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Study of Fluoride Contamination in Water of Chaksu Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

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Study of Fluoride Contamination in Water of Chaksu Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Study of Fluoride Contamination in Water of Chaksu Tehsil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Dr. Arjun Lal Meena¹, Priyanka Bisht² 1Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. 2Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Abstract Fluoride contamination in ground water of Jaipur district is an issue of concern. Fluoride concentration in most of part of District has been reported above the permissible level. High Concentration of Fluoride has reported in water samples of Chaksu tehsil of District even in some sample it has reached to 6.93 mg/l. Average concentration of Fluoride in Ramniwaspura, Kadera and Chandlai was reported as 3.32 mg/l, 3.23 mg/l and 1.10 mg/l. More than half of samples have exhibited the fluoride concentration beyond the permissible level. Fluoride contamination beyond the permissible level has reported in most of water samples of Ramniwaspura and Kadera village. Keywords: Fluoride, Permissible, Contamination, Drinking etc. Introduction Water is an essential element on the earth which drives the life on the earth. Out of the total available water, less than 1% water is fit for drinking purpose. Water reaches to the earth surface via precipitation. After reaching the earth’s surface, water flows as run-off over the earth’s surface. Some part of this run-off reaches to the lakes, rivers etc. and some part in filter downward. During this process, various elements add to the water which influences the quality of water (USGS). Fluoride is one of the important ion present in water which strengths the bones and teeth if it is taken in permissible level. High intake of this ion can cause fluorosis which may weaken the teeth and bones (BIS, 2012). Now a Day, High concentration of fluoride ions is traced in water Jaipur district. Most part of district is affected by high concentration of this ion in water Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1562 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 which is affecting the health of inhabited people. High concentration of fluoride was observed in many blocks viz. Chaksu, Dudu, Phagi, Sambhar etc. (CGWB, 2013). Hydrological Set Up of Study Area In Jaipur District, Phyllite, Schists, Granite of Bhilwara Super-Group are the oldest rocks found beneath the surface which are overlain by quartzite, Schists, Conglomerate Dolomites etc. belong to Alwar and Ajabgarh groups of Delhi Super group(CGWB, 2013).Chaksu is located in the south-east portion of district where high concentration of fluoride has been traced in water. On the basis of severity of fluorosis, there has selected three villages viz. Ramniwaspura, Kadera and Chandlai. Water Potential Zone in Chaksu In Chaksu tehsil, Two water potential zones has identified in Chaksu: Zone ‘AO’ and Zone ‘Sc’. ZONE ‘AO’ The first zone covers an area of 552.06 sq. km and occupies a major area of the block. The principal aquifer of the zone is semi-consolidated older alluvium, compared essentially of lime, kankar and clay with sand and silt at places. The depth of water below ground level ranges from 7.8 m to 22.8 m. The average discharge of tube wells in this zone is 15000 lpd. ZONE ‘Sc’ The second zone occupies an area of 177.29 sq. km in north central and south central boundary of the block. Ground water movement takes place within the weathered and permeable capping of this zone along schistosity, joints and fractured plane. The depth to water table during pre-monsoon varies from 13.15 m to 17.5 m. The average yield of wells operated by pump sets is 52500 lpd (CGWB,). Aquifers In Study Areas, Mainly Alluvium, Schist, Schist Saline area, Quartzite formed aquifers are found. The characteristics and occurrences of these aquifers are tabulated as below. Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1563 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Table 1.Aquifer in Potential Zone of Chaksu Block Aquifer in Description of the Unit Occurrence Potential Zone Schist Medium to fine grained compact rock. The litho It is found in north –units are soft, friable and have closely spaced and south of cleavage. This forms major water bearing Chaksu formation under weathered/fractured conditions Schist Saline A small patch of Schist Contains saline water North of Chaksu along the side of Dhund Nadi Quartzite Medium to coarse grained and varies from Feld It forms aquifers in spathic grit to sericitic quartzite the west of Chaksu Source: PHED, Jaipur, Ground