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Deep-Slab Fuel Extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana Forearc Serpentinite Mud Volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195 Michael J

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Deep-Slab Fuel Extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana Forearc Serpentinite Mud Volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195 Michael J Western Washington University Western CEDAR Biology Faculty and Staff ubP lications Biology 11-14-2003 Deep-Slab Fuel Extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana Forearc Serpentinite Mud Volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195 Michael J. Mottl Stephen C. Komor Patricia Fryer Craig L. Moyer Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/biology_facpubs Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mottl, Michael J.; Komor, Stephen C.; Fryer, Patricia; and Moyer, Craig L., "Deep-Slab Fuel Extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana Forearc Serpentinite Mud Volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195" (2003). Biology Faculty and Staff Publications. 20. https://cedar.wwu.edu/biology_facpubs/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty and Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Research Letter Geochemistry 3 Volume 4, Number 11 Geophysics 14 November 2003 9009, doi:10.1029/2003GC000588 GeosystemsG G ISSN: 1525-2027 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society Deep-slab fluids fuel extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195 Michael J. Mottl Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA ([email protected]) Stephen C. Komor 104 Berkshire Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA Patricia Fryer Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA Craig L. Moyer Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA [1] As the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Mariana forearc it releases water that hydrates the overlying mantle wedge, converting it to serpentinite that protrudes to form mud volcanoes at the seafloor. Excess H2O ascends through these mud volcanoes and exits as cold springs at their summits. The composition of this deep-slab derived water has been determined by drilling on two of these seamounts. It has a pH of 12.5 and, relative to seawater, is enriched in sulfate, alkalinity, Na/Cl, K, Rb, B, light hydrocarbons, ammonia, 18O, and deuterium, and depleted in chloride, Mg, Ca, Sr, Li, Si, phosphate, and 87Sr. Within the upper 20 m below seafloor at South Chamorro Seamount a microbial community operating at pH 12.5, made up overwhelmingly of Archaea, is oxidizing methane from the ascending fluid to carbonate ion and organic carbon, while reducing sulfate to bisulfide and probably dissolved nitrogen to ammonia. Components: 5892 words, 9 figures, 1 table. Keywords: Subduction factory; pore water; serpentinite; forearc; mud volcano; Ocean Drilling Program. Index Terms: 1030 Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330); 1050 Geochemistry: Marine geochemistry (4835, 4850); 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805). Received 10 June 2003; Revised 20 August 2003; Accepted 15 September 2003; Published 14 November 2003. Mottl, M. J., S. C. Komor, P. Fryer, and C. L. Moyer, Deep-slab fluids fuel extremophilic Archaea on a Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcano: Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(11), 9009, doi:10.1029/ 2003GC000588, 2003. ———————————— Theme: Trench to Subarc: Diagenetic and Metamorphic Mass Flux in Subduction Zones Guest Editors: Gary Bebout and Tim Elliot Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union 1 of 14 Geochemistry 3 mottl et al.: deep-slab fluids Geophysics 10.1029/2003GC000588 Geosystems G 1. Introduction light hydrocarbons, sulfate, bisulfide, Na/Cl, K, Rb, and B (Table 1). Near-surface gradients in chloride [2] The Mariana subduction complex is formed indicate that this water was upwelling at 1–10 cm/yr between the northwestward subducting Pacific [Mottl, 1992]. Also drilled during Leg 125 was plate and the overriding Philippine plate. Volatiles Torishima Forearc Seamount, an inactive serpen- released from the downgoing Pacific plate hydrate tinite mud volcano in the Izu-Bonin forearc near the overlying mantle wedge of the Philippine plate 31°N. Pore water recovered from serpentinite on and convert depleted harzburgite to low-density this seamount reflects reaction of cool (4–11°C) serpentinite. The resulting serpentinite mud, con- seawater with harzburgite and contrasts greatly with taining variably serpentinized harzburgite clasts, that from the active Conical Seamount (Table 1). ascends buoyantly along fractures and extrudes at The distinctive composition of water upwelling at the seafloor, where it forms large (50 km diameter, Conical Seamount implies that it originates by 2 km high) mud volcanoes along the outer Mariana dehydration of the subducting Pacific plate, forearc, in a band that extends from 30 to 120 km 29 km below the seafloor based on earthquake behind the trench axis [Fryer et al., 1985, 1995, depths [Hussong and Fryer, 1981; Seno and 2000]. These mud