFNVLQWKHSROGHUEXW EHHQSODFHGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSODFHWKHVLWHRUORFDO DOVRIURPH[FDYDWHGXQGHUZDWHUVLWHV:RRGLVGHSRVLWHGXQGHU PDULQHHQYLURQPHQW3RVWGHSRVLWLRQDOSURFHVVHVDUHRIWHQQRW the groundwater table.100 Unfortunately, no research has been WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQUHVHDUFKDQGHYHQOHVVIURPWKHSHUVSHF- GRQHWRPRQLWRUWKHHǋHFWV WLYHRIDGGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHSODFH104 0RUHRYHUQRWPXFKHPSKDVLVKDVEHHQSXWRQVKLSZUHFNVLQD 7KHUHEXULDORIVKLSZUHFNVDQGDUWHIDFWVLVGLǋHUHQWIURPWKH ZLGHUFRQWH[WDVSDUWRIWKHPDULWLPHRUEURDGHUFXOWXUDO relocation of wrecks, usually undertaken for other reasons. ODQGVFDSH6LWHVDUHWKHUHIRUHVWLOOPDLQO\LQGLYLGXDOO\DVVHVVHG 6RPHVKLSZUHFNVVXFKDV9$/LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV101 and in an ad-hoc approach, often not taking into account the WKHb*UHVKDP6KLS102LQWKH8.KDYHEHHQUHORFDWHGWRDQRWKHU VLJQLǌFDQFHWKH\KDYHIRUWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHDDQGYLFHYHUVD105

96/¾WK 6WDXGH 104 Research on post-depositional processes on shipwreck sites is certainly not new. 970LHUOR %UHQN 0XFNHOUR\ KDVZULWWHQDERXWWKHPDQGIRUH[DPSOH:DUGHWDOIROORZHG 98 KWWSZZZIRFXVGHSDQRUDPDYHUPLVFKWHVERGHQVHHMDKUHDOWHVVFKLǋ- RQIURPWKLV+RZHYHULWLVVWLOOQRWFRPPRQSUDFWLFHWRLQFOXGHWKLVWRSLFLQUHVHDUFK VZUDFNYRULQVHOUHLFKHQDXHQWGHFNWBDLGBKWPO DFFHVVHG on shipwrecks. 990DLQEHUJHU 105 2QHH[DPSOHWKDWLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVYLHZLVWKHH[FDYDWLRQDQGUHEXULDORIDVKLSZUHFN 100KWWSZZZUJ]PGHQDYLV0XVHD1LVDFQLVKWP DFFHVVHG QHDUWKH,VODQGRI5HLFKHQDXLQ/DNH&RQVWDQFH*HUPDQ\WKDWKDVEHHQGHVFULEHG 1016HH:DOGXV SUHYLRXVO\7KLVVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\ZUHFNDOWKRXJKFOHDUO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKH:RUOG 1027KHVKLSšVRDNWLPEHUVDUHQRZSDUWRIDQŠXQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPšLQ6WRQH\&RYH +HULWDJHLVODQGRI5HLFKHQDXZDVSDUWO\H[SRVHGLQVKDOORZZDWHUVDQGWKHUHIRUH /HLFHVWHUVKLUHZKLFKLVH[SORUHGE\WKHVLWHšVWUDLQHHGLYHUVHDFK\HDU6HH XQGHUWKUHDW,WZDVGHFLGHGWRH[FDYDWHWKHZUHFNSDUWV WKHVKLSDVDFRQVWUXFWLRQ PRUHDWKWWSZZZDQFLHQWRULJLQVQHWQHZVJHQHUDOWKDPHVVKLSZUHFNLGHQWL- DQGWKHQUHEXU\WKHVLWHE\GHHSHQLQJWKHODNHEHGDQGŠVLQNšWKHVLWHGHHSHULQWRWKH ǌHGFKHUDELQHQJOLVKSLUDWHVKLSSLOODJHGTXHHQVWKDVKDGNL&4M-GSXI soil, protecting it afterwards with sandbags. http://www.uwarc.de/reichenau.php DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG DQG0DLQEHUJHUHWDO6HHDOVRWKHH[DPSOHRIWKH 1036HHDOVRGLVFXVVLRQRQWKH3RPSHLLSUHPLVH&KDSWHU shipwreck of Greifswald.

5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

$OWKRXJKWKLVLVDYHU\IRFXVHGDSSURDFKLWKDVQRWFRQWULEXWHG regarded as a well-preserved shipwreck was taken up in the to the recognition that shipwrecks are connected to societies MoSS project.114:LWKLQWKLV(XURSHDQSURMHFWLWEHFDPHFOHDU DQGFXOWXUHVRQVKRUHDQGWKXVWKDWWKH\KDYHVLJQLǌFDQFHIRU WKDWŠZHOOSUHVHUYHGšKDGDGLǋHUHQWPHDQLQJLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV ORFDOFRPPXQLWLHV )LJ 106 WKDQLQWKH%DOWLF6HD$UHDZKHUHWKUHHSDUWQHUFRXQWULHVRIWKH SURMHFWŠPHWš 6ZHGHQ)LQODQGDQG*HUPDQ\ :KLOHLQWKH This has also led to shipwrecks being regarded as accidental Netherlands one criterion was that it had to be possible to fully ǌQGVLQWULQVLFDOO\FRQFOXGLQJWKDWWKHUHKDVEHHQQRFRQQHFWLRQ UHFRQVWUXFWDVKLSZUHFNIURPWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOO\LQYHVWLJDWHG between the wreck and the location in which it was wrecked.107 UHPDLQVLQWKH%DOWLFDŠZHOOSUHVHUYHGšVKLSZUHFNZDVRQHWKDW 7KLVSHUFHSWLRQZLOOFRQWLQXHXQWLOZHEUHDNWKHYLFLRXVFLUFOH$V ZDVXVXDOO\VWLOOVWDQGLQJXSULJKWRQWKHVHDEHGVRPHWLPHVHYHQ ORQJDVJHRORJLFDOJHRPRUSKRORJLFDODQGRWKHUHQYLURQPHQWDO ZLWKWKHPDVWVXSULJKW )LJ 115 The condition of these ships UHVHDUFKLVQRWFRPPRQSUDFWLFHLQVKLSZUHFNUHVHDUFKWKHUHZLOO ZKLFKFDQEDUHO\EHFDOOHGŠZUHFNVš LVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHVWDEOH be no notion of the connection of the site to its historical FRQGLWLRQVRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKH\DUHLQ$VORQJDVQRWKLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDQGWKXVWKLVZLOOQRWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW

This alone is already objectionable, but shipwrecks being UHJDUGHGDVHQFORVHGVWDQGDORQHVLWHVDOVRPDNHVLWDSSDUHQWO\ HDVLHUWRUHPRYHWKHPIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWZLWKZKLFKŞLQWKLV YLHZŞWKH\KDYHQRWKLQJWRGRDQGQRWKLQJLQFRPPRQ108 This UHPRYDOPD\HYHQRFFXUSULRUWRDQ\DUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK109 ,WbLVQRWXQXVXDOWKDWREMHFWVIURPXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH VLWHVDUHVDOYDJHGIURPDVHDRUULYHUEHGLQRUGHUWRLQYHVWLJDWH WKHPRXWRIFRQWH[WDQGWKHVXJJHVWLRQWRGRVRKDVHYHQEHHQ PDGHE\SURIHVVLRQDODUFKDHRORJLVWV110

$VDFRQVHTXHQFHLWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO heritage is still often neglected in the process of developing policies and planning.1110RUHHPSKDVLVVKRXOGEHJLYHQWR FRQQHFWLQJVLWHVWKURXJKDVKDUHGKLVWRU\LQWLPHDQGVSDFH112 There is no better way to link larger areas (e.g. for a World +HULWDJHOLVWLQJ WKDQWKHPDULWLPHFRQQHFWLRQ113

5.5 The in-situ protection of well-preserved shipwrecks )LJ7KH*KRVW:UHFNDVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ SRVVLEO\'XWFK ƦXWH 7LPHDQGDJDLQZHDUHWKULOOHGE\WKHGLVFRYHU\RI\HWDQRWKHU ship in Swedish waters. The ship is extremely well preserved, standing with its masts still upright. Photo: Ghostwreck Project. well-preserved shipwreck. The discussion about what should be

106 Or even land-based archaeologists. FXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWDOVRH[WHQGLQJLQWRWKHDGMDFHQWZDWHUV+RZHYHUWKHXQGHUZDWHU 107 6HHDOVR&KDSWHU FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLWHVŞDOWKRXJKVWURQJO\FRQQHFWHGŞKDYHQRWEHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKH 108Š(HQVFKLSYHUJDDWWZHHPDDOšDVKLSZUHFNVWZLFH(HOPDQ :RUOG+HULWDJH6LWH0DQDJHPHQW3ODQ([DPSOHVDUH4DOšDWDO%DKUDLQWKHDQFLHQW 109([DPSOHVDUHDEXQGDQWVHHIRUH[DPSOH&HGHUOXQG KDUERXUDQGFDSLWDORI'LOPXQ2OG+DYDQDDQGLWVIRUWLǌFDWLRQVWKHROGWRZQRI*DOOH 1102QVHYHUDORFFDVLRQVH[FDYDWLRQRIWKH5RPDQ4XD\LQ&XLMN WKH1HWKHUODQGV KDV DQGLWVIRUWLǌFDWLRQDQGWKH0LFURQHVLDQVWRQHKHULWDJHDVGLVFXVVHGLQŠ&HOHEUDWLQJ EHHQVXJJHVWHGE\UHPRYLQJWKHŠDUFKDHRORJLFDOOD\HUšZLWKDZDWHUGUHGJHRQWRD WKH*HQLXVRI1DYLJDWRUVš&HUHPRQLDO&HQWUHVRIWKH(DUO\0LFURQHVLDQ6WDWHV1DQ VLHYHDIWHUZKLFKWKHLQGLYLGXDOREMHFWVFRXOGEHIXUWKHUSURFHVVHG$QHZSURMHFW Madol and Lelu. SURSRVDOIRUWKHVKLSZUHFNRIWKH/XWLQH VXJJHVWHGPRUHRUOHVVWKHVDPH 1140DQGHUV /¾WK WKLQJDUJXLQJWKDWLWQRWEHUHIHUUHGWRDVDQH[FDYDWLRQEXWPHUHO\DVDOYDJHRSHUDWLRQ 115 ,WUHPDLQVGLǎFXOWWRGHǌQHZKDWŠZHOOSUHVHUYHGšPHDQV7KHVDPHGLVFXVVLRQ because the site would be too disturbed to be of archaeological value anyway. Internal RFFXUUHGGXULQJWKH0R66SURMHFWDQGZDVIRFXVHGRQWKHPRQLWRULQJYLVXDOL]LQJDQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWK5&(5:6DQGWKHSURSRVHGSURMHFWOHDGHUV VDIHJXDUGLQJRIZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNǌQGV7KHVKLSZUHFNVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQFOXGHG 111+RXNHVQ\ the Vrouw Maria DVKLSZUHFNHGRǋWKH)LQQLVKFRDVWWKDWVWLOOKDVLWVPDVW 1126HHDOVRWKHUHPDUNVRQWKHKLVWRU\RIDQDUHDWKURXJKWLPHDQGSODFH VWDQGLQJXSULJKWWKH(ULF1RUGHYDOO DSDGGOHVWHDPHULQ/DNH9DWWHUQ 1138QWLOQRZWKLVKDVQRWEHHQWDNHQXSH[SOLFLWO\DVDVXEMHFWIRU:RUOG+HULWDJH 6ZHGHQLQH[FHOOHQWFRQGLWLRQDQGWKH%=1ZUHFN VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ DOWKRXJK QRPLQDWLRQKRZHYHUWKHUHDUHTXLWHDIHZQRPLQDWHGVLWHVWKDWLPSOLFLWO\IRFXVRQWKLV PDLQO\VXEPHUJHGLQWKHVHDEHGLWLVDFRPSOHWHSRUWVLGHRIDVKLSLQFOXGLQJLWVFDUJR connection, such as the Viking sites in northern Europe and the fortresses on the which can be fully reconstructed. See the publications of the MoSS project at http:// (XURSHDQ&DULEEHDQLVODQGV0DQ\:RUOG+HULWDJHVLWHVKDYHDQHVVHQWLDOPDULWLPH PRVVQEDǌ DFFHVVHG

129 Fig. 5.20 Multibeam recording of HNLMS Koningin Emma der Nederlanden (Queen Emma, scuttled 1943). Figure: Periplus Archeomare.

FKDQJHVWKHVHVKLSVPD\VLWWKHUHIRUDIHZKXQGUHG\HDUVPRUH PHǌQDQFHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQZDVVXEPLWWHG121 before they fall apart. In practice, in-situ preservation consists of Unfortunately, this project was not funded. PRQLWRULQJSRVVLEOHFKDQJHVDQGQRWPXFKPRUH+RZHYHU ZKDWLIWKHVLWXDWLRQFKDQJHV":KDWLIKXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQVKDYH Whether wood, iron or steel, well-preserved shipwrecks protrude JUHDWHUHǋHFWV":KDWLIFOLPDWLFDQGZDWHUFRQGLWLRQVFKDQJH" IURPWKHVHDEHGIRUPHWUHVRUEDVLFDOO\OLHRQWRSRILW )LJ :KDWLILQYDVLYHVSHFLHVVWDUWWRDWWDFNWKHVHVLWHV"&DQZHWKHQ 7KLVPDNHVWKHPYXOQHUDEOHWRPHFKDQLFDODWWDFNE\QDWXUDO SURWHFWWKHVKLSVDJDLQVWWKLVDQGNHHSWKHPSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX" HURVLRQORRWLQJRUǌVKLQJDFWLYLWLHVEXWDOVRWRELRORJLFDOWKUHDWV 7KLVLVVRPHWKLQJWKDWKDVFRQFHUQHGVFLHQWLVWVIRUTXLWHVRPH especially if new invasive species are introduced.122&OLPDWH WLPH7KH%DOWLF6HDLVNQRZQIRUKDYLQJH[FHOOHQWFRQGLWLRQVŞ FKDQJHPD\SURYLGHDKHOSLQJKDQGWRVXFKSURFHVVHVE\ ORZbVDOLQLW\FROGDQGVWDEOHZDWHURQWKHVHDEHGVORZFXUUHQWVŞ FKDQJLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV123 in which to preserve wooden ships, with other locations being WKHb%ODFN6HDLQWKHVRXWKHDVWRI(XURSHDQGWKH*UHDW/DNHV ,IWKLVRFFXUVLWZLOOEHLPSRUWDQWWRGHWHUPLQHKRZZHPDNH EHWZHHQWKH86DQG&DQDGD116 FKRLFHVDERXWZKDWWRSUHVHUYHDQGZKHUH,VWKHDLPWRSUHVHUYH the whole wood structure? The structural integrity of the ship With respect to iron and steel wrecks, just like wooden ship- ZUHFN "7KHQWKHEHVWVROXWLRQPD\EHWRUDLVHDQGFRQVHUYHLW ZUHFNVSUHVHUYDWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRUODFNRIR[\JHQ RUWRUDLVHLWDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\SODFHLWLQDVWDEOHHQYLURQPHQW124 The best preservation areas would be deep, still water. Many iron DQGVWHHOZUHFNVDUHQRW\HW\HDUVROG)RUPDQ\FRXQWULHV &RQVLGHULQJWKHVHGLǎFXOWLHVRISUHVHUYLQJVLWHVLQVLWXLWLV WKLVUHPDLQVDUHDVRQQRWWRSURWHFWWKHP117+RZHYHUWLPHPD\ LPSRUWDQWWRDVNRXUVHOYHVWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV in fact be the only reason why these wrecks have not yet collapsed.118$WSUHVHQWWKHUHLVVWLOODODFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ » Does the site have to be preserved in situ? about how iron and steel wrecks can be well preserved in situ. » 0LJKWZHORVHSDUWRIWKHVWUXFWXUHHJWKHXSULJKWPDVWV" ([SHULPHQWVZLWKVDFULǌFLDODQRGHVKDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQ119 ,I\HVWKHQZHPLJKWEHDEOHWRORZHUWKHKHLJKWRIWKH ,Qb$XVWUDOLDDVSHFLǌFVHPLQDUZDVGHYRWHGWRLURQVWHHODQG construction and cover the site. VWHDPVKLSDUFKDHRORJ\120,QIRUWKHǌUVWWLPHDSURMHFW » 6KRXOGWKHVLWHUHPDLQLQVLWXDQGLIVRGRHVLWQHHGWREHYLVLEOH" SURSRVDO 5H:DU6KLS WRPDQDJHDQGSUHVHUYHLURQDQGVWHHO $QGLQZKDWZD\" ZUHFNV ::DQG::ZUHFNV ZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRIDSURJUDP-

116 %ODFN6HDKWWSRFHDQH[SORUHUQRDDJRYH[SORUDWLRQVEODFNVHDEDFNJURXQG 119 See also Section 5.2. SODQPHGLDVLQRSKWPO DFFHVVHG *UHDW/DNHV&DLQ 120 0F&DUWK\ HG 117)RUWKH1HWKHUODQGVLWXVHGWREH\HDUVPLQLPXPEXWWKLVLVQRORQJHUWKHFDVH 121 7KHSURMHFW5H:DU6KLSZDVSURSRVHGLQVXPPHUIRUWKH+RUL]RQFDOO 7RGD\SURWHFWLRQXQGHUWKH+HULWDJH$FWLVRQO\EDVHGRQWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIWKHVLWH but unfortunately was rejected. 7KH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQKDVDPLQLPXPRI\HDUVROG 122*MHOVWUXS%M¸UGDKO *UHJRU\Ş 118 KWWSZZZGDLO\PDLOFRXNVFLHQFHWHFKDUWLFOH7LWDQLFZUHFN 123'XUHQHWDO FRPSOHWHO\GHVWUR\HG\HDUVQHZUXVWHDWLQJEDFWHULDKWPO DFFHVVHG 124 7RFRPSDUHZLWKWKHDFWLRQWDNHQIRUUHEXULDO+RZHYHUKHUHLWZRXOGEHEHWWHUWR RUKWWSZZZDGYDQFHGGLYHUPDJD]LQHFRPDUWLFOHVOXVLWDQLD FDOOWKLVŠUHSRVLWLRQLQJšUDWKHUWKDQŠUHEXULDOšVLQFHQRFRYHULQJZLOOWDNHSODFH OXVLWDQLDKWPO DFFHVVHG

5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

,QWKHODWWHUFDVHVDFULǌFLDOHOHPHQWVPLJKWZRUNIRUDZKLOH )RUZRRGHQZUHFNVVLJQLǌFDQWWKUHDWVLQFOXGHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI 7KHbVLWHFDQWKHQEHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQVLWXGDWDFROOHFWHGVDPSOHV further physical deterioration and biological deterioration caused of construction can be taken here and there, depending on E\EDFWHULDIXQJLRUZRRGERULQJRUJDQLVPV7KHEDFWHULDOGHFD\ WKHbTXHVWLRQVZHKDYH+RZHYHULWVKRXOGEHDFFHSWHGWKDW LVFRQWLQXRXVHYHQLQHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKYHU\OLWWOHRUQRR[\JHQ WKHbSK\VLFDOTXDOLW\RIWKHVLWHZLOOGHWHULRUDWHDQGPLJKWHYHQ present.127$OWKRXJKZHFDQVWLOOOHDUQLWKDVEHFRPHFOHDUE\QRZ GLVDSSHDURYHUWLPH.QRZLQJWKHUDSLGUDWHRIGHWHULRUDWLRQ WKDWLQORZR[\JHQRUDQR[LFFRQGLWLRQVWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQUDWHZLOO FDXVHGE\VKLSZRUPDFKDQJHLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWFRXOGEH EHYHU\ORZDQGRIQRFRPSDULVRQWRWKHUDSLGDQGKLJKOHYHO disastrous.1257KHVHVLWXDWLRQVUHTXLUHLPPHGLDWHKDQGOLQJ LPSDFWRIGHWHULRUDWLRQE\ZRRGERUHUVVXFKDVVKLSZRUP128 To +RZHYHUWKHEXGJHWVWKDWDUHQHHGHGWRŠVDIHJXDUGšDZHOOSUH- PLWLJDWHWKHVHGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHVVLWHVDUHRIWHQFRYHUHG VHUYHGVKLSZUHFNDQGWKHSURFHVVUHTXLUHGWRREWDLQSHUPLVVLRQ XVLQJWKHGLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVPHQWLRQHGDERYH 6HFWLRQ ,Q WRXQGHUWDNHH[VLWXSURWHFWLRQXQIRUWXQDWHO\XVXDOO\WDNLQJD WKHULJKWFLUFXPVWDQFHVWKLVFDQERWKDOOHYLDWHVFRXUDQGSUHYHQW JUHDWGHDORIWLPHWRQHJRWLDWHRIWHQ\HDUV WKHDFWLYLW\RIZRRGERULQJRUJDQLVPV129

0DQDJHPHQWSODQVWRDFWZKHQH[WUHPHFKDQJHVRFFXUDUH 0RVWLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHVDUHGHYHORSHGVSHFLǌFDOO\IRU XVXDOO\QRWLQSODFH+RZHYHUWKLVPLJKWEHWKHEHVWDQGPRVW XVHDWRQHSDUWLFXODUVLWHRULQDVSHFLǌFHQYLURQPHQWWKXVWKH\ practical solution for these types of sites. This could be incorpo- DUHWDLORUPDGHDQGWKHUHIRUHQRWDOZD\VHDV\WRFRPSDUH UDWHGLQWRULVNDVVHVVPHQWSUDFWLFHV$UHDVWKDWVHHPWREH +RZHYHUWKHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGPD\RIWHQEHSDUWLDOO\DSSOLHGWR H[WUHPHO\VWDEOHPD\QRWLPPHGLDWHO\UHTXLUHDFWLRQEXWWKH other situations. Below are two tables that present an overview FRQVHTXHQFHVRIDQ\FKDQJHPD\EHGUDPDWLF$UHDVVXFKDVWKH RIWKHIDFWRUVRQWKHEDVLVRIZKLFKDQDSSURSULDWHPHWKRGFDQ *RRGZLQ6DQGVLQWKH8.WKH6RXWKHUQ'HOWDRI=HHODQGDQGWKH be chosen. :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVH[SHULHQFHIUHTXHQW 1.7DEOHRXWOLQHVWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRIGLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVIRU FKDQJHVLQWKHVHDEHGZLWKGHYDVWDWLQJHǋHFWRQSUHVHQW GLǋHUHQWW\SHVRIHQYLURQPHQWV underwater cultural heritage. Even here, well-preserved ship- 2.7DEOHVKRZVKRZGLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ wrecks can be discovered, especially when the situation changes PLWLJDWHDJDLQVWVSHFLǌFWKUHDWV drastically. It is then necessary to act quickly and preparations WKDWDQWLFLSDWHSRWHQWLDOFKDQJHVPD\EHWKHRQO\ZD\WRPRYH )RUH[DPSOHJHRWH[WLOHVPD\EHXVHGLQGLǋHUHQWZD\VDVDOD\HU IRUZDUG6WDUWLQJWRGHYHORSPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVRQO\DIWHU SODFHGEHWZHHQWKHVHGLPHQWDQGWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOREMHFWVRU FKDQJHVRFFXUPD\EHDVWUDWHJ\RIWRROLWWOHWRRODWH126 DVDEDUULHUPHWKRGZUDSSLQJREMHFWVRUDVWUXFWXUH7KHVH GLǋHUHQWXVHVPHDQLWPD\EHHǋHFWLYHLQGLǋHUHQWVFHQDULRV 5.6 Choosing the method of in-situ preservation 7KHUXEEHUVKHHWLQJPHWKRGWKDWZDVXVHGRQWKH6WRUD6RǌDLQ 6ZHGHQUHSUHVHQWVYDULRXVPHWKRGVWKDWFRYHUDVLWHEXWZKLFK 5.6.1 Introduction GRQRWDFWLYHO\FDSWXUHVDQG7KHVHNLQGVRIPHWKRGVVKRXOGEH ,IDQLQLWLDODVVHVVPHQWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIDVLWHUHYHDOVWKDW XVHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKIRUH[DPSOHDGGLWLRQDOVDQGGHSRVLWV there are serious natural or other threats, strategies should be LPSOHPHQWHGWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHP,WLVDWWKLVVWDJHWKDWDQ RYHUDOOHYDOXDWLRQVKRXOGEHPDGHRIZKHWKHULWLVGHVLUDEOHDQG IHDVLEOHERWKSUDFWLFDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\WROHDYHWKHVLWHLQVLWX $VPHQWLRQDERYHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQDUH RSWLRQVLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW'HSHQGLQJRQWKH QDWXUHRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHKLVWRULFDODQGDUFKDHRORJLFDO VLJQLǌFDQFHRIDVLWHH[FDYDWLRQIROORZHGE\FRQVHUYDWLRQRU UHGHSRVLWLRQLQDPRUHEHQLJQHQYLURQPHQWPD\EHWKHRQO\ RSWLRQWRHQVXUHWKDWDWOHDVWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVSUHVHUYHG

1256HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHGHYDVWDWLQJHǋHFWRIWKHTeredo navalis on the wrecks in the 2RVWYRRUQVHPHHULVQRZXQGHUWKUHDWRIEHLQJGHVWUR\HGE\WKHTeredo navalis, 2RVWYRRUQVHPHHUKWWSZZZPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDQOPDJD]LQH03 which has been reintroduced into the lake due to the salinization of the water. 03BKWP DFFHVVHG 1276HH&KDSWHU 126 On the Goodwin Sands, the Stirling Castle ZUHFNHG DQGLQWKH6RXWKHUQ 1286HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVDURXQGWKHZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNVLQ Delta, the Roompot ZUHFNHG %RWKDUHZUHFNVWKDWKDYHEHJXQSURWUXGLQJ the Baltic Sea such as the Ghost Wreck or those in the Black Sea. IURPWKHVHDEHGGXHWRVDQGVKLIWV7KH\EHORQJHGWRWKHEHVWSUHVHUYHGVLWHVLQ 129 6HH&KDSWHURQPLWLJDWLRQDJDLQVWPXOWLSOHWKUHDWV northwestern Europe, but have been deteriorating rapidly over the last couple of \HDUV$QRWKHUZUHFNWKDWLVZHOOSUHVHUYHGZLWKWKHERDUGVVWLOOVWDQGLQJDWOHDVW PHWUHVLVWKH2907KLVZUHFNZKLFKOLHVDWPHWUHVGHSWKLQWKH

131 5.6.2 A Western Wadden Sea example: the Burgzand Noord 10 site 7KH%=1VLWHFRQVLVWVRIDVDQG\VHDEHGVRPHǍDWDUHDVDQG undulating seabed with salt water and strong tidal currents. It also OLHVFRPSOHWHO\VXEPHUJHGLQPHWUHVRIZDWHU,WKDVSULPDULO\ been protected physically with polypropylene debris nets. These QHWVVFRUHWRRQDOOSDUDPHWHUVDQGLQSUDFWLFHWKHSRO\SUR- S\OHQHQHWVZRUNH[FHOOHQWO\7KHDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVWKDWZDV LQVWDOOHGLQDQGVKRXOGDOVREHVXLWDEOHIRUWKH HQYLURQPHQWH[FHSWIRUWKHKHLJKWGLǋHUHQFHVRQVLWH

Conditions Type of method Sandbags Debris nets *HRWH[WLOHV $GGHGVDQG $GGHGVWRQH &DJHV Rubber $UWLǌFLDO layer layer VKHHWLQJŶŷ seagrass

Sandy seabed Ž Ŷŵ Rocky seabed - DVEDUULHU -- PHWKRG Pebbles - DVEDUULHU -- PHWKRG Clay Ž Ŷŵ Silt Ž Ŷŵ Tidal movements - Ŷŵ Currents - Ŷŵ Still water - - Wave action ŷ - Ŷŵ Brackish water Fresh water ŶŶ Salt water Shallow water (0-10 m) ź Partly submerged - QRWDVEDUULHU - - PHWKRG Temporarily submerged Ÿ QRWDVEDUULHU Ż - B PHWKRG Depth range 10-50 m Ŷ Deep water (below 50 m) Ŷ Ź ż Flat seabed Undulating seabed - Object slightly protruding from seabed Object strongly protruding --DVEDUULHUPHWKRG -- -- from seabed Ice forming (icebergs) ž -

7DEOH7KHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRIGLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVIRUGLǋHUHQWW\SHV 5 As long as these shallow waters are calm. However, in shallow waters of environments. WKHbHƢHFWVRIVWRUPVDUHXVXDOO\JUHDW (Legend: + to our knowledge the method works in this type of environment; 6 ‘Temporarily submerged’ means there is water movement, the less ++ the method works excellently; - the particular in-situ method has a intensive this is, the better. QHJDWLYHHƢHFWRQWKHVLWHIRUWKLVHQYLURQPHQWQHXWUDOLWKDVQR ,WPD\EHGLƣFXOWWRGHSRVLWWKHVDQGLQWKHULJKWSODFH VSHFLƥFbHƢHFW 8 Stone coverage on soft soil is usually unstable. 6SHFLƥFHOHPHQWVLQDQHQYLURQPHQWZHUHLVRODWHGWRFUHDWHWKLVWDEOH,Q 6WRQHVPD\RƢHUVRPHSURWHFWLRQKRZHYHULFHEHUJVRIWHQKDYHHQRXJK practice, an area always consists of several of the parameters mentioned. force to push the blocks away. Sometimes only one of these parameters prevails, sometimes a combina- 10 Cages protrude from the seabed and are thus vulnerable to all sorts of tion of several. The indications are based on the circumstances in which the things becoming entangled in them. If used, a good foundation should GLƢHUHQWPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQXVHGDQGUHSRUWVRQWKHHƢHFWV EHbFUHDWHGHVSHFLDOO\LQVRIWVHGLPHQWV ,WPD\EHGLƣFXOWWRSXWDOOWKHVDQGEDJVLQWKHULJKWSODFHDWJUHDWGHSWK 11 Polypropylene nets and seagrass need tidal movements to be really 2 Before all the sand has been caught by the nets this kind of protection is HƢHFWLYH7KHVHGRQRWH[LVWLQIUHVKZDWHU vulnerable to damage. :HFRQVLGHUUXEEHUVKHHWLQJQRWWRSURYLGHDVSHFLƥFLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 7KLVZLOORQO\ZRUNZKHQWKHQHWVKDYHKDGWLPHWRFDWFKVXƣFLHQWVDQG method on its own. It does keep sediment on the site but will actively particles when submerged. promote sedimentation on it. The sheeting on its own does not make 7KLVPHWKRGZLOOEHGLƣFXOWWRLQVWDOODWJUHDWHUGHSWKVDQGVHGLPHQW WKHbHQYLURQPHQWDQDHURELF transport is still needed.

132 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

Mitigating Sandbags Debris nets *HRWH[WLOHV $GGHGVDQG $GGHGVWRQH &DJHV Rubber sheeting $UWLǌFLDO layer layer seagrass

$EUDVLRQ - Site erosion - - $UHDHURVLRQ - -- 6KLSZRUP - Gribble - )XQJL - Bacteria - Looting - )LVKLQJ -

Table 5.2. Various physical protection methods and the way they PD\YDU\HQRUPRXVO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHSK\VLFDOLQVLWXSURWHF- PLWLJDWHDJDLQVWVSHFLƩFGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHV WLRQPHWKRGVWKDWQHHGWREHDSSOLHG+RZHYHUDQRYHUYLHZRI (Legend: + to our knowledge the method works in this typical environment; ++ WKHSDUDPHWHUVWKDWRQHQHHGVWRWKLQNRIFDQEHSUHVHQWHGKHUH the method works excellently; - the particular in-situ method has a negative HƢHFWRQWKHVLWHIRUWKLVHQYLURQPHQWQHXWUDOLWKDVQRVSHFLƥFHƢHFW 6RPHLPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHUVWRLQFOXGHLQFRVWFDOFXODWLRQVIRU in-situ protection are: 7KLVWDEOHUHYHDOVWKDWFDJHVDUHHƢHFWLYHDJDLQVWORRWLQJEXWQRWDJDLQVW DQ\bRWKHUGHWHULRUDWLRQIDFWRUV7KH\PD\HYHQKDYHDPRUHQHJDWLYHHƢHFW » 7KHHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKDVKLSZUHFNOLHV especially when there are currents around the site (see also Table 5.1). (depth, visibility, current, stability) However, this is also the only method of physical in-situ protection that helps » The law in the particular country to raise awareness, unlike all the other covering methods (out of sight, out of (dive with professional divers, ship under class, etc.) PLQG :HDOVRVHHWKDWQRQHRIWKHPHWKRGVKDYHPXFKHƢHFWRQWKHOHYHOV » The condition of the wreck of bacterial deterioration. Some erosion bacteria can continue to degrade » 7KHPHWKRGRISURWHFWLRQ the wood in near-anaerobic conditions. We should keep in mind, however, » 7KHFRVWRIPDWHULDOV that these processes are slow. » 7KHPRQLWRULQJVWUDWHJ\WKDWZLOOEHFKRVHQ » The standard of living in the country 5.7 The costs of in-situ preservation ZKLFKLQǍXHQFHVWKHSULFHVRIPDWHULDOVUHQWDOVVDODULHV :LWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHRYHUDOOHYDOXDWLRQDQGGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJSURFHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRSUHVHUYLQJLQVLWXRUQRWD 0DQ\RIWKHDERYHSDUDPHWHUVDUHPRUHRUOHVVFRQQHFWHGWR FRVWEHQHǌWDQDO\VLVVKRXOGDOVREHXQGHUWDNHQ7KLVVWDUWVE\ HDFKRWKHU7KHIUHTXHQF\RIPRQLWRULQJYLVLWVGHSHQGVIRU SURYLGLQJDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHFRVWVRIWKHSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHV H[DPSOHRQWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH WKDWPD\EHWDNHQ:KHQGHǌQLQJWKHFRVWVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYD- ZUHFNDQGWKHPHWKRGRISURWHFWLRQWKDWKDVEHHQFKRVHQ$W WLRQRIDVKLSZUHFNWKHUHDUHPDQ\SDUDPHWHUVWRNHHSLQPLQG WKHVDPHWLPHWKHPHWKRGRISURWHFWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKH 6RPHRIWKHPDUHYHU\REYLRXVZKLOHRWKHUVDUHQRWDVWKH\PD\ HQYLURQPHQWWKHW\SHDQGWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIWKHVLWH KDYHDGHOD\HGDQGRULQGLUHFWHǋHFWRQWKHVLWH7KHGHYHORS- PHQWRIODZVWRSURWHFWVLWHVWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIODZHQIRUFH- Salaries, costs of ship rental, work-related policies and legal PHQWDQGWKHVHWWLQJXSRIDUHJLVWUDWLRQV\VWHPDOOKDYHWREH IUDPHZRUNVYDU\DFURVVWKHZRUOG7KHLULPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHFRVW WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW)XUWKHUPRUHFRVWVPD\YDU\IURPFRXQWU\WR RILQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWFDQEHKXJH130 Within the WreckProtect FRXQWU\DQGRYHUWLPH,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZLIFHUWDLQFLUFXP- SURMHFWǌQDQFLDOGDWDRQLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQSURMHFWVZDVFROOHFWHG VWDQFHVDOUHDG\H[LVWIRURWKHUUHDVRQVIRUH[DPSOHDUHEHLQJ IURPGLǋHUHQWSDUWVRI(XURSH131,WEHFDPHFOHDUWKDWWKH GHDOWZLWKE\RWKHULQVWLWXWLRQV&DOFXODWLQJWKHORQJWHUP SHUVRQQHOFRVWVIRUSURIHVVLRQDOGLYHUVDQGPDULWLPHDUFKDHROR- HFRQRPLFHǋHFWVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQPD\EHYHU\GLǎFXOWEXW JLVWVZHUHWKHPDMRUH[SHQVHVIRUHDFKSURMHFWIROORZHGE\FRVWV WKH\FDQEHHVWLPDWHG7KHǌUVWVWHSDOZD\VLQFOXGHVDQHVWLPD- IRUWKHUHQWDORIGLYLQJYHVVHOVDQGWKHHTXLSPHQWQHFHVVDU\IRU WLRQDQGFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHGLǋHUHQWHǋHFWVRILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ GLYLQJ7KHPDWHULDOFRVWVRIWKHSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHVZHUH $JHQHUDOPRGHOWKDWPLJKWEHXVHGE\FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQD- usually the cheapest.1327KLVPD\EHGLǋHUHQWLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV gers or other stakeholders to calculate general costs and select ZKHUHVDODULHVDUHPXFKORZHUDQGHTXLSPHQWDQGPDWHULDOV VLWHVLVKRZHYHUGLǎFXOWWRSUHVHQW(DFKVLWHKDVLWVRZQ PRUHGLǎFXOWWRDFTXLUH,QDQ\FDVHZHVKRXOGNHHSLQPLQGWKDW LQGLYLGXDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHUHIRUHFRVWV RQO\DUHODWLYHO\VPDOOQXPEHURIZUHFNVKDYHEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQ

130 One can think of the need to sail under class (for insurances) and the consequent VKLSZUHFNZDV

133 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Expenditure 6SHFLƩFFRVWV b 7RWDO&RVW b Travel, food and lodging VLWXLQGLǋHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVDQGPLWLJDWLQJDJDLQVWGLǋHUHQW Personnel WKUHDWV7KLVLVUHǍHFWHGLQWKHPHWKRGVDQGWHFKQLTXHVFKRVHQ Professional diver/ day and also the costs of protection. 0DULWLPH archaeologist/day 7KH6WRUD6RǌDLQ6ZHGHQKDVEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQVLWXDJDLQVWWKH 6KLS H[FOXGLQJ outward/return R[\JHQULFKHQYLURQPHQWWKHG\QDPLFVHDEHGDQGDWWDFNE\ journey) VKLSZRUPE\FRYHULQJWKHVLWHZLWKJUDYHODQGUXEEHUPDWWLQJ133 (TXLSPHQW GLYLQJ gear, containers, 7KHZRUNRQWKLVPHWUHORQJZUHFNWRRNGD\VDQGFRVW FRPSUHVVRUHWF HXURV7KLVLVYHU\PXFKLQOLQHZLWKWKHFRVWVIRUWKH Material for SURWHFWLRQRIWKH%=1ZUHFNLQDOVRDSSUR[LPDWHO\ protection (cable WLHVVFDǋROGLQJ bPHWUHVORQJXVLQJGHEULVQHWWLQJ$OWKRXJKZRUNZDVGRQHRQ nets, labels, etc.) site prior to this and also afterwards,134WKHSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHV 6FDǋROGLQJQHWV WRRNGD\VZLWKDWRWDOFRVWRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\HXURV 6HH UROORI[P Table 5.3: The 70,000 7DEOH 7KHbUHDVRQVIRUSURWHFWLQJWKHVLWHZHUHDOVRVLPLODULW cost for in situ ZDVDVKLSZUHFNWKDWKDGSDUWO\HPHUJHGIURPWKHVHDEHGLQD protection of the G\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQWZLWKDEUDVLRQDQGWKHTeredo navalis as the BZN 10 site. PDLQbGHJUDGHUV WKHZKROHVLWH7KHODUJHVWH[SHQGLWXUHVZHUHWKHSHUVRQQHO ,QFRPSDULVRQVPDOOHUZUHFNVLWHVVHHPWREHPRUHH[SHQVLYHWR FRVWVVKLSDQGGLYLQJHTXLSPHQW SUHVHUYHSHUPHWUHLQOHQJWK7KH=DN\QWKRV:UHFNLQ*UHHFH IRUbH[DPSOHLVRQO\PHWUHVORQJ,WVSURWHFWLRQRIJHRWH[WLOH 7KHOLVWDERYHFOHDUO\VKRZVWKHGLǋHUHQFHVLQH[SHQGLWXUH VDQGEDJVDQGJUDYHOUHTXLUHGHXURVZKLOHWKHSURWHFWLRQ EHWZHHQSHUVRQQHO ERDWUHQWDO GLYHPDWHULDOV RIWKHPHWUHORQJ+§UEºOOH:UHFNLQ'HQPDUNFRVW WUDYHOIRRGDQGORGJLQJFRVWV DQGPDWHULDOFRVWV euros.135+RZHYHULQWHUHVWLQJO\LIZHWDNHWKH*'3RI*UHHFHDQG QRPRUHWKDQRIWKHWRWDOFRVW 'HQPDUNLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGWKHOHQJWKRIWKHZUHFNVDVZHOO WKHQVXGGHQO\WKHFRVWVRIWKHVHWZRZUHFNVDUHYHU\PXFK $UWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVZDVDOVRWHVWHGRQWKH%=1VLWHLQDQG FRPSDUDEOH136)LHOGZRUNLQERWKFDVHVWRRNGD\V 1377KHPHWKRGRORJ\RISODFLQJPDWVRI[PHWUHV SUHSDUHGZLWKDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVVIURQGVZDVGHYHORSHGIRUWKH 5.7.1 A breakdown of costs: the Burgzand Noord RǋVKRUHLQGXVWU\LQLWLDOO\IRUWKHSURWHFWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHU {H[DPSOH SLSHOLQHV:LWKDODUJHIUDPHPDWDIWHUPDWFDQEHLQVWDOOHGRQ $VQRWHGDERYHWKHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQRIWKH%=1ZUHFN the seabed by just one diver. This considerably lowers the H[HFXWHGLQLQWKH'XWFK:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDFRVWURXJKO\ SHUVRQQHOFRVWV7KHPDWVWKHPVHOYHVDUHKRZHYHUVWLOOYHU\ ſ7KHVLWHZDVǌUVWSURWHFWHGLQVLWXLQ*HRSK\VLFDO H[SHQVLYHFRVWLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\WLPHVPRUHWKDQSRO\SURS\- PRQLWRULQJRIWKHDUHDLQKRZHYHUUHYHDOHGVWURQJHURVLRQ lene nets.1387KHVHKXJHLQLWLDOFRVWVPDNHWKHPWRRH[SHQVLYH DQGGDPDJHDURXQGWKHDOUHDG\SK\VLFDOO\SURWHFWHGVLWH7KH IRUPRVWDUFKDHRORJLFDOSURMHFWVWRXVHDWWKHPRPHQW139 &XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGVWKXVGHFLGHGWRDFW E\UHSDLULQJDQGH[WHQGLQJWKHSK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQRIWKH%=1 5.8 To excavate or not, that is the question ZUHFN$GLYLQJWHDPZDVDSSRLQWHGWRSURWHFWWKHZUHFNIURP :KHWKHUWRH[FDYDWHDQGXOWLPDWHO\UDLVHDKLVWRULFDOVKLSZUHFNRU HURVLRQGXHWRWKHWLGDOFXUUHQWV7KHPHWKRGDSSOLHGWRWKHVLWH not, is a topic that generates long discussions, and the decision is ZDVWKHVDPHDVEHIRUHGHEULVQHWWLQJ VFDǋROGLQJQHWV DLPHG RIWHQGHSHQGHQWRQPDQ\SDUDPHWHUV7KHUHDOLW\LVWKDWLQ WRDFFXPXODWHDQGFRYHUWKHUHPDLQVZLWKVHGLPHQWV7KHWHDP DGGLWLRQWRLQWULQVLFYDOXHVHFRQRPLFVDQGEXGJHWVDUHDOVR ZDVPDGHXSRISURIHVVLRQDOGLYHUVDQGPDULWLPHDUFKDHROR- LPSRUWDQWIDFWRUV:RUNLQJSURIHVVLRQDOO\IRUH[DPSOHDFFRUGLQJ JLVW7KHZRUNZDVGRQHLQZHHNV GLYLQJGD\V DQGLQWKDW WRWKH$QQH[RIWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQGHPDQGVWKHSODQQLQJ period a protected layer of debris netting was re-installed over DQGIXOOǌQDQFLQJRIWKHSURMHFWLQDGYDQFH140&DUHIXODQDO\VLVRI

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134 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

WKHHFRQRPLFFRQVHTXHQFHVRIH[FDYDWLRQDQG subsequent raising of the wreck or certain parts is LPSRUWDQW:KDWZLOOEHGRQHZLWKWKHSDUWVDIWHU UHPRYDO":LOOWKH\EHSUHVHUYHG"5HVWRUHG"2UZLOO they be reburied or even destroyed? The calcula- WLRQRIWKHFRVWVRIDQH[FDYDWLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQW WUHDWPHQWLVQRW\HWVWDQGDUGSURFHGXUHEXW JHQHUDOO\WKHFRVWVZLOOEHNQRZQRUHVWLPDWHGWR VRPHH[WHQW+RZHYHUWKHUHDOFRVWVRILQVLWX preservation are often less known and also not IRUPDOO\FRQVLGHUHGEHIRUHPDNLQJDGHFLVLRQ )XQGLQJQHHGHGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGHVSHFLDOO\ UHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHVHNLQGVRIODUJHbREMHFWVRIWHQ depend on public participation.141

More often than being physically protected, sites Fig. 5.21 The Vasa, the Swedish warship that sank in 1628 immediately after its launch, is also DUHOHIWLQSODFHXQPRQLWRUHGDQGZLWKRXWDQ\ an example of a well-preserved ship in Baltic waters. Photo: Karolina Kristensson, the Swedish National Maritime Museums. PLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHVWDNHQ7KHFRQVHTXHQFHLV WKDWPDQ\ZUHFNVDUHVXEMHFWWRFRQWLQXRXV degradation until they disappear. The process is often invisible DVbLWWDNHVSODFHLQWKHVHDRXWRIWKHSXEOLFH\H142 This is the :LWKUHVSHFWWRLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQLWLVDOZD\VLPSRUWDQWWRKDYHD FKHDSHVWRSWLRQRIDOODVDQ\PLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHVFRVWPRQH\ PDQDJHPHQWSODQWRNHHSWUDFNRIDFWLYLWLHVDQGFKDQJHVRQVLWH 7KHFRVWVRILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQFDQRQO\EHURXJKO\FRPSDUHGWR $FWLYHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQLPSOLFLWO\PHDQVWKDWDVLWHKDVEHHQ those associated with the physical raising of a shipwreck, its full YDOXHGKLJKO\DQGLVŠZRUWKšSUHVHUYDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHLWVKRXOGEH FRQVHUYDWLRQDQGGLVSOD\WRWKHSXEOLFLQDVXLWDEOHPXVHXP WDNHQFDUHRIPRQLWRULQJZLOODOZD\VEHUHTXLUHGDIWHUZDUGV144 VHWWLQJ7KHUHDUHVRPHGLǎFXOWLHVLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHWUXHFRVWV 0HDVXUHVWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKUHDWVZLOODOVRKDYHWREHWDNHQ145 of such activities as only a few wrecks worldwide have been 3K\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQRUVLWHVWDELOL]DWLRQPD\KDYHWREHGHSOR\- protected in situ, and only a few large size wrecks have been ed.146 In-situ preservation, in general, and protection in particular, H[FDYDWHGUDLVHGFRQVHUYHGDQGH[KLELWHG143 QRWRQO\PDLQWDLQWKHVLWHLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKDWKDVSUHVHUYHG LWIRUPDQ\\HDUVŞWKXVLIQRWFKDQJHGLQIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV +RZHYHUZHKDYHLQGLFDWLRQVWKDWWKHUHLVDJUHDWGLǋHUHQFH ŞLWDOVRNHHSVLWFRQQHFWHGWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKHODQGVFDSH between the initial costs of in-situ preservation, ongoing in-situ LWbEHORQJVWR147 SURWHFWLRQLWVHOIDQGWKHFRVWVRIWKHUDLVLQJDQGH[VLWXFRQVHU- vation of a wreck. Nevertheless, again there are also huge ,IZHWDNHWKLVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKLVDOVRPHDQVWKDWPDQDJH- GLǋHUHQFHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVLWH7KHSK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQRID PHQWVKRXOGEHH[HFXWHGRQDODUJHUVFDOHH[FHHGLQJWKHVLWH wreck with polypropylene nets in the Western Wadden Sea costs (e.g. wreck) alone. In-situ preservation should, therefore, not just DERXWHXURV DVZHKDYHVHHQLQ7DEOH ZKLOHDQ FRQFHUQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDVLQJOHVLWHEXWWDNHDQDUHD H[FDYDWLRQZLOOFRVWPLOOLRQV,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDOVRPHDQV DSSURDFKWRSUHVHUYLQJVLWHVLQWKHLUFRQWH[W7KLVPD\FRQFHUQ UHJXODUPRQLWRULQJDQGPDLQWHQDQFH WKHIUHTXHQF\LVGHSHQ- DbPXOWLSOHQXPEHURIVLWHVRUDFKDLQRIVLWHVWKDWDUHJHRJUDSKL- dent on such factors as the type of protection, activities in the FDOO\RUKLVWRULFDOO\UHODWHG.HHSLQJWKLVLQPLQGWKHFRVWVRI DUHDFOLPDWHDQGHQYLURQPHQW (DFKPRQLWRULQJYLVLWFRVWVDW in-situ preservation add up. To be able to accredit values to sites, OHDVWHXURV VHH&KDSWHU :KLOHWKLVPD\DGGXSLQWKH one needs to have knowledge, which can only be gained through ORQJUXQH[FDYDWLRQDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQVWRUDJHRUGLVSOD\RI UHVHDUFK7KHUHIRUHDOWKRXJKLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQPD\EH DUWHIDFWVDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIDFROOHFWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDUV FRQVLGHUHGWKHǌUVWRSWLRQLWGRHVQRWDEVROYHXVIURP will also incur ongoing costs. GRLQJbUHVHDUFK

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135 Fig. 5.22 A. The Bremen Cog at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven, Germany, and B. One of the Skudelev ships in the Vikingshipmuseum in Roskilde, Denmark. Photos: M. Manders.

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:KHQDWWHPSWLQJWRHVWLPDWHWKHFRVWVRIUDLVLQJDZUHFNZH PXVWUHO\RQWKHIDFWVDQGǌJXUHVUHODWHGWRSUHYLRXVSURMHFWV DQGWKHFRVWVRIVXEVHTXHQWVWHSVLQWKHRQJRLQJSURFHVV$V )LJ7KH,-VVHOFRJ ƥIWHHQWKFHQWXU\ IRXQGLQWKHULYHU,MVVHOLQ PRVWRIWKHVHSURMHFWVKDYHEHHQH[WUHPHO\ODUJHDQGWKH Kampen, the Netherlands. Photo: M. Manders. ǌQDQFHVQHYHUIXOO\VHFXUHGWKH\ZHUHH[HFXWHGRYHUVHYHUDO GHFDGHVXVLQJPDQ\GLǋHUHQWVRXUFHVRIIXQGLQJDQGDOVRWKH 5.8.1 Costs of ex-situ preservation YROXQWDU\DLGRIPDQ\SHRSOH151 The decision to raise the Vasa in 2QO\DIHZVKLSZUHFNVLQWKHZRUOGKDYHEHHQUDLVHGIURPDVHD IRUH[DPSOHZDVQRWGHWHUPLQHGE\HFRQRPLFIDFWRUVEXW river or lakebed and subsequently conserved and put on display. UDWKHUGULYHQE\HQWKXVLDVPDQGSDWULRWLVP152 The Viking ships in The warships Vasa in Sweden and the Mary Rose are probably the 5RVNLOGHIMRUGZHUHDVLPLODUFDVHH[FDYDWHGLQDVZDVWKH EHVWNQRZQH[DPSOHV )LJ ,QQRUWKHUQ(XURSHWKHUHLVDOVR Mary RoseLQ1537KHGHFLVLRQVZHPDNHWRGD\PD\EHQR WKH%UHPHQ&RJDQGWKH9LNLQJVKLSVIURP5RVNLOGH GLǋHUHQWKRZHYHUWKHORQJWHUPǌQDQFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVZLOORIWHQ )LJ$% ,QHDUO\DPHGLHYDOFRJZDVUDLVHGIURPWKH need to be known before taking the step to raise the wreck. Risk ,-VVHOULYHULWZLOOEHFRQVHUYHGUHVWRUHGDQGSXWRQGLVSOD\LQWKH DVVHVVPHQWVDUHDYHU\LPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKLVH[HUFLVH/RRNLQJ PXQLFLSDOLW\RI.DPSHQ )LJ 148 In the Mediterranean, at the cases of the Mary Rose and the Vasa, it is apparent that the

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136 5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

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154 7KH9DVD0XVHXPKDGPLOOLRQYLVLWRUVLQ KWWSZZZYDVDPXVHHWVHHQ 155 KWWSZZZYLVLWVWRFNKROPFRPHQ6HHGR$WWUDFWLRQVWKHYDVDPXVHXP 3UHVV9DVDLQEULHI:KRYLVLWV9DVD VHHDOVRKWWSZZZWKHORFDOVH DFFHVVHG VZHGHQVYDVDVDLOVLQWRZRUOGVWRSPXVHXPVOLVW DFFHVVHG )RUWKH 156)RUDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHHFRQRPLFLPSDFWRIFXOWXUDOEXLOGLQJVVHH/ORS Mary RoseWKHYLVLWRUQXPEHUVZHUHDWZHHNVDIWHUUHRSHQLQJLQ0D\ $UDX]R&DURG KWWSZZZPDU\URVHRUJYLVLWRUVDFFHVVHG

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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$UFKDHRORJLVWVFDQUHVHDUFKGRFXPHQWDQGUHJLVWHUHYHU\SDUW Fig. 5.25 Drawing of the Vrouw Maria, a Dutch ship that sank in 1771 in of the ship on land or under water. Working on land is often Finnish waters. Figure: courtesy National Board of Antiquities, Finland. TXLFNHUVDIHUDQGSURYLGHVPRUHGHWDLO ODUJHUSHUFHSWLRQJULG $OObWKHVHGHFLVLRQVDOVRKDYHWREHPDGH&RQVHUYDWRUVVWDUWE\ VRXUFHVDQGLQGLǋHUHQWFRXQWULHV+RZHYHUXOWLPDWHO\ZHFDQ FOHDQLQJDQGVWRULQJWKHZRRGLQZDWHUWDQNV$IWHUFOHDQLQJDQG REWDLQDJRRGLPSUHVVLRQRIWKHFRVWVLQYROYHGLQWKHIXOO GRFXPHQWLQJWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQWUHDWPHQWFDQVWDUW7KLVPD\EH conservation of a historic shipwreck.160 GRQHE\LPSUHJQDWLRQZLWKSRO\HWK\OHQHJO\FRO 3(* EXWRWKHU PHWKRGVDUHDOVRXVHG7KLVSURFHVVFRXOGWDNHIURPWZRWRWHQ $VWKHUHKDYHEHHQGLVFXVVLRQVUHFHQWO\RQUDLVLQJWKH*KRVW \HDUVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSK\VLFDOVWDWHRIWKHZRRGWKHPHWKRG :UHFNIRXQGQHDU*RWODQGLQWKH6ZHGLVK(FRQRPLF=RQHWKH used and the process of drying, either by freeze-drying or control- Vrouw MariaLQ)LQQLVKZDWHUVDQGWKHPHGLHYDOFRJLQWKH,-VVHO led drying.157$IWHUWUHDWPHQWWKHZRRGHQSDUWVDUHDJDLQFOHDQHG ULYHULQWKH1HWKHUODQGVWKHVHǌJXUHVFRXOGKDYHJUHDWVLJQLǌ- DQGWKHUHVWRUDWLRQSURFHVVVWDUWV7KLVLVWKHPRPHQWWKDWSDUWVRI FDQFHLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI the construction, if necessary, are put together and the wreck is WKHVHǌQGV )LJ 161 When considering such a large project, UHPRGHOOHGZLWKDWWHQWLRQWRWKHDHVWKHWLFHOHPHQWVLWLVSUHSDUHG LQYROYLQJWKHH[FDYDWLRQFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGGLVSOD\RIDVKLSZUHFN IRUH[KLELWLRQ6SHFLDOVXSSRUWFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUWKHWLPEHUDQG LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRGHYHORSDEXVLQHVVPRGHOWKDWLQFOXGHVVRFLDO FOLPDWLFFRQWURORIKXPLGLW\LQWKHEXLOGLQJLVDUHTXLUHPHQW VRIW SDUDPHWHUVUHJDUGLQJDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDQGSURPRWLRQ RIbSULGHDQGLGHQWLW\DVWKLVLVRIWHQWKHUHDVRQIRUXQGHUWDNLQJ Wrecks can be conserved for storage or display. In the latter such an endeavour), before the decision to undertake such a FDVHFRQVHUYDWLRQPXVWEHIROORZHGE\WKHUHVWRUDWLRQSURFHVV SURMHFWLVPDGH The work connected to the display of a wreck creates an HQRUPRXVGLǋHUHQFHLQFRVWV)RUH[DPSOHWKHH[KLELWLRQRID The Mary RoseZKLFKLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPHVL]HDVWKH%=1 wreck often requires a large building and all sorts of display ZUHFNKDVFRVWDERXWPLOOLRQHXURWRFRQVHUYHDQGSXWRQ facilities and other direct costs for restoration (cleaning, putting GLVSOD\ZKLOHWKHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQRIWKH%=1ZUHFNRQWKH the pieces back together, creating structural support, etc.). %XUJ]DQGLQFRVWDURXQGPLOOLRQHXUR162 While the BZN ZLOOEHNHSWLQLWVŠRULJLQDOšFRQWH[W163DQGLQVRPHFDVHVWKLV The costs of conservation and restoration are also partly related HYHQSURYLGHVEHWWHUWHPSRUDU\SURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWGHJUDGDWLRQ WRWKHDPRXQWRIZRRGWKDWQHHGVWREHWUHDWHG7KLVFDQYDU\ WKDQWKHUDLVLQJRIDZUHFNLWPD\QRWIXOǌOWKHZLVKHVRIDODUJHU HQRUPRXVO\158 The size and condition of the hull are thus JURXSRIVWDNHKROGHUVZKRZRXOGOLNHJUHDWHUHQMR\PHQWRILW LPSRUWDQW,WKDVSURYHQGLǎFXOWWRREWDLQFRPSOHWHǌJXUHVIRU 7KHbŠSRZHUšRIHQMR\PHQWLVGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHU the cost of the full conservation of a large ship.159$VLJQLǌFDQW SDUWRIWKHǌQDQFLDOǌJXUHVIRUWKHVLWHVFRPSDUHGLQWKH ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHFRVWVRILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ :UHFN3URWHFWSURMHFWZHUHHVWLPDWHGDIWHUZDUGVDQGSDLGIRU DVLVVKRZQDERYHLQUHODWLRQWRWKH%=1FRQFHUQRQO\RQH RYHUPDQ\\HDUVWKURXJKPDQ\GLǋHUHQWSULYDWHDQGSXEOLF step in the entire in-situ protection strategy, as laid out in the

157)RUPHWKRGVRIFRQVHUYDWLRQVHHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSQDXWDUFKWDPXHGX&5/ &URDWLD&KULVWRSKHU'REEVRIWKHMary Rose Trust outlined the total costs related to FRQVHUYDWLRQPDQXDO DFFHVVHG the Mary Rose+HZDVDEOHWRGLYLGHWKHPLQWRIROORZLQJFDWHJRULHV 158 1HZSRUWVKLS IRXQGRQODQG FRQVLVWHGRIFXELFPHWUHVZKLOHWKH5RVNLOGH ePLOOLRQ ſPLOOLRQ IRUWKHUDLVLQJRIWKHVKLS VLGHFRQVLVWHGRIRQO\FXELFPHWUHV ePLOOLRQ ſPLOOLRQ IRUPDQDJHPHQWWRGDWH 159 *MHOVWUXS%M¸UGDKO *UHJRU\ HGV ePLOOLRQ ſPLOOLRQ IRULPSUHJQDWLRQFRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKHKXOO HVWLPDWLRQ 160 0DQGHUV HG 7KXVDWRWDORIePLOOLRQ DERXWſPLOOLRQ IRUUDLVLQJDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQ0XFKRI 161 The raising of the Vrouw MariaDQGWKH*KRVW:UHFNUHPDLQVLQWKHUHDOPRILGHDV WKHXQGHUZDWHUH[FDYDWLRQZRUNZDVGRQHRQDYROXQWDU\EDVLVDQGZDVQRWLQFOXGHG VHH$OYLNHWDOKWWSZZZEXUHDXVODQOEDWDYLDODQGOHO\VWDG DFFHVVHG 7KLVZRUNZDVHVWLPDWHGDWSHUVRQPRQWKVLQDFWLYHGLYLQJWLPHZKLFKFDQEH 7KH,-VVHOFRJZDVH[FDYDWHGLQDQGUDLVHGLQ)HEUXDU\7KH URXJKO\HVWLPDWHGWRFRVWePLOOLRQ ſPLOOLRQ )XWXUHFRVWVIRUDQDGHTXDWH ZUHFNZLOOŞLILWLVDVFRPSOHWHDVH[SHFWHGDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHZRRGLVJRRG EXLOGLQJIRUGLVSOD\DUHHVWLPDWHGDWePLOOLRQ DERXWſPLOOLRQ QRWLQFOXGLQJDOO HQRXJKŞEHFRQVHUYHGDIWHUZDUGV)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHKWWSZZZ VHUYLFHV,IZHVXPPDUL]HWKHFRVWVDQGLQFOXGHGLYLQJDQGEXLOGLQJWKHHVWLPDWHG NDPSHUNRJJHQOZUDNBLMVVHOBNRJJHBNDPSHQGRZQORDGB3UHVHQWDWLH WRWDOFRVWLVDERXWſPLOOLRQ7KLVLVH[FOXGLQJWKHQHZEXLOGLQJIRUWKHMary Rose that .DPSHQ$2SGI DFFHVVHG KWWSZZZOLYHVFLHQFHFRPSKR- RSHQHGLWVGRRUVLQ7KHſIRUWKH%=1ZUHFNGRHVQRWLQFOXGHWKH WRVPHGLHYDOGXWFKVKLSZUHFNKWPO DFFHVVHG FRVWVRIRWKHUSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHVDQGPRQLWRULQJ 1620DQGHUV HG ,QDWWKH$5&1DXWLFD&RQIHUHQFHLQ'XEURYQLF 163 6HHDOVR&KDSWHU

5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

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139 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

1HWKHUODQGVWKH4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVIRU'XWFK$UFKDHRORJ\GR be preserved and what value(s) we think should prevail, because WKHbVDPH172 DbVLWHZLOOEHSUHVHUYHGLQDGLǋHUHQWZD\GHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHULW needs to be protected for future research or so it can be enjoyed There are thus several reasons to choose in-situ protection or by sports divers. The protection of underwater archaeological H[FDYDWLRQ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQSURWHFWLRQFRQVHUYDWLRQDQG VLWHVZLOODOZD\VEHLQSDUWLQGLYLGXDOO\FXVWRPL]HGWRDFFRPPR- VWDELOL]DWLRQDUHŞDVLVH[FDYDWLRQŞWRROVIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQW date the unique qualities of each site. RIbRXUHQRUPRXVO\ULFKFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRORRN IRUbDEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHGLǋHUHQWPHDVXUHVWKDWFDQEHWDNHQ 7KHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRUUHEXULDORIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPDLQV ([FDYDWLRQLVSDUWRIWKHDUFKDHRORJ\WRROER[ZKLOHLQVLWX VKRXOGEHHQYLVDJHGDVDWRROWKDWPD\EHXWLOL]HGLQDQRYHUDOO preservation, conservation or site stabilization are not.173 PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DQGQRWDVDPHDQVWRDQHQGLQLWVHOI$W 7KHVHbDUHWRROVRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KXVWKHUHLV SUHVHQWLQVLWXPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVDUHRIWHQUHDFWLYHWKDW DQHVVHQWLDOGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZR:KLOHDUFKDHRORJ\ LVDVLWHLVGLVFRYHUHGEHFDXVHLWKDVEHHQH[SRVHGDQGWKHQD strives to reconstruct what has happened by studying the GHFLVLRQDERXWKRZWKHVLWHZLOOEHPDQDJHGPXVWEHPDGH PDWHULDOZLWQHVVHVRIWKLVSDVWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLV 7KHUHIRUHLQWKHFRPLQJ\HDUVWKHVHDUFKIRUWHFKQLTXHVWKDW WKHSURIHVVLRQWKDWGHDOVZLWKWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVHPDWHULDO FDQGLVFRYHUVLWHVEHIRUHWKH\DUHH[SRVHGDQGEHJLQWRGHWHULR- witnesses in the present. In-situ preservation is one of the tools rate will be the challenge. If successful, we will be able to better RIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWDQGHVVHQWLDOZKHQGHDOLQJZLWK protect archaeologically valuable sites before active deterioration WKLVH[WUHPHDEXQGDQFHRIKHULWDJHLQDUHVSRQVLEOHZD\ occurs. In addition, by being able to look into the seabed, the site PD\EHEHWWHUFRQQHFWHGWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHDZLWKLWVIRUPHU 5.10 Conclusions on methods used for in-situ FRQWHPSRUDU\VHDEHGVXUIDFHV,WVYDOXHŞEHLQJWUXO\LQVLWXDQG preservation and future directions VWLOOSDUWRIWKHKLVWRULFDOVHDEHGOD\HUVŞFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHG ,QWKHODVWWZRGHFDGHVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWIRFXVLQXQGHUZDWHU ZLWKRXWH[FDYDWLRQ archaeology has been on in-situ preservation and the develop- PHQWRIDSSURSULDWHSROLFLHVDQGOHJLVODWLRQWRSROLWLFDOO\JDOYDQL]H $QLVVXHWKDWPXVWEHGLVFXVVHGDPRQJVFKRODUVLVWKHSRVVLELOLW\ WKHVHWUHQGV+RZHYHULQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVQRWDVVWUDLJKWIRU- of the in-situ preservation of intact sunken ships. These vessels ZDUGDVLWVHHPVSRVLQJPDQ\VLJQLǌFDQWTXHVWLRQVIRUWKRVH FDQKDUGO\EHFRQVLGHUHGŠZUHFNVšVLQFHWKH\VWDQGDOPRVW FRQVLGHULQJWKLVRSWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHZKDWDUHWKHPDMRU FRPSOHWHO\XSULJKWRQWKHVHDEHG7KLVLVVXHLVPRUHUHOHYDQWLQ GHJUDGDWLRQIDFWRUVDǋHFWLQJDVKLSZUHFNVLWHDQGZKDWWHFKQL- VRPHSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG)RUH[DPSOHWKH%DOWLFWKH$UFWLFWKH TXHVFDQEHVXLWDEO\HPSOR\HGWRKDOWRUDWOHDVWGHFUHDVHWKH Black Sea and the Great Lakes are known to have such well- rate of deterioration? It should be clear that in-situ preservation SUHVHUYHGVLWHV7KH\DUHLQYHU\VWDEOHHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKQHDU RIWHQUHTXLUHVDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWXVLQJGLǋHUHQWŞRIWHQ DQR[LFFRQGLWLRQV'XHWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHWKHVHYHVVHOVPD\EH WDLORUPDGHŞFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGV WKUHDWHQHGE\QHZGHJUDGDWLRQIDFWRUVDQGEXULDOPD\QRWEHD ORJLVWLFDOO\YLDEOHRSWLRQ:HOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNVLWHVPD\DOVR ,QWKHODVW\HDUVPDQ\H[SHULPHQWVXVLQJGLǋHUHQWSURWHFWLRQ EHIRXQGLQRWKHUDUHDV'\QDPLFDUHDVVXFKDVWKH*RRGZLQ WHFKQLTXHVKDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQLQDVPDQ\GLǋHUHQWHQYLURQ- 6DQGVLQWKH8.WKH6RXWKHUQ'HOWDDQGWKH:DGGHQ6HDLQWKH PHQWV6RPHRIWKHVHSURWHFWHGVLWHVKDYHEHHQOLWWOHPRQLWRUHG 1HWKHUODQGVPD\KDYHOHGWRZRRGHQVKLSZUHFNVEHLQJUDSLGO\ ZKLOHDOPRVWQRSUHQRUSRVWUHEXULDOPRQLWRULQJKDVEHHQ EXULHGE\QDWXUDOSURFHVVHV([DPSOHVLQFOXGHWKHStirling Castle XQGHUWDNHQZKLFKPDNHVHYDOXDWLRQRIWKLVSDUWLFXODUWHFKQLTXH RQWKH*RRGZLQ6DQGVDQGWKHRoompot LQWKH H[WUHPHO\GLǎFXOWDQGDOPRVWLPSRVVLEOH6RPHJHQHUDOUXOHV 6RXWKHUQ'HOWDRIb=HHODQGLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KHStirling Castle KRZHYHUFDQEHGUDZQXSEDVHGRQWKHPDQ\SURMHFWVH[HFXWHG KDVEHHQZHOOSUHVHUYHGIRUDOPRVWWZRFHQWXULHVEXWLVQRZ including those in the Western Wadden Sea. XQGHUPDMRUWKUHDWGXHWRQDWXUDOHURVLRQRQVLWHZKLOHWKH RoompotKDVPDQDJHGWRVWD\FRYHUHGE\VHGLPHQWIRUDERXW )LUVWO\PLWLJDWLRQPXVWIRFXVRQWKHPRVWGHJUDGLQJIDFWRUV,I \HDUV7KHbVDPHNLQGVRIZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSZUHFNVPD\EHIRXQG SRVVLEOHGLǋHUHQWWKUHDWVVKRXOGEHSUHYHQWHGRULQKLELWHGXVLQJ in the Western Wadden Sea at those places where the seabed has RQHPHWKRG6HFRQGO\LQDGGLWLRQWRPLWLJDWLRQDJDLQVWWKHPRVW EHHQVWDEOHIRUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH,QIDFWWKLVSRWHQWLDOKDV VLJQLǌFDQWSK\VLFDOPHFKDQLFDOELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQGKXPDQ already been proven by the discovery of the seventeenth-century WKUHDWVLWLVDOVRYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRGHWHUPLQHZK\WKHVLWHVKRXOG %=1ZUHFNZKLFKLVSUHVHUYHGXSWRLWVǌUVWGHFN174

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5. How do we physically protect underwater heritage sites in situ?

(YHQLIZHOOSUHVHUYHGVKLSVUHPDLQLQUHDVRQDEO\VWDEOHHQYLURQ- LQWKH:DGGHQ6HDGXHWRLWVPRUHYLROHQWFRQGLWLRQV+RZHYHU PHQWVWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKDWWRGRZLWKWKHPVWLOOUHPDLQV$W HYHQKHUHODUJHZHOOSUHVHUYHGFRQVWUXFWLRQVPLJKWEHIRXQG great depths (e.g. the Ghost Wreck, the Titanic LQUHPRWHSODFHV 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHUHDUHVXFKH[DPSOHVLQWKHFRPSDUDEOH HJWKH$UFWLF DQGFRYHUHGLQVHGLPHQWLWLVQRWOLNHO\WKH\ZLOOEH Southern Zeeland Delta and the Goodwin Sands suggest this easily enjoyed by sports divers, and should this be the case, it FRXOGZHOOEHWKHFDVH,WPD\QRWKDSSHQWKDWRIWHQEXWZKHQLW ZRXOGSRVHDQLPPHGLDWHWKUHDWWRWKHVLWHV7KHPDLQWKUHDWWR GRHVWKHPLWLJDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVVKRXOGEHIRFXVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDW ZHOOSUHVHUYHGVLWHVLQVWDEOHHQYLURQPHQWVPD\ZHOOEHWKHVORZ these sites are unique and thus that a unique response is EXWFRQWLQXRXVEDFWHULDOGHJUDGDWLRQ(YHQPHWDOVKLSZUHFNV required, such as the decision to raise the wreck. face such threats.175([VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLQWKHIRUPRIUHPRYDO DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQLVH[WUHPHO\H[SHQVLYHEXWWKHGLǋHUHQW The choice of whether to preserve in situ or not, will not only RSWLRQVKDYHWREHFRQVLGHUHGDQGDPDQDJHPHQWSODQLQFOXGLQJ GHSHQGRQWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHGLUHFWFRVWVRILQVLWXSUHVHU- DGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPVKRXOGEHLQSODFH176 The reasons for YDWLRQDQGH[FDYDWLRQ7KHUHDUHRWKHULVVXHVDQGFRVWVLQYROYHG protecting a site in situ or not, should be clear to archaeologists, DVZHOO7KH\PD\IRUH[DPSOHFRQFHUQWKHFRVWVRIDYRLGLQJWKH FRQVHUYDWRUVVFLHQWLVWVSROLF\PDNHUVDQGWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF site (see Valletta Treaty), or the possible dangers a wreck creates 7KLVPHDQVWKDWXQLYHUVDOFULWHULDVKRXOGEHGHYHORSHGDQG E\OHDYLQJLWRQWKHVHDEHG+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDOVRWKHTXHVWLRQRI DGRSWHGE\WKHPDULWLPHDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPPXQLW\ ZKDWZHPLJKWJDLQE\H[KLELWLRQ+HUHLVLWDSSDUHQWWKDW H[FDYDWLRQZLOOUHPDLQDQRSWLRQ7KXVLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQG If we look at the cost of in-situ preservation it is evident that, H[FDYDWLRQDUHERWKWRROVRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW especially in Europe, personnel costs are the highest, while the LQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPDWHULDOV QRWSURGXFHGLQ(XURSH DUHRIWHQ ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQVWDQWO\DVN:K\GRZHZDQWWRSUHVHUYH the cheapest. When we consider preservation in situ, there are VLWHVLQVLWX"0RUHRYHULWLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRLGHQWLI\ZKRZDQWV DbIHZRWKHUNH\LVVXHVWKDWQHHGWREHDGGUHVVHGVRPHEHIRUH WRGRVR:HKDYHWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKDWWKHUHDUHGLǋHUHQWYLHZV ZHWDNHWKHGHFLVLRQWRGRVRVRPHGXULQJDQGVRPHDIWHUZDUGV DERXWZKDWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQHQWDLOV7KHVHYLHZVPD\FKDQJH IURPVWDNHKROGHUWRVWDNHKROGHUEHFDXVHGHǌQLWLRQVKDYHQRW $GLVFXVVLRQPD\DULVHRQWKHGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQUHEXULDODQG EHHQVHWLQVWRQHDQGGLǋHUHQWDFWRUVZLOOKDYHWKHLURZQLGHDO LQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ,QDZD\PRVWLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHV V\VWHP7KLVPD\UDQJHIURPDFKHDSPHWKRGWRGHDOZLWK will result in the reburying of a site. Most of the sites that have FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWRWKHQHHGWRKDYHDGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHP EHHQGLVFRYHUHGDUHXQFRYHUHGGXHWRHURVLRQSURFHVVHV$IWHU ZLWKPDQDJHPHQWSODQVLQSODFHWRUHVSRQVLEO\PDQDJHRXU H[FDYDWLRQVHDVRQVVLWHVKDYHWREHSURWHFWHGDQGUHEXULDORIWHQ underwater cultural heritage. The reasons behind a decision to WDNHVSODFH(QWLUHZUHFNVRUYDULRXVREMHFWVPD\DOVREH XQGHUWDNHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQPD\WKHUHIRUHQRWEHH[DFWO\WKH UHPRYHGDQGUHEXULHGDWDGLǋHUHQWORFDWLRQIURPZKHUHWKH\ VDPHIRUHDFKVWDNHKROGHURUIRUHDFKVLWH:HQHHGWKHUHIRUH ZHUHIRXQG+HUHWKHUHLVDGLǋHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLQFH WRGHWHUPLQHZKDWWKHVHUHDVRQVDUHDQGVWDUWGLVFXVVLRQVZLWK in-situ protection entails the preservation of the site itself, the GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVEHIRUHLPSOHPHQWLQJDQ\LQVLWXSURWHF- original place of deposition. WLRQPHWKRGV,IZHGRQRWZHPD\HQGXSZLWKDKHULWDJHWKDWLV WRRH[SHQVLYHWRPDLQWDLQRUWKDWLVPDQDJHGDJDLQVWWKHZLVKHV This brings us to the issue of shipwrecks as sites versus archaeo- RIRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUV8OWLPDWHO\WKLVPD\PHDQORVLQJWKHPDV logical landscapes that include shipwrecks. Shipwrecks are shareholders of this heritage. connected to the location in which they are found, in one way or DQRWKHU7KH\DUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHODQGVFDSHDQGFRPELQHG ZLWKLWWKH\IRUPWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHSODFH,IZHFRQVLGHUVKLS- ZUHFNVDVDFFLGHQWDOǌQGVWKHQWKHUHLVQRFRQQHFWLRQZKDWVRH- YHUWRWKHSODFHDQGRQO\WKHZUHFNVWKHPVHOYHVDUHWKHIRFXVRI FRQFHUQRUSKDQHGIURPWKHLUVXUURXQGLQJV

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141 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

6. M. Manders. Photo: on a ship. RWS inspecting multibeam recordings Monitoring the effects of

in situ preservation veyors 6.1 Sur ofFig.

