Bachelor of Science in Development Communication

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PRESENTATION OF SAMPLE OR SUGGESTED CURRICULUM ALIGNED TO OUTCOMES BASED EDUCATION FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS

1. Program Description

1.1 Degree Name

The degree name under this program shall be called Bachelor of Science in Development Communication (BS DevCom).

1.2 Nature of the Field of Study

Communication as a field of study covers the various ways by which humans communicate. It focuses on how verbal and non-verbal messages are used to create meanings in various contexts using various media platforms. It includes a broad range of subject matter ranging from communication, natural and social sciences and other technical courses such as agriculture, health, and environment. This also includes the study of communication in interpersonal relationships, groups, organizations, and cultures.

1.3 Program Goals

This program aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills needed in teaching, managing, and implementing communication programs for development. 1.4 Specific Professions/Careers/Occupations for Graduates

Graduates of this program may find employment as public and corporate communication/information officers, social science and communication researchers/analysts, communication/ media planners and managers, program/project development officers, media practitioners, learning system designers, multimedia designers, and in the allied/related professions. 1.5 Allied Fields

The allied programs for BS Development Communication are Communication, Journalism, Broadcasting, Multimedia (Digital Media) Studies, Agricultural Education/Extension, and Development Studies.

2. Program Outcomes

The minimum standards for the BS Development Communication program are expressed in the following minimum set of learning outcomes: BS Development Communication

Common to all programs in all types of schools

The ability to engage in lifelong learning and understanding of the need to keep abreast of the developments in the specific field of practice. (Philippine Qualifications Framework or PQF level 6 descriptor) The ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino The ability to work effectively and independently in multidisciplinary and multicultural teams. (PQF level 6 descriptor) A recognition of professional, social, and ethical responsibility An appreciation of “Filipino historical and cultural heritage” (based on RA 7722)

Common to Social Sciences and Communication

Graduates of the Social Sciences and Communication programs are able to:

Understand and apply social science concepts and theories to the analysis of social issues; Design and execute social research using appropriate approaches and methods; and Practice professional and ethical standards in the fields of social sciences and communication.

Specific to the Bachelor of Science in Development Communication Program

Graduates of BS Development Communication are able to:

Develop a critical understanding of development perspectives; Define and access information needs; assess and organize information and knowledge; produce, share, and utilize information and knowledge; Apply communication theories/models, principles, practices, and tools in development work; Develop a communication program/plan; Demonstrate effective interpersonal skills as a linker, networker, and mediator; Communicate in different formats and platforms (print, broadcast, and online); Conduct communication research, monitoring, and evaluation; Develop and produce multi-media materials; Demonstrate program management and leadership skills; Develop entrepreneurial capabilities; Adhere to ethical standards and practices;

BS Development Communication

Know and practice rights and responsibilities and accountabilities in the communication profession; and Integrate technical knowledge (e.g., Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Health Sciences, and Applied Sciences) in content development and management.

Common to a horizontal type as defined in CMO 46 s 2012

1. For professional institutions: a service orientation in one’s profession 2. For colleges: an ability to participate in various types of employment, development activities, and public discourses particularly in response to the needs of the communities one serves 3. For universities: an ability to participate in the generation of new knowledge or in research and development projects

Graduates of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) and Local Universities and Colleges (LUCs) must, in addition, have the competencies to support “national, regional and local development plans.” (RA 7722).

A PHEI, at its option, may add mission-related program outcomes that are not included in the minimum set.

3. Sample Performance Indicators

Program Outcomes Sample Performance Indicators Develop a critical Clear understanding of local, national, and global understanding of development issues and agenda development perspectives Clear understanding of development theories and paradigms Define and access Efficient accessing and gathering of need-based, information needs; accurate, authentic, and reliable information through assess and organize print, broadcast, and online sources, research, and other information and investigative techniques. knowledge; produce, share, and utilize Skillful selection, analysis, organization, and information and presentation of essential information in the development knowledge. and production of print, broadcast, and online stories.

Appropriate and responsible sharing and use of information and knowledge generated from different sources Apply communication Skillful use of participatory strategies in planning, theories/ models, implementing, and evaluating communication programs. principles, practices, and tools in development work

BS Development Communication

Develop a Evidence-based situational analysis communication program/plan Audience specific communication objectives and strategies

Concrete monitoring and evaluation indicators Demonstrate effective Effective interpersonal skills interpersonal skills as a linker, networker, and Skillful use of communication strategies in mediation, mediator negotiation, and resolution Communicate in different Clear and effective writing for different formats and formats and platforms platforms. (print, broadcast, and online) Clear, fluent, and engaging delivery of speeches, broadcast news and commentaries, and other oral reports.

