The Marineterrein Bathhouse,
Bridging the flows of waste, energy & water in Amsterdam
Fallon Walton 4503899 Technical Research Paper Tutors: Roel van der Pas & Jan Jongert January 2017 ABSTRACT This year the City of Amsterdam commissioned the report, ‘Circular Amsterdam,’ which highlights the untapped potential of food waste as a valuable source of energy and a link to a more circular economy. Concurrently, Amsterdam’s Marineterrein is transitioning from a restricted naval site to public space. The city is looking for ways to connect the Marineterrein to the urban fabric, draw on its historical identity and connection to water, and include smart energy infrastructure and a ‘circular city’ approach. My objective is to combine the management of food waste and public water leisure program of a bathhouse as a way to reimagine energy production as contributing to valuable urban social space on the Marineterrein. The subject of this report investigates the existing flow of (food) waste, energy and water in Amsterdam. Using the knowledge and criticisms of the existing situation, innovative and alternative techniques are explored to better integrate and optimize the flows of food waste, energy, and water into the design of a bathhouse. The proposed techniques to manage waste, energy, and water flows along with the size of the bathhouse programs and user capacity are combined to determine the spatial implications as well as the larger urban impact of the results.
CONTENT Introduction Background...... 1 Relevance...... 1 Technical Research Question...... 2 Method...... 3 Results 1. Existing flow of waste, energy & water in Amsterdam 1.1 Waste...... 4 1.2 Energy...... 6 1.3 Water...... 7 2. Integration of flows into Marineterrein bathhouse 2.1 Integration of municipal food waste to energy production...... 10 2.2 Energy types, consumption & optimization in a bathhouse...... 13 2.3 Integrated alternative sources & sinks of bathhouse water...... 17 3. Spatial implications & large scale impact...... 22 Conclusion...... 23 References...... 30 Appendices Appendix A: Marineterrein Plan...... 32 Appendix B: Program Inventory...... 36 Appendix C: Calculations...... 44
List of Abbreviations: AD anaerobic digestion MSFW municipal solid food waste CHP combined heat and power HFCW horizontal flow constructed wetland CW constructed wetland WWTP waste water treatment plant MSW municipal solid waste INTRO
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Since Amsterdam’s establishment over seven hundred years ago, the city has witnessed multiple urban expansions to accommodate population growth, its booming economy and infrastructure (Minkjan, 2013). Especially since the industrial revolution, the energy demand of large city has created the need for energy infrastructure. In the early years of public power infrastructure, electrical plants were placed within the city centre due to the inability to transmit high voltage over long distances. Consequently, the aesthetic responsibility and public space of this energy infrastructure was important. However, in recent decades conventional energy plants, along with waste management facilities, have required large areas of land and were often noisy and polluting, and were thus pushed to the periphery of urban centres (Fig. 1). By distancing this infrastructure from the public sphere, architectural responsibility and the relationship to public space was lost (LAGI, 2011). Amsterdam is witnessing an influx of people, its borders are expanding rapidly, and space must be made use of efficiently. There is an opportunity to re-integrate energy and waste infrastructure into the city centre as it transitions from polluting to renewable sources so as to contribute, once again, to urban public space and as a way to showcase innovation in sustainability and design.
RELEVANCE This year (2016) the City of Amsterdam commissioned a report, titled ‘Circular Amsterdam’. The report investigated the potential of transitioning to a circular economy in Amsterdam. Circular economy differs from a traditional linear economy because it focuses on extending the lifespan of resources by recovering and regenerating products, often transgressing many industries and demands (WRAP, n.d). The document highlights two neglected waste streams that have the potential to contribute to a more circular process; construction materials and food waste. The report, and its focus on food waste, became a guiding inspiration in my own research because it explores the untapped potential of food waste as energy, a source that everyone can contribute to.