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6. Monitoring the effects of in situ preservation

6.1 Introduction PHWKRGVRUFRULQJFDQEHXVHGRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVH ,QVWDOOLQJLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQLVQRWWKHǌQDODFWLYLW\DQGWKXVDOVR PHWKRGV4%\XVLQJDFRPELQDWLRQRIPHWKRGVGLǋHUHQW QRWWKHǌQDOLQYHVWPHQWLQXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV,Q HOHPHQWVRIDVLWHFDQEHLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHVLWHLQLWVEURDGHU VLWXSURWHFWLRQUHTXLUHVFRQWLQXRXVPRQLWRULQJEHFDXVH FRQWH[WLWVQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHZUHFN ORQJWHUPVWDELOLW\LVRIWHQQRWJXDUDQWHHGLQQRQKRPRJHQRXV DQGWKHPDWHULDOVRIZKLFKLWFRQVLVWV0DQ\RIWKHVHPHWKRGV HQYLURQPHQWV16LQJOHHYHQWVVXFKDVVWRUPVRUKHDY\FXUUHQWV KDYHEHHQWHVWHGLQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW PD\OHDYHDZUHFNWRWDOO\RUSDUWO\XQSURWHFWHGRYHUQLJKW2 More LQbWKH1HWKHUODQGVIRUDQXPEHURI\HDUV7KH%XUJ]DQGDUHDKDV JUDGXDOLQVLGLRXVDQGGHOD\HGSURFHVVHVDOVRKDYHHǋHFWVRQ often been used as a testing site. WKHVHVLWHVZKLFKRIWHQUHPDLQXQVHHQ7KHUHIRUHDPDQDJH- PHQWSURJUDPPHRUSODQDLPLQJWRPRQLWRUWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKH Monitoring is an essential part of underwater cultural heritage protective layer and the erosion of the site is necessary.3 PDQDJHPHQWDQGDOVRFUXFLDOIRUWKHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDVSHFWRI PDQDJHPHQW,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQVKRXOGQRWFHDVHDIWHULQLWLDO Monitoring entails observation. It concerns observing changes at PHDVXUHVKDYHEHHQWDNHQDQGWKHVLWHKDVEHHQVWDELOL]HG7KH DQDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHRYHUDFHUWDLQ RIWHQSUHGHǌQHG VSDQRI SK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQRIDVLWHZLOOQHYHULPSURYHLWFDQRQO\EHFRPH WLPH$VVWDWHGSUHYLRXVO\LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQZLWKRXWDPRQLWR- ZRUVH7KXVLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRLGHQWLI\DQGPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKH ULQJSURJUDPPHLVLQGHHGVLPLODUWREUXVKLQJVLWHVXQGHUWKH WKUHDWVDQGWRVORZGRZQWKHGHJUDGDWLRQSURFHVVHVDVPXFKDV carpet. It would be a sign of pure neglect. Unfortunately, this is ZHFDQ'HWHUPLQLQJWKHVHWKUHDWVPXVWEHGRQHE\DQDVVHVV- still what often happens. PHQWRQWKHVLWHOHYHO7KLVZDVDGGUHVVHGLQ&KDSWHU7KHXVH RISK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVDUHDZD\WRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHVH +RZHYHUZKDWLIZHGRDJUHHWRPRQLWRUWKHVLWHVWKDWZH WKUHDWV7KHVHKRZHYHUFDQQRWJXDUDQWHHWKHVDPHSURWHFWLRQ SUHVHUYHLQVLWX":KDWDUHWKHNH\SDUDPHWHUVZHVKRXOG XQGHUDOOFRQGLWLRQV7KLVZDVH[SODLQHGLQ&KDSWHUVDQG PHDVXUHZKHQPRQLWRULQJWKHFRQGLWLRQRIDVLWHDQGWKH changes occurring in the present or in the future? The way we Monitoring is necessary to ensure continued stability, or at least PRQLWRUGHSHQGVRQWKHEXGJHWDQGVWDǋDYDLODEOHWKHQXPEHU WRNQRZZKHWKHUDQ\FKDQJHVKDYHRFFXUUHGFRPSDUHGWRWKH DQGTXDOLW\RIWKHVLWHVWKDWKDYHWREHPRQLWRUHGWKHQDWXUHRI LQLWLDODVVHVVPHQWVWDJH,WKDVWREHNHSWLQPLQGWKDWPDQ\VLWHV WKHWKUHDWVWKHDLPRIVXVWDLQDEOHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ DOZD\VD FRPELQDWLRQRIVFLHQWLǌFDQGVRFLHWDOFXOWXUDOJRDOV DQGWKHOHYHO RIGHWDLOUHTXLUHG$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWLVVXHWRFRQVLGHULVWKH HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQWH[WVLWHVLQDFWLYHŠKRVWLOHšHQYLURQPHQWV QHHGIRUH[DPSOHWREHPRQLWRUHGPRUHRIWHQWKDQWKRVHLQ VWDEOHHQYLURQPHQWV

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWQHHGVWREHFROOHFWHGWRDVVHVVWKHFXUUHQW and possible future state of an archaeological site includes:

1.,WVSUHVHQWDUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHRUVLJQLǌFDQFH DVHVWDEOLVKHG in an evaluation) 2. Its size 3.7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVLWHDQGLWVHQYLURQPHQW 4. Its current condition 5.5RXJKO\ZKLFKPDWHULDOVDUHSUHVHQW 6.$QRYHUYLHZRISDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHWKUHDWV

7HFKQLFDOO\XQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVFDQEHPRQLWRUHGLQ GLǋHUHQWZD\VDQGSHUIRUPHGXVLQJYDULRXVRSWLRQVVXFKDV GLYHUVWKURXJKWKHXVHRIUHPRWHO\RSHUDWHGYHKLFOHV 529V RU Fig. 6.2 A remotely operated vehicle inspecting a shipwreck. (the Ghost GDWDORJJHUV )LJ )URPWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHJHRSK\VLFDO ship in Sweden). Photo courtesy Ghost ship project.

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143 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

DUHGLVFRYHUHGEHFDXVHWKHHQYLURQPHQWKDVFKDQJHG5 This 6.2 Managing change RIWHQDOVRPHDQVDQLPPHGLDWHWKUHDW6LWHVWKDWDUHFRQWLQX- 0RQLWRULQJLVDQLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIPDQDJHPHQW,WSURYLGHV RXVO\SURWHFWHGE\VHGLPHQWDUHSUHGRPLQDQWO\LQDVWDEOH WKHGDWDRQWKHEDVLVRIZKLFKZHFDQPHDVXUHDQGQRWHDQ\ HQYLURQPHQW7KHVHVLWHVKRZHYHUDUHRIWHQVWLOOXQGLVFRYHUHG FKDQJHV+RZHYHUDQHǋHFWLYHPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHZLOODOVR 7KRVHZHGRGLVFRYHUDUHRIWHQSDUWLDOO\RUFRPSOHWHO\XQFRYHUHG ORRNDWWKHVSHFLǌFTXDOLWLHVRIDVLWHLWVFXOWXUDOVLJQLǌFDQFHDQG DQGLPPHGLDWHO\XQGHUWKUHDW H[FHSWWKRVHIRXQGLQVSHFLǌF LWVFRQGLWLRQ&XOWXUDOVLJQLǌFDQFHLVUHODWHGWRWKHFRQGLWLRQRI DUHDVOLNHWKH%DOWLFVHH&KDSWHU %HLQJH[SRVHGYLVLEOHDQG the site. The physical quality has a direct link with the integrity of WKXVLQDPRUHR[\JHQULFKHQYLURQPHQWPHDQVWKHVLWHLV WKHVLWHDQGWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLWKROGV7KHUHIRUHFKDQJHVPD\ YXOQHUDEOHWRPHFKDQLFDOSK\VLFDOELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQG UHVXOWLQORVVRIVLJQLǌFDQFH KXPDQRUDQWKURSRJHQLFGHWHULRUDWLRQ7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\WKHFDVH LQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDVZDVVKRZQLQ&KDSWHU The causes of change, the processes occurring and the physical variability in an area are all part of the process of change. $IWHUGLVFRYHU\LPPHGLDWHLQIRUPDWLRQLVUHTXLUHGDERXWWKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZFKDQJHVDULVHDQGZKDWWKHLPSOLFDWLRQV VLWXDWLRQ7KLVLVEDVHOLQHGDWDZLWKZKLFKZHFDQFRPSDUHGDWD DUHRUZLOOEHLQWHUPVRIDOWHULQJRUDǋHFWLQJWKHLQWULQVLFYDOXHRI JDWKHUHGODWHUWRGHWHUPLQHDQ\FKDQJHV$OWKRXJKPRQLWRULQJLV DVLWHPD\KHOSWRPDNHGHFLVLRQVRQLWVIXWXUH,VWKHFKDQJH often focused on the physical status of the wreck, it is obviously EHQHǌFLDO HJPRUHVHGLPHQWDWLRQRUVWDELOLW\ QHXWUDORU DOVRLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZZKDWWKHVLWHFRQVLVWVRIDQGFRQVLGHULWV DGYHUVH HJPRUHHURVLRQ ",VLWSHUPDQHQWRUWHPSRUDU\"$UH cultural and historical value.6:K\LVDVSHFLǌFVLWHVRLPSRUWDQW WKHHǋHFWVGLUHFWLQGLUHFWV\QHUJLVWLFRUFXPXODWLYH"7KHULVNRI and what will we lose if the site deteriorates? This should be part changes will be better predicted if the broader area is considered, RIWKHLQLWLDOVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWZKLFKQHHGVWREH UDWKHUWKDQRQO\WKHGHǌQHGOLPLWVRIRQHVLQJOHVLWH7KHFKDQJH H[HFXWHGSULRUWRLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ%\GHWHUPLQLQJWKHYDOXHRI LQVHGLPHQWDWLRQŞHURVLRQSDWWHUQVZLWKLQDODUJHUDUHDIRU WKHSODFHZHNQRZZKDWZHQHHGWRSURWHFWZHNQRZZKDWPD\ H[DPSOHŞFDQKDYHDIXWXUHHǋHFWRQDQLQGLYLGXDOVLWH$WDQ DǋHFWLWDQGKRZZHVKRXOGPLWLJDWHWKURXJKLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ HYHQJUHDWHUPDFUROHYHOFOLPDWHFKDQJHFDQKDYHDPDMRU LQǍXHQFHRQHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQSDWWHUQV8 7KHRYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWRIDVLWHLQVLWXWKXVFRQVLVWVRID FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVLWH LQFOXGLQJLWV 7KHYDOXHRUVLJQLǌFDQFHRIDVLWHPD\FKDQJHQRWRQO\GXHWR UHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHDUHD DQDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHWKUHDWVDGHFLVLRQ physical events but also due to changes in perceptions of what is DERXWWKHSUHYDLOLQJYDOXHVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ LPSRUWDQWRUQRW3UHYDLOLQJYDOXHVPD\VKLIW:HPLJKWWKLQNKHUH PHWKRGVDQGWKHRQJRLQJPRQLWRULQJRIFKDQJHLQFOXGLQJLI RIWKHFKDQJHLQVLJQLǌFDQFHRI)LUVW:RUOG:DUVKLSZUHFNVWR QHHGHGDPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJ\ZKHQFKDQJHVDUHREVHUYHG people globally.9:HQHHGWRGHǌQHWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIVXFK changes in relation to what we want to protect. 0RQLWRULQJUHVXOWVVKRXOGSURYLGHLQSXWWRDQRQJRLQJPRQLWRULQJ SURJUDPPHIRUDQLQGLYLGXDOVLWH$OOPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHV 6.3 Types of change VKRXOGSURYLGHLQSXWWRDQRYHUDOOSURJUDPPHIRUDQHQWLUHVWDWH 7KHUHDUHGLǋHUHQWNLQGVRIFKDQJHWKDWVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG RUFRXQWU\ZLWKDORQJHUWHUPIRFXV$OWKRXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQW ZKHQPRQLWRULQJXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV7KHIROORZLQJ RIWKH0DQDJHPHQW3ODQVLQWKH0R66SURMHFWDQGWKH GHǌQLWLRQVKDYHEHHQWDNHQIURP0DQGHUVHWDO 10 The *HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP *,6 LQWKH0$&+8SURMHFW G\QDPLFVRIFKDQJHFDQEHVHHQDVEHLQJEHQHǌFLDOQHXWUDORU ZHUHSUHSDUDWRU\VWHSVWRZDUGVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVXFKD DGYHUVHDVZHOODVSHUPDQHQWRUWHPSRUDU\ ORQJPHGLXPRU QDWLRQDOPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPLQ VKRUWWHUP LQQDWXUH7KHODWWHUPD\DOVRFRQFHUQZKHWKHU WKH1HWKHUODQGVLWKDVVWLOOQRWEHHQLPSOHPHQWHGIXOO\GXHWRWKH changes are reversible or irreversible. ODFNRIFDSDFLW\WKHYDVWQXPEHURIVLWHVWKHUHOLDQFHRQYDULRXV UHJLVWUDWLRQV\VWHPVDQGWKHODFNRIDVHQVHRIXUJHQF\7

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145 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 6.3 Recording with multibeam. Courtesy NOAA, United States.

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'HWHULRUDWLRQFDQDOVREHDVVHVVHGDQGPHDVXUHGE\WDNLQJ SUHVHUYDWLRQRIZRRGZLWKRXWUHFRXUVHWRVDPSOLQJWKXVJDLQLQJ VDPSOHVIURPWKHRULJLQDOVKLSZUHFNDQGRUE\SODFLQJPRGHUQ LQVLJKWLQWRWKHUDWHRIGHWHULRUDWLRQZLWKRXWGDPDJLQJWKH WHVWPDWHULDOVRQWKHZUHFNVLWH;UD\SKRWRJUDSK\RIVXE- wood.25,QWKLVZD\ZHFDQJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQZLWKRXWHVVHQWLDOO\ PHUJHGPRGHUQZRRGEORFNVFDQVKRZWKHSUHVHQFHRI FRPSURPLVLQJWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHVLWH7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQFDQKHOS degradative wood borers such as Teredo navalisZKLOHPLFURVFR- XVWRGHVLJQWKHEHVWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQPHWKRGZLWKZRRG pic analysis can show the types of bacteria and fungi causing TXDOLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVFRPSDUDEOHZLWKEDVHOLQHGDWDRYHUWLPH GHWHULRUDWLRQ )LJ 23 ,QWKLVPDQQHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRXVHWKHVH .QRZLQJWKHVWDWHRISUHVHUYDWLRQHQDEOHVFRQVHUYDWRUVWR UHVXOWVDVDŠSUR[\šLQGLFDWRURIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGLWVVSHFLǌF FKRRVHWKHRSWLPDOFRQVHUYDWLRQSURFHVVLQWKRVHFDVHVZKHUH WKUHDWV*HQHUDOSDUDPHWHUVFDQWKXVEHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUVSHFLǌF LWbPD\EHGHFLGHGWRUDLVHPDWHULDOV HQYLURQPHQWV0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\ZHFDQVWXG\WKHRQJRLQJ processes of deterioration in the area and thereby assess future 6.5 Monitoring in open water, on and in the seabed threats to a site. 6.5.1 Introduction Initiatives are now being undertaken to develop techniques to 7RPRQLWRUVLWHVDQGGHWHUPLQHWKHFKDQJHVWKDWDUHKDSSHQLQJ qualify the severity of attack and the state of preservation of LWLVQHFHVVDU\WRPHDVXUHDQGREVHUYHFKDQJHVLQWKHRSHQ ZRRGLQVLWX3UHVHQWO\PRVWRIWKHDQDO\WLFDOWHFKQLTXHVXVHGWR ZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWDVZHOODVRQDQGLQWKHVHDEHG7KHVHDUH PHDVXUHWKHH[WHQWRIGHJUDGDWLRQRIZDWHUORJJHGZRRGDUH EDVLFDOO\WKUHHGLǋHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKWKHLURZQFKDUDFWHULV- ODERUDWRU\EDVHGDQGUHTXLUHVDPSOHVUHFRYHUHGIURPDVLWH7KH WLFV7KLVDOVRPHDQVWKDWWKHPHWKRGDQGWHFKQLTXHVIRU GHQVLW\RIZDWHUORJJHGZRRGLVDJRRGSDUDPHWHUIRUDVVHVVLQJ DVVHPEOLQJWKHLQIRUPDWLRQPD\EHGLǋHUHQWDVZHOODVWKH the state of preservation,24 DVGHQVLW\ZLOOGHFUHDVHDVPRUHRI LQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHG7KHGDWDDFTXLUHGPD\EHXVHGWRPDNH WKHZRRGFHOOZDOOLVGHJUDGHGE\PLFURRUJDQLVPV5HVHDUFK FRPSDULVRQVZLWKIXWXUHRUSDVWYDOXHVDVEDVHOLQHGDWDRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHGHQVLW\RIZDWHUORJJHGZRRGLQPDULQH PRQLWRULQJGDWD HQYLURQPHQWVLQVLWXE\PHDQVRIUHODWLYHFRQGXFWLYLW\LVFXUUHQWO\ being undertaken at the 6.5.2 The open water 1DWLRQDO0XVHXPRI'HQPDUN 'DWDIRUPRQLWRULQJWKHSRVVLEOHHǋHFWVRIWKHRSHQZDWHU The principle is that as the HQYLURQPHQWDERYHWKHVHDEHGFDQEHDFTXLUHGLQWKH wood cell is degraded it IROORZLQJbZD\V EHFRPHVPRUHSRURXVDQGLV ǌOOHGZLWKVXUURXQGLQJ 1. Technical devices such as data loggers and probes seawater, which has a higher 2.%\REWDLQLQJWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQIURPODUJHRFHDQRJUDSKLF conductivity than the unde- LQVWLWXWHVWKDWXQGHUWDNHPHDVXUHPHQWVIRURWKHUSXUSRVHV graded wood. Good calibration 3.3ODFLQJVDFULǌFLDOREMHFWVLQWKHZDWHUDQGPHDVXULQJWKHLU curves for the density of wood GHWHULRUDWLRQUDWHRYHUWLPH as a function of relative 4.7DNLQJZDWHUVDPSOHVDQGSRVWUHFRYHU\DQDO\VHV conductivity have been established in the laboratory $VZHKDYHVHHQDERYHDGDWDORJJHUKDVEHHQXVHGVHYHUDO DQGHTXLSPHQWLVFXUUHQWO\ WLPHVRQDUFKDHRORJLFDOVKLSZUHFNVLWHVLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ being developed to enable 6HDWRREWDLQHQYLURQPHQWDOGDWD)RUH[DPSOHGXULQJWKH0R66 WKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVWREH SURMHFWDQGWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFWVXFKGDWDORJJHUVZHUH done under water in situ. Using installed,26PHDVXULQJS+DQGUHGR[LQWKHVHGLPHQWDQG VXFKPHWKRGVLWVKRXOGEH FRQGXFWLYLW\VDOLQLW\GLVVROYHGR[\JHQ DPRXQWDQGSHUFHQWDJH easier to assess the state of WXUELGLW\GHSWKDQGWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHZDWHU

)LJ;UD\RIDSLQHEORFNIURPWKHDHURELFVDPSOHVRQWKH%=1 ,WLVKRZHYHUDOVRSRVVLEOHWRREWDLQGDWDIRUVSHFLǌFDUHDVIURP wreck. Note the severity of attack after one year on the site. Photo: JRYHUQPHQWDOLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDWPRQLWRUVWDQGDUGZDWHUTXDOLW\ courtesy MoSS project. SDUDPHWHUV27 In situations that appear to be relatively stable, it is

236HH&KDSWHU GLVVROYHGR[\JHQWXUELGLW\GHSWKDQGWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHZDWHUZKLOHHPSOR\LQJWZR 246HHIRUH[DPSOH3DOPD SUREHVWRGHWHUPLQHS+DQGUHGR[LQWKHVHGLPHQW([SHULHQFHZLWKWKHGDWDORJJHU 25*UHJRU\HWDO ZKLFKZDVVWLOOLQDQH[SHULPHQWDOSKDVHZDVJDLQHGLQWKH(8IXQGHG0R66SURMHFW 26:DWHUVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQMXVWDERYHWKHVHDEHGRIWKH%=1DQG%=1VLWHV RQWKH%=1VLWH 7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVRIZDWHUDQGVRLOZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKD:DWHU:DWFK 27)RUH[DPSOH6WDQHYHWDO GDWDORJJHU PDQXIDFWXUHGE\(DX[6\V/WG8. 7KLVGHYLFHPHDVXUHGVDOLQLW\

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not always necessary to collect continuous or even repetitive GDWD1HZVLWHVKRZHYHUVKRXOGKDYHHQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUV included in the initial baseline studies. Data can be obtained VSHFLǌFDOO\WKURXJKGDWDORJJHUVDQGVDPSOLQJEXWPD\DOVREH H[WUDSRODWHGIURPDOUHDG\NQRZQGDWD28

7RLQYHVWLJDWHWKHRSHQZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWZDWHUVDPSOHVFDQ also be taken. This was done for the BZN 3 and 15 sites during WKH%$&32/(6SURMHFW:DWHUVXUURXQGLQJWKHZUHFNVZDVIRXQG to be alkaline, with no dissolved organic carbon, low in nitrogen, ORZLQQLWUDWHZLWKRXWLPPRQLXPORZLQSKRVSKDWHKLJKLQEDVH cations,29 high in sulphate, low in iron and high in conductivity (due to the salt).30$QDO\VHVRIWKHZDWHUVDPSOHGFORVHWRWKHZRRGHQ ZUHFNSDUWVDOVRVKRZHGH[WUHPHO\KLJK1D.&ODQG62 &DbDQG0JOHYHOV31

The data logger gave the following values:

BZN 3 BZN 10 BZN 10 BZN 11 BZN 4 BZN 15 Temp (Celsius)

Turbidity (FTU)

Depth (m)

Diss.Ox-1 (% saturation)

Conductivity (mSiemens/cm) XXXX

pH XX

Redox (mVolt) X 116- -156 134- -33

Salinity X X X 15, 26-33, 2

Diss.Ox-2 (ml/L) 11, 46-15, 62 5, 11-6, 53

Date Ş$XJ Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş

Table 6.1 Data logger values per BZN site. 6.5.3 On the seabed ,QIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHVHDEHGVXUIDFHŞRQWKHVHDEHGŞFDQEH 7KHGDWDORJJHUDWWLPHVJDYHVRPHH[WUHPHUHDGLQJV 6HHWDEOH PHDVXUHGLQVHYHUDOZD\V WKHPHDVXUHGORZVDOLQLW\DW%=1 ZKLFKRQKLQGVLGH FDQQRWEHGRXEOHFKHFNHG6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHPDGH 1. Visually, by divers or ROV WKRXJK$VZHFDQVHHPDQ\RIWKHSDUDPHWHUVIRU%=1DQG 2.:LWKPDULQHJHRSK\VLFVVXFKDVVLQJOHEHDPPXOWLEHDPVLGH DUHFRPSDUDEOHDVDUHWKRVHIRUWKH%=1VLWHWKDWZDV scan sonar PRQLWRUHGGXULQJWKH0R66SURMHFW7KLVLVORJLFDODVWKHVLWHVDUH 3. Traditional sounding (sounding lead) DOOFORVHWRHDFKRWKHUDQGWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHWDNHQPRUHRU 4. Laser, aerial photography and satellite OHVVLQWKHVDPHSHULRG VXPPHU ,QGLǋHUHQWVHDVRQV KRZHYHUWKHUHFDQEHGLǋHUHQFHVLQSDUDPHWHUV)RUWKH%=1 The visual inspection of a site can be achieved by sending down ZUHFNIRUH[DPSOHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHGEHWZHHQDUHDVRQD- GLYHUVRUE\XVLQJ5HPRWH2SHUDWLQJ9HKLFOHV 529V ZLWKD EO\VWDEOHr&LQ-XO\WRDVORZDVr&RQ'HFHPEHUWKDW FDPHUDPRXQWHG9LVXDOLQVSHFWLRQFDQWHOOXVDERXWWKHSXUH VDPH\HDU32:HFDQDVVXPHWKDWWKHVHGDWDDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRI physical conditions of a site. This can be done when parts of a the water surrounding all the wreck sites on the Burgzand and ZUHFNDUHH[SRVHG'LYHUVFDQDOVRLGHQWLI\ZKHWKHUDVLWHLV WKXVFDQVHUYHDVEDVHOLQHGDWDIRUPRVWRIWKHZUHFNVLQWKHDUHD being attacked by wood borers or if the integrity of the site has

28(LWKHUWKURXJKRFHDQRJUDSKLFLQVWLWXWHVRUIURPHDUOLHUDFWLYLWLHVRQQHDUE\ 30*HOEULFKHWDOŞ7KHVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQLQ$XJXVW shipwrecks. 31+XLVPDQHWDO 29&DWLRQVDUHLRQVRUJURXSVRILRQVKDYLQJDSRVLWLYHFKDUJHDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\ 320RVWPHDVXUHPHQWVZLWKWKH(D[6\V:DWHU:DWFKGDWDORJJHUZHUHWDNHQRQWKH PRYLQJWRZDUGVWKHQHJDWLYHHOHFWURGHLQHOHFWURO\VLV%DVHFDWLRQVDUHGHǌQHGDVWKH %=16HHDOVR&KDSWHU&ROGHVWWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHGRQVLWHZLWKD6XXQWR PRVWSUHYDOHQWH[FKDQJHDEOHDQGZHDNDFLGFDWLRQVLQWKHVRLO FRPSXWHUZDVr&

149 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

EHHQFRPSURPLVHG332QHOLPLWDWLRQWRWKHXVHRIGLYHUVDQG 529VLVWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVPRUHGLǎFXOWWRREWDLQDJRRGLQVLJKW into the location and thus an overview of the site.

6.5.4 Marine geophysics to monitor sediment change 7KLVFUHDWLRQRIDQRYHUYLHZLVQRWDSUREOHPZKHQXVLQJ Fig. 6.6 Multibeam consists of real depth measurements, and is thus EDWK\PHWULFV\VWHPVVXFKDVPXOWLEHDPVLGHVFDQDQGVLQJOH WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO,WFDQWKHUHIRUHEHORRNHGDWIURPGLƢHUHQWDQJOHV Figure: courtesy Periplus Archeomare/RCE. EHDPVRQDU7KHVHWHFKQLTXHVZHUHGHYHORSHGWRFUHDWHPDSV RIWKHVHDǍRRU6RPHHTXLSPHQWFDQHYHQJLYHXVDURXJK LQVLJKWLQWRZKDWLVKDSSHQLQJLQWKHVHDEHGVXFKDVVXEERWWRP Multibeam recording as a way to monitor shipwreck sites38 SURǌOHUVDQGPDJQHWRPHWHUV7KHVHKDYHEHHQKLJKO\VSHFLDOL- ,IZHKDGWRPHQWLRQRQHW\SHRIHTXLSPHQWWKDWLVRIHQRUPRXV ]HGHTXLSPHQWIRUDORQJWLPHDQGH[SHQVLYHWRGHSOR\7RGD\ KHOSLQWKHPRQLWRULQJRIVLWHVRQWKHVHDEHGWKHQLWZRXOGKDYH WKH\DUHQRWRQO\EHFRPLQJPRUHDFFXUDWHEXWKDYHDOVR WREHWKHPXOWLEHDPHFKRVRXQGHUZKLFKLVDQLQVWUXPHQWXVHG GURSSHGFRQVLGHUDEO\LQSULFH7KH\KDYHWKXVEHFRPHDYDLODEOH LQK\GURJUDSK\WRSORWWKHVHDEHG7KHPXOWLEHDPVHQGVPXOWLSOH WRPDQ\SHRSOHSURIHVVLRQDOVDVZHOODVDYRFDWLRQDOJURXSV sound pulses to the seabed in a narrow path under a ship, DFFXUDWHO\PHDVXULQJGHSWK8VXDOO\WKHKLJKHUWKHIUHTXHQF\ 2EYLRXVO\PDQ\JRYHUQPHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVKDYHDFFHVVWRPDULQH the better the accuracy.39$WSUHVHQWLQLGHDOFRQGLWLRQVVRPH JHRSK\VLFDOWHFKQLFDOGHYLFHVWKDWFDQEHXVHGWRPRQLWRUWKH V\VWHPVFDQSURGXFHLPDJHVDVJRRGDVWKHVLGHVFDQVRQDUEXW HǋHFWVRIVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWRYHUDZUHFNVLWH,QWKH including actual depths.40 1HWKHUODQGVWKH5&(ZRUNVZLWKWKH5LMNVZDWHUVWDDW 5:6 'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDOIRU3XEOLF:RUNVDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW 0XOWLEHDPLVYHU\XVHIXOIRUPDSSLQJDQDUHDRIWKHVHDEHG SDUWRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW WR rapidly and can be used for the detection of shipwrecks on the REWDLQPXOWLEHDPGDWDDQGDOVRZLWKFRPPHUFLDOVXUYH\FRPSD- VHDEHG,WGRHVQRWFRYHUDVPXFKVHDEHGLQRQHVLQJOHWUDFNDVD nies such as Periplus and DEEP.34 Repeated surveys carried out side scan sonar, but it does give an accurate overview of an area DWGLǋHUHQWWLPHVXVLQJPXOWLEHDPFDQEHGLJLWDOO\VXEWUDFWHG LQDFWXDOGHSWKVLQMXVWDVKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH6LQFHLWSURGXFHV IURPHDFKRWKHULQRUGHUWRPDSZKHUHWKHUHDUHDUHDVRI DFWXDOGHSWKPHDVXUHPHQWVLWFDQTXDQWLI\HQYLURQPHQWDO VHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGRUHURVLRQRIVHGLPHQW7KLVZDVWULDOOHGLQ FKDQJHVVXFKDVVHGLPHQWDWLRQRUHURVLRQSURFHVVHV,WLV WKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDZLWKWKHORQJHVWUHSHWLWLYHPRQLWRULQJVXUYH\ WKHUHIRUHDFRVWHǋHFWLYHPHWKRGIRUPRQLWRULQJDUFKDHRORJLFDO RQWKH%=1ZUHFN35 VLWHVŞLQFOXGLQJWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWŞXQGHUZDWHU41

6LQJOHEHDPFDQDOVREHXVHGIRUWKHPRQLWRULQJRIODUJHU 0XOWLEHDPGDWDFDQDOVREHSURFHVVHGLQVXFKDZD\DVWRFUHDWH ODQGVFDSHVLQSDUWLFXODU,WŞDVWKHQDPHVXJJHVWVŞUHFRUGV DWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOLPDJH7KLVLVKLJKO\HǋHFWLYHIRUUHVHDUFK WKHbGHSWKRIWKHVHDEHGXVLQJDVLQJOHVRXQGEHDPUDWKHUWKDQ PDNLQJLWSRVVLEOHIRUDUHVHDUFKHUWRYLUWXDOO\VZLPDURXQGWKH PXOWLSOH DVLQWKHPXOWLEHDP ,WKDVEHHQXVHGIRUH[DPSOH wreck site and understand issues in 3D. In an age in which WRbPDSWKHRYHUDOO:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDVHDEHG36 YLVXDOL]DWLRQLVEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQWWKHVHNLQGVRI LPDJHVFDQDOVREHYHU\XVHIXOLQFRPPXQLFDWLQJZLWKDEURDGHU $OWKRXJKLWGRHVQRWUHFRUGDFWXDOGHSWKVLGHVFDQVRQDUFDQ DXGLHQFH )LJ DOVREHXVHGWRPRQLWRUFKDQJHVDWSURWHFWHGVXEPHUJHG FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHVLWHVDQGLQWKHLUHQYLURQPHQW7KLVHTXLSPHQW 0XOWLEHDPFDQDOVREHDKLJKO\HǋHFWLYHWRROIRUUHJXODURU which can scan large areas of the seabed in a relatively short VSHFLǌFPRQLWRULQJ2QHH[DPSOHRIVSHFLǌFPRQLWRULQJLVDQ WLPHKDVEHFRPHYHU\FKHDSLQWKHODVWFRXSOHRI\HDUVDQGLWV investigation of the possible looting of a site near the Dutch town use is now widespread.37 RI+RRUQ7KH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\KDGEHHQLQIRUPHGE\ local divers that looters were active at an eighteenth-century

33 It is not, however, always easy to detect living Teredo in wood. 397KHKLJKHVWUHVROXWLRQLQWKH%XUJ]DQGUHVHDUFKZDV[FP 346HHIRUH[DPSOH%UHQN 0DQGHUV 40$VLGHVFDQVRQDUDOVRGHWHFWVREVWDFOHVRQWKHVHDEHGXVLQJVRXQGIUHTXHQFLHV 356HH&KDSWHU +RZHYHUWKLVV\VWHPVHQGVRXWWKHVRXQGZDYHVDWDQDQJOHDQGLQVWHDGRI 366HH&KDSWHU PHDVXULQJGHSWKVFUHDWHVDQLPDJHRIKDUGUHǍHFWLRQVVRIWUHǍHFWLRQVDQGVKDGRZV 376HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZIZVJRYSDQDPDFLW\UHVRXUFHV$Q 416HHDOVRWKHǌQDOUHSRUWRIWKH5DVVHSURMHFWE\%DWHVHWDO DQGWKHDUWLFOHE\ ,OOXVWUDWHG*XLGHWR/RZ&RVW6RQDU+DELWDW0DSSLQJ 0D\HUHWDO IRUWKHLUFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHXVHRIPXOWLEHDPIRUXQGHUZDWHU YSGI DFFHVVHG FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW 387KLVFKDSWHUKDVWRDJUHDWH[WHQWEHHQSXEOLVKHGLQWKH0$&+8)LQDO5HSRUW 0DQGHUVŞ

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)LJ$%&7ZRGLƢHUHQWPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJV $% PDGHRQWKH+RRUQVH+RSZUHFNQHDU+RRUQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVWRLQYHVWLJDWHSRVVLEOHLOOHJDO excavation on the site. Picture C is the result of a comparison. The results revealed that there had been more sanding in, and this was not consistent with supposed illegal excavation. Figures: RWS-IJsselmeer.