Effective and responsible use of non-verbal cues, pictures, graphics, and images in oral and online communication. Conduct communication Exhaustive research and literature review research, monitoring, and evaluation Appropriate research or evaluation framework

Sound research or evaluation design Develop and produce Creative and innovative conceptualization and design multi-media materials of audience-specific communication materials

Skillful and responsible use of relevant technical equipment and software

Skillful use of gender and culture -sensitive and politically-correct language in message development

Demonstrate program Efficient and effective use of resources management and leadership skills Sound design of communication programs and projects

Competent use of planning, monitoring, and evaluation (controlling) tools Develop entrepreneurial Skillful business analysis and identification of capabilities communication-driven business opportunities

Innovative and creative engagement in business ventures

Effective use of marketing communication strategies

BS Development Communication

Adhere to ethical Strong foundation in moral philosophy and ethical standards and practices system

Clear understanding of professional codes of conducts, standards, and practices

Ethical in making choices and decisions professionally Know and practice rights, Clear understanding of freedom, rights, and responsibilities, and responsibilities accountabilities in the communication Observance of communication media laws profession Clear understanding of the role of media in a democratic society Integrate technical Clear understanding of technical subject matter (e.g., knowledge (e.g., agriculture, nutrition, environment, fisheries, etc.) which Biological Sciences, facilitates gathering and writing of content in different Physical Sciences, platforms Health Sciences, and Applied Sciences) in Effective and efficient gathering skills involving different content development and stakeholders management

CURRICULUM

4. Curriculum Description

The curriculum for BS Development Communication includes general education courses, core courses, required courses, electives and thesis/special project. Courses that would generate a particular track, concentration or area specialization may also be offered.

General Education Courses prepare the students for the study of communication with exposure to the other social sciences, the humanities and the natural sciences, based on CHED CMO on General Education (CMO 59, s. 1996).

Core Courses provide an overview of the discipline.

Required Courses introduce the student to the subfields of communication.

Electives expose students to various fields of inquiry in the field of communication as well as in the social sciences (e.g., psychology, anthropology, sociology, political science) and the natural sciences (e.g., Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Agriculture, and Forestry).

Internship provides the students a hands-on experience in the use of communication in the industry.

BS Development Communication

Thesis/Special Project enables students to apply research skills, from conceptualization of a research topic to data gathering, report writing, and presentation of findings or production of a creative work. It will be offered in the final year.

Curriculum Guidelines

1. Required courses and electives have prerequisites to ensure maximum appreciation and understanding of the courses. These should be followed, except in cases where the faculty adviser/instructor decides that these could be waived.

2. The BS Development Communication curriculum requires an internship course with a minimum of 200 hours of communication-related work, preferably in a development-oriented organization. This may be taken during the summer after the student’s third year.

3. The institution may offer particular major courses in Development Communication depending on their strengths and areas of concentration, in addition to the minimum core and required courses in this CMO.

4. Electives in the social sciences are included in the curriculum to enrich the student’s understanding of communication as a field of study and to highlight the multi-disciplinary nature of development communication. Courses in the natural sciences equip the students with knowledge of subject matter content used in communicating development concepts/issues.

5. Higher Education Institutions are free to enhance and follow different patterns and modalities on their areas of strength and/or the needs of their clients, provided minimum program outcomes have been integrated and required prerequisites have been satisfied.

5. Sample Curriculum

5.1. Components:

Courses No. of subjects Equivalent Total Units Units Per Subject General Education Courses 21 63 Language and Literature 8 24 English 3 9 Filipino 3 9 Literature 2 6 Mathematics, Natural Sciences and 5 15 Technology Mathematics 2 6

BS Development Communication

Natural Sciences 2 6 Science Elective 1 3 Humanities and Social Sciences 6 18 Arts 3 Philosophy 3 Basic Economics (with Taxation 3 and Agrarian Reform) General Psychology 3 Politics and Governance (with 3 Philippine Constitution) Society and Culture (with Family 3 Planning) Mandated Subjects 2 6 Life and Works of Rizal 3 Philippine History 3 Core Courses 6 18 Introduction to Development 3 Communication Communication Theory 3 Communication Research 3 Communication, Culture, and 3 Society Communication Media Laws and 3 Ethics Communication Programs and 3 Campaigns Required Courses (Any six from the 6 18 following subjects based on Institutional and Program Outcomes) Fundamentals of Community 3 Broadcasting Fundamentals of Development 3 Journalism Fundamentals of Educational 3 Communication and Technology Fundamentals of Public 3 Information Introduction to Science 3 Communication Interpersonal Communication in 3 Development Cross Cultural Communication 3 Introduction to Multi-Media Writing 3