Figure 1: Waste & energy plant in Westpoort, Amsterdam
1 INTRO METHOD
The specific context in which this research takes place is Amsterdam’s Marineterrein (Fig. 2). The Marineterrein was established in 1655 by the Admiralty of Amsterdam, later known as the Dutch Royal Navy. The location of the site was chosen to allow access to prominent waterways, as well as occupying a central location in the city, enabling easy exchange of trades and labour. Over the centuries, the use of the site shifted from a ship-building wharf to an administrative centre, and the morphology of the site reflects this shift (Appendix A). The original 17th century architecture, such as the gatehouse that separates the site from the rest of the city, are still visible. However, the majority of existing buildings were erected between noord 1960-1980 (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2012). Currently, the Marineterrein is transitioning from a restricted naval site to open public space. The City of Amsterdam is looking for ways to connect the Marineterrein to the urban fabric, draw on its historical identity and connection west to water, and include smart energy infrastructure. The City is encouraging a ‘circular city’ approach and stresses that interventions should consider the adaptive and flexible needs of nieuw-west Centre society. My objective is to combine the management of food waste with the public water leisure program of a bathhouse as a way to re-imagine energy production as contributing to valuable urban social space on the Marineterrein and the greater urban fabric. This paper attempts to understand the flows of waste, energy, but also water as it is strongly related to oost
the theme of the bathhouse and the Marineterrein. The report builds upon innovative and 1 km alternative techniques that can be integrated, from the beginning, as part of the design. TECHNICAL RESEARCH QUESTION zuid How can the flows of food waste, energy, and water be locally managed and integrated into the design of a public bathhouse? Sub-Questions: 1. What are the existing flows of waste, energy & water in Amsterdam? 2. How can these three flows be integrated into a bathhouse on the Marineterrein? 3. What are spatial implications of the processes and the large scale urban impact of the implemented research?
METHOD The primary method used during this research included literature and case studies. Recently published scientific literature provided significant information on the anaerobic digestion of food waste, as well as decentralized waste water infrastructure and sustainable swimming pool design. Government documents were useful in understanding existing flows, future goals and current statistics for Amsterdam. Case studies were used for comparative analyses in order to make educated assumptions in regards to energy, waste & water consumption. Email interviews and inquiries were performed with the City of Amsterdam and Hitachi Zosen Inova, a manufacturer of anaerobic digesters, to acquire further information about waste infrastructure and energy calculations for the anaerobic digestion process. The result of the research is structured so that Part 1 & 2 clearly delineate the three flows of focus; waste, energy and water, and analyses the existing systems and best practice design guidelines that meet the needs of the Marineterrein bathhouse. Part 3 combines the research of Part 1, Part 2, the desired sizes of the bathhouse programs and user capacity in order to understand the spatial implications of the results. Various initial combinations are explored based on the aforementioned results, and external design requirements are also Figure 2: Marineterrein, Amsterdam considered. Additionally an analysis of the larger urban impacts of the results are reviewed.
2 3 PART 1 PART 1
PART 1: Existing flow of waste, energy & water in Amsterdam WASTE
In the Netherlands, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is defined as all residue from private biogas at Westerpark and de Ceuvel, and a few collection points in Amsterdam’s Nieuw-West households and gardens, commercial waste from shops and restaurants and institutional waste which is processed at Orgaworld, located next to the AEB (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015). from schools, prisons and public bodies (Sperl, 2016). MSW consists of paper, glass, plastic, Nonetheless, there is currently no waste management of MSFW within the Centre and metals, textile household biowaste, and others, such as electronic waste, diapers, etc. The Marineterrein district where a high density of residents live. The lack of separation of food management and separation of MSW is determined by local municipalities. The municipality