Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea Managing an underwater cultural heritage resource Martijn René Manders Preserving a layered history of the Western Wadden Sea. Managing an underwater cultural heritage resource Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, RSJH]DJYDQ5HFWRU0DJQLnjFXVSURIPU&--06WRONHU YROJHQVEHVOXLWYDQKHW&ROOHJHYRRU3URPRWLHV WHYHUGHGLJHQRSGLQVGDJGHFHPEHU klokke 13:45 uur door Martijn René Manders geboren te Vleuten-De Meern LQ Promotor 3URI'U-&$.ROHQ Promotiecommissie 3URI'U&/+RIPDQGHFDDQ)DFXOWHLWGHU$UFKHRORJLH (voorzitter) 3URI'U0(5*1-DQVHQ VHFUHWDULV 'U'-*UHJRU\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWKHUQ'HQPDUN 3URI'U,$/LOOH\ 'U0+YDQGHQ'ULHV 7KLVWKHVLVZDVDOVRPDGHSRVVLEOHE\7KH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH $JHQF\RIWKH1HWKHUODQGV ,6%1($1 Contents 6 &RQWHQWV Contents Foreword 11 6XUI ,FH 1. General introduction 15 $QH[DPSOHHURVLRQLQWKH%XUJ]DQGDUHD 1.1. Introducing underwater archaeology and underwater %=1 FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV %=1 5HVHDUFKSUREOHP %=1 6XPPDU\RIWKHUHVHDUFKSUREOHP %=1 .H\FRQFHSWVDQGRXWOLQHRIWKHUHVHDUFK %=1 1.4. Research questions 24 %=1 1.5. Objectives 25 %=1 $FDVHVWXG\DSSURDFKWKH'XWFK:DGGHQ6HD %=1 1.6.1 Research area: The Western Wadden Sea 26 %=1 $VKRUWKLVWRU\RIWKH:DGGHQ6HD %=1 1.6.3 The shipwrecks in the Western Wadden Sea 29 %=1 The Burgzand Wrecks 29 %=1 0HWKRGRORJ\DQGWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWV %=1 8QGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\PDULWLPH %=1 DUFKDHRORJ\DQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHVHDEHGPRUSKRORJ\ ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQSURWHFWLRQVWDELOLVDWLRQ %LRORJLFDOWKUHDWV DQGFRQVHUYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6WUXFWXUHRIWKHWKHVLV $ERYHWKHVHDEHG :LWKLQWKHVHDEHG 'LNjHUHQWHQYLURQPHQWVGLNjHUHQW 2. Developing a landscape approach to GHJUDGDWLRQSURFHVVHV underwater cultural heritage: :RRGERULQJELYDOYHV The Historical Geomorphological &UXVWDFHDQV Map Set for the Wadden Sea 41 0LFURRUJDQLVPV 2.1. Introduction: the necessity of a new approach 41 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHELRORJLFDOWKUHDWV 2.2. The value of place and object 44 &KHPLFDOWKUHDWV 7KHPHWKRGXVHGIRUWKH+*06 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHFKHPLFDOWKUHDWV 'LNjHUHQWSHULRGVGLNjHUHQWGDWD +XPDQWKUHDWV .QRZQVLWHV /RRWLQJFRPPHUFLDOVDOYDJLQJDQG 6RXUFHVDQGGDWD souvenir hunting 92 'LNjHUHQWGDWDEDVHVZLWKGLNjHUHQWQXPEHUV )DUPLQJDQGnjVKLQJ &RPELQLQJGDWDLQLQWHUSUHWLYHPDSV 'UHGJLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWZRUNV *HRORJ\DQGJHRPRUSKRORJ\ $UFKDHRORJ\ +LVWRULFDOGDWDDVDQDGGRQWRWKH 3HUFHSWLRQVWKUHDWHQLQJXQGHUZDWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH *HRPRUSKRORJLFDOPRGHOV 6RPHFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHKXPDQWKUHDWV %DVLFJHRPRUSKRORJLFDOPRGHOV *HQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKUHDWV 7KHSHULRGŞ 7KHSHULRGŞ 7KHSHULRGŞSUHVHQW 