BS Development Communication

Managing Information for 3 Development Risk and Humanitarian 3 Communication Electives (based on Institutional 11 33 and Program Outcomes) 4.1 Specialized Courses 3 9 Writing and Reporting for 3 Development Participatory Development 3 Journalism Multi-Media Materials Planning and 3 Design Multi-Media Materials Production 3 and Management Media-Based Learning Systems 3 Communicating Science for 3 Development Community Media Management 3 Behavioral and Social Change 3 Communication Communication in the ASEAN 3 Setting 4.2 *Natural/Technical Courses 5 15 4.3 *Social Sciences 3 9 *Taken in other department/colleges within the same university Thesis/Special Project & Internship 2 6 Thesis or Special Project 3 Internship 3 Physical Education (PE) 4 8 National Service Training Program 2 6 (NSTP) Total 52 152

Note: The Core Courses are non-negotiable. HEIs may select Required Courses based on their institutional expertise. Electives may be modified based on the Institutional and Program Outcomes as long as minimum number of units required for each group of elective courses is complied with. Please be guided by the definitions of Required Courses and Electives in this CMO.

BS Development Communication

5.2. Program of Study

First Year – 43 units First Semester Second Semester

Subject Unit Subject Unit English (GE) 3 English (GE) 3 Filipino (GE) 3 Filipino (GE) 3 Mathematics (GE) 3 Mathematics (GE) 3 Natural Sciences (GE) 3 Natural Sciences (GE) 3 Philippine History (GE) 3 Humanities – Arts (GE) 3 General Psychology (GE) 3 Introduction to Development 3 Communication PE 2 PE 2 NSTP 3 Total 23 20

Second Year - 40 units First Semester Second Semester

Subject Unit Subject Unit English (GE) 3 Literature (GE) 3 Communication Theory 3 Required Course 1 3 Literature (GE) 3 Society & Culture (GE) 3 Science Elective (GE) 3 Humanities – Philosophy (GE) 3 Filipino (GE) 3 Communication Research 3 PE 2 Politics & Governance (GE) 3 NSTP 3 PE 2 Total 20 20

Third Year - 36 units First Semester Second Semester

Subject Unit Subject Unit Communication, Culture, and 3 Development Communication 3 Society Elective 2 Required Course 2 Required Course 6 Required Course 3 3 Life and Works of Rizal (GE) 3 Development Communication 3 Development Communication 3 Elective 1 Elective 3 Required Course 4 3 Basic Economics (GE) 3 Required Course 5 3 Social Science Elective 1 3 Total 18 Total 18

Summer Subject Unit Internship 3

BS Development Communication

Fourth Year – 30 units First Semester Second Semester

Subject Unit Subject Unit Communication Media Laws and 3 Thesis 3 Ethics Social Science Elective 2 3 Communication Campaigns 3 and Programs Technical Elective Course 1 3 Technical Elective Course 4 3 Technical Elective Course 2 3 Social Science Elective 3 3 Technical Elective Course 3 3 Technical Elective Course 5 3 Total 15 Total 15

5.3. Sample Curriculum Map

The curriculum map is a tool to validate if a match exists between core program outcomes (competencies) and the content of a curricular program (on a per course or subject basis). The following letter symbols have been used:

L – whether subject course facilitates learning of the competency (input is provided and competency is evaluated)

P- whether subject course allows student to practice competency (no input but competency is evaluated)

O - whether subject course is an opportunity for development (no input nor evaluation, but competency is practiced).

Sample Curriculum Map

Devel Define Apply Deve Demon Commu Conduc Devel De Devel Adhere Know Integrate op a and commu lop a strate nicate t op mo op to and technical critical access nication com effectiv in commu and nst entrep ethical practice knowledg unders informatio theories muni e differen nication produ rat reneu standa rights e (e.g., tandin n needs; /models catio interper t researc ce e rial rds and Biological g of assess , n sonal formats h, multi- pro capab and responsib Sciences, Devel and principl progr skills as and monitori medi gra ilities practic ilities and Physical opmen organize es, am a linker, platfor ng, and a m es accounta Sciences, t informatio practice and network ms evaluati mater ma bilities in Health Persp n and s, and plan; er, and (print, on ials na the Sciences, ectives knowledg tools in mediato broadc ge communi and e; develop r ast, me cation Applied produce, ment and nt professio Sciences share, work online) an n; ) in and utilize d content informatio lea developm n and der ent and knowledg shi manage e p ment skil ls Introduction to

Development L P P O P O O O O O O O O Communication Communication Theory P P L O P O O O O O O O O Communication Research O P L P P P L O O O P P O BS Development Communication Communication, Culture, and P P P O O O O O O O P P O Society Communication Media Laws and P O P O O O O O O O L L O Ethics Communication Programs and L L L L L L L L L P P P L Campaigns

5.4. Sample Means of Curriculum Delivery

The BS Development Communication curriculum adheres to learner-centered paradigm. It begins with a clear identification of competencies the student must acquire and demonstrate at the end of the four-year program. Appropriate teaching-learning strategies facilitate the acquisition of these competencies. Under this paradigm, the student is the subject of the learning process enabling the learner to achieve his/her full potentials. The teaching-learning process is interactive, participatory, collaborative and experiential. The teacher is transformed into a facilitator and collaborator.