waste is also prevalent within the restaurant sector. Annually, a restaurant produces an average of Amsterdam requires residents to separate glass, plastic and paper from their residual waste of 9000 kg of food waste (Appendix C). The Marineterrein’s location in the Centre, and the (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015). city’s ambition to bring more restaurants to the site, suggests there is great opportunity in separating and collecting both household and restaurant MSFW. Annually, a resident of Amsterdam produces 370kg of waste, of which 27% is separated and processed while the remaining 78% residual waste is sent to the AEB depot, located in The collection and transportation of municipal waste is also the responsibility of the Westpoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015). The composition of all residual waste is indicated in City of Amsterdam. In the Centre there 86 499 residents and almost 25 000 tons of unseparated Figure 3. Figure 4 illustrates the existing flow of household waste from separation, collection, residual waste is collected each year. The average Amsterdam garbage truck loading rate is 7 processing and output. The largest component of separated waste is MSFW. On average, tons, therefore approximately 3566 garbage trucks travel between the Centre and AEB each a resident of Amsterdam produces 92kg of food waste annually (Circular City, 2016). Local year (Wildenburg, 2016). initiatives that are managing MSFW include community composting, small-scale production of
x 78% residual waste 73% x x 25% organic & green residual waste ae
Other Metal Paper Heat Electricity Bottom Ash 53% other residual waste Residual Cat itter lass arden Waste Other
Organic Cat Litter Sanitary Textile 370Organic kg Annual 75% Sanitary Waste/Resident Re-useable arge Plastic of Amsterdam Metal Large Garden Metal x Glass x x 95% Textile Paper Plastic Re-melted New lass
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Re-useable Paper Natural as Nuclear
x x Coal Other Wind Metal Paper x
Miscellaneous Cat itterBiomass lass arden Other 75% Organic Cat Litter Hydro Sanitary Textile Organic Sanitary arge Plastic Re-useable
Large Plastic Garden Metal Glass Textile Paper Figure 3: Composition of waste in Amsterdam in 2015 Figure 4: Existing flow of household waste Plastic
4 5
Natural as Nuclear
Coal Wind
Miscellaneous Biomass
Hydro PART 1 PART 1
ENERGY WATER
In Amsterdam, the production of electricity and heat is largely dependent on the burning In Amsterdam, water is sourced from Lek, Bethunepolder and the Rhine Canal. From of fossil fuels, which is both imported from abroad and extracted in the Netherlands (City of these sources, various pre-purification processes take place, including purification using coastal Amsterdam, 2015). The majority of energy is provided by NUON power station in Diemen. sand dunes. After passing through post-purification plants, water is pumped from different Figure 5 indicates the proportion of natural gas, coal, hydro, nuclear, wind and biomass energy stations to Amsterdam’s municipal taps. Rainwater is managed depending on the location in sources that Diemen’s power station relies on. This diagram illustrates that 85.9% of these the city. Outside the Centre, rainwater is collected via rainwater drains and is directed to the energy sources come from non-renewable fossil based sources (N.V. Nuon Energy, 2014). The nearest body of water. However, in the Centre rainwater is mixed with waste water due largely
combustion of these fossil fuels release high amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, which to its historic infrastructure. All waste water, which includes black and grey water, is transported contributes to the greenhouse effect. to the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) located nearby the AEB plant. At the WWTP, treated water is disposed of in the North Sea Canal and black water sludge is processed and The second largest source of energy is supplied by the AEB waste incineration plant. sent to the AEB (Fig. 6). 