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Recovery, Reconstruction, and Risk Reduction October 24, 2011

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Recovery, Reconstruction, and Risk Reduction October 24, 2011 September 18, 2011 Earthquake Joint Rapid Assessment for Recovery, Reconstruction, and Risk Reduction October 24, 2011 The Royal Government United Nations Bhutan The World Bank of Bhutan CONTENTS Foreword 3-4 Executive Summary 5-9 Acronyms and Abbreviations 10-11 Introduction 12-12 Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 13-18 SECTION 1: Context 19-22 1.1 The Earthquake of 18 September 2011 1.2 Seismic Risk Profile of Bhutan 1.3 Immediate Response to the 2011 Earthquake SECTION 2: Damage and Loss Assessment 23-43 2.1 Overview of Damage and Loss 2.2 Housing 2.3 Government / Public Buildings and Other Infrastructure 2.4 Religious and Cultural Heritage Buildings 2.5 Education 2.6 Health 2.7 Psycho-Social Impacts 2.8 Water and Sanitation 2.9 Agriculture and Other Livelihoods 2.10 Aggregated Damage and Loss SECTION 3: The Way Forward - Early Recovery 44-49 3.1 Intermediate Shelters 3.2 Support to Dismantle Houses and Salvage Materials 3.3 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion 3.4 Interim Arrangements for Government and Public Offices 3.5 Protection of Religious and Cultural Heritage Buildings 3.6 Education 3.7 Health and Nutrition 3.8 Psycho-Social Care 3.9 Agriculture and Other Livelihoods 3.10 Community Mobilization 3.11 Overall Early Recovery Costs SECTION 4: The Way Forward – Reconstruction 50-58 4.1 Housing 4.2 Government and Other Public Buildings 4.3 Religious and Cultural Heritage Buildings 4.4 Educational Buildings 4.5 Health Facilities 4.6 Water and Sanitation Infrastructure 4.7 Agricultural Infrastructure 4.8 Aggregated Costs of Reconstruction SECTION 5: The Way Forward - Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction 59-64 5.1 Emergency Preparedness 1 5.2 Risk Assessment 5.3 Promotion of Disaster Safe Housing 5.4 Improving Resilience of Critical Public Infrastructure 5.5 Taking Building Traditions and Heritage Forward 5.6 School Safety Programme 5.7 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion 5.8 Psycho-Social Care 5.9 Protection of Natural Resources 5.10 Institutional Capacity building 5.11 Risk Financing 5.12 Aggregated Resource Requirement for DRR SECTION 6: Overall Costs and Recommendations for Implementation 65-70 6.1 Overall Costs 6.2 Summary of Recommendations for Implementation Annexures 1) Terms of Reference 71-75 2) Joint Assessment Team Members 76-76 3) Mission Programme 77-78 4) Field Visit Check-list 79-82 5) Bhutan Disaster Assessment Tools 83-84 6) List of Stakeholder Consultations 85-87 7) Glossary of Dzongkha Terms 88-88 8) Note on Damage Categorization 89-90 9) Repairs, Restoration, and Retrofitting of Vernacular Buildings 91-92 2 FOREWORD Just as Bhutan was recovering from the devastation of May 2009 floods and September 2009 earthquake, the country was hit by yet another strong earthquake on September 18, 2011. The earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale, with its epicenter in Sikkim, India, close to Bhutan’s western border with India, struck at 6:41 pm. There were three aftershocks of magnitude 5.7, 5.1, and 4.6, respectively, within 30 minutes of the initial earthquake. Damage has been reported in all 20 Dzongkhags (districts) of Bhutan. The earthquake killed one person, injured 14, and destroyed a large number of houses, public buildings and cultural and religious monuments. Approximately 7,965 homes were affected, with Haa, Paro, Samtse, and Chhukha Dzongkhags reporting the most damage. With the support of the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) at the central and Dzongkhag levels, His Majesty's Welfare Office, and the Royal Bhutan Army, immediate relief assistance was mobilized. Damage caused by the earthquake was greater than initially estimated, thus exceeding the capacity of the Royal Government to respond on its own. On September 22, 2011 the UN System in Bhutan was requested to provide support for immediate relief and long-term reconstruction. In particular, RGoB requested technical assistance for carrying out a needs assessment in-line with international standards to provide a basis for planning short- , medium- and long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts and mobilize resources. In response to this request, external experts from UNDP’s Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR), the World Bank/Global Facility for Disaster Recovery and Reduction (GFDRR), the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), national experts from the resident UN Country Team (UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO), and RGoB ministries and agencies were mobilized to provide an overall assessment of the total damage and loss caused by the earthquake, as well as any residual humanitarian and early recovery needs. The Joint Rapid Assessment team was fielded on October 2, 2011. The team visited a representative sample of affected communities and structures in the four most affected Dzongkhags of Paro, Haa, Chhukha, and Samtse from October 5-12, 2011, and held consultations with the Royal Government