The following methodologies/strategies may be utilized:

Lecture-discussion

Group discussions

Field work

Laboratory Classes

Focus Group Discussions

Structured Learning Experiences

Games

Online discussions through social networking sites

Educational Trips

Production of Communication Materials

5.5. Sample Syllabi for Selected Core Courses

Course syllabi may vary in format but must include the following required components:

1. Course Title 2. Course Description 3. Course Prerequisites (if any) 4. Course Learning Outcomes 5. Course Content 6. Course Methodology 7. Course Assessment 8. Course Requirements (outputs matching the course learning outcomes) 9. References (both print and online sources)

BS Development Communication

COURSE SYLLABUS

Course Title INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

Course Description Introduction to concept, theories, principles, and practice of communication in development

Prerequisite None

Credit 3 units; 3 hours lecture/week

Semester Offered First and Second Semesters

Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students shall be able to:

1. describe the environment, major issues, problems, and trends of development and underdevelopment; 2. discuss basic concepts, models, and principles of development and communication; 3. explain the functions of communication in development; 4. define the meaning, core values, domains, and areas of development communication; and 5. identify the roles and competencies of a development communicator.

Topic Outline

I. Overview and historical perspective of development and underdevelopment

A. The environment of development and underdevelopment 1. The domestic environment 2. The international environment 3. The interplay of global and domestic forces in development and underdevelopment

B. Major issues, problems, and trends of development and underdevelopment 1. Massive poverty and unemployment 2. Economic and political inequality 3. Environmental Degradation 4. The burgeoning external debt 5. Uncontrolled population growth 6. Economic and cultural globalization 7. Erosion of social and moral values

C. The meaning of development 1. Overview of development models 2. Definition of development 3. The human dimension of development

BS Development Communication

4. Parameters of development

II. Communication Concepts and principles

A. The process of human communication 1. Definition of communication 2. Elements of communication 3. Environment of communication 4. Levels of communication 5. Principles of effective communication

B. Models of communication 1. The unilinear models 2. The transactional-participatory models 3. The systems models

C. Media of communication 1. Nature and characteristics 2. Advantages and disadvantages 3. Philippine communication and media profile

D. Primary roles of communication in development 1. Communication and education 2. Communication and decision-making/problem solving 3. Communication and conflict resolution 4. Communication and social mobilization 5. Communication and governance 6. Communication and values

E. Communication issues and trends 1. Ownership and control of media and information 2. People’s access to information 3. Media commercialism 4. Global and domestic flow of information 5. New communication technology 6. The emergence of community media

II. Development Communication

A. The meaning of development communication 1. Historical perspective 2. Definition of development communication 3. Objectives of development communication 4. The major actors of development communication 5. The messages of development communication 6. Development communication media 7. Development vis a vis mass communication

BS Development Communication

B. The core values of development communication 1. Empowerment 2. Equity 3. Environmentalism 4. Entrepreneurship 5. Ethics

C. The domains of development communication 1. Community communication 2. Educational communication 3. Science communication 4. Strategic communication

D. Development communication and their profession 1. Attitudes, values, and skills 2. The market of development communication 3. Experiences of development communication professionals

REFERENCES

Barnouw, E. et. Al. 1987. International Encyclopedia of Communication: Oxford University Press.

Berlo, David. 1960. The Process of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Bettinghaus, Erwin P. 1973. Persuasive Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Braid, F. P., R. R. Tuazon, and C. C. Mangawang. 1985. Communication for Rural Enterprises. Manila: Asian Institute of Journalism.

______. 1991. Communication and Society. The Philippine Context. Manila: Cacho Publishing House.

Budd, Richard W. and Brent Ruben D. 1972. Approaches to Human Communication. Rochelle Park, N. J. Hayden Book Co.

Cadiz, Ma, Celeste H. 1994. Participatory Communication. Los Baños: UPLB College of Agriculture.

Campbell, J. H. and H. Hepler. 1975. Dimensions in Communication. Readings California. Wadsworth.

De Vito, J. 1980. The Interpersonal Communication Book. NY: Harper and Row Publishers.

BS Development Communication

Flor, A. G. and L. A. Matulac. 1994. Cultural Dimensions of Environmental Information, Education, and Communication in the Philippines. Los Baños: UPLB.

Goonasekera, A. and D. Holaday (eds.). 1993. Asian Communication Handbook. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre.

Jamias, J. F. 1975. Readings in Development Communication. Los Baños: UPLB College of Agriculture

Jayaweera, N. 1991. Folk Media and Development Communication: Myths and Realities. Malate: Asian Social Institute.

Jaffres, L. W. 1994. Mass Media Processes (2nd Edition). Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Kennedy, P. 1994. Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. London, Fontana Press.