4. Why preserving underwater .QRZQDQGDOORFDWHGDUHDVIRUGLVWXUEDQFHV heritage in situ? 101 5HnjQHPHQWV ,QWURGXFWLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ :KDWLVDVLWHLQVLWXDQGZKDWLVSDUWRILW" 'LNjHUHQWYLHZVRQLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 'HnjQLQJFRPPRQVHQVHDUJXPHQWVIRULQVLWX 3. Threats to underwater SUHVHUYDWLRQ archaeological heritage 67 )RUIXWXUHHQMR\PHQWDQGUHVHDUFK ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6KRZLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGFRPPLWPHQW 0HFKDQLFDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ $QHQRUPRXVDPRXQWRIVLWHV &XUUHQWV $UFKDHRORJ\XQGHUZDWHULVH[SHQVLYH 6ZHOODQGZDYHV $WLPHJDS &RQWHQWV 'LǎFXOWLHVRIFRQVHUYDWLRQ 0HDVXUHPHQWRIYDULRXVSK\VLFRFKHPLFDO &XUUHQWH[SHULHQFHVDQGHQMR\PHQW SDUDPHWHUV 'LNjHUHQWYDOXHVWRSUHVHUYH 0RQLWRULQJLQRSHQZDWHURQDQGLQWKHVHDEHG $UJXPHQWVDJDLQVWLQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 1RLQFOXVLRQWR UHJLRQDO LGHQWLW\EXLOGLQJ 7KHRSHQZDWHU 1RPHWKRGRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQW 6.5.3 On the seabed 149 DQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ 0DULQHJHRSK\VLFVWRPRQLWRUVHGLPHQW 2QJRLQJGHJUDGDWLRQ FKDQJH 7KHORQJWHUPnjQDQFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHV 0XOWLEHDPUHFRUGLQJDVDZD\WRPRQLWRU ,VWKHLQVLWXGRJPDŠWKUHDWHQLQJDUFKDHRORJ\š" VKLSZUHFNVLWHV ,QVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQLQQXPEHUV 0XOWLEHDPPRQLWRULQJRQWKH%XUJ]DQG7H[HO &RQFOXVLRQ 6.5.5 In the seabed 153 6.6. Optical dating: potentially a valuable tool for XQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW 5. How do we physically protect 6.6.1 Optical dating, grain size distribution and underwater heritage sites in situ? 117 DQWKURSRJHQLFPHWDOV ,QWURGXFWLRQ )LHOGZRUNDQGVDPSOHVHOHFWLRQ 7KUHHZD\VWRSUHVHUYHVLWHVLQVLWX $QDO\VHV %DUULHUPHWKRGV *UDLQVL]HV 6DFULnjFLDOLQVLWXSURWHFWLRQ *HRFKHPLFDOSDWWHUQV &RYHULQJDVLWH 6XPPDUL]LQJWKHUHVXOWV &RYHULQJZLWKORVHVHGLPHQW :RRGDQDO\VHVIRUEDVHOLQHGDWDDQGPRQLWRULQJ Sandbags 121 6WUXFWXULQJWKHPRQLWRULQJRIDVLWH *HRWH[WLOHV &RQFOXVLRQ &RYHULQJZLWKWKHKHOSRIVHGLPHQWWUDQVSRUW $UWLnjFLDOVHDJUDVV Debris netting / shade cloth 124 7. Making underwater cultural heritage 5.3. Reburial underwater 125 accessible for the public 167 %DFNnjOOLQJDIWHUH[FDYDWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 5.3.2 Reburial and redepositioning 126 0XVHXPVDQGVLWHVSUHVHUYHGLQVLWX 7KHŠVLQJOHšREMHFWYVODQGVFDSHDSSURDFK %ULQJLQJYLVLWRUVWRWKHVLWH 5.5. The in situ protection of well-preserved shipwrecks 129 %ULQJLQJWKHVLWHWRWKHSHRSOH &KRRVLQJWKHPHWKRGRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ 5.6.1 Introduction 131 $:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HDH[DPSOH WKH%XUJ]DQG1RRUG6LWH 8. Conclusion 177 7KHFRVWVRILQVLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ 6XPPDU\ $EUHDNGRZQRIFRVWV7KH%XUJ]DQG $QVZHULQJWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV 1RRUGH[DPSOH If possible, how can we gain insight in the presence 