1.4 million tons of municipal solid waste (including local and imported waste from the UK) is incinerated at the waste-to-energy plant. The process generates heat which is distributed to the The Marineterrein is located within the Centre and although it is surrounded by water, district heating network and electricity is delivered to households and the city’s public transport waste and rainwater are collected together and transported over 10km to be treated at the infrastructure (Sperl, 2016). Although AEB provides energy from a source that might otherwiseOther Metal Paper WWTP. Therefore, the design of a bathhouse should incorporate techniques that distinguish sit in a landfill, waste-to-energy technology also results in some negative environmental and rainwater from waste water. Cat itter lass arden health effects.Other The incineration process emits fly ash which contains toxins such as heavy Organic metals,Cat dioxinsLitter and furans which are released into the atmosphere. Waste-to-energy plantsSanitary also Textile Organic rely onSanitary a minimum amount of waste supply, and therefore indirectly stimulate the continued arge Plastic productionLarge of waste (Salman, 2008). In addition, incineration of municipal solid waste includes Garden Metal Rain Water all residualGlass waste. There is an opportunity to generate energy with a neutral carbon footprint, Outside Centre Nearest Body of Water/ Textile Paper North Sea Channel for example throughPlastic the separation and processing of MSFW. Finally, both NUON and AEB supply their energy through underground networks. However, this energy must travel a significant distance and a substantial amount of energy is lost between the producer and consumer (City of Amsterdam, 2015). Rain Water Within Centre 4.2% 3.6% NaturalOther as Metal NuclearPaper Cat itter lass arden Other 0.1% Coal Wind Organic Cat Litter Watersource: ek Pre-water Purification Purification via WWTP Sanitary Textile Organic Black Water Sanitary 10.4% Nieuwe ein Water Dunes 46.8% Miscellaneous arge Plastic Biomass Large Garden Metal Glass 13% Hydro Textile Paper Plastic ae Amsterdam 21.9% Heat Electricity Watersource: Amsterdam Rijnkanaal
Natural as Nuclear Pre-water Purification Post-water Purification rey Water Coal Wind oenderveen Weesperkaspel
Miscellaneous Biomass
Hydro Watersource: Bethunepolder Figure 5: Composition of energy sources used by NUON in 2014 Figure 6: Existing flow of water processing, transport and treatment
6 7 PART 1 PART 1
10 km
5 km
10 km B r a or
Lek Watersource WWT 1 km
estaurants Lek Watersource
T 5 km
ieu West
B o o esources r a or r an eatin et ork ouseho s Lek Watersource i h a WWT 1 km
u in tations estaurants Water n rastructure oute Marineterrein T
ieu West
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r an eatin et ork ouseho s i h a i nkanaa Bethune o er u in tations Watersources Water n rastructure oute Marineterrein 2 km
8 9
i nkanaa Bethune o er Watersources
2 km PART 2 PART 2
PART 2: Integration of flows into Marineterrein bathhouse WASTE: Municipal food waste to energy production
When MSFW decomposes in a landfill or is burned in an incinerator, it releases methane added and sealed for the duration of the digestion process. Depending on the temperature at and carbon dioxide, which are recognized as polluting and harmful for the atmosphere. which the digester is heated, the retention time can take between 14-30 days. The operating However, under controlled conditions, MSFW can be a valuable source of energy. Anaerobic temperature is directly related to the amount of energy produced within a time period. A digestion (AD) is a biological process in which micro-organisms break down organic material plug-flow digester is a horizontal tank in which feedstock is added at one end and naturally in the absence of oxygen (Khalid, 2011). The result is a primarily methane-based gas, known pushed through the digester. A fully mixed digester is a vertical, round, insulated tank that as biogas, as well as effluent which can be used as natural fertilizer. Biogas can be used or uses a motor-driven mixer to enhance energy production. Conventional digesters function at converted into heat, electricity, biomethane and vehicle fuel. Some of the many benefits of two different temperature ranges; mesophilic and thermophilic. The higher the temperature,
AD include the reduction of CO2 and methane emissions, the absence of odour, and the high the shorter the retention time. Mesophilic conditions (20-35ºC) requires less energy input, and generation of renewable fuel. The process of anaerobic digestion is used for a variety of organic often takes 15-30 days. Thermophilic conditions (50-65ºC) require more energy input, and waste substrates including manure, industrial food and agricultural waste, sewage, waste takes approximately 14 days (Chaudhary, 2008). water, and municipal food waste. In general, the process of AD involves the pre-treatment, digestion and post-treatment of the substrate. Pretreatment includes the source separation of Figure 7: Classification of the anaerobic digestion processes unwanted material and the grinding of the substrate to enhance the digestion rate. Depending on the required use of the energy, post-treatment often includes the conversion of biogas into Anaerobic Digestion electricity and heat through a combined heat and power (CHP) unit.