Korten, D. C. 1990. Getting to the 21st Century. Connecticut: Kumarian Press.

MacBride, S. 1980. Many Voices, One World. Tiptree, Essex: The Anchor Press.

Maslog, C.C. 1988. Philippine Communication: AN Introduction. UP Los Baños: Philippine Association of Communication Educators.

Miller, G. R. (ed.) 1976 Explorations in Interpersonal Communication. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Morales, H. 1990. A Call for People’s Development. Manila: National Council of Churches in the Philippines.

Naisbitt, J. and P. Aburdene. 1990. Megatrends 2000: Ten New Directions for the 1990s. MY: Hearts Corp

Navarro, R. L. 1992. Towards People’s Empowerment: GO-NGO Collaboration in Agricultural Development. Munoz, Nueva Ecija: Philippine Rice Research Institute.

NEDA. 1994. The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan. Manila: NEDA.

Quebral, N. C. 1980. Development Communication. Los Baños: UPLB-CA.

______, and E. D. Gomez. 1974. Development Communication Primer. Los Baños: UPLB-CA.

BS Development Communication

Tadaro, Michael P. 1977. Economics for a Developing World. London: Longman Group, Ltd.

White, S. A. 1994. Participatory Communication. New Delhi: Sage Publications, Ltd.

Course Title: Communication and Society

Descriptive Title: The role of communication in society with special reference to the Asian situation; rights and responsibilities of the communication media

Prerequisites: Introduction to Development Communication or Consent Of Instructor ; junior standing

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the historical development of Philippine communication; 2. Enumerate and discuss the functions and roles of communication in society; 3. Articulate the rights and responsibilities of the communication professional in the Philippines; 4. Identify and explain the ethical issues confronting media practitioners; 5. Identify and explain contemporary issues related to communication and society; and 6. Identify media-related organizations in the Philippines.

Course Outline

TOPICS I. Historical Development of Philippine Media A. Philippine Media during the: 1. Spanish era 2. American regime 3. Japanese occupation B. Post-independence C. Pre-Martial Law D. The Martial Law Period E. The Aquino Administration F. Current Status

II. Roles and Functions of Communication in Society A. Theories of the Press B. Role of Communication in Society 1. Political 2. Economic 3. Social C. Functions of Communication

BS Development Communication

1. Information 2. Education and Culture 3. Development 4. Political and Social Mobilization 5. Entertainment and Recreation 6. Advertising D. Effects of Communication and Media

III. Rights and Responsibilities of the Communicator A. Access to information B. Protecting sources of information C. Reporting matters of public interest D. Fair comment E. Intellectual property rights

IV. Media Ethics A. Ethical Issues 1. Libel 2. Privacy 3. Corruption in Media 4. Plagiarism 5. Obscenity 6. Others B. Code of Ethics 1. Journalists’ Code of Ethics 2. Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) 3. Philippine Board of Advertising 4. Others

V. Contemporary Issues in Communication A. Press Freedom B. Madia Literacy/Education C. Media and Politics D. Media Ownership++ E. Sex and Violence in Media F. Cyberpornography

VI. Media-Related Organizations A. Philippine Information Agency (PIA) B. Philippine Press Institute (PPI) C. Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) D. Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) E. Office of the Press Secretary (OPS) F. Others

BS Development Communication

Course Requirements:

1. Written Exams (3) 2. Topic Reports 3. Exercises and Special Project (Presentation with Written Report) 4. Participation/Attendance

References:

___(2004). Press Freedom in the Philippines: A Study in Contradictions. Makati City: Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility.

Ables. H. (2003). Mass Comm and Phil. Soc. QC: UP Press

Burton, G. (2010). Media and Society: Critical Perspectives. Berkshire: Open University Press.

Coronel, S. (ed). (1999). From Loren to Marimar: Philippine Media in the 1990s. Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism

Hofilena, C.F. 1998. News for Sale: The Corruption and Commercialization of the Philippine Media. Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.

Littlejohn, S.W. and K. Foss (2008). Theories of Human Communication. 9th ed. CA: Thomas Wadsworth.

Maslog, C. (ed.) (2007). Philippine Communication Today. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.

Maslog, C. et al (eds) (1997). Communication for People Power. Diliman: UNESCO- Tambuli Project.

Maslog, C. (1992). Communication, Values and Society. UP Los Banos and UP Diliman, Quezon City: Philippine Association of Communication Educators.

Maslog, C. (1998). Phil COM: An Intro. Manila: PACE.

Patterson, P and L Wilkins (1998). Media Ethics: Issues and Cases. US: McGraw-Hill Co.

Ryan, J. and W. M. Wentworth (1999). Media and Society: The Production of Culture in the Mass Media. MA:Allyn and Bacon.

Ramirez, J. (1989). Phil. Journalism Handbook. QC: National Bookstore & J Ramirez.