7RH[FDYDWHRUQRWWKDWLVWKHTXHVWLRQ RIXQGHUZDWHUFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGRIPDULWLPH &RVWVRIH[VLWXSUHVHUYDWLRQ underwater heritage in particular, in the Western $YRLGLQJWKHGXDOLVPH[FDYDWLRQLVDQRSWLRQ :DGGHQ6HD" &RQFOXVLRQVRQPHWKRGVXVHGIRULQVLWX If possible, how can we develop an approach to SUHVHUYDWLRQDQGIXWXUHGLUHFWLRQV FRFUHDWHWKLVLQVLJKWE\PHDQVRIGHVNWRSUHVHDUFK WKDWFDQVHUYHDVDEDVLVIRUKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW" Shipwrecks are often found by accident. 6. Monitoring the effects of +RZFDQWKHFKDQFHVWRnjQGWKHPEHSUHGLFWHG" in situ preservation 143 +RZLVLWSRVVLEOHWRSUHVHUYHWKHVRFDOOHG 6.1. Introduction 143 ŠXQNQRZQUHVRXUFHVšLQVLWX" 0DQDJLQJ&KDQJH What is threatening the shipwrecks in the 7\SHVRI&KDQJH :HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD" 0HDVXULQJWKHH[WHQWRIGHWHULRUDWLRQ Is in situ preservation a panacea for underwater 6.4.1 Baseline data 146 FXOWXUDOKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQJHQHUDO" 6.4.2 Monitoring 146 :KDWDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV" &RQWHQWV Is in situ preservation the solution for cultural KHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH:HVWHUQ:DGGHQ6HD" $QGZKDWDUHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHV" )LQDOZRUG Acknowledgements 187 Literature 189 Samenvatting 215 Curriculum Vitae 217 9 Foreword )RUHZRUG Foreword In 1988, I started my study of archaeology at the University of PDNLQJDGLNjHUHQFH0\ZRUNDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI/HLGHQ6D[LRQ Leiden. Actually, I wanted to become a palaeontologist and 8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHVLQ'HYHQWHUDQGWKH81(6&2 /HLGHQZDVQšWP\njUVWFKRLFHEXW,XQUDYHOHGWKHP\VWHULHVRI )LHOGVFKRROKDYHJLYHQPHWKHJUHDWSOHDVXUHRIWHDFKLQJ DUFKDHRORJ\ZLWKJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQWKDWnjUVW\HDUZLWK VWXGHQWVDERXWPDULWLPHDQGXQGHUZDWHUDUFKDHRORJ\DQG approximately 60 other students. Not long after that, an issue PDQDJHPHQW7KHVWXGHQWVKDYHDOVRDOORZHGPHWRUHǍHFWRQ of the UNESCO Courier caught my eye. It was completely P\ZRUNZKLFK,WUHDVXUH$IWHU\HDUVWKHSDVVLRQLVVWLOOWKHUH devoted to underwater archaeology1 and from that moment DQGDOWKRXJKPDQ\SHRSOHKDYHOHIWRWKHUQHZFROOHDJXHVDQG on I wanted to become an underwater archaeologist. I took IULHQGVKDYHDUULYHG7KLMV0DDUOHYHOGPRYHGWR'HQPDUNWRVHW the train to Alphen aan den Rijn to visit the Afdeling up a faculty for underwater archaeology at the University of Archeologie Onderwater (AAO: Department of Underwater 6RXWKHUQ'HQPDUN%RXGHZLMQ*RXGVZDDUGVHWXSKLVFRPSDQ\ Archaeology) of the Ministry of WVC (Department of Culture), LQDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDQDJHPHQWDQGDGYLFH$UHQW9RVUHPDLQHG which was headed by Thijs Maarleveld. I told him what I LQ/HO\VWDGZKHQ,OHIWIRU$PHUVIRRUWDQG5RQ6WU¸WEDXP wanted to do and he told me what I would need to pursue my EHFDPHDVXFFHVVIXOFDPHUDPDQDQGnjOPHGLWRU0\IULHQGV dreams. 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