officials at the central and Dzongkhag levels. This Joint Rapid Assessment presents preliminary cost estimates for loss and damage as a result of the earthquake and estimates recovery and reconstruction costs. It identifies priorities for early recovery, reconstruction, and disaster risk reduction, and presents an implementation plan and time-line for addressing them. Drawing on international expertise of the UN System and the World Bank/GFDRR, and on lessons learned from recent disasters, the report identifies priorities for early recovery, reconstruction, and disaster risk reduction, and presents long-term challenges for achieving improved building and development planning practices. Finally, it provides a basis for mobilizing external financial and technical support for the implementation of these initiatives. Given Bhutan's geographic location in the highly seismic Himalayan range, the country is exposed to serious earthquake risk. Seismically safe construction technology needs to be an integral dimension of disaster risk reduction. The extent of destruction indicates a need for comprehensive measures for ‘building back better’ in order to make buildings more earthquake resilient. This should form the cornerstone of recovery and reconstruction efforts. On behalf of the Joint RGoB-UN-WB Rapid Needs Assessment Team, we would like to sincerely thank all who contributed to this report, and offer a particular debt of gratitude to the people in affected villages who welcomed the team with kindness and hospitality while they faced some of the most challenging days of their lives. 3 Lyonpo Minjur Dorji Claire Van der Vaeren Mark LaPrairie Hon’ble Minister of Home and UN Resident Coordinator World Bank Representative to Cultural Affairs, UN System in Bhutan Bhutan Royal Government of Bhutan 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Barely two years after the 2009 earthquake in the east, Bhutan was once again reminded of its high vulnerability to seismic risks on September 18, 2011 when the neighboring region of Sikkim, India, was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter scale. While the epicenter of the earthquake was on the Indo-Nepal border, it still caused widespread destruction in all the 20 Dzongkhags of Bhutan, resulting in one death and 14 injuries. The earthquake also caused varying degrees of damage to nearly 7,965 houses. As a result, a large number of families continue to live in temporary/makeshift shelters outside their homes still suffering from the trauma caused by the large-scale devastation. In the aftermath of the 2011 earthquake, 345 houses were completely destroyed, 1,660 suffered major damages, and 5,960 suffered minor damages. In addition to houses, religious and cultural heritage monuments including 13 dzongs, 119 choetens and 355 lhakhangs were affected to varying degrees. Several government and public buildings including 47 gup’s offices, 31 Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) centers, and 47 other public buildings suffered damages. One hundred and seventeen school buildings including extended class rooms and non formal education centers were also affected. Sixty (later revised to 50) health facilities were also reported to have suffered damages. Response and Relief The RGoB responded quickly and swiftly. The Dzongkhag administrations quickly swung into action within the first few hours of the earthquake to assess the situation and provided immediate relief by the next day. The Royal Bhutan Army and the doesung (volunteers) immediately reached out to extend relief assistance to the affected families. The People’s Welfare Office of His Majesty (Gyalpoi Zimpon’s office) also responded immediately by visiting the affected areas and mobilizing relief items. Their Majesties the Fourth and Fifth Kings visited the affected Dzongkhags of Punakha, Paro, Haa, Samtse, and Chhukha, and consoled the affected families. On 22 September 2011, the RGoB put forward an appeal to the UN System for immediate support in the form of 58,000 CGI sheets, 100 winterized tents for schools, and 1,000 dignity kits. In response to the appeal, emergency cash grants of US$ 50,000, US$ 1.6 million, and US$ 75,000 were quickly mobilized through various emergency funding windows from UNOCHA, CERF and UNDP-BCPR respectively. At the time of preparation of this report, the UN agencies had mobilized more than US$ 1.8 million towards meeting the immediate humanitarian needs. Meanwhile, a request was also made by the RGoB to the UN Resident Coordinator’s Office to support recovery and reconstruction upon completion of the relief phase. Following this request from the RGoB, a joint rapid assessment team was constituted with representatives from the RGoB, the UN, and the World Bank. The team comprised of international experts, UN Country Team members as well as government officials from various ministries. The objective of this assessment was to estimate the total damage and loss incurred by the earthquake on the basis of the damage data compiled by the DDM. It was also required to estimate the costs of early recovery and reconstruction and identify strategies for long-term disaster preparedness and risk reduction.
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