Rodman, G. (2009). Mass Media in A Changing World: History, Industry, Controversy. (2nd ed). New York: Mc Graw hill

Salvilla, R.S., F.A. Pensales & F.E. Sornito (1991). Manila: PPI & UNESCO

BS Development Communication

The Philippine Libel Law

The PIA Factbook

Wallack, L., K. Woodruff, L. Dorfman, and I. Diaz (1999). News for a Change: An Advocate’s Guide to Working With Media. London:Sage Publication.

Internet:

Alerts & Statements in www.nujp.org iReport in www.pcij.org

Paghahabi in www.aijc.com.ph

PJR Reports in www.cmfr.com.ph www.kbp.org.ph (Kapisanan ng mga Broadscasters ng Pilipinas) www.mtrcb.gov.ph (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board) www.pcoo.gov.ph (Presidential Comunications Operations Office www.pia.gov.ph (Philippine Information Agency) www.pressinstitute.ph (Philippine Press Institute)

Course Title COMMUNICATION THEORY

Course Description Communication theories, their foundations and application to development communication studies

Prerequisites Introduction to Development Communication and Sophomore standing

Semesters offered First and Second Semesters Credit 3 units Number of hours : 3 hours a week (3 class)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Discuss the relevance of communication theories in the study and practice of development communication; 2. Explain the traditions of communication theories and their foundations;

BS Development Communication

3. Differentiate communication theories representative of each tradition; and 4. Analyze development communication study and practice using the theoretical traditions.

A. Course Content Topics I. Introduction A. Talking about theory 1. Models vs. theories 2. The importance of studying theory a. Theory as a way of seeing, explaining and understanding b. Theory in scientific inquiry 3. Tracing the roots of communication theory 4. Criteria for evaluating communication theory

B. Talking about communication 1. Dimensions and levels of communication 2. The communicational view of communication

II. Traditions of communication theory A. Communication as persuasion Suggested theories/theorists: Rhetoric (Aristotle); Dramatism (Burke); Narrative Paradigm (Fisher) B. Communication as signs and symbols Suggested theories/theorists: De Saussure, Barthes, Peirce C. Communication as dialogue Suggested theories/theorist: Gadamer; Buber, Husserl D. Communication as information flow Suggested theories/theorists: Weiner; Axioms of Communication (Watzlavick, Beavin & Jackson); Network Theory; Theory of Planned Behavior E. Communication as perception, attitudes and behaviour Suggested theories/theorists: Constructivism (Delia); Expectancy Violations Theory; Uses and Gratifications Theory; Agenda Setting Theory F. Communication as reproduction of social order Suggested theories/theorists: Symbolic Interactionism (Mead & Blumer); Face Negotiation Theory (Ting-Toomey); Coordinated Management of Meaning (Pearce & Cronen) G. Communication as power Suggested theories/theorists: Habermas; Deetz; Feminism; Muted Group Theory (Kramerae); Postmodernism

III. Locating development communication practice within the theoretical traditions A. Media effects 1. Social marketing and the sociopsychological tradition 2. Strategic communication and the cybernetic tradition

BS Development Communication

3. Entertainment and education, and the sociopsychological tradition B. Dialogue, Participation, and Emancipation 1. The sociocultural tradition 2. The critical tradition C. New directions for theorizing 1. The pragmatic tradition

B. Course Methodologies used

Examinations Case Studies/Exercises Group reports

REFERENCES

Required References

Griffin, E.A. (2004). A first look at communication theory. 5th Ed. Boston: McGraw- Hill. Littlejohn, S. W. & Foss, K.A. (2008). Theories of human communication. 9th Ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.

Other References Baran, S.J., & Davis, D.K. (2005). Mass communication theory: foundations, ferment, and future. Belmont, Canada: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning. Berger, A.A. (1995). Essentials of mass communication theory. London: Sage. Chakravartty, P. (2009). Modernization redux?: Cultural studies and development communication. Television and new media, 10(1), 37-39. Craig, R. T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9(2), 199-161. Craig, R.T. & Muller, H.L.(Eds). (2007). Theorizing communication: Readings across traditions. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Cragan, J.F., & Shields, D.C. (1998). Understanding communication theory : the communicative forces for human action. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Dissanayake, W (Ed). (1988). Communication theory: the Asian perspective. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. Gumucio-Dagron, A. & Tufte, T. (Eds). (2006). Communication for social change anthology: Historical and contemporary readings. New Jersey: Communication for Social Change Consortium. Holmes, D. (2005). Communication theory: media, technology, society. London: Sage. Huesca, R. (2001). Conceptual contributions of new social movements to development communication research. Communication Theory, 11(4) 415- 433. Infante, D.A., Rancer, A.S., & Womack, D.F. (1990). Building communication theory. Prospect Heights, III.: Waveland Press.