There are various types of anaerobic digestion processes. The type of digester required Wet Dry depends on the operating criteria such as the substrate used, the local context and the required energy. In regards to my project, the requirements that the AD process must meet are: (1) suitable for the urban context of the Marineterrein, (2) use MSFW as the primary substrate, Continuous Batch Continuous Batch and (3) be able to produce enough energy to satisfy the needs of the bathhouse. Figure 7 illustrates the classification of anaerobic digesters. Firstly, digesters are classified as “wet” or “dry” digesters. Wet digesters, also known as low solids, consists of waste that has a solid Thermophilic Mesophilic Thermophilic Mesophilic Fully Mixed Thermophilic Mesophilic content between 10-15%. Dry digesters, otherwise known as high solids, consists of waste that Plug-flow has a solid content between 20-40%. There are two types of feeding methods for digesters, continuous and batch. A continuous digester allows for feedstock which is frequently added to the digester without interrupting the AD process, whereas batch requires that the feedstock is Thermophilic Mesophilic Thermophilic Mesophilic
Figure 8: Diagram of a typical continuous plug-flow digester
Plug-flow Digester Digestate Biogas Biogas CHP Heat & Fertilizer Upgrade Storage Electricity Waste Bunker
10 11 PART 2 PART 2
The digester best suited to the above-mentioned requirements is a dry continuous plug-flow reactor at thermophilic conditions. Figure 8 is a diagram of this process. This process is best suited to my operating criteria for the following reasons:
• MSFW is categorized as a dry substrate as its contents are more then 15% solid + • Food waste will be collected frequently, therefore a continuous process reduces the size of the waste storage bunker • A plug-flow digester is technically more simple, and the reactor tank is smaller because no additional water is required for the mixing process Figurerelevant 9: Circular if the wasteCity’s ‘smart is being street collected containers’ and in combination transported with by MSFW one body.container/planter However, within the • Thermophilic conditions are preferred for a plug-flow system because minimal context of this project, organic was will be locally managed. Alternatively smart street water allows for a favourable heat balance for operation, more biogas is produced containers can separate glass, paper, plastic waste streams, and the extra space allows for & the cost of heating at higher temperatures often pays off in the long run Technical Design Guidelines: separate MSFW containers. In Amsterdam, residents residents often beautify public space by placing planters in front of their houses, often near or in front unattractive waste collection Evidently, the amount of energy produced by anaerobic digestion is based on the • Digester required: dry continuous plug-flow reactor at thermophilic conditions points. To add value to the neighbourhood, and showcase/symbolize the benefits of the AD amount of substrate added. Hitachi Zosen Inova is a Switzerland-based manufacturer of • 1000 kg MSFW = 390 kWhel, 333 kWhth & 370 kg natural fertilizer process, containers will be accessorized with a planter filled with the fertilizer effluent. Kompogas, a system that specializes in dry continuous plug-flow digestion of MSFW at • MSFW containers, AD fertilizer planters thermophilic conditions. Literature surrounding the Kompogas system suggests that 1000 kg of Technical Design Guidelines: 3 MSFW produces approximately 160 Nm of biogas & 370 kg of natural fertilizer (Hitachi Zosen • Digester required: dry continuous plug-flow reactor at thermophilic conditions Inova, 2015). Biogas engines, such as a CHP unit, transforms the gas into energy in the form of ENERGY: Types, consumption & optimization in a bathhouse • 1000 kg MSFW = 390 kWhel, 333 kWhth & 370 kg natural fertilizer 3 heat and electricity. 1 Nm of biogas has approximately 10 kWh energy content. If combusted • MSFW containers, AD fertilizer planters & other transport infrastructure in a CHP unit with an electrical efficiency of ~42%, 390 kWh of electricity is produced. The The design of the bathhouse should meet the desired spatial qualities while also optimizing it’s energy use. Initial design decisions can directly influence the energy consumption same CHP unit would also produce 370 kWh of usable heat, assuming a thermal efficiency of 2.2 Energy types, consumption & optimization in a bathhouse ~40%. The remaining ~18% are efficiency losses which is technically very difficult to recover of the bathhouse The design and of the its overallbathhouse environmental should meet impact the desired (Saari spatialet al, 2008). qualities The while required also energy (Heer, 2016). It should be noted that ~10% of thermal heat generated is required to operate typesoptimizing for the it's bathhouseenergy use. program Initial design are electricitydecisions canand directly heat. In influence order to the estimate energy the average the digester at thermophilic conditions, therefore the actual available thermal heat is 333 kWh. consumptionconsumption ofof theelectricity bathhouse, and heatand thereforeper square a lessermetre, impact two case on thestudies environmental were examined. (Saari et al, 2008). The required energy types for the bathhouse program are electricity and heat. In order The decentralized AD process relies on households and restaurants to separate their to estimateKirkkonummi the average Uimahalli, consumption built of in electricity 2000, is and a public heat per swimming square metre, bath intwo Kirkkonummi, case studies waste. Effective solutions for the separation of food waste is difficult in densely populated Finlandwere examined. with an estimated 450 visitors/day (Saari et al, 2008). Bambados Hallen, built in 2011, historic urban centres. The ‘Circular City’ report proposes ‘smart street containers’ with sensors is a passive-house Kirkkonummi sports Uimahalli, bath built in Bamburg, in 2000, is Germany, a public swimming and accommodates bath in Kirkkonummi, 1100 visitors/day which enable the automatic separation of waste streams in one container (Circular City, 2016). (PassivhausFinland with Institut,an estimated 2015). 450 The people/day aforementioned (Saari et projectsal, 2008). wereBambados chosen Hallen, because built theyin 2011, both is This system is relevant if the waste is being collected and transported by one party. However, includea passive-house swimming sports pools, bath large in Bamburg, scale saunas Germany, and andsteam accommodates rooms; programs 1100 people/day that will also be within the context of this project, food waste will be locally managed. Alternatively smart street found(Passivhaus in the Institut, Marineterrein 2015). The bathhouse. aforementioned Figure 10 projects outlines were the chosen annual because energy consumptionthey both per containers can separate glass, paper, plastic and residual waste streams, and the extra space metreinclude square swimming of both pools, case large studies scale and saunas the projected and steam energy rooms; consumption programs that of will the also Marineterrein be found allows for separate MSFW containers. In Amsterdam, residents often ‘beautify’ public space bathhouse.in the Marineterrein bathhouse. Figure # outlines the electricity and energy consumption per by placing planters in front of their houses, often near or in front unattractive waste collection metre square of both case studies and the projected energy consumption of the Marineterrein bathhouse. points. To add value to the neighbourhood, and showcase/symbolize the benefits of the Figure 10: Case study of energy consumption Marineterrein’s AD process, containers will be accessorized with a planter filled with plants and the natural fertilizer effluent produced by the digester (Fig. 9). Electricity (kWh/m2/year) Heat (kWh/m2/year) Total (kWh/m2/year)
Kirkkonummi 240 396 636
Bambados 156 258 414
Marineterrein 200 300 500
The Bambados project reflects passive house strategies that focus on efficient energy use and 12 incorporation of sustainable building concepts, particularly in regards to the building envelope 13 and technical equipment. Therefore its consumption per metre square is significantly lower then that of Kirkkonummi. However, in the Kirkkonummi report, it was stated that in comparison to other similar Finnish pools, studies revealed that the energy need of the Kirkkonummi swimming bath is larger then then average consumption (Saari et al, 2008). With regards to the Marineterrein bathhouse I intend on incorporating passive-house strategies
!6 PART 2 PART 2
Predominant factors that effect the consumption of energy in a bathhouse are space heating and ventilation, water heating and treatment, lighting, motors and drives. Almost 16% of total energy costs are spent on lighting (Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group, 2012). The amount of artificial lighting used can be reduced during the day by integrating as much natural light as possible. The use of roof glazing is more efficient then low level windows in the facade, particularly for deep spaces such as a swimming pool hall. If windows are used in the pool hall, the pool should be oriented north-south, with windows located on these ends so as not to create glare for swimmers (Weber, 2014) (Fig. 11).