VKLSZUHFNORRNLQJIRU0DNNXPHDUWKHQZDUHWKDWZDVNQRZQWREH 7KHPXOWLSOHGHSWKPHDVXUHPHQWVWDNHQZLWKPXOWLEHDPFDQ SDUWRIWKHFDUJR+RZHYHUFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQDQHDUOLHU DOVREHXVHGDVLQSXWIRUHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQPRGHOVRQD PXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJDQGRQHPDGHMXVWDIWHUWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ regional as well as on a larger scale, such as that produced by was passed on revealed that the site had not been touched for a 6RXWKDPSWRQ8QLYHUVLW\ 8. IRUWKHVRXWKHUQ1RUWK6HDEDVLQ ZKLOH )LJ$%& DQGWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDDWODUJH )LJ 43

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Fig. 6.9 Using multibeam recording on the BZN 10 wreck to plan OSL Fig. 6.8 Multibeam on a regional scale. Figure: Periplus Archeomare. GDWLQJ3KRWR3DXO9RRUWKXLV+LJK]RQH)RWRJUDƥH

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151 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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6.6 Optical dating: potentially a valuable tool for WKHJUDLQVRUVXEVDPSOHVJLYLQJWKH\RXQJHVWUHVXOWV %RWK underwater cultural heritage management74 DSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDJHRI &RULQJFDQEHXVHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHZKDWLVLQWKHVHDEHG,WFDQEH ǍXYLDOGHSRVLWV$SUHUHTXLVLWHIRURSWLFDOGDWLQJWREHVXFFHVVIXO XVHGWRVHDUFKIRUDVLWHWRLQWHUSUHWIRUH[DPSOHVHGLPHQW LVWKDWWKHPRVWOLJKWVHQVLWLYHSDUWRIWKH26/VLJQDOVKRXOGEH OD\HUVRUDUHDVZLWKDUFKDHRORJLFDOǌQGVRUWRLQYHVWLJDWH erased to negligible levels for at least part of the grains at the HQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUVZLWKLQDQDUHD+RZHYHUIRUWKH WLPHRIGHSRVLWLRQ*LYHQWKHKLJKO\G\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQWRIWKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJRIDVLWHDQRWKHUNLQGRIDQDO\VLV :DGGHQ6HDLWZDVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKLVSUHUHTXLVLWHZRXOGEHPHW FDQEHDGGHGWRWKHWRROER[$VZHKDYHVHHQNQRZOHGJHDERXW VHGLPHQWG\QDPLFVLVRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQW The study not only applied OSL dating but also looked at of shipwrecks on the seabed. On the one hand, transport of JUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQDQGDQWKURSRJHQLFPHWDOVWRLQYHVWLJDWH VHGLPHQWZLOODOORZIRUUDSLGEXULDORIWKHZUHFN2QWKHRWKHU WKHVHGLPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVDQGWKHSURYHQDQFHRIWKHGHSRVLWV79 KDQGVHGLPHQWVWUDQVSRUWHGE\FXUUHQWVFDQEHKLJKO\HURVLYH %\VWXG\LQJJUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQH ZKLFKFDQHYHQWXDOO\OHDGWRWKHFRPSOHWHGHVWUXFWLRQRIDZUHFN ZKHWKHUVHGLPHQWDWLRQLVFRQWLQXRXVRURFFXUUHGGXULQJVSHFLǌF site.75,QRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGPRUHDERXWWKHVHGLPHQWG\QDPLFV HYHQWVDVZHOODVZKHWKHUVHGLPHQWKDVEHHQWUDQVSRUWHG LQDQGDURXQGDVKLSZUHFNDVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGLQWKH0$&+8 WKURXJKZDYHV ǌQLQJXSZDUGVHTXHQFHV RULVGHSRVLWHGIURP project using OSL dating, grain-size analysis and anthropogenic WKHZDWHUFROXPQGXULQJSHULRGVRIORZHQHUJ\,QDGGLWLRQWR PHWDODQDO\VLV7KLVLQWHJUDWHGUHVHDUFKZDVGHVLJQHGWRSURYLGH JUDLQVL]HDQDO\VHVDQWKURSRJHQLFWUDFHPHWDOVDQGVWDEOHOHDG greater understanding of the history of post-depositional isotopes can be used. SURFHVVHVDWSDUWLFXODUVLWHV7KHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRILQVLWX preservation using polypropylene netting could also be investigated in this way.

6.6.1 Optical dating, grain-size distribution and anthropogenic metals )RUWKHǌUVWWLPHHYHU76DQXQGHUZDWHUVKLSZUHFN WKH%=1 ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJVHGLPHQWVVXFFHVVIXOO\ GDWHGXVLQJWKH26/PHWKRG )LJ 2SWLFDOGDWLQJLVXVHGWR GHWHUPLQHWKHWLPHRIGHSRVLWLRQDQGEXULDORIVDQG\GHSRVLWV 7KHPHWKRGGHWHUPLQHVWKHODVWH[SRVXUHWROLJKWRIVDQGRU VLOWVL]HGPLQHUDOV77,WPD\WKXVJLYHVRPHYDOXDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQ DERXWWKHVWDELOLW\RIDVLWHRYHUWLPHDVZHOODVWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVV RILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGV

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155 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

6WDEOHOHDGLVRWRSHVDOORZWKHFUHDWLRQRIDǌQJHUSULQWRI DQWKURSRJHQLFOHDG)URPWROHDGZDVDGGHGDVDQ DQWLNQRFNDJHQWLQSHWURO7KLVOHDGRULJLQDWHGIURP%URNHQ+LOO $XVWUDOLDKDYLQJDYHU\GLǋHUHQWOHDGLVRWRSLFUDWLRQFRPSDUHG ZLWK(XURSHDQLQGXVWULDOOHDGDQGQDWXUDOOHDG%\VWXG\LQJPHWDO Fig. 6.15 Position of the two Ackermann cores on the BZN 10 wreck site. SURǌOHVLQWKHVHGLPHQWWKHRQVHWRIWKHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQWKH Figure: RCE/MACHU project. introduction and use of the anti-knock agent and the last 25 years could be dated.80,QDGGLWLRQLIWKHPHWDOSURǌOHVDQGVWDEOH OHDGLVRWRSHVFRXOGEHXVHGWRLGHQWLI\VHGLPHQWDWLRQHYHQWV WKLVZRXOGSURYLGHXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVUDWHDQGIUHTXHQF\ RIEXULDORUHURVLRQHYHQWVRIVKLSZUHFNVLQG\QDPLFVDQG\ HQYLURQPHQWVLQVKDOORZ OHVVWKDQPHWUHV FRQWLQHQWDOVHDV

%\PHDVXULQJPDMRUHOHPHQWVDVZHOODVFDUERQDQGVXOSKXU FRQWHQWLQWKHVHGLPHQWWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIVXOSKDWHUHGXFWLRQ could also be established.81 Sulphate reduction can cause VXOSKLGL]DWLRQRIPHWDO LURQ REMHFWVLQVKLSZUHFNVVXFKDVQDLOV ,WZLOODOVRKDPSHUWKHH[KLELWLRQDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKHVKLS DIWHUUHPRYDOEHFDXVHRIR[LGDWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXVO\IRUPHG sulphides. These will produce sulphuric acid, causing all kinds of SUREOHPV82(URVLRQHYHQWVPD\DOVREHPDUNHGE\FKDQJHVLQ Fig. 6.16 The Ackermann core. Photo: Paul Voorthuis, Highzone )RWRJUDƥH JUDLQVL]HDQGKHDY\PLQHUDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVWKDWPD\EH LQGLFDWHGE\WUDFHHOHPHQWVVXFKDVUDUHHDUWKHOHPHQWV 5(( ]LUFRQLXP =U DQGWLWDQLXP 7L 0DMRUHOHPHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQV » To test, underneath the wreck, the hypothesis that shipwrecks DQGFDUERQDQGVXOSKXUFRQWHQWUHǍHFWOLWKRORJLFDOFKDQJHV VXFK VLQNLQWRWKH+RORFHQHVHGLPHQWRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDZKLFK DVFDOFLXPFDUERQDWHDQGFOD\FRQWHQW DQGFDQWKHUHIRUHDGGWR appears to be less consolidated than the hard Pleistocene RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVHGLPHQWDWLRQKLVWRU\ subsurface.83 » 7RXVHGULOOLQJLQWKHZUHFNWRǌQGLQVLWXVKLSZUHFNUHODWHG 7KHRSWLFDOGDWLQJJUDLQVL]HDQDO\VLVDQGFKHPLFDOSROOXWLRQ GHEULVDQGVHGLPHQWOD\HUV,QWKLVZD\LWPD\EHSRVVLEOHWR VWXGLHVZHUHDSSOLHGWRWKHVHGLPHQWWDNHQIURPWZRFRUHV QR establish whether a site contains relatively undisturbed DQGQR 7KHVSHFLǌFDLPVRIWKLVVWXG\RQWKH%=1 VHGLPHQWOD\HUVWKDWPD\FRQWDLQDUWHIDFWVIURPWKHZUHFNVLWH ZUHFNZHUH » To investigate, above the wreck, the relative intactness of the site and, in the case of physically protected sites, to investigate » To investigate the application of OSL dating in relation to WKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLQWKH:DGGHQ6HD VHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUWDQGGHSRVLWLRQLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDDQGWR Seven shipwrecks in the Wadden Sea have been physically evaluate the application of OSL dating to shipwrecks in a protected in situ with polypropylene nets. These nets could be G\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQW XVHGDVLQGHSHQGHQWDJHPDUNHUVDQGWKXVVHUYHDVDFRQWURO » To date sand layers below, in and on top of a physically protec- for the OSL dating. ted shipwreck. By accurately dating sand, in theory, the age of DbZUHFNFDQEHQDUURZHGGRZQPDNLQJLGHQWLǌFDWLRQHDVLHU,Q 6.6.2 Fieldwork and sample selection DGGLWLRQWUDQVSRUWRIŠEOHDFKHGšVDQGDIWHUWKHVLQNLQJRIWKH 7KHWZRFRUHVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQIURPWKHVLWHE\WKH*HRQDXW ship could give an indication as to when and how fast the ship RSHUDWHGE\%$0'H5XLWHU%RULQJHQHQ%HPDOLQJ%984 These was buried. If younger sand is found in or below a shipwreck, it is ZHUHGULOOHGPHWUHV DQGPHWUHV UHVSHFWL- OLNHO\WKDWWKHZUHFNPRYHGDIWHUVLQNLQJDQGWKDWWKHHQYLURQ- YHO\LQWRWKHVHDEHG2QHRIWKHVH$FNHUPDQQFRUHVZDV PHQWLVKLJKO\G\QDPLF7KLVZRXOGLPSO\WKHWKUHDWRIWKHVKLS LQWHQGHGWRJRWKURXJKWKHZUHFN QR DQGRQHMXVWQH[WWR EHLQJUHSHDWHGO\H[SRVHG7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQPD\EHLPSRUWDQW LW QR 7KHDLPZDVWRJRWKURXJKWKHZKROH+RORFHQHOD\HU IRUWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVLWHDQGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ DQGRQHRUWZRPHWUHVLQWRWKH3OHLVWRFHQHVHGLPHQWVEHORZ85 It ZKHWKHUWRSUHVHUYHLQVLWXRUH[VLWX WKURXJKH[FDYDWLRQ ZDVKRSHGWKDWWKHFRUHWKURXJKWKHZUHFNVLWH QR ZRXOG

80 Walraven et al. 1996. 842Q1RYHPEHU 816HHDOVR&KDSWHU 85)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVDPSOLQJVHH0$&+85HSRUW0DQGHUVHWDO 826HHDOVR&KDSWHU 836HHDOVR&KDSWHU

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$FNHUPDQQFRUHVFRQVLVWRI596WXEHVPPORQJDQGPP 0.3 m/100yr ZLGH )LJ 1ROLJKWFDQSHQHWUDWHWRWKHXQGLVWXUEHG 1800 VDPSOHVZKLFKWRJHWKHUPDNHXSRQHFRQWLQXRXVVDPSOH7KH 4m/100yr FRUHWDNHQQHDUWKHZUHFN ZDVDOPRVWPHWUHVORQJDQG FRQVLVWHGRIVHSDUDWHVDPSOHV7KHFRUHLQVLGHWKHZUHFNZDV DOPRVWPHWUHVORQJDQGFRQVLVWHGRIVDPSOHV 1600 Unfortunately, the latter core did not hit the ship structure, but age OSL 0.3 m/100yr probably passed between two parts of the wreck, as parts of the SURWHFWLYHQHWVZHUHSUHVHQWLQWKHVDPSOHV 1400 4m/100 yr 6.6.3 Analyses 7RVHOHFWDVXLWDEOHVDPSOLQJGHSWKIRUIXOO26/GDWLQJDQDO\VLV VRPHVDPSOHVIURPWKHWZRFRUHVZHUHH[DPLQHGLQDŠTXLFN 1200 DQGGLUW\šLQYHVWLJDWLRQ8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHUHVXOWVZHUHWRR VFDWWHUHGWRFRQYLQFLQJO\JXLGHVDPSOHVHOHFWLRQ$IWHUGLVFXV- 02468 Depth below sediment water interface VLRQEHWZHHQWKH1HWKHUODQGV&HQWUHIRU/XPLQHVFHQFH'DWLQJ 1&/ DQGWKH'XWFK&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\WHQVDPSOHVZHUH Fig. 6.17 Depth vs age plot for core 9108. The plot shows two periods of selected for full analysis. rapid deposition (1300–1400 and 1650–1700). In the intervals between and after these periods, sedimentation rates were much lower and might even be erosional. Figure: RCE/MACHU project. )RUERWKFRUHVWKHVDPSOHVIURPWKHXSSHUPHWUHEHORZWKH seabed were not reliable for dating.86+RZHYHUWKHDJHRIWKHVH VHGLPHQWVLVYHU\OLNHO\WREH\HDUVRUOHVV$WWKHORFDWLRQRI 'LVWLQFWUHJLRQVRIVLPLODUJUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQVFRXOGEH WKH%=1 WKHUHVXOWVIURPXQGHUO\LQJVHGLPHQWV UHFRJQL]HGLQERWKFRUHV,QFRUHLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHFOD\ ŞPHWUHVEHORZWKHVHDEHG LQGLFDWHGDQDJHRIDURXQG OHQVHVRFFXUULQJPHWUHVEHORZWKHVXUIDFHFOD\OHQVHVZHUH \HDUVWKHVHDJHHVWLPDWHVDUHOLNHO\WREHYDOLG+HQFH DOVRIRXQGLQWKHLQWHUYDOIURPŞPHWUHVEHORZWKHVHDEHG RSWLFDOGDWLQJVXJJHVWVWKHVHVHGLPHQWVDUHRIDVLPLODUDJHWR VXUIDFH7KHSDWWHUQRIPHGLDQJUDLQVL]HVDQGGLVWULEXWLRQ WKH%=1ZUHFNZKLFKKDVEHHQGDWHGWRWKHVHFRQGKDOIRI EHWZHHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\PHWUHVEHORZWKHVXUIDFHLQFRUH the seventeenth century.877KHRSWLFDODJHREWDLQHGIURPD VHHPHGWRFRUUHVSRQGZLWKWKHOHYHOEHORZDSSUR[LPDWHO\ VDPSOHIURPWKHRWKHUFRUH DWDVLPLODUGHSWK PHWUHV bPHWUHVLQFRUH7KLVDJDLQFRUUHVSRQGHGZLWKWKH EHORZWKHVHDEHG JDYHDPXFKROGHUDJH a\HDUV 7KH PHDVXUHPHQWGDWDIURPERWKFRUHV7KHFRUHZDVWDNHQ VDPSOHVIURPPRUHWKDQPHWUHVEHORZWKHVHDEHGDWWKHZUHFN DWbDZDWHUGHSWKRIPHWUHVZKLOHZDVWDNHQDW SRVLWLRQ LQGLFDWHGDJHVEHWZHHQaDQG\HDUVZLWK bPHWUHVDGLǋHUHQFHRIPHWUHV WKHUHVXOWVRQWKHROGHVWVDPSOHOLNHO\WREHXQUHOLDEOH,WZDV FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHFRUHGLGQRWSHQHWUDWHWKHHQWLUH+RORFHQH 7KHGHSRVLWLRQRIWKHXSSHUPHWUHVRIFRUHZDVSRVVLEO\ VHGLPHQWDU\ERG\DQGWKDW+RORFHQHVHGLPHQWVZHUHSUHVHQW related to the sinking of the ship (post-depositional processes). EHORZWKHZUHFN7KLVZDVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQFOXVLRQVLQFHLW This would have caused lower water velocity and the deposition DGGUHVVHGRQHRIWKHDLPVRIWKHVWXG\ZKLFKZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWH of sand, which buried the wreck. The grain-size distribution of the theory that wrecks in the Wadden Sea sink through the soft WKLVVDQGGLGQRWGLǋHUPXFKIURPWKHGHHSHUVDQGDQGWKH +RORFHQHVHGLPHQWWRǌQDOO\UHVWRQWKHKDUGHU3OHLVWRFHQH VHGLPHQWLQFRUH7KHVHGLPHQWLQFRUHWKRXJKWWR layer.88 7KHDQVZHUZDVQRRUDWOHDVWQRWDOZD\V )LJ KDYHEHHQGHSRVLWHGDIWHUWKHSODFHPHQWRIWKHLQVLWXSUHVHU- YDWLRQGHEULVQHW XSSHUPHWUHLQFRUH ZDVFKDUDFWHUL]HG 6.6.4 Grain sizes E\DVLPLODUJUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQWRWKHUHVWRIWKHFRUH 3ULRUWRWKHFRULQJWKH%=1ZUHFNKDGEHHQFRYHUHGZLWKD +RZHYHUWKHFDUERQDWH VKHOO FRQWHQWVHHPHGWREHVRPHZKDW SRO\SURS\OHQHGHEULVQHWLQDQG89,QFRUH KLJKHU7KHKLJKHUFDUERQDWHFRQWHQWDWWKHWRSRIFRUH WKHQHWIURPRUZDVIRXQGDWDGHSWKRIFP90 FRLQFLGHGZLWKDKHDY\PLQHUDOULFKOD\HU7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDW

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Fig. 6.18 Grain-size distribution for both cores (9108 and 9208). Figure: RCE/MACHU project.

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6.6.5 Geochemical patterns /HDGLVRWRSLFUDWLRVLQFRUHVKRZHGVRPHYHU\KLJK The observed changes in grain-size distributions were also radiogenic values (between 1.22 and 1.35), especially at the top. UHǍHFWHGLQWKHJHRFKHPLFDOSDWWHUQV$WWKHWRSRIFRUH These values indicate the presence of the parent isotopes U and WKHFOD\PLQHUDOFRQWHQWZDVVRPHZKDWKLJKHUDOVRUHǍHFWHGLQ Th.927KHKLJKYDOXHVIRUWKH3E3EUDWLRFRLQFLGHZLWK WKHǌQHUJUDLQVL]H$WWKHWRSRIFRUHWKHUHZDVDQLQFUHDVH KLJKYDOXHVIRU5((&U)H=UDQG7L93 which indicate the LQWKHGRIWKHVDQGIUDFWLRQUHFRUGHGDVDGHFUHDVHLQWKH SUHVHQFHRIKHDY\PLQHUDOVVXFKDVFKURPLWH )H&U2 LOPHQLWH DOXPLQLXP $O FRQWHQW7KHKLJKLURQFRQWHQWDWWKHWRSRIFRUH )H7L2 DQG]LUFRQ =U6L2 DQGSKRVSKDWHPLQHUDOVVXFKDV ZDVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DQLQFUHDVHLQWLWDQLXP 7L ODQWKDQL- PRQD]LWH &H/D 32 DQG[HQRWLPH <32 6DQGVFRQWDLQLQJ des (Ln),91FKURPLXP &U XUDQLXP 8 DQGWKRULXP 7K 7KLV SHUFHQWOHYHOYDOXHVRIWKHVHPLQHUDOVDUHNQRZQWRRFFXURQWKH LQGLFDWHVDQLQFUHDVHLQKHDY\PLQHUDOVVXFKDVLOPHQLWH )H7L2Ÿ Wadden Islands.947KHVHPLQHUDOVHVSHFLDOO\WKHSKRVSKDWHVDUH PDJQHWLWH )Huŷ)Ht2Ź ]LUFRQ =U6L2 DQGFKURPLWH )H&U2 also known to contain high concentrations of U and Th, which in this core. Such an increase can be brought about by sorting ZRXOGH[SODLQWKHUDGLRJHQLFOHDGLVRWRSLFYDOXHV,QWKHGHHSHU DQGZLQQRZLQJFDXVHGE\G\QDPLFVHGLPHQWRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQV SDUWVRIERWKFRUHVKLJKHUYDOXHVIRUWKH3E3EUDWLR ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWWKHLQFUHDVHLQKHDY\PLQHUDOV EHWZHHQDQGFRLQFLGHZLWKDQ$OFRQWHQWZKLFKLV coincides with the in situ protection net. It is possible that the LQGLFDWLYHRIFOD\PLQHUDOFRQWHQW95&OD\PLQHUDOVDOVRKDYHKLJKHU FXUUHQWVSUHIHUHQWLDOO\FDXVHGPRYHPHQWRIOLJKWHUTXDUW]DQG levels of U and Th than quartz grains. IHOGVSDUVJUDLQVZKLFKHYHQWXDOO\OHGWRDUHODWLYHHQULFKPHQW ZLWKKHDY\PLQHUDOV7KHVHHQULFKHGKHDY\PLQHUDOOD\HUVZHUH 1RLQGXVWULDODJH3E3EUDWLRYDOXHVZHUHIRXQG YDOXHV therefore indicative of erosion events. ORZHUWKDQ LQGLFDWLQJWKDWDQWKURSRJHQLFOHDGIURPWKH SHULRGDIWHUZDVQRWSUHVHQWQRUZHUHDQ\SHWUROGHULYHG $QWKURSRJHQLFPHWDOVJHQHUDOO\VKRZHGDOPRVWQRWUHQGVIURP 3E3EUDWLRVREVHUYHGLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHǌQHIUDFWLRQRI WKHWRSWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHFRUHV7KHFRQWHQWRIWKHVHPHWDOV WKHVHGLPHQWZDVFHUWDLQO\SUH )LJ$%&' were, however, very low and fell in the natural range for these HOHPHQWVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWDOOWKHVHGLPHQWZDVRIORFDOXQSROOX- 6.6.6 Summarizing the results WHGRULJLQ$QWKURSRJHQLFPHWDOVDUHWUDQVSRUWHGDVYHU\ǌQH 7KH26/UHVHDUFKDWWKH%XUJ]DQG1RRUGVLWHKDVVKRZQWKDW SDUWLFOHVRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKRUJDQLFPDWWHUZKLFKRQO\VHWWOH LWLVSRVVLEOHWRXVHRSWLFDOGDWLQJLQDKLJKO\G\QDPLFVXEPHUJHG under very low energy conditions. Only during events in which the HQYLURQPHQWDQGVSHFLǌFDOO\LQWKH:DGGHQ6HD+RZHYHULW

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Fig. 6.19 (A) Major element variations for both cores, (B) Indicator elements for heavy minerals in both cores, (C) Al normalized Pb and 206Pb/207Pb YHUVXVGHSWK ' $OQRUPDOL]HGPHWDOSURƥOHVLQERWKFRUHV)LJXUHV5&(0$&+8SURMHFW

VKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHPD\EHDQLQFRPSOHWHUHVHWWLQJRIWKH GRPLQDWHGE\VWURQJVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGZKHUHODUJHDUHDVIDOO 26/VLJQDOLQVRPHJUDLQVDWWKHWLPHRIGHSRVLWLRQ$OWKRXJK dry at low tide.100 ŠTXLFNDQGGLUW\šDQDO\VHVRIWKHVDPSOHVGLGQRWRǋHUDQ\XVHIXO results, full analyses were successful.96 &RUHZKLFKZDVWDNHQLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVLWHORFDWLRQ JLYHVDVHGLPHQWGDWLQJRI\HDUV EHWZHHQDQG The OSL dates show that neither of the two cores reached the PHWUHVXQGHUWKHVHDEHG$WPHWUHVWKH 3OHLVWRFHQHVHGLPHQW977KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHZUHFNSDUWVDUH VHGLPHQWLVGDWHGWR EHWZHHQDQG O\LQJLQDQGRQ+RORFHQHVHGLPHQWVDQGQRWGLUHFWO\RQWRSRI These dates coincide with the age of the wreck. Below that level, WKH3OHLVWRFHQHOD\HU7KHVHGLPHQWŞSDUWLFXODUO\WKDWLQWKH DWPHWUHVWKHDJHLQFUHDVHVGDWLQJWR ZUHFNŞZDVZHOOJUDGHGZLWKOD\HUVRIFRDUVHDQGǌQHVDQGDQG EHWZHHQDQG $OWKRXJKZHKDYHWREHFDUHIXOQRWWR FOD\,WFRQVLVWVRIFRPSDFW+RORFHQHVHGLPHQWLQVHYHUDO MXPSWRFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHEDVLVRIRQO\DIHZGDWLQJVDPSOHVZH OD\HUV&RQVLGHULQJWKHORQJFRUHVWKDWZHUHWDNHQWKH PD\FRQFOXGHWKDWWKHUHLVDŠǌQGOD\HUšWKDWGDWHVIURPDURXQG +RORFHQHOD\HULVH[WUHPHO\WKLFNDWWKH%XUJ]DQGORFDWLRQ2Q WKHWLPHRIWKHZUHFNDJHEHWZHHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\DQG WKLVEDVLVZHFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWLWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRǌQGZUHFNV PHWUHVEHORZWKHVHDEHGWKDWZDVQRWVXEVHTXHQWO\HURGHG at a greater depth under the seabed surface. The sites deeper 7KLVFRQVLVWVRIǌQHVDQGZLWKVKHOOV101$FFRUGLQJWRWKH26/ LQWKHVHGLPHQWPD\EHROGHUVLQFHWKH26/GDWLQJWHOOVXVWKDW GDWHVWKHPHWUHWKLFNOD\HURIVDQGZDVGHSRVLWHGEHWZHHQ DWWRPHWUHVWKHVHGLPHQWZDVODVWXQFRYHUHGLQWKH DQG IRXUWHHQWKDQGǌIWHHQWKFHQWXULHV+LVWRULFDOPDSVIRU H[DPSOHWHOOXVWKDWVKDOORZDUHDVŞVDQGEDQNVŞKDYHDOZD\V 7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHYDOXHRIWKH H[LVWHGLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDEXWWKH\KDYHFKDQJHGWKHLUIRUP VLWH7KHH[LVWHQFHRIDVHGLPHQWOD\HUIURPDURXQGWKHWLPHRI DQGORFDWLRQRYHUWLPH985HPQDQWVRIWKHVHROGVDQGEDQNVPD\ the wreckage allows us to conclude that the protective layer in VWLOOH[LVWDWJUHDWHUGHSWKV7KHVHUHOLFVRIWKHDQFLHQWPDULWLPH WKH%=1ZUHFNKDVQRWFRPSOHWHO\HURGHGDZD\RYHUWLPH ODQGVFDSHPD\QRWKDYHEHHQXQFRYHUHGE\FKDQJLQJFXUUHQW 3DUWVRIWKHVKLSVWUXFWXUHPD\WKHUHIRUHVWLOOEHLQH[FHOOHQW patterns for centuries, and are therefore likely to contain wrecks FRQGLWLRQDQGLWFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWSDUWRIWKHFDUJRDQG of high archaeological value.997KHUHLVGHǌQLWHO\VXFKSRWHQWLDO inventory still lie undisturbed in the wreck. This was already in the case in the eastern part of the Wadden Sea, which is FRQǌUPHGE\WKHDUFKDHRORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWSHUIRUPHGLQ

960DQGHUVHWDO GHSWKLQWKHHDVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDQGQRZH[KLELWHGDWWKH6KLSZUHFN0XVHXPLQ 97:DOOLQJDHWDO 7HUVFKHOOLQJ7KLVIUDPHIURPDFOLQNHUEXLOWVKLSWXUQHGRXWWREHIURPWKHIRXUWHHQWK 982RVW.RVLDQ century (after 1321). RING,QWHUQDO5HSRUWQXPEHU 99([DPSOHVRIUHODWLYHO\LQWDFWVKDOORZDUHDVLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDKDYHDOVR 101 Whether these are shells of creatures that lived on the site or were transported EHHQLGHQWLǌHG6HH&KDSWHU LQWRWKHZUHFNDWDODWHUVWDJHUHPDLQVXQFHUWDLQ 100,Q'HFHPEHU00DQGHUV 5&( DQG0'RPLQJXH] 5,1* LQYHVWLJDWHGDQG GHQGURGDWHGDQROGZRRGHQVKLSIUDPHGUHGJHGXSVHYHUDO\HDUVDJRIURPJUHDW

159 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

when parts of well-preserved cargo, inventory and ship were VHGLPHQWVWHDG\VWDWHUHPDLQVIUDJLOHDQGFDQHDVLO\EHFRPH VXUIDFLQJWKHVHDEHG+RZHYHUZHDOVRQRZNQRZWKDWDWVRPH XQEDODQFHG7KLVUHVXOWVXSSRUWVWKHDUJXPHQWIRUWKHXVHRI ORFDWLRQVRQWKHVLWHDOPRVWPHWUHVRISUDFWLFDOO\XQGLVWXUEHG PXOWLEHDPHFKRVRXQGHUVXUYH\VWRUHJXODUO\WRPRQLWRUWKHVH FRQWHPSRUDU\VHGLPHQWLVVWLOOSUHVHQW7KHROGHUGDWHDWDOPRVW G\QDPLFV104,IPRQLWRULQJUHYHDOVDVKDUSGHFOLQHLQWKHSURWHF- PHWUHVGHHSVKRZVWKDWIURPWKDWSRLQWDWOHDVWQRǌQGV tion of the wreck, action should be taken to reapply in situ IURPWKHZUHFNFDQEHH[SHFWHG1027KH26/GDWHVIURPMXVW SURWHFWLRQRULILPSRUWDQWDUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHVDUHORVWWR RXWVLGHWKHZUHFNPRXQG FRUH VKRZDFRQVLGHUDEOH ODXQFKDQH[FDYDWLRQRIWKHZUHFNRUSDUWRILW LQFUHDVHLQDJHDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZGHSWK DWPHWUHVGDWLQJ WR Ş (YHQWXDOO\ZLWKPRUHFRULQJWKH 26/LVSRWHQWLDOO\DYDOXDEOHWRROIRUPRQLWRULQJ,IWKHPRVW H[WHQWRIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHPLJKWEHGHWHUPLQHGZLWK26/ recent sand particles can be dated, it can be used to evaluate EXLOGXSRIVHGLPHQWSULRUWRDQGDIWHUSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHVKDYH 7KHWZRFRUHVVKRZDVWULNLQJVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQWKHSDWWHUQLQ EHHQLQVWDOOHGRQVLWH7KHPHWKRGFDQDOVRSURYLGHYDOXDEOH PHGLDQJUDLQVL]HVDQGGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHOD\HUPHWUHVEHORZWKH LQIRUPDWLRQRQZKHWKHUDVLWHKDVEHHQHURGHGDQGRULIVDQGKDV VXUIDFHLQWKHZUHFNDQGWKHOD\HUPHWUHVEHORZWKHVXUIDFH been deposited over the longer period after wreckage. This RXWVLGHWKHZUHFN7KHZDWHUGHSWKDWERWKORFDWLRQVDOVRGLǋHUV LQIRUPDWLRQFDQKHOSWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLJQLǌFDQ- E\DSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPHDPRXQW PHWUHV :HFDQ ce of a site and also give an indication of the preservation WKHUHIRUHDVVXPHWKDWWKHVHWZROD\HUVDUHWKHVDPH,IZH FRQGLWLRQDWWKHORFDWLRQ+RZHYHUWKLVVWXG\DOVRVKRZHGWKH DVVXPHWKLVWKHQWKHFRQFOXVLRQFDQEHGUDZQWKDWDFRQVLGHUDEOH LPSRUWDQFHRIFRPELQLQJ26/UHVHDUFKZLWKJUDLQVL]HDQDO\VHV DPRXQWRIWKHWRSVHGLPHQWRXWVLGHWKHZUHFNKDVEHHQGLVWXU- DQGGDWDRQDQWKURSRJHQLFWUDFHPHWDOVDQGVWDEOHOHDG EHGRYHUWLPHDQGDǋHFWHGE\KHDY\HURVLRQ7KHVHG\QDPLFVFDQ isotopes. EHFRQǌUPHGDWOHDVWIRUWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVE\WKHDQDO\VHVRIWKH PXOWLEHDPHFKRVRXQGLQJVHTXHQFHWDNHQDWWKLVVLWH103 6.7 Wood analyses for baseline data and monitoring 0RVWVKLSZUHFNVIURPWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDDUHIURPWKHVHYHQ- It can be concluded that OSL can add to the understanding of WHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGWKXVPDGHRIZRRG:RRGFDQEHPRQLWRUHG VLWHIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVHVDQGFDQDOVRKHOSWRGHWHUPLQHWKH YLVXDOO\LQVLWXRULWFDQEHVDPSOHG9LVXDOO\ZRRGFDQEH TXDOLW\RIWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVRXUFHZLWKRXWXVLQJH[FDYDWLRQ inspected for growths, integrity of the construction, and also SUHYLRXVRUSUHVHQWDWWDFNE\VKLSZRUPRUJULEEOHIRUH[DPSOH105 The question here, however, is whether OSL is useful for 7KHSUHVHQFHDQGDFWLYLW\RIZRRGGHWHULRUDWLQJRUJDQLVPVRQ PRQLWRULQJWKHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVXVHGRQWKH%=1 H[SRVHGWLPEHUVXQGHUZDWHULVQRWDOZD\VHDV\WRPRQLWRU ZUHFNV$OWKRXJKWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKLVUHVHDUFKŞFRQVLVWLQJRI GLUHFWO\+RZHYHULWFDQEHPRQLWRUHGLQRWKHUZD\VVXFKDV RQO\WZRFRUHVŞDUHWRROLPLWHGWRGUDZPDQ\FRQFOXVLRQVVRPH WDNLQJVDPSOHVIURPWKHRULJLQDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRUE\WKHSODFH- SUHOLPLQDU\FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHPDGH,QWKHRU\WKHDPRXQWRI PHQWRIVDFULǌFLDOEORFNVRIPRGHUQZRRGDURXQGDVLWHDQG GHSRVLWLRQXQGHUWKHQHWVVKRXOGEHPHDVXUDEOHE\WKHFRUHV UHFRUGLQJWKHSUHVHQFHRUDEVHQFHRIRUJDQLVPV106 If they are +RZHYHULQWKHVWXG\ZKLOHWKHDJHRIWKHVHGLPHQWDWLRQFRXOG SUHVHQWLWLVKLJKO\OLNHO\WKDWDQ\QHZO\H[SRVHGWLPEHUVZLOODOVR EHGHWHUPLQHGDVUHFHQWLWZDVQRWSRVVLEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKUHFHQW EHFRORQL]HG,IVRVWHSVWRPLWLJDWHWKHLUHǋHFWVFDQEHWDNHQ DJHGLǋHUHQFHVLQVXǎFLHQWGHWDLOWRHVWDEOLVKVHGLPHQWDWLRQ 7KHWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGVDOLQLW\RIWKHZDWHUZLOO UDWHVDQGHYHQWVRYHUDIHZ\HDUV1HYHUWKHOHVVDFRPSDULVRQ KDYHDQHǋHFWRQWKHJURZWKRIWKHPDLQGHJUDGHUVWKHZRRG EHWZHHQVHGLPHQWDWLRQOD\HUVLQDQGRXWVLGHWKHZUHFNVKRZHG ERULQJRUJDQLVPV1077KHVHHQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUVFDQŞDV FOHDUHURVLRQRXWVLGHZLWKROGHUVHGLPHQWDWLRQOD\HUVSURWUXGLQJ ZHKDYHVHHQŞEHPHDVXUHGXVLQJGDWDORJJHUV IURPWKHVXUURXQGLQJVHDEHGDWWKHSURWHFWHGZUHFNVLWH,Q DGGLWLRQLQWKHǌUVWPHWUHRIFRUHFDUERQDWHULFKDQG :HFDQLGHQWLI\ZRRGGHJUDGHUVDQGSRVVLEO\GHYHORSPLWLJDWLRQ KHDY\PLQHUDOULFKGHSRVLWVZHUHIRXQGVXJJHVWLQJWKDW VWUDWHJLHVDJDLQVWWKHPSHUKDSVE\DOWHULQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDO DOWKRXJKSURWHFWLRQZLWKGHEULVQHWVZRUNVWKHUHLVVWLOOPRYH- SDUDPHWHUV,IZHFDQQRWǌQGVXLWDEOHPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVZH PHQWRIVDQGDQGG\QDPLFVHGLPHQWDU\FRQGLWLRQVSUHYDLO VKRXOGUHFRQVLGHUWKHGHFLVLRQWRPDLQWDLQWKHVLWHLQVLWX +RZHYHUHYHQLIZHGHFLGHWRFRQVHUYHRUHYHQVWXG\WKHZUHFN :KLOHWKLVVKRZVWKHHǋHFWLYHQHVVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQZLWK H[VLWXLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRKDYHVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH polypropylene nets in the Wadden Sea, it also reveals that the FRQGLWLRQRIWKHZRRGǌUVW,VLWVWURQJHQRXJKWREHUDLVHG"

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Fig. 6.20 (A) Pilodyn, (B) Pilodyn as used under water. Photos: courtesy National Museum of Denmark.