BS Development Communication

Jansen, S.C. (2002). Critical communication theory: Power, media, gender, and technology. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Littlejohn, S.W. & Gray, R. (1992). Learning and using communication theories: A student guide to accompany theories of human communication. 4th Ed.. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Kincaid, D.L. (Ed.). (1987). Communication theory: eastern and western perspectives. San Diego: Academic Press. Manyozo, L. (2006). Manifesto for development communication: Nora Quebral and the Los Banos school of development communication. Asian Journal of Communication. 16(1). 79-99. Mattelart, A., & Mattelart, M. (1998). Theories of communication: an introduction. London: Sage Publications, Ltd. McQuail, D. (1987). Mass communication theory: an introduction. London: Sage. McQuail, D. (2000). McQuail's mass communication theory [4th ed.]. London: Sage Publications, Ltd. McQuail, D. (Ed). (2002). McQuail's reader in mass communication theory. London: Sage. Melkote, S.R., & Steeves, H.L. (2001). Communication for development in the third world: Theory and practice for empowerment. New Delhi: SAGE. Melkote, S.R. (2006). Everett M. Rogers and his contributions to the field of communication and social change in developing countries. Journal of creative communications, 1(1), 111-121. Miller, K. (2005). Communication theories: Perspectives, processes and contexts. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies. Mody, B. (2003). International and development communication: a 21st century perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc. Rogers, E.M. (1997). A history of communication study: A biographical approach. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. Roman, R. (2005). The place of theory in development communication: Retrospect and Prospects. Communication Yearbook 29: 311-331 Sereno,K.K., & Mortensen, C.D. (1970). Foundations of communication theory. New York: Harper & Row. Severin, W.J., & Tankard, W.J. Jr. (2001). Communication theories: origins, methods and uses in the mass media [5th ed.]. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shah, H. (2007). Meta-research of development communication studies, 1997- 2005: Patterns and trends since 1958. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved from: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p168687_index.html. Waisbord. S. (2001). Family tree of theories, methodologies and strategies in development communication: convergences and differences. West, R., & Turner, L.H. (2007). Introducing communication theory: analysis and application [3rd ed.]. New York: McGraw-Hill. White, R.A. (2004). Is “empowerment” the answer?: Current theory and research on development communication. Gazette, 66(1), 7-24. Wilkins, K.G. & Mody, B. (2001). Reshaping development communication: Development communication and communicating development. Communication Theory, 11(4), 385-396.

BS Development Communication

Windahl, S., Signitzer, B.H., & Olson, J.T. (1996). Using communication theory: An introduction to planned communication. London: Sage. Wood, J.T. (2003). Communication theories in action. 3rd ed. Cengage Learning.

Course title: COMMUNICATION RESEARCH Prerequisite: Statistics 1 Semesters offered: First and Second semesters Credit: 3 units No. of hours: 3 hours Mode of offering 2 hours lecture; 1 hour recitation The course follows the large class mode of two-unit lecture and one- unit recitation. Hence, there are two hours of lecture and one hour of recitation per week.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the semester, the students should be able to: 1. Describe the scientific research process; 2. Explain the perspectives of communication research and their applications in development communication research in the context of social science research; 3. Discuss the concepts and methodologies in the communication research process; 4. Explain ethical issues in communication research; and 5. Demonstrate skills in specific communication research activities.

Course Outline UNIT I. Science and the scientific process A. Definitions of science B. Functions/ Aims of science C. Scientific values and principles D. Scientific process 1. Deductive 2. Inductive UNIT II. Introduction to social science research A. Nature of social science research 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Types a. Basic and Applied b. Academic vs Contracted 4. Characteristics a. Systematic b. Rigorous c. Empirical d. Others B. Perspectives in and applications of communication research

BS Development Communication

1. Perspectives in communication research a. Positivist b. Constructionist 2. Communication theory traditions a. Objective traditions b. Interpretive traditions 3. Applications in development communication research a. Effects research b. Evaluation research c. Participatory research d. Others III. The communication research process A. Identifying the research topic B. Reviewing related literature 1. To help identify problem 2. To help identify variables, research framework 3. To guide analysis of data C. Identifying and implementing the research methodology 1. Quantitative a. Defining the research problem and objectives (including Rationale and Significance) b. Identifying the research design - Experiment - Survey - Case study - Content analysis - Network study and others c. Constructing research frameworks - Theoretical - Conceptual - Analytical d. Formulating hypotheses e. Conceptualizing and operationalizing - Constructing operational definitions - Levels of measurement f. Observing and measuring variables g. Sampling h. Selecting/ Developing the research methods and instruments - Survey (Questionnaire) - Document analysis (Coding sheet) - Tests (Pretest, Posttest) - Matrix Ranking (Matrix) - Observation (Observation checklist) - Problematique