Figure 11: Best-practice natural lighting dimensions for a pool hall
Rooflight: - 50% of pool area - internal shading recommended N Kirkkonummi Uimahalli, Finland
x 2x
8.6 m
(Weber, 2014) S The program of the bathhouse requires that several spaces be heated at different temperatures. Appendix B indicates a list of the various programs and their corresponding temperatures. In order to minimize heat loss, it is good practice to zone programs of similar temperatures together. Heat loss can also be mitigated by internally insulating these zones and by incorporating barriers such as thermally insulted doors (Fig. 12). With regards to outdoor heated pools, protection from the wind and removable covers greatly avoid heat loss.
Bambados Hallen, Germany Figure 12: Heat efficiency and insulation techniques The Bambados project reflects passive-house strategies that focus on efficient energy use and the incorporation of sustainable building concepts, particularly in regards to the building envelope and technical equipment. Therefore, its consumption per metre square Steam Steam Sauna Sauna 41ºC is significantly lower then that of Kirkkonummi. However, in the Kirkkonummi report, it was 60-90ºC41ºC 60-90ºC stated that in comparison to other similar Finnish pools, studies revealed that the energy Hot Pool 43ºC needs of the Kirkkonummi swimming bath are larger then the average consumption (Saari et Hot Pool 43ºC al, 2008). With regards to the Marineterrein bathhouse I intend on incorporating passive-house 43ºC Café 33ºC 43ºC strategies found in the Bambados Hallen. Nonetheless, to maintain a cautious outlook on 18-21ºC potential energy consumption in order to predict the amount of waste needed to supply the Café bathhouse, the approximate average energy consumption is assumed. Therefore, annually, 33ºC 18-21ºC the bathhouse will consume 200 kWh/m2 of electricity and 300 kWh/m2 of heat, with a total energy consumption of 500 kWh/m2.
14 15 PART 2 PART 2
1m /30 water
3/4n metres
n m Ventilation is a necessary etaspect of the bathhouse. Recommendations suggest that e rs there should be 4-6 air changes/hour and air should travel at a low velocity for user comfort. Technical Design Guidelines: The air temperature should be approximately 1ºC above water temperature, therefore air must be heated beforehand (Sport England, 2011). However, the typology of the bathhouse 2 2 • Annual energy consumption: 300 kWhth/m & 200 kWhel/m encourages users to frequently move from various temperature zones, as well as transitioning • Wind protection & cover for exterior heated pools
1m /30 water between the bathhouse and cafe and between the interior and exterior, which results in • Grouping and internal insulation of spaces with similar thermal temperatures & measurable heat loss and draught. In order to limit heat loss and maintain a comfortable operable insulated barriers between thresholds environment, a glazed buffer zone, otherwise known as a winter garden, will be incorporated. • South-facing winter garden with 50-60º slope from horizon 3/4 metres n The winter garden has many advantages for the bathhouse. The transitional-1% slope zones allows for • Optimize day-lighting, with roof lighting in large pool hall n 2 met variation between thermal environments where adjacent spaces have substantial temperature • Airtight & well-insulated building envelope (recommended U-value 0.164 W/(m K ) e rs change including conditions between indoors and outdoors (Alonso, 2011). Figure 13 illustrates (Passivhaus Institut, 2015) the advantages and preferred orientation of a winter garden. The technique not only acts as • Provide two separate air flow systems for bathhouse & non-bathhouse programs; buffer space, but also asHorizontal a natural Flowor mechanically Constructed pre-heated Wetland ventilation system, the floor can ventilate bathhouse spaces upward from foot of walls, use an HRV system act as heat storage in the evenings, and it limits draught and overheating. In pool areas, it is recommended that air flow is directed upwards at the foot of the walls in a laminar flow and to provide separate air flows for the bathhouse programs and other programs so that bathhouse air does not need to be brought down to the limiting moisture content demand for structural -1% slope protection. Finally, by incorporating a heat recovery ventilation (HRV) system, supply air can be WATER: Alternative sources & sinks of bathhouse water heated by reclaiming the lost energy in the exhaust air (Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group, 2012). The program of a bathhouse requires a significant amount of water. Standards suggest that 30 L of fresh water should be exchanged with every new user (Sport England, 2011). Water Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland is used for the pools and steam room, toilets, showering and kitchen. However, the source and Figure 13: Guidelines and benefits of a winter garden sink of water can determine the efficiency of the bathhouse and its impact on the environment and surroundings. In this situation, ‘source’ is used to define the input flow of water and ‘sink’ N refers to the output flow of water.