Water Department , Rajasthan , EU State partnership programme & Rolta India Limited Objective There has been traced high concentration of fluoride in water of Chaksu tehsil. There is shortage of water in tehsil and available water is contaminated by high Concentration of fluoride which make unfit for drinking purpose. Material and Methods This study is carried with 18 samples (6 samples from each village). Concentration of fluoride in water samples has traced by ion selective electrode method. Data has presented by Maps to understand the severity of fluorosis. Concentration of Fluoride has compared with the standards set by BIS 2012. According BIS 2012, Desirable level of Fluoride concentration in water is 1 mg/l and permissible level is 1.5 mg/l. Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1564 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Figure 1.Location of Sample villages and sites in Chaksu tehsil, Jaipur Figure 2.Aquifer Map of Chaksu Sub-Division Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1565 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Results and Discussion From Table 2, it is clear that Most of samples have fluoride concentration above the permissible level. In Ramniwaspura Village, only 16.67% samples have Fluoride concentration within the desirable limit rest of samples have exhibited fluoride concentration beyond the permissible level. In Kadera Village, All samples have exhibited the fluoride concentration beyond the permissible level. Most of the samples of village have exhibited the concentration beyond the permissible level. In Chandlai village, 33.33% samples have exhibited the fluoride concentration below the desirable level and 50% have exhibited between desirable and permissible level but rest have shown above the permissible level. Highest concentration was 6.95 mg/l in water samples of Kadera village even all samples of this village have exhibited concentration beyond permissible level except one samples which has concentration between desirable and permissible level. Same conditions have traced in water samples of Ramniwaspura village. Table 2.Categorization of Samples based on the concentration of Fluoride- 2018 Level of Fluoride Category Ramniwaspura Kadera Chandlai <1 mg/l Within Desirable 16.67% - 33.33% 1-1.5 mg/l Between Desirable and - 16.67% 50% Permissible >1.5 mg/l Above Permissible 83.33% 83.33% 16.67% Source: Self- Computed From above discussion, it seems that severity has found in the samples of Ramiwaspura and Kadera village. Conditions in Chandlai village has found normal as 83.33% s samples have fluoride concentration below the Permissible level. Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1566 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Source: Self-Composed Figure 3.Spatial Variation of Fluoride in Water Samples of Ramniwaspura Village, Chaksu-2018 Source: Self Composed Figure 4.Spatial Variation of Fluoride ion in Water Samples of Kadera Village, Chaksu-2018 Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1567 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Source: Self Composed Figure 5.Spatial Variation of Fluoride in Water Samples of Chandlai Village, Chaksu- 2018 Conclusions There has recorded very high concentration in most of samples which show the severity of fluoride contamination in the tehsil. High concentration of Fluoride in ground water could be due to hydrological condition as the rocks are composed of Schists and Phyllite which are prone of Fluoride ion in ground water. References 1. Bartram, Jamie & Balance, Richard. 1996. Water Quality Monitoring – A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Fresh Water Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes. Chapter 2- Water Quality. United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization. 2. BIS.2012. Specification for Drinking Water 3. CGWB Jaipur.2013. Ground Water Information, Jaipur District, Rajasthan. CGWB .Ministry of Water Resources. Govt. of India. 4. CGWB, Faridabad.2018.Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifers in India. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources RD and GR, Govt. of India Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1568 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 5. IS 10500:1991. Water Quality Standards. Indian Standard for Drinking water- Specification 6. Pick, Tom.2011. Assessing Water Quality for Human Consumption, Agriculture and Aquatic life Users. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Environment Technical Note No. MT-1 (Rev.2) 7. Thomas, G. Huntington & Richard S. Williams, Jr.2012. Global Hydrologic Cycle. U.S.Geological Survey. Volume XII, Issue II, 2020 Page No: 1569.
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