BS Development Communication

- Others i. Collecting data j. Coding k. Analyzing data - Descriptive statistics - Inferential statistics: Association Tests of significance 2. Qualitative a. Evaluating data sites b. Developing the research framework c. Focusing the study - Problem statement, Research questions and Objectives d. The researcher as research instrument e. Identifying the research design - Ethnography - Textual analysis - Discourse analysis - Others f. Collecting data - Participant observation - In-depth interviews - Document collection - Storytelling - Visual methods - Focus group discussion g. Coding h. Analyzing data - Interpretive approaches - Critical approaches 3. Mixed methodology

D. Generating conclusions and recommendations E. Packaging the research report 1. Introduction 2. Review of Related Literature 3. Methodology 4. Results and Discussion/Research Findings and Interpretation 5. Summary, Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations 6. Literature Cited 7. Appendices UNIT IV. Ethical Issues in Research A. Dealing with Human Subjects B. Dealing with Data C. Intellectual Property Rights - Copyright and Plagiarism

BS Development Communication

Methodologies used interactive lectures on topics aside from the conventional chalk-and-talk and PowerPoint presentation aided teaching strategies dyadic conversations between students, group activities when appropriate, and other creative teaching approaches.

Examinations Discussions Exercises Group Mini-study

References

Arboleda, C. (1991). Communication research. Sta. Mesa, Manila: Communication Foundation for Asia.

Baxter, L. A. & Babbie, E. (2004). The basics of communication research. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Cadiz, M. C. H. (1994). Communication and participatory development: a review of concepts, approaches, and lessons. College, Laguna: UP Los Banos.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Denscombe, M. (2002). Ground rules for good research: a 10 point guide for social research. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2003). Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials [2nd ed.]. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research [2nd ed.]. London: Sage Publications, Inc.

Frey, L. R., Botan, C. H., & Kreps, G. L. (2000). Investigating communication: an introduction to research methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Griffin, E. (2004). A first look at communication theory. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Healey, J. F. (2009). Statistics: a tool for social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Krippendorf, K. (2011). Content analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Pub.

Librero, F. (2003). How to write a thesis proposal. College, Laguna: UP Los Banos.

Littlejohn, S. W. & Foss, K. A. (2008). Theories of human communication. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

BS Development Communication

Mercado, C. M. (1992). Conducting and managing communication survey research: the Asian experience. Quezon City: Development Consultant for Asia and Pacific.

Pernia, E. E. (2004). Communication research in the Philippines. Quezon City: UP Press.

Quebral, N. C. (1988). Development communication. College, Laguna: UP Los Banos.

World Bank. (2008). Development communication sourcebook: broadening the boundaries of communication. Washington: World Bank.

Recommended Materials

Baran, S. J. & Davis, D. K. (2005). Mass communication theory: foundations, ferment, and future. Belmont, Canada: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning.

Berger, A. A. (2005). Media analysis techniques [3rd ed.]. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Brown, T. (2003) Action research and postmodernism. Open University Press.

Corbin, J. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory [3rd ed.]. Los Angeles, California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Craig, R. T. & Muller, H. L. (eds.). Theorizing communication: readings across traditions. California: Sage Publications.

Defleur, M. L. & Dennis, E. E. (1998). Understanding mass communication: A liberal arts perspective [6th ed.]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Jones, S. (ed.). (1999). Doing internet research: critical issues and methods for examining the net. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Leslie, L. Z. (2010). Communication research methods in postmodern culture: a revisionary approach. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Librero, F. (1985). Problematique analysis: a methodology for evaluating communication systems. College, Laguna: UP Los Banos.

Lindlof, T. R. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods. California: Sage.

Mauthner, M., Birch, M., Jessop, J., & Miller, T. (2002). Ethics in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications Inc.

McKee, A. (2003). Textual analysis: a beginner's guide. London: Sage.

McQuail, D. & Windahl, S. (1993). Communication models for the study of mass communication. London: Longman.

BS Development Communication

Miller, K. (2005). Communication theories: Perspectives, processes and contexts. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Miller, R. L. & Brewer, J. D. (eds.). (2003). The A-Z of social research: a dictionary of key social science research concepts. London: Sage.

Mody, B. (2003). International and development communication: a 21st century perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.

Priest, S. H. (1996). Doing media research: an introduction. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Prosser, J. (1998). Image-based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers. Routledge.

Severin, W. J. & Tankard, W. J. Jr. (2001). Communication theories: origins, methods and uses in the mass media (5th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analysing talk, text and interaction (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Inc.

Sparks, G. G. (2006). Media effects research: a basic overview. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Tubbs, S. L., & Moss, S. (2008). Human communication: principles and contexts (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

West, R. & Turner, L. H. (2007). Introducing communication theory: analysis and application (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wood, J. T. (2003). Communication theories in action: An introduction. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

World Bank. (2007). Communicating the impact of communication for development: recent trends in empirical research. Washington: World Bank.

Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Online sources: www.sagepub.com Swetswise (via the devcom website)