volcanoes are built from flows of Maruyama, 1984]. The upwelling H2O is in excess poorly consolidated sedimentary serpentinite fed of that which, during its ascent, hydrates the over- through a central conduit. Cold (2°C) spring lying mantle wedge, and represents one of the waters fresher than seawater have been sampled earliest returns of subducted volatiles to the oceans. on several of these mud volcanoes, by manned Unlike deeply sourced water sampled from other submersibles [Fryer et al., 1990; Fryer and Mottl, subduction zones, this water has not interacted with 1997], deep drilling [Mottl, 1992], and piston and an accretionary sedimentary prism, as the Mariana gravity coring [Fryer et al., 1999]. We report here subduction zone is non-accretionary; the origin of the most comprehensive sampling of such waters to this water is thus easier to infer because it has date, on Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 195 in reacted mainly with a relatively simple matrix of 2001, and the discovery that they support a com- harzburgite during its ascent. munity of extremophilic microbes, mainly Archaea, within serpentinite mud 0–20 m below seafloor 2. Results (mbsf ). This community operates at pH 12.5. [4] ODP Site 1200 was drilled on the summit of [3] The first serpentinite mud volcano drilled in the South Chamorro Seamount, 85 km arcward of the Mariana forearc, on ODP Leg 125, was Conical trench near 14°N (Figure 1 and Table 1) and Seamount, 90 km arcward (west) of the trench near 27 km above the top of the subducting Pacific 19.5°N (Figure 1 and Table 1) [Fryer et al., 1992]. plate. Dives in 1996 discovered and sampled three In 1987 divers in the submersible Alvin discovered cold springs with carbonate crusts and chimneys chimneys up to 3.5 m tall at the summit, composed and an abundant biota of mussels, small tube- of aragonite, calcite, and amorphous Mg-silicate; worms, whelks, and galatheid crabs [Fryer and when one chimney was disturbed it began to emit a Mottl,1997].PorewaterfromSite1200was slow flow of cold (1.5°C) water with pH 9.3 and recovered by squeezing serpentinite mud from four elevated dissolved carbonate, methane, sulfate, and holes that form a transect from one of the springs. reduced sulfur relative to the surrounding seawater Holes 1200A and 1200E are located within a few [Fryer et al., 1990]. Bacterial mats and small meters of the spring and Holes 1200F and 1200D limpets and gastropods were collected from the are 20 m north and 80 m northwest of the spring, chimneys. Although none of these chimneys could respectively (Figure 2). Temperature gradients be located during Leg 125, drilling at the summit were low such that none of the pore water recovered unusual pore water that had less than half exceeded 3.0°C at the sampling depth, compared the chloride and bromide of seawater, pH of 12.6, with a bottom water temperature of 1.67°C and was highly enriched in dissolved carbonate, [Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002]. 2of14 Geochemistry 3 mottl et al.: deep-slab fluids Geophysics 10.1029/2003GC000588 Geosystems G Figure 1. Location of Conical and South Chamorro Seamounts, two active serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana forearc that have been drilled. 3of14 Geochemistry 3 mottl et al.: deep-slab fluids Geophysics 10.1029/2003GC000588 Geosystems G Table 1. Composition of Pore Water From Three Serpentinite Seamounts Versus Seawater Seamount Conicala South Chamorroa Torishima Forearcb Seawaterc ODP Site 780 1200 783, 784 Latitude 19°32.50N13°47.00N30°57.86, 54.490N Longitude 146°39.20E 146°0.20E 141°47.27, 44.270E Deepest sample (mbsf ) 130 71 400 Chloride (mmol/kg) 260 ± 25 510 ± 5 550 ± 5 542 Sulfate (mmol/kg) 46 ± 1 28 ± 1 9 ± 3 28.0 Alkalinity (meq/kg) 52 ± 13 62 ± 8 1.3 ± 0.4 2.3 Carbonate Alkalinityd 35 ± 15 45 ± 7e 1.1 ± 0.4 1.9 pH at 25°C 12.5 ± 0.1 12.5 ± 0.1 9.6 ± 0.4 8.1 Na (mmol/kg) 390 ± 10 610 ± 10 460 ± 20 466 Na/Cl (molar) 1.5 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.02 0.860 K (mmol/kg) 15 ± 1 19 ± 1 5 ± 1 10.1 Mg (mmol/kg) 0.003 ± 0.002 <0.01 1 ± 1 52.4 Ca (mmol/kg) 1 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.1 55 ± 5 10.2 Charge Balance (calc.) 3.0 ± 25 1.6 ± 10 7.7 ± 20 0.9 e CH4 (mmol/kg) 2000 ± 1000 2000 ± 1000 2 ± 1 0.0004 Li (mmol/kg) 1.6 ± 0.5 0.4 ± 0.1 16 ± 5 26 Rb (mmol/kg) 7.8 ± 0.6 11 ± 2 1 ± 0.2 1.37 Sr (mmol/kg) 20 ± 10 10 ± 2 200 ± 50 90 Ba (mmol/kg) 0.1 ± 0.05 0.4? 1.6 ± 0.7 0.14 B(mmol/kg) 3900 ± 100 3200 ± 200 180 ± 80 410 Si (mmol/kg) 60 ± 30 70 ± 20 10 ± 8 190 F(mmol/kg) not determined 47 ± 3 not determined 67 Mn (mmol/kg) <0.01 0.01 0.4 ± 0.2 0 Fe (mmol/kg) 2 ± 1 2 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.9 0 Phosphate (mmol/kg) 0.4 ± 0.3 0.2 not determined 2.8 NH3 (mmol/kg) 265 ± 5 220 ± 10 140 ± 20 0 Reduced S (mmol/kg) <250 <250 0 0 C2H6 (mmol/kg) 7 2 0 0 C1/C2 (molar) 290 ± 15 780 ± 10 87Sr/86Sr <0.7062 0.70535 ± 0.0001f <0.7070 0.7091 34 d SO4 (% CDT) 13.7 ± 0.3 not determined 31.2 ± 0.4 20.5 d18O(% SMOW) 4.0 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.5 À0.4 ± 0.2 0.0 dD(% SMOW) 3 ± 2 12 ± 2 À2±2 0.0 a Asymptotic composition of deep upwelling fluid from active mud volcano.
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