:KDWbNLQGRIFRQVHUYDWLRQVWUDWHJ\LVQHHGHGWRSUHVHUYH UHDVRQZK\LQWKH0R66DQG%$&32/(6SURMHFWVSDUWVRIWKH WKHbVLWH" VKLSFRQVWUXFWLRQZHUHVDZQRǋDQGUHPRYHGIURPWKHZDWHUWR EHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKHODERUDWRU\,QFRPSDULVRQWRRQO\LQYHVWLJD- ,QWHUPVRIDVVHVVLQJZRRGGHWHULRUDWLRQDVLPSOHPHWDOSUREH ting the density and subsequent water content of the wood, a PDGHRIDWKLQURGFDQEHSUHVVHGLQWRWKHZRRG:KHQWKHZRRG PRUHDFFXUDWHPHWKRGIRUWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHFRQGLWLRQRI LVEDGO\GHJUDGHGWKHUHZLOOEHOLWWOHUHVLVWDQFH$OWHUQDWLYHO\D WKHWLPEHULVPLFURVFRSLFDQDO\VHVRIVDPSOHVZKLFKZLOOUHYHDO PRUHHODERUDWH\HWVLPLODUPHWKRGFDQEHXVHGNQRZQDVWKH WKHVWDWHDQGGHJUHHRIGHJUDGDWLRQDQGWKHVSHFLǌFFDXVH111 3LORG\Q )LJ$% 108 :KHQVDPSOLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRRGIURPDVLWHLWLVLPSRUWDQW 7KHPRUHGHJUDGHGWKHZRRGWKHIXUWKHUWKHSLQZLOOSHQHWUDWH WRbQRWRQO\SD\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHVSHFLǌFǌQGFRQGLWLRQVVXFKDV :LWKLQWKH(86$60$3SURMHFWDQHYHQPRUHDFFXUDWHLQVWUX- GHSWKZLWKLQWKHVHGLPHQWW\SHRIVHGLPHQWDQGORFDWLRQEXW PHQWWRPHDVXUHWKHGHQVLW\RIZRRG WKH:38: ZDV DOVRWKHW\SHRIZRRGDQGWKHIRUPHUIXQFWLRQRIWKHREMHFWWKDW GHYHORSHGZKLFKFRXOGEHXVHGXQGHUZDWHU )LJ 109 Wood LVVDPSOHG7KHODWWHULVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKLVPD\WHOOXV GHQVLW\LQJHQHUDOLVDJRRGSDUDPHWHUIRUGHWHUPLQLQJOHYHOVRI VRPHWKLQJDERXWWKHIRUPHU FRQWHPSRUDU\ H[SRVXUHWR GHJUDGDWLRQ0LFURRUJDQLVPVRSHUDWHRQDFHOOXODUOHYHODQGDV GHJUDGDWLRQWKDWWKHZRRGZDVVXEMHFWHGWR'LǋHUHQWW\SHVRI WKH\UHPRYHFHOOZDOOPDWHULDOWKLVLVUHSODFHGE\ZDWHU$VD ZRRGPD\EHVXEMHFWHGWRGLǋHUHQWIRUPVRIDWWDFNDQGDW UHVXOWWKHPRUHGHJUDGHGWKHZRRGWKHORZHULWVGHQVLW\110 GLǋHUHQWUDWHV

Density can also be assessed using cores taken in situ with an 2QWKH%=1VLWHRQHRDNSODQNO\LQJŞFPEHORZWKH LQFUHPHQWERUHUEXWZLWKZRRGWKDWKDVEHHQGHJUDGHGE\ VXUIDFHZDVVDPSOHGZKLOHDSLQHSODQNO\LQJŞFPEHORZWKH 7HUHGRLWLVEHVWWRWDNHODUJHUVDPSOHVDVWKHKROHVWKHVKLS- VXUIDFHZDVDOVRVDPSOHG )LJ %RWKSODQNVKDGEHHQ ZRUPPDNHVPD\LQǍXHQFHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV7KLVLVWKH FRYHUHGZLWKVDQGIRUVRPHWLPHEXWWKHRDNSODQNKDGSUREDEO\ EHHQLQFRQWDFWZLWKWKHRSHQZDWHUDIHZWLPHV7KHRDNSODQN was part of the outer planking of the ship, while the pine plank ZDVSDUWRIWKHGRXEOLQJ VDFULǌFLDOSODQNLQJ SRVVLEO\WRSURWHFW the ship against attack by Teredo navalis.112 While the ship was in use, the outer double planking of pine would have been in

Fig. 6.21 The WP4UW equipment to measure the condition of wood under water. Photo: courtesy National Museum of Denmark/SASMAP Fig. 6.22 The location of the sampled wood at the BZN 15 wreck site. project. Figure: M. Manders/BACPOLES Project.

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161 Fig. 6.23 The location of the sampled wood at the BZN 3 wreck site. Figure: M. Manders/BACPOLES Project.

FRQVWDQWFRQWDFWZLWKbWKHRSHQZDWHU7KHRDNSODQNLQJPD\ ZDVVWLOOIRXQG VHYHUHWRPRGHUDWH )XUWKHUPRUHWKHSLQHIURP KDYHEHHQSURWHFWHGE\WKHSLQHOD\HU$IWHUZUHFNDJHWKHVKLS %=1ZDVVHYHUHO\GHJUDGHG+RZHYHUFRPSDUHGWRWKHRWKHU ZDVPRVWSUREDEO\O\LQJRQLWVVLGHZLWKWKHSLQHSODQNLQJQRZ VLWHVLQWKHRYHUDOOSURMHFWWKHPDULQHVDPSOHVZHUHVWLOOOHVV below the oak planking.113 degraded than those surrounded by fresh water.119 2QWKH%=1ZUHFNWZRZRRGVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQIURPDWKLFN RDNSODQNZKLFKWXUQHGRXWWREHDZDOH )LJ 114 The wood 7KHUHODWLYHO\VPDOOHUGHJUHHRIEDFWHULDOGHFD\DWWKHPDULQH ZDVFRYHUHGZLWKFPWRDPD[LPXPRIFPRIVHGLPHQW115 VLWHVFRXOGLQGLFDWHWKDWPDULQHVHDǍRRUFRQGLWLRQVDUHOHVV 7KLVZDOHZRXOGKDYHEHHQRQWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHVKLS+RZHYHU favourable to erosion bacteria than fresh water soil conditions. LWVSRVLWLRQZRXOGKDYHPHDQWLWZDVPDLQO\DERYHWKHZDWHU 7KLVZDVDOVRREVHUYHGLQWKHVDPSOHVWKDWZHUHWDNHQRQWKH %=1VLWHGXULQJWKH0R66SURMHFWFRPSDUHGWRWKH'DUVVHU 7KHDQDO\VHVRIWKHVDPSOHVUHYHDOHGGHJUDGDWLRQRIWKHFHOO cog and the Vrouw MariaLQPRUHEUDFNLVKWRIUHVKZDWHU walls by erosion bacteria for both of the wrecks investigated on HQYLURQPHQWV120$SSDUHQWO\WKHIDFWRUVPHQWLRQHGDERYH VL]H the Burgzand, the BZN 3 and 15, and both wood species, oak and DQGVDOLQLW\ DǋHFWWKHVSHHGRIGHJUDGDWLRQWRVXFKDQH[WHQW pine.1167KHVDPHZDVWUXHIRUDFWLYHZRRGGHJUDGLQJEDFWHULD117 WKDWWKHHǋHFWRIDJH DQGWKHUHIRUHWKHH[SRVXUHWLPH LV The intensity of the degradation, however, varied. PLQLPDO121

$OOVDPSOHVZHUHGHJUDGHGE\HURVLRQEDFWHULDQRQGHJUDGHG In relation to in situ protection of archaeological wood, it has also tissue in the wood was rare. Sapwood, if present, was always EHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWZDWHUǍRZWKURXJKZRRGPD\EHDQ VHYHUHO\GHJUDGHG2QHUHVXOWGHULYHGIURPWKHUHVHDUFKLQWKH LPSRUWDQWIDFWRUWKDWGHWHUPLQHVWKHGHJUHHRIGHJUDGDWLRQE\ %$&32/(6SURMHFWZDVWKDWWKHRULJLQDOGLPHQVLRQVRIWKH erosion bacteria.122,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWRQO\PLQRUFKDQJHVLQWKH WLPEHUDUHQHJDWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKWKHGHJUHHRIGHJUDGDWLRQ K\GURORJ\RIDVLWHPD\KDYHPDMRUHǋHFWVRQWKHOHYHORI EXWQRWWKHH[SRVXUHWLPH118$WDOORIWKHVLWHVŞRQ ZHW ODQGDV GHJUDGDWLRQŞSRVLWLYHO\RUQHJDWLYHO\7KLVVHHPVQRWWREHRI ZHOODVXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVŞVDPSOHGZLWKLQWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFW JUHDWFRQFHUQWRWKHXQGHUZDWHUVLWHV+RZHYHULWVKRXOGEHNHSW thicker oak piles were severely degraded on the outside, while in LQPLQGWKDWWKHSURWHFWLRQLQVWDOOHGDOVRPLQLPL]HVWKHZDWHU GHHSHUOD\HUVWKHGHJUHHRIGHJUDGDWLRQZDVOHVVDQGVRPHWLPHV ǍRZDURXQGWKHZUHFNDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH HYHQDEVHQW7KHWKLQQHUVDZQRDNWLPEHUVZHUHVHYHUHO\ GHJUDGHG7KHRDNVKLSZUHFNWLPEHUIURPWKHPDULQHVLWHVRQO\ ,QWKHVDPSOHVLQYHVWLJDWHGIURPWKHVXEPHUJHGPDULQHVLWHVRI consisted of sawn heartwood, but in all cases, wood degradation BZN 3 and 15, wood colonizing fungi was present throughout,

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but no traces of the severely degrading soft rot was found.123 +RZHYHUWZRRWKHUVKLSZUHFNVIURP$OPHUHLQWKH)OHYRSROGHUV LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV UHFODLPHGODQG DOVRVDPSOHGZLWKLQWKH %$&32/(6SURMHFWGLGKDYHVRIWURW,WLVXQFOHDUZKHWKHUWKLV was already present while the ships were still in use or whether WKHZRRGZDVDǋHFWHGZKHQWKHSROGHUZDVUHFODLPHG,WLVZHOO known that soft rot occurs in ships even when they are still in use.124 ,ISUHVHQWIXQJLLQZRRGUHPRYHGIURPWKHVHDEHGPD\ EHFRPHDFWLYHDJDLQZKHQLWFRPHVLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKR[\JHQ thus destroying the wood rapidly.125

$VWXG\RIGHJUDGDWLRQSDWWHUQVFRQǌUPHGWKDWWKHZRRGIURP WKH%=1%=1DQGDOVRWKHWZRZUHFNVLQWKH)OHYRSROGHUV 126 FRQWDLQHGVXEVWDQWLDODPRXQWVRIS\ULWH )H62). This can cause severe degradation of the wood.127

6.8 Structuring the monitoring of a site $VZHKDYHVHHQWKHUHDUHPDQ\PHWKRGVWRROVRULQVWUXPHQWV Fig. 6.24 A monitoring plan, as developed for monitoring actions at the WKDWFDQKHOSXVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIDVLWHHLWKHUDV Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE). Figure: M. Manders. SDUWRIDEDVHOLQHVWXG\RUVXEVHTXHQWPRQLWRULQJ$OORIWKHVH DLGPDQDJHPHQWRIFKDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKHZUHFNRU $OWKRXJKLPSOHPHQWHGIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRI'XWFKVKLS- HYHQWKHPDWHULDOWKHVLWHFRQVLVWVRI7KH\DUHKRZHYHURIQR wrecks outside of the Netherlands, it has not, however, been YDOXHLIZHGRQRWZRUNV\VWHPDWLFDOO\$ERYHDOOPRQLWRULQJ VWDQGDUGL]HGIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDO FRQFHUQVWKHV\VWHPDWLFIROORZXSDQGFRPSDULVRQRIREVHUYDWL- sites in the Netherlands itself.130 RQVDQGPHDVXUHPHQWV1HZGHYHORSPHQWVLQWHFKQRORJ\VXFK DVWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIPXOWLEHDPVRQDUFDQKHOSXVWRGHWDLORXU $EULHIPRQLWRULQJJXLGHOLQHZDVGHYHORSHGDQGDSSOLHGZLWKLQWKH REVHUYDWLRQJULGEXWWKHFRPSDULVRQRIUHVXOWVDOVRUHOLHVRQGDWD 0R66DQGWKH%$&32/(6SURMHFWV1317KHSDUDPHWHUVRQZKLFK FROOHFWHGSUHYLRXVO\:LWKFRULQJ26/VHLVPLFUHVHDUFKDQG to collect data were based on the deterioration of wood in the UHVHDUFKXVLQJKLVWRULFDOPDSVZHFDQJREDFNLQWLPHWR PDULQHHQYLURQPHQWEXWPRVWRIWKHJXLGHOLQHLVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUG UHFRQVWUXFWGHYHORSPHQWV$EDVHOLQHVWXG\KRZHYHUQHHGVWR DQGFRQWDLQVLPSRUWDQWSRLQWVWRFRQVLGHUIRUJHQHUDO EHPRUHWKRURXJKDQGV\VWHPDWLFDOO\H[HFXWHGQRWRQO\RQRQH PRQLWRULQJ EXWRQDOOVLWHV$SURWRFROZLWKSUHPLVHVDQGRSHUDWLRQDO principles to standardize the process for this is indispensable. Monitoring protocols have been developed for terrestrial sites in the Netherlands as well.132+RZHYHUWKHUHLVVWLOOQRZLGHO\ 7KHVDPHFDQEHVDLGFRQFHUQLQJVXEVHTXHQWUHJXODUPRQLWRULQJ DFFHSWHGSURWRFRORQKRZWRPRQLWRUXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDO RQVLWH$OWKRXJKPDQ\VLWHVKDYHEHHQDVVHVVHGRYHUWKH\HDUV sites, either nationally or internationally. There are also no rules in the Netherlands, and the Wadden Sea in particular, baseline DERXWZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVEHVWSUDFWLFHLQPRQLWRULQJ:HDUH GDWDKDVRQO\EHHQV\VWHPDWLFDOO\FROOHFWHGGXULQJ(8SURMHFWV DFWXDOO\VWLOOVHHNLQJDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRIWKHIDFWWKDWPRQLWR- and thus not taken up as an inclusive task during the cultural ULQJLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KH KHULWDJHVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWV128$PDQDJHPHQWSODQWKDW JXLGHOLQHSUHVHQWHGDERYH )LJ ZDVGHYHORSHGZLWKLQ was developed within the MoSS project could serve as a standard subsequent European projects and used for the wrecks on the IRUWKHVHEDVHOLQHVWXGLHVLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHDFWXDO Burgzand.133(ǋRUWVDUHEHLQJPDGHWRLQFOXGHWKHPRQLWRULQJRI VLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWDQGVXEVHTXHQWPRQLWRULQJ129 XQGHUZDWHUVLWHVDVZHOO$WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJWKHUHLVGLVFXV-

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ee Section 3.1. 128%DVHOLQHGDWDIRUGHJUDGDWLRQUHVHDUFKZDVFROOHFWHGRQWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG 1326PLWHWDO2VHWDO 0R66%$&32/(60$&+8:UHFN3URWHFWDQG6$60$3SURMHFWV 1337KHVHZHUHWKH0R66%$&32/(6DQG0$&+8SURMHFWV6HHDOVR&KDSWHU 1296HH0DQGHUV DQG0DQGHUV 130,WLVQRWDUHTXLUHPHQWWRXVHWKH0DQDJHPHQW3ODQIRUVLWHVZLWKLQ'XWFKWHUULWRU\

163 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

sion about whether this should be an overarching protocol for 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIQHZWHFKQLTXHVLQPRQLWRULQJZLOOQRWRQO\ both terrestrial and underwater sites or whether these proto- PDNHWKHGDWDFROOHFWHGEHWWHUDQGWKHREVHUYDWLRQJULGVǌQHU cols should be distinct. WKH\PD\DOVREHPRUHFRVWHǋHFWLYH137:KHQZHORRNVSHFLǌ- FDOO\DWWKHFRVWVRIPRQLWRULQJWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH $VWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKUHDWVGLǋHUVRPXFK PXOWLEHDPHFKRVRXQGHULVDKXJHFRVWVDYHUGXHWRWKHIDFW WKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUDQHǋRUWVKRXOGEHPDGHWRVWDQGDU- WKDWGLYHUVDUHQRWUHTXLUHG$JUHHPHQWVZLWKVXUYH\FRPSD- GL]HWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOPRQLWRULQJSURWRFROIRUERWKODQGDQG QLHVDQGEHWZHHQPLQLVWULHVFDQPDNHWKHSURFHVVRIUHFRUGLQJ ZDWHURUZKHWKHUWKH\VKRXOGEHNHSWVHSDUDWHPXVWEH HYHQPRUHHǋHFWLYHDQGWKXVDOVRFKHDSHU1380XOWLEHDPGDWD FRQVLGHUHG7KHZD\DVLWHQHHGVWREHPRQLWRUHGGHSHQGVRQ is collected for all sorts of reasons but can also be used in WKHIRUPVRIPLWLJDWLRQDJDLQVWVLJQLǌFDQWDQGSRWHQWLDOO\ODUJH FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW threats, but also on how we have protected the site (what kind RIPHWKRGDQGDJDLQVWZKDWNLQGRIWKUHDW DQGWKHUHDVRQZK\ In the Netherlands, including the Western Wadden Sea, baseline ŞLQWKHǌUVWSODFHŞDVLWHKDVEHHQSURWHFWHG$OOWKHDERYHPD\ VWXGLHVKDYHPDLQO\EHHQFRQGXFWHGZLWKLQODUJHVFDOH GLǋHUIRUXQGHUZDWHUDQGWHUUHVWULDOVLWHV (XURSHDQSURMHFWV7KHFKDUDFWHURIVXFKSURMHFWVLVH[SHUL- PHQWDWLRQDQGǌQGLQJWKHEHVWVROXWLRQV7KLVE\GHǌQLWLRQ 1RWPDQ\FRXQWULHVKDYHDPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHLQSODFH PDNHVWKHUHVHDUFKUHODWLYHO\H[SHQVLYH+RZHYHULQWHJUDWHG (QJOLVK+HULWDJHFRQWUDFWVDGLYLQJXQLWWRPRQLWRUDOOWKH JRRGTXDOLW\EDVHOLQHVWXGLHVFDQEHH[HFXWHGLQDPRUH designated wreck sites.134$OWKRXJKPRVWFRXQWULHVŞLQFOXGLQJ FRVWHǋHFWLYHZD\,QIRUPDWLRQDERXWHQYLURQPHQWDOSDUDPH- WKH1HWKHUODQGVŞKDYHDEXGJHWIRUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO WHUVFDQEHREWDLQHGIURPRWKHURFHDQRJUDSKLFLQVWLWXWHVIURP KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWQRVWUXFWXUDOIXQGVKDYHEHHQDOORFDWHG ODUJHVFDOHSUHOLPLQDU\VWXGLHVVXFKDVWKH+LVWRULFDO IRUDFWLYHLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQRUPRQLWRULQJ1357KLVVHHPVLQIDFW *HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWVDVGHVFULEHGLQ&KDSWHURUIURP WREHFRQWUDGLFWRU\WRWKHSULPDU\DLPWRSUHVHUYHŠDUFKDHRORJL- IRUPHUEDVHOLQHVWXGLHVFDUULHGRXWLQSUR[LPLW\,WLVWKHUHIRUH FDOšVLWHVLQVLWX%\H[SOLFLWO\VHOHFWLQJVLWHVWREHSUHVHUYHGLQ not always necessary to include data loggers, or the introduc- VLWXJRYHUQPHQWVDUHLPSOLFLWO\VXJJHVWLQJWKDWLWLVZRUWKGRLQJ WLRQRIDQGUHVHDUFKRQVDFULǌFLDORUVDPSOLQJLQJHQHUDO$OO so. The consequences of these decisions, however, are clearly WKHVHUHTXLUHDORWRIODERXUDQGODUJH ORQJWHUP EXGJHWV not being considered if there are no budgets for protection and PRQLWRULQJ %DVLFHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQFDQDOORZXVWRLGHQWLI\WKH greatest threats to cultural heritage, on the basis of which a risk $ODUJHSUREOHPIRULQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQFRQVHUYDWLRQDQG LQYHQWRU\FDQEHPDGHDQGHǋRUWVWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHVH PRQLWRULQJPD\OLHLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRILW6\VWHPDWLFDOO\ WKUHDWVFDQEHXQGHUWDNHQ'XQNOH\ GHVFULEHVWKHVDPH IROORZLQJWKHSURFHVVRISURWHFWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJZLOOVKRZ NLQGRISURFHGXUHIRUWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGGHVLJQDWHGZUHFN that in situ preservation is not such a cheap option after all. This sites.1397KLVNLQGRIV\VWHPLQFOXGLQJDULVNGHFLVLRQWUHHFRXOG LVHVSHFLDOO\WKHFDVHLILQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRIVLWHVDUHWREH EHGHYHORSHGDQGLPSOHPHQWHGIRUWKHZUHFNVLQWKH:DGGHQ preserved and physically protected in situ. Only by acknowled- 6HDDQGIRUXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH ging this can solutions be found to control budgets. Netherlands overall. &RRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQVWDNHKROGHUVPLJKWEHRQHRIWKHVH solutions, but strong selection and deselection procedures are 7KLVDOOGHSHQGVRQWKHWKUHDWVWKDWDUHGRPLQDQWWKHHQYLURQ- also required.136 PHQWEXGJHWVDQGWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIWKHVLWHZKHQFKRRVLQJ WKHPHWKRGRORJ\DQGWHFKQLTXHVIRUPRQLWRULQJWKHVLWH140$

1347KH(QJOLVK'LYH&RQWUDFWLVFXUUHQWO\ZLWK:HVVH[$UFKDHRORJ\ FRPSDQLHVFDQGHFLGHWKHPVHOYHVZKHQWRUHFRUGWKHZUHFNDQGWKHUHIRUHFDQ 135+RZHYHUIRUDIHZ\HDUVPRQH\IURPWKH%5,0IXQGKDVEHHQPDGHDYDLODEOHIRU schedule the work during low season and when passing the site on their way to or PRQLWRULQJRIQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVLWHVLQFOXGLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV IURPRWKHUMREV 136:LWKFRRSHUDWLRQFRVWVPD\EHVKDUHGVWURQJDQGFOHDUVHOHFWLRQPD\QRWRQO\ 139'XQNOH\ NHHSWKHQXPEHURIVLWHVGRZQEXWDOVRPD\DYRLGWKHVXJJHVWLRQWKDWDUFKDHROR- 1406HHDOVR&KDSWHU JLVWVDOZD\VZDQWWRSUHVHUYHHYHU\WKLQJ/HQQRQ )ROH\ 1376HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHKXJHEHQHǌWVRI&RPSXWHU&LVLRQ3KRWRJUDPPHWU\KWWSV PDULWLHPSURJUDPPDZRUGSUHVVFRPWDJFRPSXWHUYLVLRQSKRWRJUDPPHWU\ DFFHVVHG 138037KH0DULWLPH3URJUDPPHRIWKH5&(KDVPDGHDJUHHPHQWVZLWKVXUYH\ FRPSDQLHVWRPDNHVXFKUHFRUGLQJVRISLQSRLQWHGZUHFNVIRUDǌ[HGSULFH7KLVSULFH LVPXFKORZHUWKDQXVXDOPXOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJDVVLJQPHQWVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH

164 0RQLWRULQJWKHHǋHFWVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ

URXJKHVWLPDWLRQRIFRVWVIRUGLǋHUHQWPRQLWRULQJDFWLRQVLV VSHFLǌFDQGGHWDLOHGUHVHDUFKXQGHUWDNHQLQYDULRXV(XURSHDQ listed below. projects, data has been collected with data loggers and labora- WRU\UHVHDUFKRQDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDOKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQ Monitoring BZN 10, 20091141 which can be regarded as baseline data for all the wrecks in the METHOD &267'$

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165 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

7. Making underwater cultural heritage

accessible to the public Kuyvenhoven. Cor Photo: in the Oostvoornsemeer. on a shipwreck 7.1 Diver Fig.

166 7. Making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public

7. Making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public

7.1 Introduction :KLOHWKHUHDUHPDQ\UHDVRQVWRDLPIRUSUHVHUYDWLRQLQVLWX +RZHYHULWLVDOZD\VDPDWWHURIEDODQFLQJWKHFRVWVWKHHǋHFWV WKHUHPD\EHDOVRGRZQVLGHVWRWKLV0$VVRPHWKUHDWVPD\QRW RISURWHFWLYHPHDVXUHVDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVLWH&XOWXUDO EHHDVLO\PLWLJDWHGZKLFKPD\FRPSURPLVHWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRI heritage sites are assessed on their archaeological, historical or WKHVLWHLQWKHORQJUXQFRVWVIRUSUHVHUYDWLRQPD\ULVHWR aesthetic value.47KHSULRULWL]LQJRIVLWHVPD\EHSUDJPDWLFQRWDOO XQPDQDJHDEOHKHLJKWVZKLOHOLWWOHQHZNQRZOHGJHDERXWRXUSDVW VLWHVFDQEHDFWLYHO\SURWHFWHGDQGPDQDJHGVLPSO\EHFDXVHRI LVFROOHFWHG7KLVPD\UHVXOWLQWKHGHFLVLRQWRH[FDYDWHDVLWH,Q LQVXǎFLHQWPRQH\WLPHDQGKXPDQUHVRXUFHV:KHQDZUHFNVLWH DGGLWLRQWKHXVHRIFHUWDLQSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVPD\PHDQWKDW GRHVQRWVHHPZRUWKSURWHFWLQJŞSK\VLFDOO\RUOHJDOO\ŞDFKRLFH WKHULFKQHVVRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHVEHFRPHVOHVV PXVWEHPDGHWRH[FDYDWHLWRUOHDYHLWXQDWWHQGHG5 YLVLEOHWRWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF7KLVPD\QRWHQFRXUDJHWKHLU interest or desire to engage. Is there a way to avoid this? Is it 7KHSULRULWL]DWLRQRIVLWHVLVWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWDOZD\VVXEMHFWLYH possible to preserve in situ and still address the public interest? 7KHUHIRUHDPHDVXUHRILQWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\PD\EHHQVXUHG $ZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDQGVWLPXODWLQJSXEOLFHQJDJHPHQWLV WKURXJKWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPXVLQJ LPSRUWDQWLQWKHSURWHFWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHXQGHUZDWHU PDQDJHPHQWSODQVPRQLWRULQJSURWRFROVDQGUHVHDUFKDJHQ- FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH$WKRXJKWKHUHPD\EHPDQ\ZD\VWRRUJDQL]H das.6 In this way, decisions can always be tracked and the process WKLVWKURXJKGLǋHUHQWFKDQQHOV,ZRXOGOLNHWRPDLQO\IRFXVLQWKLV PRQLWRUHG FKDSWHURQWKHUROHPXVHXPVFDQSOD\LQWKLV1 6RPHWLPHVLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSURWHFWDVLWHDSSURSULDWHO\RYHUD It has to be noted that not all wrecks undergo physical protection. ORQJSHULRGGXHWRDODFNRIVFLHQWLǌFRUWHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJH $VZHKDYHVHHQVRPHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWVŞVXFKDVLQWKH /DUJHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\LURQVKLSZUHFNVDUHDQH[DPSOHRIWKLV %DOWLF6HDŞDUHYHU\VWDEOHDQGODUJHVFDOHSK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQ :KDWFDQEHGRQHWRSURWHFWDPHWUHORQJLURQKXOOSURWUXGLQJ VHHPVXQQHFHVVDU\26RPHRWKHUHQYLURQPHQWVVXFKDVWKH DWOHDVWPHWUHVIURPWKHVHDEHGLQDKLJKO\G\QDPLFDUHD"7 KLJKO\G\QDPLFVKDOORZ:DGGHQ6HDLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGWKH *RRGZLQ6DQGVLQWKH8.FDQEHERWKSURWHFWLYHRIDQGKRVWLOH )XUWKHUPRUHVLQFHVLWHVKDYHGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDW WRXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVGXHWRWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKH WKRVHOHIWXQWRXFKHGIURPDKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWSRLQWRIYLHZ HQYLURQPHQW3,QWKHVHDUHDVPXFKHǋRUWKDVWREHPDGHWR PD\VWLOOEHRILQWHUHVWWRRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUV6SRUWVGLYHUVPD\ physically stabilize a site. like the aesthetics of a site and perhaps even the educational

Fig. 7.2 (A) Diving on the three WW1 British cruisers, the Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue in the North Sea. Photo: Cor Kuyvenhoven, (B) The three wrecks are also hotspots for biodiversity and, due to their popularity for sports diving, there is a lot of public involvement in their protection against looting and demolition for scrap metal. Figure: Foundation Duik de Noordzee Schoon.

06HH&KDSWHU 4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVDWZZZVLNEQO DFFHVVHG 17KHPHGLDFDQEHDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWQHUIRUDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDVZHOO 63DWHU 0DQGHUV,QWKH'XWFK4XDOLW\6WDQGDUGVDVFRUHFDQEHDGGHGWR 26HH&KDSWHUDQG GHWHUPLQHWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIDVLWH7KLVFRXOGEHXVHGDVDGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHP 36HH&KDSWHURQWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKH:DGGHQ6HD +RZHYHUGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDVVHVVPHQWVDUHPDGHE\PDQ\GLǋHUHQWLQVWLWXWHVDQG 40DQGHUV7LOEXUJ 6WDQLIRUWK LQGLYLGXDOVLWPD\EHGLǎFXOWWRFRPHXSZLWKDVROLGFRPSDUDEOHVFRULQJV\VWHP 5 This should be one of the choices within a selection procedure. The selection 76HHIRUH[DPSOH&KDSWHURQWKHXVHRIDQRGHVDQGIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH SURFHGXUHPD\EHSRVLWLYH VRPHWKLQJPXVWEHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWXRUH[VLWX RU preservation of well-preserved shipwrecks. QHJDWLYH WKHDUHDRUVLWHLVUHOHDVHGIURPIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ 6HHDOVR'XWFK

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 7.3 The Vasa Museum is the most visited museum in the whole of Scandinavia. Photo: Anneli Karlsson, the Swedish National Maritime Museums.

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while leaving wrecks in situ. Leaving sites uncared for and RXUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHEXWPRUHVSHFLǌFDOO\WRWKH GHVHOHFWLQJWKHPIURPDFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHSHUVSHFWLYHLVDSDVVLYH VWRULHVEHKLQGDQGEH\RQGWKHREMHFWV([DPSOHVRIWKLVUDQJH DSSURDFK$FWLYHO\ZHFDQPLWLJDWHDQGDWWHPSWWRǌQGPLGGOH IURPDGUHVVIRXQGLQWKH%=1ZUHFNWRHQWLUH'XWFKZDUVKLSV JURXQGSURWHFWLQJSDUWVRIDZUHFNRUVSHFLǌFKLVWRULFDODQG WKDWDUHUDSLGO\GLVDSSHDULQJLQWKH-DYD6HD+HUHZHDUHGHDOLQJ DUFKDHRORJLFDOYDOXHVZKLOHNHHSLQJLQPLQGWKHRWKHU RIWHQ ZLWKFRPSOHWHO\GLǋHUHQWVLWHVRQHLVDVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ QRQVFLHQWLǌF YDOXHVWKDWVWDNHKROGHUVDVVRFLDWHZLWKWKH ZRRGHQVKLSǌOOHGZLWKH[FHSWLRQDOO\ZHOOSUHVHUYHGLWHPVZKLOH ZUHFNbVLWH WKHRWKHUFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHVWHHOZUHFNVWKDWKDYHDOPRVW FRPSOHWHO\GLVDSSHDUHGIURPWKHVHDEHG9 To tell their stories Participation in the process of underwater cultural heritage DQGWREULQJWKHPWROLIHIRUWKHSXEOLFDUFKDHRORJLVWVWUDGLWLRQDOO\ PDQDJHPHQWE\RWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVVSRUWVGLYHUV GHSHQGH[WHQVLYHO\RQPXVHXPV7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSEHQHǌWVERWK PXQLFLSDOLWLHVDQGRWKHUJRYHUQPHQWDODJHQFLHVPD\DOVREHD sides: creating awareness is the best way to ensure the protec- ZD\IRUZDUGWKDWEDODQFHVWKHGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVDQGFUHDWHV tion of underwater cultural heritage, while the people reached awareness and acceptance of in situ policy.87KLVPD\HYHQWXDOO\ PD\DOVREHFRPHUHJXODUPXVHXPYLVLWRUV lead to the opening up of underwater sites for other groups, joint FRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVWRSUHVHUYHVLWHV 0XVHXPVVXFKDVWKHMary RoseLQ3RUWVPRXWK 8. DQGWKH LQbVLWXDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPVRU 9DVDLQ6WRFNKROP 6ZHGHQ KDYHEHHQKLJKO\VXFFHVVIXOLQ KHULWDJHbWUDLOV VSUHDGLQJDZDUHQHVVDPRQJWKHSXEOLF10 The Vasa is, with at OHDVWYLVLWRUVDQQXDOO\WKHPRVWYLVLWHGPXVHXPLQ ,QWKLVFKDSWHUZHZLOOGLVFXVVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPXVHXPV 6FDQGLQDYLD )LJ 117KHVHPXVHXPVDUHKRZHYHUEXLOWRQ and underwater cultural heritage, especially those sites that are PDWHULDODQGLQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHGGXULQJH[FDYDWLRQV7KH SUHVHUYHGLQVLWX6HFWLRQLQWURGXFHVWKHPXVHXPVDQGVLWHV DUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVKDYHSURYLGHGFRQWH[WWRWKHREMHFWV DQGWKHUROHRIDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJLQWKHǌHOGRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH DQGWKHVKLSVDQGWKHLUFRQWHQWVDUHSUHVHUYHGH[VLWX PDQDJHPHQW,Q6HFWLRQWKHYDULRXVZD\VRIEULQJLQJSHRSOH WRDQDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGZKLOHLQ6HFWLRQ +RZFDQZHDFFRPSOLVKWKLVZKHQWKHREMHFWVLQTXHVWLRQUHPDLQ several ways to bring in situ preserved sites to the public will be XQGHUZDWHUDQGDUHGLǎFXOWWRDFFHVV"7KHDQVZHUOLHVLQ presented and discussed. bringing either the visitor physically to the site or the site virtually WRWKHYLVLWRULQRWKHUZRUGVWDNLQJWKHPXVHXPRXWRIWKH 7.2 Museums and sites preserved in situ building. In general, the preference for keeping archaeological sites on the

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7.3 Bringing visitors to the site 7KHǌUVWWKLQJWKDWFRPHVWRPLQGZKHQWKLQNLQJDERXWEULQJLQJ YLVLWRUVWRDVLWHLVWKDWWKLVPD\LQYROYHGLYLQJŞDQGLQGHHGD ODUJHSDUWRIWKHYLVLWLQJSXEOLFFRPHVIURPWKHGLYLQJFRPPXQLW\ +RZHYHUWKHDPDWHXUGLYLQJFRPPXQLW\LVQRWPHUHO\DODUJH JURXSLWLVDOVRDQLPSRUWDQWVWDNHKROGHULQWKHPDQDJHPHQWDQG protection of underwater cultural heritage.12,QPDQ\FRXQWULHV Fig. 7.4 Amateur archaeologists of LWAOW preparing for a dive on one of WKH\FRPSULVHWKHSULPDU\VRXUFHIRUQHZGLVFRYHULHVDQG the wrecks in the Oostvoornsemeer. Photo: M. Manders. IXQFWLRQDVWKHŠH\HVDQGHDUVšRISURIHVVLRQDODUFKDHRORJLVWVDQG SROLF\PDNHUVLQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH13 It is, therefore, $QXQGHUZDWHUSDUNLVDQDUHDZLWKVRPHVRUWRIOHJDOVWDWXVDQG LPSRUWDQWWRHQOLVWWKHPDVDOOLHVLQVLWHPDQDJHPHQWWXUQLQJ SURWHFWLRQ7KLVPD\EHFUHDWHG DQGLVRIWHQWKHFDVH EHFDXVH WKHPIURPVWDNHKROGHUVLQWRVKDUHKROGHUV,QIDFWLQPDQ\ RIWKHRXWVWDQGLQJQDWXUDOYDOXHVEXWLWPD\DOVRLQFOXGHRUHYHQ countries, including the Netherlands, underwater archaeology H[FOXVLYHO\EHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHSURWHFWLRQ EHJDQDVDUHVXOWRIDPDWHXUGLYHUVš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has also been an increase in individual sites being opened to the public.17 Restrictions in access to underwater sites, as a result of either OHJDORUSK\VLFDOSURWHFWLRQIRUPDVHULRXVWKUHDWWRWKHLQYROYH- Underwater heritage trails are discovery routes encouraging the PHQWRIWKLVJURXS7KHUHIRUHGHQ\LQJDFFHVVWRRQHVLWHFRXOG H[SORUDWLRQRIDUHDVZLWKRXWVWDQGLQJKHULWDJH18 The develop- EHFRPSHQVDWHGE\HQKDQFLQJDFFHVVLELOLW\WRRWKHUVLWHVDQG PHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHWUDLOVDQGWKHFUHDWLRQRIDFFHVVWR DUHDV7KLVQRWLRQLVJURZLQJDVLVWKHQXPEHURIQHZLQLWLDWLYHV LQGLYLGXDOVLWHVLVSRWHQWLDOO\DPXOWLPLOOLRQGROODUEXVLQHVV to create greater access to underwater archaeological sites.15)RU SDUWLFXODUO\FRQVLGHULQJWKHQXPEHURIDFWLYHVSRUWVGLYHUVLQWKH H[DPSOHLQWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVXQGHUZDWHUSDUNVKHULWDJH ZRUOGDQGWKHLPSDFWWKDWWKHSURWHFWLRQRIQDWXUDODQGFXOWXUDO WUDLOVVLWHDQGDUHDVSHFLǌFDFWLYLWLHVDQGXQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPV UHVRXUFHVPD\KDYHRQQDWLRQDOWRXULVP7KLVKDVQRW\HWEHHQ have been created.16 H[SORUHGWRLWVIXOOH[WHQW19

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169 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Fig. 7.5 The shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea are also interesting objects that could be presented to a larger public in book form accompanied by a map that can be taken along when biking on the island or sailing on the Burgzand. Figure: courtesy Uniepers Uitgevers/RCE.

Underwater trails or site visits can be educational and perhaps The initiatives to visualize underwater areas, such as the develop- they also should be. Visitors should have the feeling they have PHQWRIWKH+LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HWIRUWKH:DGGHQ JRWVRPHWKLQJRXWRIWKHH[SHULHQFHSHUKDSVQRWE\FROOHFWLQJ 6HDPD\SURYLGHDJRRGEDVLVIRUDVVRFLDWLQJLQGLYLGXDOVLWHVZLWK WKHREMHFWVEXWDWOHDVWIURPKHDULQJWKHVWRULHV7KHGHVLUHIRU the larger geographical area and to visualize this for a larger VXFKH[SHULHQFHVFDQEHVXSSRUWHG,QGLYLGXDOVLWHVPD\IXQFWLRQ stakeholder group.21$WUDLOFDQWKXVDOVREHVHWXSLQDODUJHUDUHD DVVSHFLǌFZLQGRZVWRWKHSDVW2IWHQXQGHUZDWHUVLWHYLVLWVDUH ,WPD\HYHQFRPSULVHXQGHUZDWHUDQGWHUUHVWULDOVLWHV:HPLJKW IRFXVHGRQWKHVLWHLWVHOIDQGQRWWKHODUJHUDUHDRUWKHPRPHQW think of a trail of the Dutch Golden Era in the Wadden Sea, for LQWLPHLWZDVDFWLYH7KLVGLǋHUVIURPKHULWDJHWUDLOVZLWKVXFK H[DPSOH7KHYLVLELOLW\LVQRWH[FHSWLRQDOO\JRRGLQWKH:DGGHQ PDULWLPHWUDLOVRQVKRUHRIWHQWHOOLQJDODUJHUVWRU\20 The 6HDEXWWKLVFDQEHFRPSHQVDWHGIRUZHOOSUHVHUYHGZUHFNVZLWK LQGLYLGXDOVLWHVRSHQWRWKHSXEOLFPD\QRWEHWKRVHWKDWDUHWKH an interesting story and all recognized stepping stones in this PRVWDUFKDHRORJLFDOO\YDOXDEOHLQWKHDUHDDVWKHVHPD\EH VLJQLǌFDQWSHULRGRI'XWFKPDULWLPHKLVWRU\7KHWUDLOPLJKWIRFXV physically covered and closed to the public. Therefore, the RQDWWUDFWLQJH[SHULHQFHGGLYHUVIURPDFURVVWKHZRUOGZLWKDQ SXEOLFO\DFFHVVLEOHVLWHVPD\E\GHIDXOWEHFRPHWKHSODFHV LQWHUHVWLQPDULWLPHKLVWRU\,WFRXOGWKXVEHPDUNHWHGDVD about which stories are recounted, stories of particular ships challenge.222XWRIWKHZDWHUWKHH[SHULHQFHFRXOGFRQWLQXHRQ ZLWKLQWKHZLGHUFRQWH[WDQGWKHSK\VLFDOO\WDQJLEOHHYLGHQFHRI ODQGZLWKDPDULWLPHWUDLORQWKHLVODQGRI7H[HO )LJb 23 WKHSDVW,QRWKHUZRUGVSHUKDSVLQVRPHFDVHVLWPD\EHPRUH HQMR\DEOHDQGPRUHRIDQH[SHULHQFHWREHDEOHWRWRXFKWKHSDVW than to only be able to look or read about it.

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7. Making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public

Fig. 7.6 A water resistant site map to bring to the site of the wreck of the Kronprins Gustav Adolf (1788) in Finland. . Site map, courtesy National Board of Antiquities, Finland. Photo: M. Manders.

'LYLQJLVDQH[SHULHQFHGLYLQJDURXQGDVKLSZUHFNVWLOOO\LQJZKHUH DXJPHQWHGUHDOLW\WKDWDUHFRQQHFWHGWREHDFRQVDUHDOUHDG\ WKHGLVDVWHUKDSSHQHGLVDPXOWLOHYHOH[SHULHQFH,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJ FRPLQJYHU\FORVH29 WRFRQVLGHUDOOWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVWKHVHHGXFDWLRQDOWUDLOVFDQRǋHU :LWKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZYLVXDODQGDXUDOWHFKQLTXHVDQG 8QWLOGHYHORSPHQWRIVXFKPXOWLPHGLDWHFKQLTXHVKDVDGYDQFHG DLGVWUDLOVFDQEHYLYLGO\EURXJKWWROLIH)RUH[DPSOHGLYLQJKHO- VXǎFLHQWO\IRUODUJHVFDOHXVHZHZLOOFRQWLQXHWRPDNHLQIRUPD- PHWPRXQWHGGLVSOD\VDUHQRZEHLQJGHYHORSHGZLWKYLVXDO tion for divers available on the regular internet and in books, and projections on the interior of the glass.24 The potential for RQLQIRUPDWLRQFROXPQVRQWKHVHDEHGSODVWLFVLJQDJHSDQHOVRU XQGHUZDWHUKHULWDJHLVUHPDUNDEOHLPDJLQHEHLQJDEOHWRZLWQHVV ZDWHUUHVLVWDQWERRNOHWV )LJ 30 KLVWRULFDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVRUWKHH[FDYDWLRQVYLUWXDOO\LQSURJUHVV while the actual shipwreck lies before you on the seabed.25 This Non-divers can also participate by visiting shallow sites in clear PD\EHHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQDUHDVZLWKSRRUHUYLVLELOLW\VXFKDV ZDWHUZKLOHVQRUNHOOLQJRUWDNLQJJXLGHGWRXUVLQJODVVERWWRP WKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD7HVWVZLWKXQGHUZDWHU:L)LDQG boats.31 This, however, is not really an option in the Western internet26DUHFKDOOHQJLQJXVWRH[SORUHHYHQZLOGHUGUHDPVVXFK Wadden Sea due to poor visibility and the depth of the wrecks. DVGLYLQJZLWKOLYHIHHGVSXWWLQJ\RXULQIRUPDWLRQRQ)DFHERRN +RZHYHUWKHSXEOLFFDQVWLOOOHDUQDERXWXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO provoking discussion while still on site, or asking others to identify heritage while sailing in the area or travelling near the coast, for REMHFWVRURǋHUVXJJHVWLRQVDERXWZKDWWRGR$VLWHSODQDQGWKH H[DPSOHE\XVLQJ*36URXWHSODQVDQGPRELOHSKRQHDSSVZKLFK position of the diver, even in bad visibility can also be obtained.27 FDQVXSSO\LQIRUPDWLRQRQQHDUE\VKLSZUHFNVRURWKHUXQGHUZD- $OWKRXJKIXOO\IXQFWLRQLQJXQGHUZDWHULQWHUQHWLVQRW\HWDYDLODEOH ter archaeological sites in the vicinity.327KLVPHWKRGRIWUDQVPLW- QHZGHYHORSPHQWVZLWKL3DGVDQGPRELOHSKRQHVWKDWFDQEH WLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLVDOUHDG\LQXVHIRUODQGVLWHVDQGFDQHDVLO\EH taken underwater28HTXLSSHGZLWKLPDJHUHFRJQLWLRQDQG deployed for sites under water.33$VVXJJHVWHGDERYHPDULWLPH

247KLVWHFKQLTXHZDVǌUVWHPSOR\HGIRUǌJKWHUSLORWV3URMHFWLRQLQVLGHGLYHKHOPHWVLV DFFHVVHG used by the Dutch navy to project side scan sonar pictures (high-frequency sound 28KWWSZZZP\XOWUDSURRIFRPXQGHUZDWHUXVH DFFHVVHG ZDYHSLFWXUHVIURPWKHVHDEHG WRKHOSWKHGLYHUǌQGKLVRUKHUZD\LQORZWR]HUR 296HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZUHHǌGRUJ DFFHVVHG DQGKWWSV YLVLELOLW\ZDWHU7KHVDPHWHFKQRORJ\LVDOVRXVHGLQ'YLGHRJDPLQJZLWKWKHXVHRI LWXQHVDSSOHFRPPZDSSUHGVHDUHHILG"PW DFFHVVHG JODVVHV6HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZJHHNFRP FKLSVIKHOPHWXVHVUHWLQDOSURMHFWLRQWRJLYHSLORWVDJRGVH\H 306HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHVLJQDJHEHLQJSURGXFHGIRUWKHGustav AdolfZUHFNLQ)LQODQG YLHZ DFFHVVHG DQGKWWSZZZVRXQGPHWULFVFRP 31$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQRQKWWSZZZYLVLWJHRUJLDQED\FRPOLJKWKRXVH- ,QGXVWULHV6HUYHG0LOLWDU\6HDUFK5HFRYHU\ DFFHVVHG PDULQHFIP"DFWLRQ WKLQJVBWRBGRLG FDWHJRU\ DFFHVVHG 257KLVLVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJWHVWHGE\WKH1+/8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHVLQ 32)RUWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDWKHEDVLFZRUN GDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGZULWLQJRI /HHXZDUGHQLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH5&(IRUDQH[KLELWLRQRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWX- EDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQ IRUVXFKDSSOLFDWLRQVKDVDOUHDG\EHHQGRQH6HHIRU ry shipwreck de MelkmeidLQ,-VODQG$'LPDJHRIWKHZUHFNXQGHUZDWHUKDVEHHQ H[DPSOH.RHYHULQJHHWDO FUHDWHGLQZKLFKYLVLWRUVPD\PRYHDURXQG,QDGGLWLRQDXJPHQWHGUHDOLW\LPDJHVRI 33 GPS positioning for archaeological sites is available for cities such as Split and Nice ZKDWLWVKRXOGORRNOLNHPD\EHODLGRYHUWKH'DQLPDWLRQ7KHWHVWVDUHVWLOOLQWKHLU DPRQJPDQ\RWKHUV 7KHUHLVD*36KHULWDJHWUDLOLQWKH$UFKDHRORJ\3DUNRI early stages. 0DODQJHLQ%HOJLXP6HHDOVRKWWSZZZDUFKHRSDVVEH DFFHVVHGRQ 266HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSZZZLEWLPHVFRPGHHSVHDLQWHUQHWUHVHDUFKHUVVXF- $UFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVFDQDOUHDG\EHPDUNHGRQURXWHZLWK7RP7RP KWWSVP\GULYH FHVVIXOO\WHVWXQGHUZDWHUZLǌQHWZRUNODNHHULH DFFHVVHG WRPWRPFRPHQBJEDFFHVVHG EXWPD\HDVLO\EHDGGHGRQZDWHU QDYLJDWLRQPDSVLQFOXGLQJVRPHEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVLWHVIRUYLVLWLQJ 27KWWSZZZEXǋDORHGXQHZVUHOHDVHVKWPO DFFHVVHG tourists, whether in a boat on the surface or under water. RUKWWSZZZHFHQHXHGXZLQHVODESDSHUV

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

trails can also be set out on land, overlooking the sea, with DVWKHŠ'LVQH\ǌFDWLRQšRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHEXWLWGRHV LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHZUHFNVRQSDQHOVPDSVRUERRNOHWV34 DWOHDVWHQDEOHWKHSXEOLFWRH[SHULHQFHIRUWKHPVHOYHVWKH P\VWHU\RIWKHXQGHUZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPH 7.4 Bringing the site to the people SURYLGLQJIXQGVIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVLWH40 7UDGLWLRQDOO\PDULWLPHKHULWDJHKDVEHHQEURXJKWWRWKHSXEOLF WKURXJKDUWHIDFWVUHFRYHUHGIURPWKHVHDEHGDQGGLVSOD\HGLQ In certain cases, however, sites lack artefacts or are inaccessible PXVHXPV,GHDOO\WKHVHDUWHIDFWVKDYHEHHQUHFRYHUHGE\ GXHWRWKHLUHQYLURQPHQW$QH[FDYDWLRQPD\QRWKDYHWDNHQ DUFKDHRORJLVWVEXWPDQ\PXVHXPVDOVRKDYHDUWHIDFWVLQWKHLU SODFHDWWKHVLWHDQGLWPD\LQVWHDGEHFRYHUHGIRUSURWHFWLRQ FROOHFWLRQVUHWULHYHGWKURXJKFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJHGUHGJLQJRU +RZFDQWKHSXEOLFLQWHUHVWEHDGGUHVVHGLQWKHVHLQVWDQFHV" souvenir hunting.35,QWKHVHLQVWDQFHVWKHREMHFWVWKHPVHOYHV )URPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIDWUDGLWLRQDOPXVHXPWKLVPLJKWVHHP KDYHWRWHOOWKHLUVWRU\RXWRIFRQWH[W2FFDVLRQDOO\DQHQWLUHVKLS GLǎFXOW0XVHXPVDUHXVHGWRDPDVVLQJREMHFWVIRUWKHSXUSR- and its contents are displayed together, as is the case for the VHVRIGLVSOD\+RZHYHULQWKH\HDUVWRFRPHKRZPDQ\VKLS- Vasa.36 ZUHFNVZLOOEHH[FDYDWHGDQGKRZPDQ\ZLOOEHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX" 'XHWRHQRUPRXVSUHVVXUHIRUDFFHVVWRWKHVHDEHGIRUDJJUH- ,Q&KLQDDIXUWKHUVWHSKDVEHHQWDNHQZLWKDQHQWLUHXQH[FDYD- JDWHH[WUDFWLRQDQGRǋVKRUHFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVRPHDUFKDHR- WHGVKLSEURXJKWLQWRDPXVHXPVHWWLQJWRHQDEOHWKHSXEOLFWR ORJLFDOVLWHVZLOOKDYHWREHUHPRYHGE\H[FDYDWLRQ41 When this H[SHULHQFHWKHH[FLWHPHQWRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKDQG RFFXUVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQWKH XQGHUZDWHUH[FDYDWLRQIRUWKHPVHOYHV37 The new Guangdong H[FDYDWLRQVZLOOKDYHWREHSHUIRUPHGDFFRUGLQJWRUXOHVRIJRRG 0DULWLPH6LON5RDG0XVHXPLQ

346HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHSXEOLFDWLRQ100 x Texel Maritiem .RHYHULQJHHWDO WKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH$UFKDHRORJLFDO+HULWDJH 7KLV(XURSHDQDJUHHPHQW ZKLFKDOVRLQFOXGHVDQDOOZHDWKHUPDSZLWKPDULWLPHVLWHVRQODQGDVZHOODVXQGHU ensures that cultural heritage is taken into account in infrastructural works under water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objects, according to http://www.bankgiroloterij.nl/goede-doelen/het-scheepvaart- WRXULVWVYLHZVXQNHQ(J\SWLDQUHOLFVDQFLHQWFLWLHVKWPO DFFHVVHG PXVHXPKWPDFFHVVHG DQGWKHQDWLRQDOPDULWLPHGHSRWLQ/HO\VWDG 407KHVDPHNLQGRILGHDKDVEHHQLPSOHPHQWHGDWWKH*XDUDQJXDR5HHI&DQQRQV KDVREMHFWV KWWSVZZZǍLFNUFRPSKRWRV#1 3UHVHUYHLQWKH'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLF)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHKWWSZZZXQHVFR VHWVDFFHVVHG RUJFXOWXUHHQXQGHUZDWHU DFFHVVHG 45'XWFK0RQXPHQWV$FWSDUDJUDSK$UW 410DQ\(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVKDYHUDWLǌHGWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\ (XURSHDQ&RQYHQWLRQRQ

7. Making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public

)LJ'SKRWRJUDPPHWU\ZLWK$JLVRIW1RWRQO\LQWHUHVWLQJIRUVFLHQWLƥFXVHEXWDOVRWREULQJWKHVLWHFORVHUWRSHRSOHZKRGRQRWGLYH)LJXUH5&( of objects are connected to a site or other salvaged objects, in DWPRVSKHUHRIVSHFLǌFVLWHV )LJ 49 The photographic aids to RUGHUWRFUHDWHFRQWH[WDQGWRIRUPDWOHDVWDYLUWXDOFROOHFWLRQ digitalize shipwrecks in 3D and subsequent printing of the site in 'DOVRRǋHUQHZRSSRUWXQLWLHV6LWHVFDQQRZEHUHFRUGHGDQG With new techniques and the urge to digitalize and present SULQWHGLQSUHFLVHVFDOHPRGHOVWREHXVHGIRUH[KLELWLRQDQG HYHU\WKLQJLQŠRSHQVRXUFHšWKLVLVEHFRPLQJDUHDOLVWLFRSWLRQ46 educational purposes.507KHVDPHFDQEHGRQHIRULQGLYLGXDO (ODERUDWLQJPRUHRQWKHUHFRQQHFWLQJRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGREMHFWV objects.516RPHVLWHVKDYHDOLYHZHEFDPFRQQHFWLRQWRD IURPRQHVLWHQHZGLJLWDOUHFRUGLQJPHWKRGVKDYHJUHDW PXVHXPRUDZHEVLWH'HYHORSPHQWVDUHUDSLGO\WDNLQJSODFHLQ DGYDQWDJHV$VDQH[DPSOH'SKRWRJUDPPHWU\KDVHYROYHG this respect as well.52 LQWRDJUHDWWRROIRUDUFKDHRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJH- PHQWUHVHDUFKEXWPD\DOVRSURYHWREHH[WUHPHO\XVHIXOLQ 7KHDGYHQWRIWKH:RUOG:LGH:HEKDVLQWURGXFHGPDQ\QHZ YLUWXDOO\UHFRQQHFWLQJREMHFWVDOUHDG\UHPRYHGIURPDVLWHZLWK ZD\VRIUDLVLQJDZDUHQHVV%H\RQGWKHPXVHXPEXLOGLQJWKHZHE each other and the site itself, and to targeting those who cannot KDVEHFRPHRQHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHIRUXPVPRVW JDLQDFFHVVWRWKHVLWH )LJ 47 IUHTXHQWO\XVHGE\VFLHQWLVWVDQGRWKHUVUHODWHGWRWKHǌHOGRI XQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\&URZGIXQGLQJSODWIRUPVHYHQRSHQXS 7RGD\WKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQWHUDFWLYHGLJLWDOVXSSRUWVKDV SRVVLELOLWLHVWREHFRPHPRUHLQWHQVHO\LQYROYHGLQDUFKDHRORJLFDO RSHQHGDZKROHQHZUDQJHRISRVVLELOLWLHVIRUWUDQVPLWWLQJ SURMHFWVHYHQSURIHVVLRQDORQHVWKURXJKWKHǌQDQFLDOFRPPLW- LQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHSXEOLF$ORQJVLGHWUDGLWLRQDOGLVSOD\VRI PHQW537KHJURZLQJQXPEHURIOLQNVDQGZHEVLWHVKRZHYHU DUWHIDFWVLWLVQRZSRVVLEOHWRUHFUHDWHWKHIHHORIVSHFLǌF RIWHQUHPDLQLQDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF7KHLQIRUPDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWVEULQJLQJREMHFWVDQGVLWHVLQWRWKHEXLOGLQJ H[FKDQJHGLVRIWHQQRWWUDFHDEOHDQGLIVRIUHTXHQWO\SUHVHQWHG +RORJUDSKLFGLVSOD\VDQG'SURMHFWLRQVRǋHUWDQWDOL]LQJ LQDKLJKO\DFDGHPLFZD\6LWHVWKDWGRFRQVLVWRIDSSURDFKDEOH LPSUHVVLRQV48 even odours can be added, vividly recreating the LQIRUPDWLRQGRQRWUHDFKDEURDGHUDXGLHQFHGXHWRVHDUFK

466HHIRUH[DPSOHDOOWKHHǋRUWVWRFUHDWHGLJLWDODFFHVVWRFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQG SLQDVSURMHFW DFFHVVHG cultural heritage data through Europeana (http://www.europeana.eu/, accessed 49)RUWKHH[KLELWLRQŠ(PPHUVYROYHUKDOHQš %XFNHWVIXOORIVWRULHV RGRXUVZHUHDGGHG WRFUHDWHDPDULWLPHDWPRVSKHUH6HHZZZPDFKXSURMHFWHX0DQGHUV$ 476HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHEORJRIWKH'UHFRUGLQJLQWKH2RVWYRRUQVHPHHURI-XQH 50'SKRWRJUDPPHWU\ $JLVRIW DVDQDLGWRPDSXQGHUZDWHUZUHFNVFDQQRZEH DWKWWSVPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDZRUGSUHVVFRPSDJH DFFHVVHG FRQQHFWHGWR'SULQWLQJDQGWKXVSK\VLFDOREMHFWVFDQEHFUHDWHGIURPVLWHVWKDWDUH OHIWXQGHUZDWHUKWWSGSULQWFRPVKLSZUHFNVSKRWRJUDPPHWU\ 48)RUDQH[KLELWLRQDERXWWKH+RRUQD'XWFKVKLSORVWLQ3DWDJRQLD$UJHQWLQDD DFFHVVHG WUDQVSDUHQWŠǍRDWLQJš'SURMHFWLRQOHQWWKHHQWLUHGLVSOD\DQDOPRVWP\VWLFDO 516HHIRUH[DPSOHKWWSVGSULQWLQJLQGXVWU\FRP"V DUFKDHRORJ\ ODQJ HQ DWPRVSKHUH6HHDOVRKWWSZZZ]RHNWRFKWQDDUGHKRRUQQO DFFHVVHG DFFHVVHG )DVFLQDWLQJDQGSXEOLFO\DSSHDOLQJDQLPDWLRQFDQDOVREHPDGHE\SURMHFWLQJWH[WǌOP 52$ZHEFDPLVSUHVHQWRQWKHAmsterdamZUHFNVLWHDW+DVWLQJVLQ(QJODQG6HH DQGDQLPDWHGLPDJHVQHDURUHYHQRQDUFKDHRORJLFDOREMHFWVLQDQH[KLELWLRQZKLFK KWWSQOZHEFDPVWUDYHOZHEFDP DFFHVVHG DQGKWWS KDVEHHQGRQHIRUWKHH[KLELWLRQRIRQHRIWKH0RQJROJUHQDGHVGLVFRYHUHGRQWKH YRFD[LVFDPQHWYLHZLQGH[VKWPO DFFHVVHG ZKHQFKHFNHGWKHFDPHUD 7DNDVKLPDZUHFNVLWHDQGZKLFKLVH[KLELWHGDWWKH.\XVKX1DWLRQDO0XVHXP7KH was inactive. 1+/8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHVKDVGHYHORSHGD'YLUWXDOVKLSIURPWKH 536HHIRUH[DPSOHWKHKWWSFXOWXUHHOHUIJRHGQOQLHXZVFURZGIXQGLQJSODWIRUP VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ 3LQDV DQGLVQRZZRUNLQJRQD'PRGHORIWKH0HONPHLG PDULWLHPSURJUDPPDYDQVWDUW DFFHVVHG VKLSZUHFNLQ,-VODQGWKDWFDQEHRYHUODLQZLWKDXJPHQWHGUHDOLW\RIKRZWKHVKLSPXVW KDYHORRNHGEHIRUHLWVDQNKWWSVPDULWLHPSURJUDPPDZRUGSUHVVFRPFDWHJRU\

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HQJLQHSULRULWL]DWLRQRIZHEVLWHVDFFRUGLQJWRYLVLWRUQXPEHUV54 :LWKDYHUDJHYLVLWRUQXPEHUVDPRXQWLQJWREHWZHHQDIHZ KXQGUHGDQGDFRXSOHRIWKRXVDQGLWLVGLǎFXOWIRUPRVWRIWKH SRWHQWLDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJZHEVLWHV)DFHERRNSDJHVDQGGLJLWDO XQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPVWRUHDFKDQGDGGUHVVQHZYLVLWRUVLQODUJH QXPEHUV55 This situation can be reversed through the contrac- WLQJRIVSHFLDOL]HGFRPSDQLHVEXWIXQGLQJLVQRWDOZD\VDYDLOD- ble.56 One possible way of breaking this vicious circle is for the organizations involved to join initiatives on centralized archaeological pages.57$QRWKHULQWHUHVWLQJSRVVLELOLW\WKDWLVZRUWK H[SORULQJFRQFHUQVOLQNLQJXSZLWKODUJHUFRPPHUFLDOLQWHUQHW VLWHVWKDWFDQVSRQVRUVLWHH[SRVXUHDQGWKHUHE\LQFUHDVHWUDǎF

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHGQHHGQRWRQO\FRPHIURPH[FDYDWHG VLWHV%DVLFLQIRUPDWLRQJDLQHGWKURXJKLQYHQWRULHVDQGQRQ LQWUXVLYHVLJQLǌFDQFHDVVHVVPHQWVFDQEHRIJUHDWXVHLQ FUHDWLQJSUHVHQWDWLRQVIRUWKHZLGHUSXEOLF&RQQHFWLQJWKH LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGLǋHUHQWVLWHVZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHDUHD they are in, the history of the place and general historical facts will put the individual sites in perspective and also add to the WDQJLELOLW\RIRXUFRPPRQSDVWDQGWKHFUHDWLRQRILGHQWLW\58 This connection of underwater sites (including the individual objects) FDQEHOLPLWHGWRUHJLRQDODUHDVVXFKDVWKH%XUJ]DQGRUHYHQWKH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDEXWDOVRPD\H[WHQGDFURVVERUGHUV H[SORULQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVLWHVWKHHQYLURQPHQW WUDGLQJURXWHVDQGPDUNHWV59

Fig. 7.8 A thirteenth-century grenade in a display case with various animated images projected on the glass screen. Kyushu National Museum, Japan. Photo: M. Manders.

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7. Making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public

Fig. 7.9 Kinetic 3D experiences diving around the Vrouw Maria (1771), a Dutch ship lying in Finnish waters. The Maritime Museum of Finland in Kottka. Photo: courtesy Maritime Museum Finland/NBA.

7.5 Conclusion DOVRIURPWKHERWWRPXSRUWKURXJKDQLQGXFWLYHDSSURDFK $OWKRXJKLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHV which not only addresses other stakeholders but works with LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHǌUVWRSWLRQIRUPDQ\ZLGHO\DFFHSWHG WKHPWRHVWDEOLVKFRRSHUDWLRQDQGHQFRXUDJHRXUMRLQW UHDVRQVLWPD\FUHDWHGLǎFXOWLHVLQUDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKH responsibility.60 H[LVWHQFHDQGULFKQHVVRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH+RZHYHU WKHGLǎFXOWLHVLWSRVHVWRWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGVRIH[KLELWLRQDQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQDOVRFKDOOHQJHXVWRǌQGQHZLQQRYDWLYHZD\V IRUZDUG0XVHXPVKRXVHGLQVLGHEXLOGLQJVPXVWUHYLHZWKH VWRULHVWKH\ZDQWWRWHOO7KH\VKRXOGGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVH VWRULHVFDQEHWROGZLWKH[LVWLQJFROOHFWLRQVRIDUWHIDFWV7KH\ need to invest in new ways and techniques to provide new and YDULHGH[SHULHQFHVIRUH[DPSOHLQSRVVLEOHOLQNVIURPWKH PXVHXPEXLOGLQJWRVLWHVRQWKHVHDEHG )LJ

0XVHXPVQHHGQRWEHKRXVHGLQEXLOGLQJV,QVRPHFDVHVVLWHV WKHPVHOYHVKDYHEHFRPHXQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPV )LJ $OWKRXJKRIWHQOHVVDFFHVVLEOHWKDQDPXVHXPEXLOGLQJWKHVHDUH KLJKO\VXFFHVVIXOLQDGGUHVVLQJRQHPDMRUVWDNHKROGHULQWKH Fig. 7.10: A simple way to impart information about underwater cultural protection of underwater cultural heritage: the sports diver. With heritage found in an area is to place information boards on the shore. This the introduction of new visualization techniques, the challenge is was an idea suggested for the Oostvoornsemeer (Lake Oostvoorne), but could also be used in Texel. Figure: T. Coenen/RCE. WRGHSOR\WKHVHLQWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHǌHOGERWKIRU UHVHDUFKSXUSRVHVDQGIRUWKHEHQHǌWRIWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF

5HDFKLQJODUJHQXPEHUVRISHRSOHSUHYLRXVO\QRWLQYROYHGDQG LQFUHDVLQJJHQHUDODZDUHQHVVUHPDLQVDFKDOOHQJH7KLVLVQRWGXH WRWKHVXEMHFWEXWLVODUJHO\DSUREOHPRIUHVRXUFHVDQGXWLOL]LQJ WKHULJKWFKDQQHOVRILQIRUPDWLRQ:LWKWKHUDWLǌFDWLRQRIWKH 81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH8QGHUZDWHU &XOWXUDO+HULWDJHE\WKH1HWKHUODQGVVRRQWRRFFXUDQGDQ LQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQWKHUDWLǌFDWLRQRIWKH)DUR&RQYHQWLRQDV ZHOOWKLVLVVXHQHHGVWREHPDGHDSULRULW\WRHQVXUHWKDW awareness of the richness of our underwater cultural resource FRQWLQXHVWRJURZ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZHYHUWKDW awareness and acceptance of the in situ policy needs to be created not only through a top-down or deductive approach, but

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Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

8. Conclusion

8.1 Summary WKH\HDUVGLǋHUHQWPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGEXWWKHUHLVD 7KURXJKWKHH[DPSOHRIWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHDWKLV QHHGWRFRQWLQXHGHYHORSLQJQHZSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVLQRUGHUWR WKHVLVDLPHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHVRPHRIWKHGLOHPPDVWKDWDUH ǌQGWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVIRUHDFKVLWHHDFKZLWKLWVRZQFLUFXP- FRQIURQWLQJXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW7KHVH stances. The best way to develop new techniques and ideas is to concern the abundance of underwater cultural heritage (as ZRUNLQDPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ZD\ZLWKUHVHDUFKHUVHQJLQHHUV VKRZQLQ&KDSWHUVDQG WKHFRPSOH[LW\RIJDLQLQJLQVLJKWLQWR FRQVHUYDWRUVPDULQHDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGRWKHUSUDFWLWLRQHUV XQGHUZDWHUUHVRXUFHV &KDSWHU WKHYDULRXVWKUHDWVWKHVH ZRUNLQJIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHǌHOGRIPDULWLPHHQJLQHHULQJDQG UHVRXUFHVDUHVXEMHFWWR &KDSWHU DQGLQUHODWLRQWRWKLVWKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ$QH[FHOOHQWH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVWKHSURMHFWWKDWKDV SRVVLELOLWLHVWKHUHDUHWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHVHWKUHDWV &KDSWHUV EHHQLQLWLDWHGLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDE\WKH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH$JHQF\ DQG 7KHODWWHULVVSHFLǌFDOO\IRFXVHGRQWKHSRVVLELOLWLHV RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV 5&( DQGWKH3URJUDPPD5LMNH:DGGHQ]HH DQGLPSRVVLELOLWLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSSO\LQJLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 5LFK:DGGHQ6HD3URJUDPPH WRQRWRQO\SK\VLFDOO\SURWHFWWKH to an underwater site. PRVWYDOXDEOHZUHFNVEXWDOVRWRXVHWKHPDVDUWLǌFLDOUHHIVLQ RUGHUWRSURPRWHELRGLYHUVLW\ (DFK\HDUPDQ\VLWHVRIKLJKDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLJQLǌFDQFHDUH found on and in the seabeds of the world. This also regularly $PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKFDQWKXVEHHQVXUHGWKURXJK occurs in the Western Wadden Sea area. The potential of these FRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVSURWHFWLQJGLǋHUHQW new sites is high. Usually when they are found, they are already at YDOXHV6LWHVPD\WKHQEHSURWHFWHGIRUWKHLUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH ULVN2QFHH[SRVHGWKH\DUHXQGHUWKUHDWIURPELRORJLFDO value as well as for biodiversity reasons and/or for the recreatio- PHFKDQLFDOKXPDQDQGHYHQFKHPLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ7KH QDOHQMR\PHQWRIGLYHUV7KHSURWHFWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO GLǋHUHQWGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHVDǋHFWHDFKRWKHU(URVLRQRI KHULWDJHLVWKHUHIRUHQRWMXVWVRPHWKLQJIRULQGLYLGXDOVWRVWULYH WKHVHDEHGH[SRVHVWKHZUHFNVLWH7KLVFDXVHVDEUDVLRQRQWKH IRULQYROYLQJRQO\DVLQJOHVWDNHKROGHUJURXS6RPHWLPHVLWLVQRW ZRRGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIR[\JHQDQGHDVLHUDFFHVVLELOLW\IRU HYHQRQHJRYHUQPHQWDOERG\DORQHWKDWLVLQYROYHGEXWFRQFHUQV KXPDQVDQGDQLPDOV%LRWXUEDWLRQFDXVHVGLUHFWGLVWXUEDQFHRI DQXPEHURIFRRSHUDWLQJVWDNHKROGHUVDQGDOOLDQFHVEHWZHHQ WKHǌQGOD\HUVEXWDOVRPRUHR[\JHQLQWKHJURXQGZKLFK JRYHUQPHQWVDWGLǋHUHQWOHYHOV7KHSURWHFWLRQVKRXOGEH VWLPXODWHVELRDFWLYLW\ EDODQFHGDJDLQVWGLǋHUHQWLVVXHVVXFKDVFXOWXUDODQGHFRQRPLF EHQHǌWRUSXEOLFHQJDJHPHQW7KLVEDODQFLQJDFWLVWKHFRUHRI 7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOZD\VWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHVHWKUHDWV:HFDQ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW IRUH[DPSOHH[FDYDWH DQGWKXVSUHVHUYHH[VLWX EXWWKHQZH QHHGWRKDYHDVXǎFLHQWEXGJHWVXǎFLHQWFDSDFLW\DSSURSULDWH )RUWKHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHULWLVLPSRUWDQWWRPDNHFKRLFHV IDFLOLWLHVDQGVRXQGVFLHQWLǌFLQSXWDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVDVZHOODV EHWZHHQZKDWZLOODQGZLOOQRWEHPDQDJHGDWWKHOHYHOKHRUVKH UREXVWUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQGKLJKTXDOLW\UHVHDUFKPHWKRGROR- LVLQYROYHGLQ2QHLPSRUWDQWFKRLFHWRPDNHLVZKHWKHUDVLWH JLHVWRHQVXUHWKHRSWLPDOVDIHJXDUGLQJRIPDWHULDOVGDWDDQG QHHGVLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQFDQEHŠGHVHOHFWHGšRULIDQH[FDYDWLRQLV LQIRUPDWLRQDVZHKDYHVHHQLQ&KDSWHU 6HFWLRQ :HFDQ needed. This decision should be based on reliable data and with DOVRDLPIRULQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRYHUWKHORQJUXQRUDVDWHPSR- DQDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWWKDWŠJRQHLVJRQHš2QHQHHGVWRUHDOL]H UDU\PHDVXUH7KHUHDVRQVWRGRVRZHUHODLGRXWLQ&KDSWHU WKDWXQGHUZDWHUH[FDYDWLRQVDUHH[SHQVLYHDQGPXVWEHGRQH +RZHYHUDQGDOWKRXJKRIWHQWKRXJKWWRWKHFRQWUDU\FKRRVLQJ DFFRUGLQJWRVSHFLǌFQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSURFHGXUHVVXFK WKLVRSWLRQGRHVQRWUHOLHYHXVIURPDQ\IXUWKHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RU DVWKRVHVWLSXODWHGLQWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQIRUWKH action. 3URWHFWLRQRIWKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 3DULV WKH ,&2026&KDUWHUIRUWKH3URWHFWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQWRIWKH :KLOHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQFRQFHUQVWKHRYHUDOODLPRIPDLQWDLQLQJ 8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH 6RǌD RUWKH'XWFK4XDOLW\ VLWHVZKHUHWKH\DUHIRXQGLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQFRQFHUQVDPRUH 6WDQGDUGV .1$ &RQYHUVHO\LQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDOVRUHTXLUHV DFWLYHUROHPDNLQJVXUHWKHVHVLWHVUHPDLQSUHVHUYHGLQSODFH WDNLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\RYHUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPHLQYROYLQJ This involves physical protection of archaeological sites, as well LQWHQVLYHDQGKLJKTXDOLW\UHVHDUFKDQGPRQLWRULQJ7KHKHULWDJH DVPRQLWRULQJDQGPDLQWHQDQFH7KLVZDVH[SODLQHGLQ&KDSWHUV RUVLWHPDQDJHUVKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHRIGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVDWWULEX- and 6. Protection is the preferred way of dealing with sites in the WHGWRWKHVLWHDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIEDODQFLQJWKHZLVKHVDQG :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHDEHFDXVHRIWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHDUHD QHHGVRIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHDZHOOVXSSRU- WHGLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQV\VWHPLQFORVHFROODERUDWLRQZLWK 3K\VLFDOLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPD\EHDVROXWLRQWKDWNHHSVWKHVLWHV PXOWLSOHVKDUHKROGHUV+HRUVKHWKHQEHFRPHVDEURNHU SURWHFWHGRQWKHVHDEHG+RZHYHUWKLVSURWHFWLRQUHTXLUHVD EDODQFLQJWKHGLǋHUHQWQHHGVDQGZLVKHVQHFHVVDU\WRSUHVHUYHD clear purpose and goal. We need to understand why we are site for future generations, the nation, region or location and the SURWHFWLQJWKHVLWH)RUH[DPSOHLIZHZLVKWRSUHVHUYHWKH ZLVKHVRIRWKHUŞRIWHQPXOWLSOHŞVWDNHKROGHUV6WUXFWXUDO LQWULQVLFVLJQLǌFDQFHRIWKHVLWHZKDWQHHGVWREHSURWHFWHGDQG budgets are needed to create and to sustain such a well-suppor- DJDLQVWZKDWNLQGRIWKUHDWV":KDWLVWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHRIDQ\ WHGLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQV\VWHP FKDQJHLQFLUFXPVWDQFHV"7KURXJKSUDFWLFDOH[SHULPHQWVRYHU

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

)RUPDQ\\HDUVVLQFHWKHVLJQLQJRIWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\LQLQ 8.2 Answering the research questions situ preservation has been generally thought of as a panacea in ,QWKHIROORZLQJ,ZLOOV\VWHPDWLFDOO\VXPPDUL]HWKHSRVVLEOH FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDO7KLVKDVUHVXOWHGLQD answers to the research questions developed at the start of this VRPHZKDWRQHVLGHGDLPDQGDSSURDFKWRRXUKHULWDJHWKHDLP UHVHDUFKDQGIRUPXODWHGLQ&KDSWHURIWKLVWKHVLV WRSURWHFWRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPHIRUIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVDQG future research. In other words, for later, later and later. This has If possible, how can we gain insight into the presence IUHTXHQWO\OHGWRDVLWXDWLRQLQZKLFKRXWRIVLJKWZDVRXWRIPLQG of underwater cultural heritage and of maritime 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW underwater heritage, in particular, in the Western ZDVH[SODLQHGLQ&KDSWHU7KHODFNRIDELOLW\WREULQJVLWHVDQG Wadden Sea? WKHLULQFOXVLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSDVWWRWKHSHRSOHIRU 7RDFHUWDLQH[WHQWZHFDQ:DWHULWVHOIXQIRUWXQDWHO\SUHYHQWV HQMR\PHQWRUUHVHDUFKKDVRIWHQDOLHQDWHGSHRSOHIURPWKH PRVWSHRSOHLQVRFLHW\IURPHQJDJLQJZLWKXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO UHVRXUFH7KLVKDVEHHQUDWKHUGLVDGYDQWDJHRXVWRWKHHPDQFL- KHULWDJHZKHQLWLVSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX+RZHYHUWHFKQRORJLFDO pation of in situ protection as part of underwater cultural heritage GHYHORSPHQWVDUHJLYLQJXVLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRIWHFKQLFDOWRROV PDQDJHPHQW,WLVWUXHWKDWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQW KHOSXVWRFUHDWHEHWWHUNQRZOHGJHDQGLQVLJKW$VZHVDZLQ have an accepted place on the political level. Law has also &KDSWHUZHDUHQRZDEOHWRGHYHORSDUHOLDEOHRYHUYLHZRIWKH SURYLGHGWRROVIRUSURWHFWLRQDQGODZHQIRUFHPHQW DOWKRXJKQRW known underwater cultural heritage in an area. There are, VXǎFLHQW +RZHYHUXQIRUWXQDWHO\JHQHUDOO\QRVWUXFWXUDO KRZHYHUGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVRIZKDWZHFDQFRQVLGHUŠNQRZQšDQG ǌQDQFLDOPHDQVDUHDYDLODEOHIRULQVLWXSURWHFWLRQDQGPRQLWRULQJ ŠUHOLDEOHš$QDQDO\VLVRIWKHPDQ\GDWDEDVHVŞIURPJRYHUQPHQWDO WRVXSSRUWWKLVSROLF\LQWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGPDQ\RWKHU RUJDQL]DWLRQVVXFKDVWKH5&(WKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG FRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG7KLVLOOXVWUDWHVWKHGLǋHUHQFHLQSHUFHSWL- :DWHU0DQDJHPHQW 5LMNVZDWHUVWDDW DQGWKH+\GURJUDSKLF RQVEHWZHHQVWDNHKROGHUVDERXWZKDWZHH[SHFWLQVLWXSUHVHU- 6HUYLFHRIWKH1DY\WRWKHGDWDEDVHVRIVHYHUDODPDWHXU vation to be or what it should be. It is either considered a cheaper DUFKDHRORJLFDODVVRFLDWLRQVŞWKDWZDVXVHGWRJDLQLQVLJKWLQWR RSWLRQLQPDQDJHPHQWRUWKHEHVWZD\WRNHHSVLWHVDYDLODEOHIRU the locations known on the Dutch seabeds, showed that there IXWXUHUHVHDUFKDQGHQMR\PHQW,QUHODWLRQWRWKHIRUPHUQR DUHGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVRIDFFXUDF\LQUHODWLRQWRSRVLWLRQLQJDVZHOODV UHJXODUǌQDQFLDOLQYHVWPHQWVDUHGHHPHGQHFHVVDU\DQG DUFKDHRORJLFDODQGKLVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ6RPHWLPHVZHZLOORQO\ UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWHQVWRSVLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHGHFLVLRQWROHDYH KDYHDSRVLWLRQZKLOHDWRWKHUWLPHVWKHUHLVDIXOODVVHVVPHQW DVLWHLQVLWXZKLOHIRUWKHODWWHUDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWŞDQGWKXV UHSRUW([SHUWMXGJHPHQWVWRDVVHVVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHLQIRUPD- PDQDJHPHQWŞLVRIWHQQHHGHGWRNHHSWKHVLWHDQGWKHSRWHQWLDO WLRQIRUPVDJRRGEDVLVIRUPDQDJHPHQW7KHLQIRUPDWLRQIURP LQIRUPDWLRQLWFRQWDLQVDYDLODEOHIRUODWHUVWXG\ WKH+\GURJUDSKLF6HUYLFHDQGWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG :DWHU0DQDJHPHQWPD\EHMXVWDVLPSRUWDQWIRUPDQDJHPHQW /XFNLO\DFKDQJHLQDWWLWXGHLVVORZO\EHFRPLQJDSSDUHQW DVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGVSRUWVGLYHUV:KLOH +RZHYHUWKHFXUUHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVPD\QRWEHFRQGXFLYH WKHǌUVWWZRXVXDOO\KDYHSUHFLVHDQGFRUUHFWSRVLWLRQVLQWKHLU Telling the real story about the costs of in situ protection, that GDWDEDVHVPRVWREMHFWVDUHUHIHUUHGWRDVŠREVWDFOHVšDQGWKHUH there is a need for follow up, or that it is not a solution for eternity, PD\QRWEHPXFKDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOH,QUHODWLRQ PD\IULJKWHQLQYHVWRUVDQGSULPDU\SXEOLFERGLHVHVSHFLDOO\LQ WRWKHGDWDEDVHVRIWKH5&(EXWDOVRWKRVHRIDPDWHXUDUFKDHR- WLPHVRIHFRQRPLFDQGǌQDQFLDOGHǌFLWRUFULVLV+RZHYHUWKLV ORJLVWVSRVLWLRQVPD\QRWEHDOZD\VDFFXUDWHGXHWRWKHXVHRI RQO\PHDQVLWLVHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWWREHIDLUDERXWQHHGVDQG LQIHULRUWHFKQLTXHVDQGWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVHSRVLWLRQV WRUHVHUYHEXGJHWVIRUWKHORQJHUWHUP:LWKSUHVVXUHIURP LQWRGLǋHUHQWSURMHFWLRQV\VWHPV7KLVXOWLPDWHO\OHDGVWRWKHORVV GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUJURXSV VRPHWLPHVDSSUHFLDWLQJVLWHVIRU RIDFFXUDF\LQUHODWLRQWRHDFKLQGLYLGXDOVLWHEXWDOVRŞDQGPRUH GLǋHUHQWUHDVRQV SXEOLFERGLHVZLOOFRQIURQWWKHSUREOHPWKDW VHULRXVO\ŞWRDGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHZKROHGDWDEDVHWRWKHH[WHQW QHHGVWREHUHVROYHG7KLVPD\HQWDLOEHFRPLQJDFWLYHO\LQYROYHG that the accurate location of each site is not known. in preservation in situ, or pointing out to others their responsibi- OLW\RUHYHQWDNLQJWKHGHFLVLRQWRH[FDYDWHDQGWKXVSUHVHUYH The underwater cultural heritage, however, not only consists of NQRZOHGJHDQGREMHFWVH[VLWX6HOHFWLYHO\VLWHVRUDUHDVPD\DOVR ZKDWZHNQRZWKHUHLVVWLOOVRPXFKZHGRQRWNQRZ2IWHQWKH EHSURFODLPHG1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQWVDVSDUWRIDVHULHVRI sites are hidden under the seabed surface. Techniques are VWHSSLQJVWRQHVLOOXVWUDWLQJWKHQDWLRQDOPDULWLPHKLVWRU\RIWKH EHFRPLQJDYDLODEOHVXFKDVWKH'VXEERWWRPSURǌOHUVWKDWDUH Netherlands. This will increase the need for the national govern- FXUUHQWO\EHLQJWHVWHGDWGLǋHUHQWVLWHVLQ(XURSHZLWKZKLFKZH PHQWWRWDNHXSLWVUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVH FDQFUHDWHDFFXUDWHLPDJHVRIZKDWOLHVLQWKHVHGLPHQW VLWHV7KHVWHSSLQJVWRQHVPD\WKHQEHDWRROIRUDOORIXV\RXQJ HVSHFLDOO\RYHUODUJHDUHDV+RZHYHUDWWKHPRPHQWWKHFKDQFHV DQGROGDQGIURPDOOSDUWVRIVRFLHW\WRWHOODQGH[SODLQWRRWKHUV RIǌQGLQJVRPHWKLQJOLNHDVKLSZUHFNLQWKHVHDEHGDUHVWLOO WKHPDULWLPHKLVWRU\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KHVWRULHVPD\WKHQEH PLQLPDODVWKHSHUFHSWLRQJULGRIWKLVHTXLSPHQWLVUHODWLYHO\ EURXJKWWRWKHSXEOLFWKURXJKPXVHXPVRUE\EULQJLQJSHRSOHWR VPDOO the physical sites, or by using new technologies, as described in &KDSWHU

8. Conclusion

*DLQLQJDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVLVWKXVIDUIURP To gain better insight into the known and the unknown (predic- EHLQJDVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGH[HUFLVH:HFDQSUHGLFWRUPRGHOWKH WHG KHULWDJHUHVRXUFHVDV\VWHPRIFRPSDUDEOHPDSVIURP XQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVWRVRPHH[WHQW:HFDQGLYLGHDUHDVLQWR SULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVDQGZLWKDFRPELQDWLRQRI SODFHVZKHUHWKHUHLVDOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJVLWHVRUZKHUHZHZLOO TXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQZDVGHYHORSHG:LWKWKH FHUWDLQO\QRWǌQGWKHPDQGZKHUHWKH\DUHYHU\OLNHO\WREH +LVWRULFDO*HRPRUSKRORJLFDO0DS6HW +*06&KDSWHU LWLV SUHVHQW:KHWKHUZHFDQUHJDUGDOORIWKHŠSRVLWLYHšSUHGLFWLRQVDV possible to gain an understanding of the biography of the cultural heritage is another question. This depends on what ODQGVFDSHIURPJHRORJLFDOPRUSKRORJLFDODQGKLVWRULFDOSHUVSHF- society thinks is worth preserving and what we want to use it for. WLYHV,QWKLVZD\WKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDPLJKWEHGHVFULEHGDV 7KLVPD\IRUH[DPSOHEHIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKFRPPHPRUDWLRQRU DQDUHDZKHUHWKHNQRZQUHVRXUFHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRGLǋHUHQW HQMR\PHQW$OWKRXJKWRXFKHGXSRQKHUHLWKDVQRWEHHQWKHDLP JURXSVZLWKGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVRIDFFXUDF\DERXWWKHLUORFDWLRQDQG of this thesis to answer this latter question. WKHOHYHORILQIRUPDWLRQDVVHVVHG

2EMHFWVPD\EHSXUSRVHO\RUDFFLGHQWO\OHIWEHKLQG,WLVQRW )URPWKHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHUHVRXUFHGDWDEDVH $5&+,6 IRU DOZD\VHDV\WRLGHQWLI\WKHUHDVRQV+RZHYHUHDFKVLWHFDQ H[DPSOHZUHFNVDQGRWKHUREVHUYDWLRQVRYHU SURYLGHXVZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHORFDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV ORFDWLRQVDUHNQRZQWROLHLQWKHOLPLWHGVWXG\DUHDRIWKH:HVWHUQ RIWKHDUHDLQZKLFKLWLVSRVLWLRQHG/DQGVFDSHVDUHIRUPHGE\ :DGGHQ6HD7KHFRPELQHGRǎFLDOJRYHUQPHQWDODJHQF\ LQWHUDFWLRQVRIQDWXUDODQGKXPDQSURFHVVHV8QGHUVWDQGLQJ GDWDEDVHVPDQDJHGWKURXJKWKH1DWLRQDO&RQWDFW1XPEHU WKHVHSURFHVVHVLVDQLPSRUWDQWNH\WRWKHELRJUDSK\RIDSODFH 1&1 V\VWHPFRQWDLQHG RQWKHVDPHGDWH'HFHPEHU LQ :LWKWKDWXQGHUVWDQGLQJZHPD\EHDEOHWRORRNIXUWKHUWKDQMXVW WRWDOREVHUYDWLRQVZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRIWKHVWXG\DUHD7KLV those archaeological or other sites that have been discovered GLǋHUVVLJQLǌFDQWO\IURPWKHQXPEHURIVLWHVLQ$5&+,6EXWFDQ already (known resources). We can predict the chances of cultural EHH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFWWKDW$5&+,6FRQWDLQVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO KHULWDJHVWLOOH[LVWLQJLQVSHFLǌFDUHDVRUSODFHV SUHGLFWHGEXW\HW ZHLJKWHGVLWHVZKLOHWKHGDWDEDVHVIURPWKH+\GURJUDSKLF XQNQRZQUHVRXUFHV )URPWKLVEDVLVRIYDOLGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQZH Service and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water FDQDGGQRQYDOLGDWHGLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVKLVWRULFDOVRXUFHV 0DQDJHPHQWLQFOXGHŠREVWDFOHVšLQJHQHUDODVPHQWLRQHGDERYH KLVWRULFPDSVRUVLJKWLQJVE\RWKHUVZKLFKFDQ\LHOGDWUHDVXUHRI 7KHODWWHUGDWDEDVHVIRUH[DPSOHDOVRLQFOXGHWKH7H[HO6WRQH LQIRUPDWLRQDVZHOODOWKRXJKWKLVLVRIWHQVXEMHFWLYHDQGVKRXOG )LHOGZLWKDSSUR[LPDWHO\QDWXUDOHUUDWLFVWRQHVRIJODFLDO QHYHUEHFRQIXVHGZLWKREMHFWLYHGDWDIURPV\VWHPDWLFUHVHDUFK 6DDOLDQ RULJLQZKLFKPDNHVDKXJHGLǋHUHQFH

7KH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLQWKH1HWKHUODQGVLVDYHU\G\QDPLF ,IZHFRPSDUH$5&+,6ZLWKWKHWRWDORIREVHUYDWLRQVIURP UHJLRQKHDYLO\LQǍXHQFHGE\WLGDOHǋHFWVHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQ- RWKHUXQYHULǌHGVRXUFHVPDLQO\FRQVLVWLQJRIDPDWHXUDUFKDHR- WDWLRQSURFHVVHV$FRQVWDQWǍRZRIWKHVHQDWXUDOSURFHVVHVKDV logy databases that are known for the Western Wadden Sea area, VKDSHGWKHVHDEHGZKLOHKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVKDYHDGDSWHGWKHDUHD ZHVHHDQRWKHUGLVFUHSDQF\LQQXPEHUV1RQHRIWKHREVHUYDWL- for their own use. This has been going on for centuries. If we want RQVIURPWKHVHVRXUFHVKRZHYHUKDYHEHHQYHULǌHGDQGWKH WRPDQDJHWKHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHHǋHFWLYHO\XQGHU RYHUODSZLWKWKH1&1V\VWHPKDV\HWWREHGHWHUPLQHG7KLV WKHVHG\QDPLFFRQGLWLRQVZHQHHGWRVHWSULRULWLHV,WLVHVVHQWLDO QXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQVGRHVKRZHYHUVKRZWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKH WRFUHDWHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHDUHDšVSDODHRJHRJUDSKLFDODQG area. HQYLURQPHQWDOGHYHORSPHQWWREHDEOHWRPDNHGHFLVLRQVDERXW ZKHUHWRDFWLYHO\SURWHFWVLWHVZKHUHVLWHVFDQUHPDLQRQWKH ,IZHORRNDWWKHXQNQRZQRUSUHGLFWHGUHVRXUFHVZHVHHPRUHRI VHDEHGZLWKRXWPXFKLQWHUIHUHQFHRUZKHUHWKHUHZLOOPRVW this potential. Roughly between Vogelzwin and Vaarwater naar de SUREDEO\QRWEHDQ\YDOXDEOHVLWHVSUHVHQW&KRLFHVZLOOKDYHWREH &RFNVGRUSDVZHOODVSDUWVRI/XWMHVZDDUGDQG=XLGRRVWUDNDQG PDGHGXHWRWKHSRWHQWLDOULFKQHVVRIWKHUHVRXUFHVDQGWKH SDUWVRIWKH%DOJ]DQGDUHDZHUHDOOJHRORJLFDOO\DQGPRUSKRORJL- threats present or predicted. These choices will have to be based FDOO\UHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQDQG7KH RQERWKŠKDUGšIDFWVDQGǌJXUHV HJWKHDPRXQWRIVHGLPHQW KLVWRULFPDSVGDWLQJIURPWRVKRZŞDOWKRXJKLQOHVV GLVDSSHDULQJZKHUHVLWHVKDYHEHHQGLVFRYHUHG DQGŠVRIWš GHWDLOŞPRUHRUOHVVWKHVDPHLQIRUPDWLRQ7KLVPHDQVWKDW LPSUHVVLRQV ZKHUHVLWHVDQGIXWXUHWKUHDWVDUHSUHGLFWHG 7KH DOWKRXJKPRVWDUHDVZLWKLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDKDYHEHHQ FRPELQHGLQIRUPDWLRQZLOOSURYLGHWKHDPPXQLWLRQIRUZHOO LQǍXHQFHGE\HYHUFKDQJLQJJXOOLHVDQGWKXVWKHUHKDVEHHQ JURXQGHGPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVWKDWSUHVHUYHRXUXQGHUZDWHU HURVLRQRIWKH+RORFHQHDQGVRPHWLPHVHYHQWKH3OHLVWRFHQH FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPRUHHǋHFWLYHO\ VHDEHGVRPHVKDOORZDUHDVKDYHUHPDLQHGUHODWLYHO\VWDEOH 7KHVHSODFHVPD\KDYHQHYHUEHHQLGHDOIRUQDYLJDWLRQDO By understanding the place and its geological and cultural genesis SXUSRVHVEXWHDUO\VHWWOHPHQWVDQGVKLSVWKDWPD\KDYH DQGGHYHORSPHQWŞEHLQJDEOHWRUHDGWKHODQGVFDSHIURPSDVW UXQDJURXQGPD\VWLOOEHIRXQGWKHUH,IVRWKH\ZLOOOLNHO\EHLQD EXWDOVRIURPFXUUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHVDVKDVEHHQGHVFULEHGLQ FRPSDUDEO\JRRGVWDWH &KDSWHUŞZHFDQIRFXVRQLWVFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHXVHIRU H[DPSOHIRUHQMR\PHQWDVLVRXWOLQHGLQ&KDSWHU

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

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8. Conclusion

Shipwrecks are often found by accident. How can the PHQW VHGLPHQWDWLRQHURVLRQEDGYLVLELOLW\HWF DQGSRVVLEO\ chances of finding them be better predicted? VLPSOHLJQRUDQFHRIQRWNQRZLQJZKHUHWRVWDUWKDVOHGWRWKH 3UHGLFWLRQLVSRVVLEOHWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQW,QGHHGVKLSZUHFNVDUH fact that when underwater sites are discovered it is usually by RIWHQIRXQGE\DFFLGHQWIRUH[DPSOHGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUN DFFLGHQW7KLVLQWXUQFDQSRVHLPPHGLDWHGLOHPPDVIRUH[DPSOH GUHGJLQJǌVKLQJRUE\VSRUWVGLYHUV2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHLQIRUPD- when a site is discovered during a construction project that is WLRQZHFDQREWDLQE\FRPELQLQJWKHPDSVDYDLODEOHLQWKH+*06 already under way. ZHFDQKRZHYHUDOVRSUHGLFWWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJVKLSZUHFNV LQDFHUWDLQDUHD7KLVZDVGLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLOLQ&KDSWHU $VVKRZQZLWKWKH+*06ZHFDQSUHGLFWWKHFKDQFHVRIǌQGLQJ $OWKRXJKWKLVLVQRWDQH[DFWVFLHQFHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRSRLQWRXW VKLSZUHFNVLQDQDUHD2XUŠREVHUYDWLRQJULGšPD\IRUQRZQRWEH DUHDVLQZKLFKWKHUHLVOLWWOHOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJVKLSZUHFNV HJ DVGHWDLOHGDVIRUVLWHVRQODQGEXWWKHRYHUYLHZLWJLYHVXVPXVW the areas dredged or eroded down to the Pleistocene) and those be accepted and acknowledged. We now have the capacity to LQZKLFKWKHOLNHOLKRRGLVJUHDW HJEHLQJORFDWHGRQDQLPSRUWDQW PDNHDQLQIRUPHGMXGJHPHQWDERXWWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIǌQGLQJ WUDGLQJURXWHDQGZLWKOLWWOHHURVLRQRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH VRPHWKLQJRUQRW:HFDQGLYLGHDUHJLRQLQRXUFDVHWKH:DGGHQ 6HDLQWRDUHDVZLWKORZPHGLXPDQGKLJKSUREDELOLW\RIWKH %HLQJDEOHWRSUHGLFWWKHFKDQFHVRIǌQGLQJVKLSZUHFNVLV SUHVHQFHRIVKLSZUHFNVRURWKHUVLWHV7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWIRUWKH HQRUPRXVO\LPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKLVZRXOGDOVRPHDQWKDWWKH RYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWRIUHVRXUFHV7KHKLVWRULFDOXVHDQGWKH PDQDJHPHQWRIXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVDUHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ QDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQRIDQDUHDPD\LQFUHDVHRUGLPLQLVKWKHFKDQFH LQDGYDQFHUDWKHUWKDQKDYLQJWRGHDOZLWKXQH[SHFWHGǌQGV RIǌQGLQJDZUHFN$QDUHDEHWZHHQWZRLPSRUWDQWWUDGLQJFLWLHV when work is already underway. Nevertheless, shipwrecks IRUH[DPSOHZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHFKDQFHV%\UHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKH JHQHUDOO\QHHGWREHVXUIDFLQJWKHVHDEHGEHIRUHWKH\EHFRPH IRUPHUPDULWLPHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHZLWKLWVKDUERXUVNQRZQ HYLGHQWDVLWLVVWLOOGLǎFXOWWRORRNLQWRWKHVHDEHG7HFKQLTXHV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQURXWHVFRQQHFWHGULYHUV\VWHPVWUDQVLWLRQSRLQWV DQGPHWKRGVVXFKDV'VXEERWWRPSURǌOLQJDUHLPSURYLQJ DQGLWVG\QDPLFVWKRXJKWLPHLQFOXGLQJWKHULVNDUHDVIRU GUDVWLFDOO\DQGDUHYHU\SURPLVLQJEXWWKXVIDUWKH\DUHQRW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGLǋHUHQWLDWHDQGPDNHVLJQLǌFDQW DFFXUDWHHQRXJKIRUODUJHVFDOHVHDUFKHVLQWKHVHGLPHQW predictions. Therefore, although often found by accident, VKLSZUHFNVGRQRWKDYHWREHDFFLGHQWDOǌQGV We need, however, to start acknowledging that it is possible to GLǋHUHQWLDWHDUHDVZKHUHWKHFKDQFHVRIǌQGLQJZUHFNVDUHPRUH How is it possible to preserve ‘unknown resources’ RUOHVVOLNHO\7KLVZDVQRWWKHFDVHZLWKHDUOLHUSUHGLFWLYHPDS- LQ{VLWX" SLQJVRIWKH:DGGHQ6HD7KHǌUVWSUHGLFWLYHPDSSLQJH[FOXGHG :HFDQWDNHSUHFDXWLRQDU\PHDVXUHVWRSURWHFWDQDUHDZLWKD all areas of water in the Netherlands, as if there was nothing there KLJKSUREDELOLW\RIǌQGLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVZKHWKHUWKH\DUH VHHWKHHDUOLHUYHUVLRQVRIWKH,.$:WKH,QGLFDWLYH0DSRI VKLSZUHFNVSUHKLVWRULFRURWKHUVLWHV7KLVFDQIRUH[DPSOHEH $UFKDHRORJLFDO9DOXHV ,QODWHUYHUVLRQVZDWHUFRYHUHGDUHDV GRQHWKURXJKODZDQGVSHFLǌFSROLFLHV7KLVRSWLRQZDVH[SODLQHG were taken into account to predict the presence of prehistoric LQ&KDSWHUVDQG:HPD\KRZHYHUZDQWWRPDNHWKHVHVLWHV VHWWOHPHQWVRQWKHVHDEHGEXWWKHUHZDVQRFRQFHUQDERXWWKH ŠYLVLEOHšDQGWKXVWXUQWKHPLQWRVLWHVZHNQRZPRUHDERXW possible presence and, therefore, also richness of the underwater $OWKRXJKWKLVVHHPVWREHWKHEHVWVROXWLRQLQUHODWLRQWRWKH PDULWLPHSDVW7KH+*06LQFRQWUDVWZLOOEHDWRROWKDWFDQEH GHYHORSPHQWRIPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVLWLVQRWDVVWUDLJKWIRU- XVHGIRUWKHSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOOLQJRIVKLSZUHFNVDVZHOO ward as it sounds.

Nevertheless, potential and known underwater heritage is still not %LJVWHSVKDYHEHHQPDGHLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIHTXLSPHQWWR EHLQJWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQPXQLFLSDOLWLHVGUDZXSWKHLU GHWHFWVLWHVRQWKHVHDEHG6LGHVFDQVRQDUDQGPXOWLEHDPVRQDU heritage policy. In the past, neglect of underwater cultural DUHLQFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQVRIHTXLSPHQWLQ KHULWDJHHYHQE\JRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVWKDWVKRXOGNQRZKDV WHUPVRIUHVROXWLRQDQGDFFXUDF\+RZHYHUWKHWHFKQRORJ\ UHVXOWHGLQRWKHUDJHQFLHVDUFKDHRORJLFDOFRPSDQLHVDQG UHTXLUHGWRGHWHFWVLWHVLQWKHVHDEHGLVVWLOOQRWVXǎFLHQWO\ FRQWUDFWLQJFRPSDQLHVWDNLQJWKLVSDUWRIWKHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH DGYDQFHG:KLOHWKHHTXLSPHQWFDQXVXDOO\LQGLFDWHJHQHUDO OHVVVHULRXVO\ŠRXWRIVLJKWLVRXWRIPLQGš7KLVZDVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ GLVWXUEDQFHVRULQGLFDWLRQVLWUHPDLQVJHQHUDOO\GLǎFXOWWR &KDSWHU FRQǌUPWKHVHRUREWDLQPRUHGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQ:KDWZH PLJKWGLVFRYHULQWKHVHDEHGWKHUHIRUHUHPDLQVDQHGXFDWHG Moreover, desk-based research and pre-disturbance surveys JXHVVEDVHGRQWKHFRPELQLQJRIDOOWKHLQIRUPDWLRQZHFDQ have often not taken place before seabed disturbance occurred. JDWKHU VXFKDVWKDWSURYLGHGE\WKH+*06&KDSWHU 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIGLVLQWHUHVWDODFNRILQFHQWLYHWRXQGHUVWDQG DQGVHDUFKIRUVLWHVDODFNRIZLOOIURPJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWL- %\RǎFLDOO\DFNQRZOHGJLQJWKDWWKLVSURFHVVRISUHGLFWLQJVLWHVLQ RQVRIWKHIDOVHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWVKLSVPD\KDYHVXQNDQ\ZKHUH FHUWDLQDUHDVLVRIYDOXHDQGLQFOXGLQJLWLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIDQ DQGWKXVFDQEHIRXQGDQ\ZKHUH LHDUHUDQGRPO\GLVWULEXWHG DUHDSULRUWRDQ\GHYHORSPHQWRUUHFRJQL]LQJLWDVDYDOXDEOH RYHUDQDUHD WKHVSHFLǌFQDWXUHRIWKHŞRIWHQKRVWLOHŞHQYLURQ- DVVHWLQORFDOPDQDJHPHQWSROLFLHVXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVFDQEH

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

SUHVHUYHGLQVLWX)RUH[DPSOHDUHDVZLWKKLJKSUHGLFWLYHYDOXHV part of the area is already slowing down and there are also signs PD\EHDYRLGHGLQGHYHORSPHQWDFWLYLWLHVDGGLWLRQDOUHJXODU RIVHGLPHQWDWLRQ7KHHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQSDWWHUQVDUH PHDVXUHPHQWVPD\EHFDUULHGRXWWRPRQLWRUFKDQJHVLQWKH WKXVWHPSRUDU\DQGPLWLJDWLRQLVSRVVLEOH+RZHYHUGXULQJ DUHD VHH&KDSWHU DQGDFWLYLWLHVWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWSRVVLEOH SHULRGVRIVWURQJHURVLRQLWLV H[WUHPHO\ GLǎFXOWWRSURWHFWWKH FKDQJHVFDQEHVXSSRUWHGDQGSURPRWHG$WWKHVDPHWLPHZH sites. should acknowledge that this protection strategy concerns the SURWHFWLRQDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQRISRWHQWLDO WKHHGXFDWHGJXHVV Biological deterioration WKHGRZQVLGHRIWKLVLVWKDWZHPD\XVHRXUHǋRUWVIRUDQDUHD Biological deterioration on wooden shipwrecks is a continuous WKDWORRNHGSURPLVLQJEXWHYHQWXDOO\PD\QRWFRQWDLQWKDWZKDW SURFHVV,QDHURELFHQYLURQPHQWVVSHFLHVVXFKDVWKHVKLSZRUP we thought it would be. Many areas in which there is a high which can cause rapid deterioration, are active, while in less SUREDELOLW\RIǌQGLQJVKLSZUHFNVDQGXQGLVWXUEHGSUHKLVWRULF DHURELFDQGHYHQDQDHURELFRUDQR[LFHQYLURQPHQWVGHWHULRUDWLRQ OD\HUVDUHWKRVHWKDWDUHQRWPXFKDǋHFWHGE\HURVLRQSURFHVVHV is ongoing and bacteria can be active. The speed of deterioration, &KDSWHUVDQG 7KHUHIRUHWKHHǋRUWWRSURWHFWPD\RQO\ however, changes. In the Western Wadden Sea, deterioration require the application and recognition of law, ensuring that no caused by Teredo navalisLVH[WUHPHO\YLROHQWDQGUDSLGZKLOHIXQJL KXPDQDFWLYLW\VXFKDVWUDZOLQJGUHGJLQJRUGULOOLQJOHDGVWR ZRUNDWDPXFKVORZHUSDFHDQGHURVLRQEDFWHULDDWDQHYHQ seabed disturbance. VORZHUSDFH%LRORJLFDODWWDFNFDQEHDFFHOHUDWHGE\PHFKDQLFDO DWWDFNVXFKDVHURVLRQRIWKHVHDEHG:DWHUǍX[DQGWKHDPRXQW What is threatening the shipwrecks in the Western RIRUJDQLFPDWWHULQWKHVRLODOVRKDYHDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHVSHHG Wadden Sea? of deterioration of wood. 7KH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLVKRPHWRPDQ\GHWHULRUDWLRQ SURFHVVHV,Q&KDSWHUZHGLYLGHGWKHPLQWRIRXUFDWHJRULHV Chemical deterioration PHFKDQLFDOELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQGDQWKURSRJHQLF 7KHFKHPLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVPRVWRIWHQIRXQGLQWKH Wadden Sea is that of corrosion. This process is especially active Mechanical deterioration ZLWKLURQLQKLJKR[\JHQDQGVDOLQHDUHDV$OOREMHFWVVXUIDFLQJWKH 7KH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDLVDG\QDPLFDUHD7KH+RORFHQHOD\HU VHDEHGDUHVXEMHFWWRWKLVSURFHVV,QORZR[\JHQFRQGLWLRQVIRU UHJXODUO\FKDQJHVLQWKLFNQHVVDOWHUQDWHO\FRYHULQJDQGH[SRVLQJ H[DPSOHZLWKLQWKHVHGLPHQWWKLVSURFHVVRIFRUURVLRQLVPXFK shipwrecks. On a larger scale, it is apparent that currents and OHVVUDSLGEXWPD\H[LVWHVSHFLDOO\XQGHUWKHLQǍXHQFHRI ZDYHDFWLRQVKDYHDQLQǍXHQFHRQWKHPRUSKRORJ\RIWKH ELRORJLFDODWWDFNE\EDFWHULD7KLVIRUPRIFRUURVLRQPD\FDXVH seabed. Gullies, tidal channels and sandbanks change place and PDMRUSUREOHPVZKHQZRRGLVVDOYDJHGDQGLWZLOOQHHGWREH FRXUVHRSHQLQJXSQHZDUHDVLQZKLFKFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHFRPHV conserved. The results of this process have been noted in large under threat. These areas are the Burgzand, Vogelzand, Scheer, conservation projects such as that of the Vasa and the Mary Rose 7H[HOVWURRPDQG6FKHXUUDN EXWZHUHDOVRREVHUYHGLQZRRGRQWKH%=1ZUHFN&OLPDWH FKDQJHZLOOSUREDEO\FDXVHWKHVHDZDWHUVWREHFRPHPRUHDFLG $VZHKDYHVHHQWKHUHDUHDOVRPRUHVWDEOHDUHDVURXJKO\WKH 7KLVZLOOFUHDWHDOOVRUWVRIUHDFWLRQVLQWKHVHGLPHQWDQGRQWKH DUHDEHWZHHQ9RJHO]ZLQDQG9DDUZDWHUQDDUGH&RFNVGRUSSDUWV seabed, of which we have no full overview as yet. RI/XWMHVZDDUGDQG=XLGRRVWUDNDQGSDUWVRI%DOJ]DQG+LVWRULFDO UHVHDUFKKDVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWWKHVHDUHDVKDYHJHQHUDOO\EHHQ Anthropogenic threat VWDEOHIRUDORQJWLPH5HVHDUFKRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQ 7KHKXPDQRUDQWKURSRJHQLFWKUHDWVDUHGLYHUV6RPHRIWKH SDWWHUQVLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDKDVVKRZQWKDWVHGLPHQWDWLRQUDWKHU threats are direct and obvious, such as in the case of looting, WKDQHURVLRQLVJHQHUDOO\RFFXUULQJLQWKHDUHD+RZHYHUPDLQO\ WUDZOLQJDQGGUHGJLQJ7KHLULPSDFWFDQHDVLO\EHXQGHUVWRRGDQG GXHWRWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNLQWKHUHLVQRW\HW PHDVXUHG+RZHYHUKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVDQGLQWHUYHQWLRQVPD\DOVR VWDELOLW\LQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDDUHDDQGLWPD\WDNHDQRWKHU DǋHFWXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZLWKDGHOD\RIPDQ\\HDUV century before this occurs. decades or even centuries, or in a slow continuous process that FDQRQO\EHPHDVXUHGRYHUVXFKORQJSHULRGV)RUH[DPSOHWKH ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHG\QDPLFVRIVHGLPHQWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQWKH :DGGHQ6HDLVRQHRIWKHPRVWGLNHGVHDVLQWKHZRUOG7KLV HǋHFWVRIFXUUHQWVDQGZDYHVRQVLWHOHYHOZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGRQ LQFOXGLQJWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMNKDVOHGWRDFKDQJHLQ VRPHRIWKHZUHFNVLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHD,WZDVIRXQGWKDWHDFK VHGLPHQWDWLRQHURVLRQSDWWHUQVDQGWKXVPHFKDQLFDOGHWHULRUD- \HDUWKHPRUSKRORJ\DURXQGWKHPRQLWRUHGVKLSZUHFNVFKDQJHG WLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH The obstruction of currents by the wreck itself causes local eddy 6DOYDJLQJWUHDVXUHKXQWLQJIDUPLQJǌVKLQJDQGGUHGJLQJKDYH currents that can cause scour and erosion pits in and around the DOVRDOOKDGDGLUHFWHǋHFWE\GLVWXUELQJWKHVHDEHGDVZHOODVDQ VLWH7KHJHQHUDOWHQGHQF\LQWKHUHJLRQLVWKDWWKH7H[HOVWURRPLV HǋHFWRYHUWKHORQJUXQE\FDXVLQJFKDQJHLQVFRXURUHURVLRQ PRYLQJVRXWKZDUGVRYHUWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHDZKLFKLQVRPH SDWWHUQVDURXQGIRUH[DPSOHVKLSZUHFNV(YHQDUFKDHRORJLVWV SODFHVZLOOFDXVHVWURQJHURVLRQSDWWHUQV+RZHYHUGXHWRLWV PD\FDXVHXQLQWHQGHGGDPDJHWKURXJKLPSURSHUKDQGOLQJRU FRQWLQXRXVPRYHIURPQRUWKWRVRXWKHURVLRQLQWKHQRUWKHUQ WKURXJKDODFNRIRUEDGWUHDWPHQWRIDVLWHDIWHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ

8. Conclusion

8QIRUWXQDWHO\GXHWRWKHGHOD\LQHǋHFWVLWLVRIWHQGLǎFXOWWR advantages of having such a rich resource of the past within KROGWKHRULJLQDOGLVWXUEHUǌQDQFLDOO\RURWKHUZLVHDFFRXQWDEOHIRU RQHšVWHUULWRULDOERXQGDULHV7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH9DOOHWWD WKHGHJUDGDWLRQRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH2QHǌQDOWKUHDW 7UHDW\OHGWRDJURZWKLQDUFKDHRORJLFDODFWLYLWLHV+RZHYHUZH WRXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWKDWVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGLVWKH VKRXOGDVNZKDWKDVFRPHRILW" lack of interest in this resource, which can lead to its neglect. 7KHV\VWHPOHDQVKHDYLO\ LIQRWFRPSOHWHO\ RQWKHŠGLVWXUEHUSD\Vš Management of threats SULQFLSOH+RZHYHUDVGLVFXVVHGDERYHLWLVQRWDOZD\VFOHDUZKR 7KHUHDUHWKXVPDQ\SURFHVVHVWKDWWKUHDWHQXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO disturbed or destroyed an underwater archaeological site. The KHULWDJH$VWDEOHDUHDLVWKHPRVWOLNHO\SODFHIRUDQDUFKDHRORJL- GDPDJHGRQHPD\RFFXURYHUGHFDGHVRUFHQWXULHVDQGQRRQH FDOVLWHWRVXUYLYH&KDQJHVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDUHJHQHUDOO\QRW FDQEHKHOGUHVSRQVLEOHDWOHDVWQRWǌQDQFLDOO\7KRVHUHVSRQVLEOH JRRGIRUXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH&XOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQD- IRURYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWGRQRWDOZD\VKDYHWKHǌQDQFLDOUHVRXU- JHUVWKXVVWXG\FKDQJHDQGDWWHPSWWRDYRLGRUPLWLJDWHDJDLQVW FHVWRSD\IRUDFWLYLWLHVWRSUHVHUYHLQVLWXRUH[VLWX+RZHYHULIZH LW$OOWKHVHSURFHVVHVRIFKDQJHDUHLQWHUOLQNHGDQGPD\LQWHQVLI\ XQGHUVWDQGGHWHULRUDWLRQSURFHVVHVDQGWKHORQJWHUPHǋHFWV LQGLYLGXDOHǋHFWV ZHPD\EHDEOHWRPDNHEHWWHUGHFLVLRQVZKHQH[HFXWLQJ ODUJHVFDOHSURMHFWV VLPLODUWRWKHEXLOGLQJRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMN LQWKH Erosion, in particular, is a big threat in the Wadden Sea. This IXWXUHRUWRWDNHPHDVXUHVWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWORQJWHUP SURFHVVLVDFDWDO\VWIRUELRORJLFDODQGKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVRQVLWH7KH deterioration processes. Moreover, if this knowledge is taken into PRYLQJVHGLPHQWKRZHYHUPD\EHXVHGWRWKHEHQHǌWRI DFFRXQWDQGWKHSULQFLSOHLPSOHPHQWHGGXULQJWKHGLVWXUEDQFH protection as well. By catching suspended sand particles with nets activities, the initial disturber could be required to allocate funds LWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHEXU\DVLWH6RPHWKUHDWVPD\WKXVEHHDV\WR WRZDUGVIXWXUHPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHVUDWKHUWKDQDWWHPSWLQJWR LGHQWLI\DQGPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHDGLUHFWDQG VROYHWKHSUREOHPDIWHUZDUGVZLWKRQO\OLPLWHGJRYHUQPHQW REYLRXVHǋHFW+RZHYHUVRPHPD\UHVXOWLQGDPDJHWRXQGHUZD- PRQH\7KHFRVWVRIPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDQGHYHQORQJWHUP ter cultural heritage over decades or even hundreds of years. PRQLWRULQJFRXOGDOVRŞDQGZRXOGKDYHWRŞEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW 7KHVHHǋHFWVDUHRIWHQQRWWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQ E\WKHGLVWXUEHUZKHQGHFLGLQJRQWKHH[HFXWLRQRIDSURMHFW SURWHFWLQJDVLWHLQVLWXDQGLWPD\DOVREHYHU\GLǎFXOWWRGRVRIRU H[DPSOHFOLPDWHFKDQJHPXVWEHDGGUHVVHGDWDGLǋHUHQWOHYHO Deterioration processes are abundant in the Western Wadden 6HD &KDSWHU ,WLVDKRVWLOHSODFHIRUVXEPHUJHGFXOWXUDO +RZHYHURQDVPDOOHUVFDOHLWLVUHODWLYHO\HDV\WRPRGHOWKH heritage on the one hand, but when protected well (by either SRWHQWLDOORQJWHUPHǋHFWVRIDQHZO\EXLOWEULGJHDZLQGIDUPD QDWXUHRUVRFLHW\ LWLVDOVRDQDUHDZLWKH[FHOOHQWSUHVHUYDWLRQ GLNHRUVDQGH[WUDFWLRQRQFXUUHQWSDWWHUQVDQGJXOOLHVRQWKH conditions. The variety of threats and the use value of the wrecks VHDEHGZKLFKPD\UHVXOWLQWKHHURVLRQRIQHZO\H[SRVHGVLWHV DOVRFUHDWHYDULRXVRSWLRQVIRUǌQGLQJVROXWLRQV7KHUHDUH 7KHHǋHFWVRIKXPDQEHKDYLRXUVKRXOGEHLQYHVWLJDWHGE\ PLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVIRUDOORIWKHWKUHDWV6RPHDUHTXLWH PRQLWRULQJVLWHVRYHUDVXǎFLHQWSHULRGRIWLPH7KLVZDV REYLRXVRWKHUVQHHGWREHPRUHFUHDWLYH7KH\UDQJHIURPLQVLWX GLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHUZKHUHLWZDVDUJXHGWKDWVXFKPRQLWRULQJ SURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVWRNHHSLQJWKHVRLOHQYLURQPHQWZDWHU- VKRXOGEHDJUHHGXSRQSURMHFWE\SURMHFWZKLOHLPSOHPHQWLQJ ORJJHGDQGR[\JHQIUHHDQGVRPHWLPHVHYHQORZLQRUJDQLF OHVVRQVIURPSDVWPRQLWRULQJSURJUDPPHV:RUNVWKDWKDYH PDWHULDO,Q&KDSWHUWKHVHPHWKRGVZHUHGHVFULEHG DOUHDG\EHHQH[HFXWHGWKDWFOHDUO\VKRZHǋHFWVRQWKHVHDEHG VKRXOGDOVREHPRQLWRUHGRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH7KLV +RZHYHULWLVLPSRUWDQWVWDNHKROGHUVVWDUWVKDULQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\ PRQLWRULQJDFWLYLW\VKRXOGQRWEHGRQHLQRUGHUWRǌQGVRPHRQH IRUWKHVKLSZUHFNV$JUHHPHQWVEHWZHHQGLǋHUHQWXVHUV WREODPHEXWWROHDUQIRUWKHIXWXUH3ROLWLFDOO\DQGOHJDOO\LWLV VWDNHKROGHUV FDQEHPDGHRQWKHXVHUHVHDUFKDQGHQMR\PHQW LPSRVVLEOHWRVWLOOKROGWKHEXLOGHUVRIWKH$IVOXLWGLMN RIWKHGLǋHUHQWZUHFNVLWHV:KLFKVLWHZLOOEHRSHQWRWKHSXEOLF" UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHGDPDJHGRQHWRKLVWRULFVKLSZUHFNVLQWKH :KLFKRQHZLOOZHZUDSLQSURWHFWLYHPDWHULDOWRNHHSLWLQVWRUHIRU :DGGHQ6HDHYHQLIWKLVLVŞDWOHDVWSDUWO\ŞWUXH IXWXUHUHVHDUFK":KLFKVLWHPLJKWEHDSHUIHFWŠKDUGVXEVWUDWHšLQ WKH:DGGHQ6HD",Q&KDSWHUVRPHVROXWLRQVZHUHODLGRXW1RW 6WDNHKROGHUSHUFHSWLRQVRIFKDQJHDQGPDQDJHPHQWVKRXOG DOOVLWHVDUHKHDYLO\XQGHUWKUHDW6RPHUHPDLQLQUHODWLYHO\VWDEOH DOVREHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ2QHHQRUPRXVGLVDGYDQWDJH DUHDVLQZKLFKZHPD\ǌQGZHOOSUHVHUYHGDQGYHU\ROGVKLS- for underwater cultural heritage is the fact that it is not, or is wrecks. The discovery of the Westerveld 2 wreck near Vlieland EDUHO\YLVLEOHHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH:DGGHQ6HD,Q&KDSWHU,PDGH IURPDURXQGFOHDUO\VKRZVWKHSRWHQWLDOEXWDOVRWKHQHHG DQHǋRUWWRGHDOZLWKWKLVLVVXH,WLVQRWDOZD\VHDV\WRVHHWKH to take action after discovery occurs.1

1$OWKRXJKKDYLQJEHHQSURWHFWHGIRUPDQ\FHQWXULHVLQDUHODWLYHO\VDIHDQGVWDEOH E\5&(DQG5:6KDGOLWWOHHǋHFW7KHODFNRIFODULW\DERXWZKRZDVUHVSRQVLEOHDQGZKR HQYLURQPHQWDVXGGHQFKDQJHRIFXUUHQWVLQWKHDUHDXQFRYHUHGWKH:HVWHUYHOGVLWH ZRXOGSD\IRUHPHUJHQF\H[FDYDWLRQŞWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWRUWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\GHVWUR\HGWKH\HDUROGZUHFN(ǋRUWVWRVDYHWKHZUHFNLQVLWX RIb9OLHODQGŞUHVXOWHGLQWKHORVVRIWKHZUHFNZLWKRXWIXUWKHUDFWLRQEHLQJWDNHQ

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

,QUHODWLRQWRWKHRYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWRIRXUUHVRXUFHVLWLVDOVR VWDUWLQJDQGHQGLQJDWGLǋHUHQWWLPHV7KLVPD\DOVRUHVXOWLQ LPSRUWDQWWRUHDOL]HWKDWTXLWHDIHZRIWKHWKUHDWVWRVKLSZUHFNV PDQDJHPHQWSODQVRQGLǋHUHQWLVVXHVUXQQLQJLQSDUDOOHOŞRQ LQWKH:DGGHQ6HDWKDWKDYHEHHQLGHQWLǌHGZLOOKDYHQHJDWLYH KHULWDJHVDIHW\HFRORJ\ZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWRUWRXULVPIRU HǋHFWVIRUVWDNHKROGHUVRWKHUWKDQDUFKDHRORJLVWV6KLSZUHFNV H[DPSOHŞDUHFLSHIRUIXWXUHIULFWLRQRUHYHQPDMRUFODVKHV FRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWRXUSDVWEXWPD\DOVREHLPSRUWDQW IRUELRGLYHUVLW\6KLSZUHFNVDUHDOVRJUHDWSODFHVWRGLYH$WWKH :KDWLVLPSRUWDQWLQPDQDJHPHQWLVWKDWZHFUHDWHDORQJWHUP VDPHWLPHVKLSZUHFNVPD\EHGHVWUR\HGE\ǌVKLQJQHWVDQG view of what we would like to achieve. Underwater cultural ǌVKLQJQHWVGHVWUR\HGRUORVWRQVKLSZUHFNV7KLVPXWXDOVHQVH KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWFRQFHUQVPDQDJHPHQWDQGFDUHRYHUD RIWKUHDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDFNQRZOHGJHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQORRNLQJ ORQJSHULRGRIWLPH,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZZKDWZHZDQWWRJHW IRUVROXWLRQVIRUORQJWHUPPDQDJHPHQWDVLWZLOOEURDGHQWKH RXWRIDOOWKLVPDQDJHPHQWDQGSURWHFWLRQRIWKHXQGHUZDWHU DFFHSWDQFHRIZD\VWRPLWLJDWHDJDLQVWWKHWKUHDWV FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZKDWZHLQWHQGWROHDUQIURPLWRUKRZZHZDQW WRHQMR\WKHVLWHV7REHVWGRWKLVVRPHERG\KDVWRWDNHWKHOHDG Is in situ preservation a panacea for underwater and responsibility for a site. Very often this is shared. The owner cultural heritage management in general? What are RIWKHODQGZDWHUUHVRXUFHKDVDVD\WKHDGPLQLVWUDWRUWKH the alternatives? PXQLFLSDOLW\DQGWKHVRPHWLPHVDOVRWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQW,Q ,QWKHODVWWZRGHFDGHVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWIRFXVLQXQGHUZDWHU WKH:DGGHQ6HDWKLVPD\PHDQWKDWLQRQHDQGWKHVDPHDUHD archaeology has been on in situ preservation and the develop- DFWLYLWLHVPD\EHFDUULHGRXWDQGFRQWUROPD\EHFODLPHGE\WKH PHQWRIDSSURSULDWHSROLFLHVDQGOHJLVODWLRQWRSROLWLFDOO\JDOYDQL]H 0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6FLHQFHWKH0LQLVWU\RI WKHVHWUHQGV VHH&KDSWHU +RZHYHULQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLVQRW ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQWWKH0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRPLF DVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDVLWVHHPVSRVLQJPDQ\VLJQLǌFDQWTXHVWLRQV $ǋDLUVWKH3URYLQFHRI1RUWK+ROODQGDQGWKH0XQLFLSDOLW\RI IRUWKRVHFRQVLGHULQJWKLVRSWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHZKDWDUHWKH 7H[HO7KXVLWFDQEHFRPHTXLWHGLǎFXOWWRGHWHUPLQHZKRLV PDMRUGHJUDGDWLRQIDFWRUVDǋHFWLQJDVKLSZUHFNVLWHDQGZKDW doing what, or responsible for what, and to subsequently agree WHFKQLTXHVFDQEHVXLWDEO\HPSOR\HGWRKDOWRUDWOHDVWGHFUHDVH ZKHUHWKHPRQH\VKRXOGFRPHIURPWRSD\IRUDOOWKHGLǋHUHQW WKHUDWHRIGHWHULRUDWLRQ &KDSWHU ",WVKRXOGEHFOHDUWKDWLQ DFWLYLWLHV,WLVWKXVLPSRUWDQWWRUHVROYHDOOWKHVHLVVXHVDQG VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQRIWHQUHTXLUHVDFWLYHLQYROYHPHQWXVLQJ FUHDWHDUHVSRQVLEOHPDQDJHPHQWSODQIRUDQDUHDLQFOXGLQJ GLǋHUHQWRIWHQWDLORUPDGHFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ underwater cultural heritage, a plan that includes a budget for PHWKRGV &KDSWHUVDQG ORQJWHUPPDQDJHPHQW &KDSWHUVDQG

In situ preservation is not a panacea for underwater cultural ,QUHODWLRQWRVLWHVWKDWKDYHQRW\HWEHHQGLVFRYHUHGPDQDJH- KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW/HDYLQJVLWHVRQWKHVHDEHGZLWKIXUWKHU PHQWLVHYHQPRUHGLǎFXOW:HFDQDWWHPSWWRPDQDJHWKHPDV often costly, activities to be undertaken, is one option out of SDUWRIRXURYHUDOOUHVRXUFHV7KLVPD\KRZHYHUPHDQHYHQ VHYHUDO([FDYDWLRQLVDOZD\VDQRWKHURSWLRQ6RPHWLPHVLWLVQRW VWURQJHUPHDQVRISHUVXDVLRQDUHQHHGHGLIZHDUHWRFRQYLQFH feasible to leave a wreck on the seabed due to the heavy and SHRSOHWRSD\IRUVRPHWKLQJWKH\FDQQRWVHH$PDULWLPH rapid deterioration processes or construction work that has to be ODQGVFDSHDSSURDFKZRXOGEHDSRVVLELOLW\LQWKLVFDVHFRPELQLQJ done. Even if we leave wrecks on the seabed, deterioration is the protection of natural and cultural values in a restricted area continuous. The choice to leave a wreck in situ depends on what and creating favourable situations for this. ZHZDQWWRGRZLWKLW,VLWIRUHQMR\PHQWFRPPHPRUDWLRQWKH VSLULWRIWKHSODFHVFLHQFH"$VKLSZUHFNPD\KDYHPDQ\YDOXHV$ ,QVLWXPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUHVPRUHWKDQPHUHO\OHDYLQJZUHFNVLQ FRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHYDOXHVPD\HYHQEHSUHVHUYHGVLQFHWKHUH WKHSODFHWKH\ZHUHIRXQG,QVLWXSURWHFWLRQPRQLWRULQJDQG LVQRŠPDJLFSLOOšLQKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW8QGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO PDLQWHQDQFHDUHDOVRSDUWRIWKLVDVH[SODLQHGLQ&KDSWHUVDQG KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWFRPSULVHVPDQ\GLǋHUHQWVWHSVDQG $EXGJHWLVUHTXLUHGWRH[HFXWHVXFKZRUN,IZHZDQWWRJLYH GHFLVLRQVWREHPDGHLQYROYLQJPDQ\GLǋHUHQWDQGVRPHWLPHV high priority to in situ preservation, we should have the funds to LQFRPPHQVXUDEOHYDOXHV)URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHLQVLWXSUHVHUYD- GRVR$VZHVDZLQWKLVWKHVLVDGGLQJDSURWHFWLYHOD\HUWRD tion is not always the right solution. ZUHFNLQWKH:DGGHQ6HDFRVWVDURXQGſ HJWKH%=1 HDFKPRQLWRULQJDFWLRQDGGVDWOHDVWDQRWKHUſ IRU 7KHPDQDJHPHQWRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHQRWRQO\ PXOWLEHDP DQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\ſSHUGD\IRUGLYLQJ %=1 UHTXLUHVWKHH[SHUWLVHRIDUFKDHRORJLVWV&KHPLVWVJHRORJLVWV +RZHYHUWKHH[FDYDWLRQRIVLWHVHDVLO\FRVWVPLOOLRQVRI K\GURJUDSKHUVDQGRIFRXUVHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUV HXURV7KLVUHPDLQVDQRSWLRQ'HYHORSLQJDQDWLRQDOUHVHDUFK planners and nature conservationists (or developers) are also DJHQGDWKDWLQFOXGHVLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQVRQWKHVHLVVXHVWKDW LPSRUWDQW,QVLWXPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUHVPDQ\VWDNHKROGHUVWR ZHWKLQNVKRXOGEHDQVZHUHGPDNHVLWSHUIHFWO\DFFHSWDEOHWR ZRUNWRJHWKHU&XOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHUVVKRXOGEHDEOHWR LQYHVWLQH[FDYDWLRQDVZHOO$UFKDHRORJLFDOVLWHVDUHFHUWDLQO\ EDODQFHWKHQHHGVDQGZLVKHVRIWKHVHGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV locations to learn about our past. 7KH\DUHPRUHRYHUQRWDORQH2IWHQSDUDOOHOLVVXHVUHTXLUH PDQDJHPHQWLQRQHDQGWKHVDPHDUHDDWDGLǋHUHQWSDFHDQG

8. Conclusion

Is in situ preservation the solution for cultural heritage SRVLWLYHRXWFRPHV,WZLOOFUHDWHPRUHORFDOLQYROYHPHQWEHFDXVH management in the Western Wadden Sea? What are LWZLOOEHFRPHDFRPELQHGUHJLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\7KLVZLOOPRVW the alternatives? SUREDEO\DOVRUHVXOWLQTXLFNHUUHVSRQVHWLPHVZKHQVLWHVDUH ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQZLWKWKHXVHRILQVLWXSURWHFWLRQPHWKRGVKDV GLVFRYHUHGDQGDFWLYLWLHVZLOOEHH[HFXWHGLQFORVHUSUR[LPLW\WR SURYHQWREHHǋHFWLYHLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD7KHPHWKRGV ORFDOVWDNHKROGHUVDQGWKHUHIRUHEHPRUHYLVLEOHWRWKHP7KHUH WKDWKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGŞDQGWKDWDUHGHVFULEHGLQ&KDSWHU PD\WKHQEHPRUHǍH[LELOLW\LQUHODWLRQWRSRWHQWLDODFWLYLWLHVLQ ŞDQGWKHVWUXFWXUDOPRQLWRULQJRIWKHVHSURWHFWHGVLWHVŞGHVFUL- PXQLFLSDOFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWVFLHQFH HYHQLQ EHGLQ&KDSWHUŞKDYHSURYHQWKLV)RU\HDUVSK\VLFDO FROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKH:DGGHQ$FDGHP\ DQGDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQWKH PHWKRGVKDYHEHHQDSSOLHGUDQJLQJIURPVDQGEDJVDQG IUDPHZRUNRIWKH9DOOHWWD7UHDW\7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ SRO\SURS\OHQHQHWVWRDUWLǌFLDOVHDJUDVV7KHROGHVWSURWHFWHG VRFLHW\DQGWKHZDWHUVRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDDVDPHDQVRI wreck, the BZN 3, is still well protected after all these decades, WUDQVSRUWDQGDUHVRXUFHRIKLJKTXDOLW\IRRGVWLOOIRUPVWKH while the physical protection placed on other wrecks in the essence of the Wadden Sea today. In other words, it is largely %XUJ]DQGLVVWLOOIXQFWLRQLQJ:HFDQFOHDUO\VHHWKHLUHǋHFWLIZH created and cultivated by society and its needs, and is therefore FRPSDUHWKHUHVXOWVZLWKWKH%=1ZUHFNDVLWHWKDWKDVQRW to be highly regarded in all its cultural value. EHHQSURWHFWHGDQGWKDWKDVQRZDOPRVWFRPSOHWHO\GLVDSSHDUHG Regarding the techniques for physical protection of sites in situ ,WLVJRRGWRVHHWKDWSURWHFWLRQKDVPDGHDGLǋHUHQFHHYHQ DVODLGRXWLQ&KDSWHURYHUWKHODVW\HDUVPDQ\H[SHULPHQWV XQGHUGHPDQGLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KHFRQVWDQWWLGDOFKDQJHV KDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQLQDVPDQ\GLǋHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVDFURVV FUHDWHDVLWXDWLRQRIF\FOLFHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQZKLFKLV WKHZRUOG6RPHRIWKHVHORFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQOLWWOHPRQLWRUHG DOVRSHULRGLFDOO\ǌHUFHRUPRGHUDWH7KLVPD\PHDQWKDWDVLWH since. Moreover, in instances of reburial there was no pre-reburial FRPHVXQGHUWKUHDWIRUDZKLOHEXWVXEVHTXHQWO\LVQDWXUDOO\ZHOO VXUYH\LQJRUSRVWUHEXULDOPRQLWRULQJZKLFKPDNHVDQHYDOXDWLRQ SURWHFWHGXQGHUDWKLFNOD\HURIVHGLPHQW:HQHHGWREH RIWKHGLǋHUHQWWHFKQLTXHVH[WUHPHO\GLǎFXOWLIQRWLPSRVVLEOH SUHSDUHGIRUWKHVHFKDQJHVDQGFDQGRVRE\H[DPLQLQJSUHYLRXV 6RPHJHQHUDOUXOHVKRZHYHUFDQEHGHGXFHGIURPWKHPDQ\ SURFHVVHVRIHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQ KLQGFDVW SUHGLFWLQJ SURMHFWVH[HFXWHGLQFOXGLQJWKRVHLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD WKHIXWXUHSURFHVVHV IRUHFDVW DQGWKHHǋHFWWKH\PD\KDYHRQ known and unknown archaeological sites in the seabed. We also )LUVWRIDOOPLWLJDWLRQPXVWIRFXVRQWKHIDFWRUVWKDWFDXVHWKH QHHGWREHDEOHWRSUHGLFWKRZORQJDWKUHDWWRDVLWHPD\ODVW PRVWGHJUDGDWLRQ &KDSWHUVDQG ,ISRVVLEOHGLǋHUHQW 7KLVLVYHU\VSHFLǌFWRHDFKORFDWLRQEHFDXVHLWDOVRLQFOXGHVWKH WKUHDWVVKRXOGEHRYHUFRPHRUDPHOLRUDWHGXVLQJRQHPHWKRG,Q UHDVRQVZK\ZHFKRRVHSUHVHUYDWLRQ &KDSWHU 7KHWHFKQLFDO DGGLWLRQWRWKHPLWLJDWLRQRIWKHPRVWVLJQLǌFDQWSK\VLFDO GDWDRQWKHEDVLVRIZKLFKZHPDNHVXFKGHFLVLRQFDQEH PHFKDQLFDOELRORJLFDOFKHPLFDODQGKXPDQWKUHDWVLWLVDOVRYHU\ H[WUDFWHGIURPWKHLQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHGDQGFRPSDUHGLQD LPSRUWDQWWRWKLQNRIZK\WKHVLWHQHHGVWREHSUHVHUYHG:KDW V\VWHPVXFKDVWKH+*06 &KDSWHU YDOXHSUHYDLOV"$VZHKDYHVHHQDVLWHZLOOEHSUHVHUYHGLQRQH way if it needs to be protected for future research, or in another ,QRUGHUWREHHǋHFWLYHLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQVKRXOGEHSDUWRIDQ way if it is to be enjoyed by sports divers. The protection of RYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWSODQIRUWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD6XFKD underwater archaeological sites will always be, in part, individually SODQVKRXOGDWOHDVWEHLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKHGLǋHUHQW:DGGHQ6HD FXVWRPL]HGWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKHXQLTXHTXDOLWLHVRIHDFKVLWH PXQLFLSDOLWLHVDQGWKHWZRSURYLQFHVRI1RUWK+ROODQGDQG )ULHVODQGDQGSRVVLEO\LQFOXGHGLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH 6KDUHGUHVSRQVLELOLW\LVWKHNH\IRULQVLWXPDQDJHPHQW,WZLOOEH :DGGHQ6HDDVD:RUOG+HULWDJH0RQXPHQW7KHWLPHLVULSHWR WKHWDVNRIWKHKHULWDJHPDQDJHUWREDODQFHWKHGLǋHUHQWYDOXHV include the outstanding cultural values of the Wadden Sea into its assigned to a wreck, and the various wishes and needs of the PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DQGHYHQWXDOO\DGGWKHPDULWLPHFXOWXUDO GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV7KHVHKHULWDJHPDQDJHUVPD\YHU\ZHOO KHULWDJHUHFRJQL]LQJLWVRXWVWDQGLQJYDOXHDQGPDNLQJWKH EHJRYHUQPHQWHPSOR\HHVDWWKHQDWLRQDOSURYLQFLDORUPXQLFLSDO :DGGHQ6HDDFRPELQHGQDWXUDODQGFXOWXUDO:RUOG+HULWDJHVLWH OHYHO+RZHYHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHFRQFHUQVZKDWDVRFLHW\DVD :KDWHYHUKDSSHQVDSHUPDQHQWEXGJHWWRSUHVHUYHFXOWXUDO ZKROHZDQWVWRSUHVHUYHDQGQRWRQO\ZKDWKHULWDJHPDQDJHUV VLWHVLQVLWXVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDQGVRRQ7KHUHZLOOEHDSHUPD- HPSOR\HGE\JRYHUQPHQWWKLQNLVLPSRUWDQW7KHVRXUFH nent responsibility that needs to be taken up. Synergy between FRPPXQLW\PXVWKDYHDVD\LQZKDWKDSSHQV0RUHRYHUWKRVH natural heritage protection, cultural heritage protection, ZKRPLJKWZDQWWRGLVWXUEDVLWHIRURQHUHDVRQRUDQRWKHUPXVW HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVDQGWRXULVPIRUH[DPSOHDVSDUWRIWKH DOVREHSDUWRIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQLIWKH\DUHWRPDNHDQLQIRUPHG RYHUDOOPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHDUHDVKRXOGEHSDUWRIWKHVROXWLRQ GHFLVLRQRQZKHWKHUWRGLVWXUERUWRDYRLG$UFKDHRORJLVWVDQG FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHRǎFHUVVKRXOGFRQVLGHUUROHVVXFKDVRǋHULQJ ,GHDOO\DORFDOLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\WHDPRIKHULWDJHPDQDJHUVDQG JXLGDQFHH[SODLQLQJDQGGHVFULELQJWKHVLWHRUDVEURNHUV underwater archaeologists for the (Western) Wadden Sea area FRQQHFWLQJGLǋHUHQWLGHDVDERXWWKHVLJQLǌFDQFHDQGWKHXVHVRI should be established. Sharing the responsibility in this way would FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHLQWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQ QRWEHWKDWPXFKRIDǌQDQFLDOEXUGHQDQGZLOOKDYHDORWRI

Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

&RQYLQFLQJRWKHUVZLOOEHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQW,QVLWX traditions and stories, but also through the only objective PDQDJHPHQWHQWDLOVDGLǎFXOWEDODQFHRIWKHGLǋHUHQWQHHGVDQG UHVRXUFHŞWKHPDWHULDOZLWQHVVHVRIWKHSDVWŞDUFKDHRORJLFDO ZLVKHVRIGLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVH VLWHVLQDQGRQWKHVHDEHG7KH\DUHXQGHQLDEO\SDUWRIWKHDUHD without the support of several stakeholder groups there will not WKHLUSUHVHQFHVKRXOGEHDFNQRZOHGJHGDQGPDQDJHGLQVLWXDQG EHDEDVLVIRULQVLWXPDQDJHPHQW$ZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJLVWKXVYHU\ H[VLWX LPSRUWDQW6LWHVQHHGWREHH[SODLQHGDQGEHFRPHSK\VLFDOO\DQG YLUWXDOO\DFFHVVLEOH7KLVPHDQVWKDWZHQRWRQO\UHTXLUHLQVLWX 8.3 Final word PDQDJHPHQWEXWWKDWWKHUHQHHGVWREHURRPIRUH[VLWX 7RFRQFOXGHWKLVWKHVLV,ZRXOGOLNHWRUHWXUQWRP\LQLWLDOUHVHDUFK SUHVHUYDWLRQDVZHOO7KLVPLJKWHQWDLOWKHUHPRYDORIDUWHIDFWV question: WKURXJKH[FDYDWLRQRUIRUH[DPSOH'YLVXDOL]DWLRQV Underwater sites should be opened to the public through How can we manage the underwater cultural resource? XQGHUZDWHUPXVHXPVDQGGLYHWUDLOVUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVRIZKDWLV 7KHXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHFDQEHPDQDJHGRQO\E\ OHIWRQWKHVHDEHGVKRXOGDOVREHPDGHH[DPSOHVRIZKLFKZHUH ORRNLQJDWLWIURPDKLJKOHYHOLQFOXVLYHO\UDWKHUWKDQRQDFDVHE\ JLYHQLQ&KDSWHU2QO\E\RSHQLQJXSWKLVRIWHQYHU\LQYLVLEOHEXW case basis, proactively rather than reactively. What we know KLJKO\VLJQLǌFDQWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHZLOOVXSSRUWJURZZHQHHGWR DERXWLWŞWKHVLWHVWKDWKDYHEHHQGHWHFWHGŞLVSUREDEO\RQO\D bring the sites to the people and the people to the sites. fraction of what is present in the area. The value of each site can EHPHDVXUHGRQGLǋHUHQWOHYHOVDQGE\GLǋHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV Reaching large groups of new people in order to increase DQGTXLWHULJKWO\VR&XOWXUDOKHULWDJHFRQFHUQVZKDWZHDVD DZDUHQHVVUHPDLQVDFKDOOHQJHEXWRQHWKDWPXVWEHIDFHG7KLV society want to preserve for the future. Sites need, therefore, to LVQRWGXHWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKHVXEMHFWŞDVLQIDFWPRVWSHRSOH be connected to that society, and all the individual sites connec- ǌQGXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\ WHGWRHDFKRWKHUWKURXJKWKHVRFLHW\SURWHFWLQJWKHP LQWHUHVWLQJDQGH[FLWLQJŞWKHSUREOHPLVODUJHO\RQHRIUHVRXUFHV DQGDZDUHQHVVXWLOL]LQJWKHULJKWFKDQQHOVRILQIRUPDWLRQ:LWK Managing underwater cultural heritage can be and often is WKHUDWLǌFDWLRQRIWKH81(6&2&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI VWUXFWXUHGUDQJLQJIURPGHVNWRSUHVHDUFKDQGVXUYH\VWRLQVLWX WKH8QGHUZDWHU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHE\WKH1HWKHUODQGVVRRQWR SURWHFWLRQDQGH[FDYDWLRQ$OORIWKHVHGLǋHUHQWVWHSVDUH WDNHSODFHDQGDQLQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQWKHUDWLǌFDWLRQRIWKH)DUR LPSRUWDQWLQWKHSURFHVVRIPDQDJHPHQWDQGQHHGWREH &RQYHQWLRQDVZHOOWKLVLVVXHQHHGVWREHPDGHDSULRULW\WR balanced. If there are no inventories or surveys, there will be no ensure that awareness of the richness of our underwater cultural RYHUYLHZLIWKHUHDUHQRDVVHVVPHQWVWKHUHZLOOEHQRFOHDU UHVRXUFHFRQWLQXHVWRJURZDQGWRHQVXUHLWVPDQDJHPHQWLVD knowledge and no well-founded decisions about what to keep shared responsibility. DQGZKDWQRWLIWKHUHLVQRLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQWKHUHZLOOEHDORVVRI PDQ\VLWHVEHIRUHDQ\GHFLVLRQLVPDGHDERXWZKDWWRGRZLWK +HUHDOVRWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDFRXOGSOD\DOHDGLQJUROH:H WKHPLIWKHUHLVQRH[FDYDWLRQWKHUHZLOOEHQRRURQO\OLWWOH DOUHDG\KDYHDJRRGLGHDRIWKHULFKQHVVRIWKHPDWHULDOFXOWXUDO building of knowledge. This knowledge is, in turn, the basis of past that is present on and in the seabed. This is due to the GHFLVLRQVWRSUHVHUYHGHVHOHFWRUH[FDYDWH HǋRUWVRIWKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWRYHU\HDUVLQWKLVDUHDDVLV UHǍHFWHGLQWKLVWKHVLV7KHXQGHUZDWHUVLWHVODUJHO\UHSUHVHQWD $QLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQWRDVNRXUVHOYHVLV:KRLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU VWRU\RIWKHDUHDZHNQRZDQGZKLFKDOVRKDVLWVPDWHULDO PDNLQJGHFLVLRQVZLWKLQWKLVSURFHVV"7KLVLVQRWDQHDV\TXHVWLRQ witnesses onshore. The entire Wadden Sea area in fact repre- WRDQVZHUKRZHYHUWKHPRUHLQFOXVLYHWKHSURFHVVWKHPRUH VHQWVWKHLQǍXHQFHKXPDQEHLQJVKDYHKDGŞDQGVWLOOKDYHŞRQ VXVWDLQDEOHWKHVHGHFLVLRQVZLOOEHHYHQLIWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ QDWXUH7KLVDFWLYHHQJDJHPHQWDQGLQǍXHQFHRIFXOWXUHDQG SURFHVVLWVHOIPD\EHFRPHPRUHGLǎFXOW:HDUHDOOLQLWIRU QDWXUHŞKRZHYHUORJLFDODQGYHU\PXFKYLVLEOHLQWKHDUHDŞKDV VRPHWKLQJ7KHYLHZRIDQDUFKDHRORJLVWPD\GLǋHUIURPWKDWRID not yet led to the inclusion of outstanding cultural heritage values SROLWLFLDQ+RZHYHUDVORQJDVWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERXWZKDWQHHGV LQWKH81(6&2ZRUOGKHULWDJHQRPLQDWLRQRIWKH:DGGHQ6HDDV to occur is fair and open, the decision will have results that last. ZHKDYHVHHQDERYH)RUWXQDWHO\WKHYLHZVDUHFKDQJLQJDQGLW would not be surprising if in a few years this is set right. The area 7KHTXHVWLRQŠ:KDWšVLQLWIRUPHRUXV"šVKRXOGEHDVNHG FDQVHUYHDVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHSHUIHFWEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZR 6ROXWLRQVFDQEHVRXJKW$VKLSZUHFNFDQEHSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX ZKLOHSURPRWLQJELRGLYHUVLW\DQGFUHDWLQJDQHQWKXVLDVWLFGLYLQJ 7KHDSSUHFLDWLRQRIWKHGLǋHUHQWYDOXHVRIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDO FRPPXQLW\DURXQGWKHZUHFNVLWH1HZWHFKQRORJLHVDUHPDNLQJ KHULWDJHPD\SOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKLVDVZHOO6KLSZUHFNV QHZIRUPVRILQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDUFKDHRORJLVWVDQGQRQ PD\IRUPKRWVSRWVRIELRGLYHUVLW\RQWKHVHDEHG0RUHǌVKPD\ archaeologists possible, and also between divers and non-divers, PHDQDWKULYLQJVXVWDLQDEOHǌVKLQJLQGXVWU\QRWRQO\LQWKH EHWZHHQVLWHVDQGPXVHXPYLVLWRUV7KLVLVWKHZD\IRUZDUG Wadden Sea itself but also in the adjacent North Sea. The because, in the end, awareness-raising, respect and understan- Wadden Sea has been a central place for trade, a food resource ding are the key to ensuring the future of our underwater cultural DQGDZD\RIOLIHIRUPDQ\FHQWXULHV7KLVSDVWLVYLVLEOHLQ KHULWDJHDQGLWVPDQDJHPHQWDOVRLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD

8. Conclusion

Acknowledgements I may have to start by asking ‘Where should I start?’ ...

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213 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Samenvatting

214 6DPHQYDWWLQJ

Samenvatting

De gelaagde geschiedenis van de Westelijke Waddenzee. Hoe we het onderwater cultureel erfgoed kunnen behouden.

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215 Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea

Curriculum Vitae

216 &XUULFXOXP9LWDH

Curriculum Vitae

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