50-60 15 C The source water for pools, drinking water and showers needs to meet conventional standards, therefore water will be sourced from the existing municipal infrastructure. However, 22 C 32 C to reduce overall water consumption, toilet water can be flushed with harvested rainwater. Annually the Netherlands receives 765 mm of rainwater (World Weather & Climate Information, 30 30 2015). This technique will reduce municipal water consumption by 6 L for each user, with the S assumption that each visitor of the bathhouse will use the toilet once (Conserve H2O, 2016). S Draught Buffer Space Naturally Pre-heated MechanicallyThis technique Pre-heated will also makeOverheating use of the rainwater which would nonetheless be directed to the Ventilation Ventilation N South-facing Winter arden WWTP as a result of the Marineterrein’s location in the Centre.
50-60 15 C There is an even greater opportunity to improve the sink of the bathhouse waste water. Two types of waste water will be managed differently: (1) waste water from the bathhouse pools, 22 C 32 C and (2) waste water from everything else such as toilets, showers, kitchen. The water used in the bathhouse involves a significant volume of water. However, if bathers are encouraged to 30 30 use the toilet and showers prior to entering the pools, this can reduce pollutants such as S sweat, urea, dirt and bacteria from contaminating the pool water. The provision and use of S Draught Buffer Space Naturally Pre-heated Mechanically Pre-heated Overheating biodegradable soaps should also be encouraged. In this way, due to the relatively known Ventilation Ventilation South-facing Winter arden
16 17 PART 2 PART 2
and minimal contaminants in the pool water, it can purified on site instead, and only the waste environment are possible to use. In regards to the area of a HFCW, the rule of thumb suggest water showers, toilets and kitchen water need to be transported to the centralized WWTP in that for every 30L water, 1m2 of wetland is needed and the length of wetland should be 3-4x Westpoort. its width (Wastewater Gardens, 2012). Figure 14 illustrates the basic design of the HFCW and appropriate plant species. Not only does the wetland avoid waste water being transported A recommended process for on site purification of waste water is a constructed wetland to the WWTP, it provides an aesthetically natural landscape. In addition, permeable surfaces (CW). Waste water input travels through a series of planted channels that filters out particles avoid rainwater from being redirected to the sewage pipeline. and microorganisms and mimics the purification process that occurs in natural wetlands. At the end of the process, the effluent can be discharged to the nearest water body. Types of In many public pools and bathhouse programs chemical products, such as chlorine, CW include horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, free-water surface and hybrid flow. Each are commonly used to keeps water free of bacteria. However, to reduce damage to waste technique has its advantages based on the context and type of waste water. The technique water and the ecosystem, and due to the fact that bathhouse water will be treated and best suited for treating the Marineterrein bathhouse water is a horizontal subsurface flow purified on site through the HFCW system, an alternative water treatment method must be constructed wetland (HFCW) because it is more tolerant to colder climates, requires less used. Ionization is a process that uses metallic ions to disinfect the water. It is a common maintenance then other systems, is less expensive, requires no source of electricity, and there process that is safe for humans, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-algae. The water is no odour nuisance as the waste water is not above ground level (SSWM, 2014). The basin flows through the pump and then into a sanitation chamber where copper and silver ion rods should be lined with an impermeable liner to prevent leaching, and gravel ranging in diameter are located. The ions breakdown the outer membranes of bacteria, fungus and viruses, and from 3-32 mm should fill the bed. It is possible to use waste concrete rubble as long as it is prevents photosynthesis of algae. The system is computerized and monitors water quality and cleaned prior to set up. Native plants with deep, wide routes that are suitable for a nutrient-rich indicates when ion rods need to be replaced (Beer, 1999) (Fig. 15).
Figure 14: Section diagram of a horizontal flow constructed wetland and suitable plant species Figure 15: Diagram of integrated ionzation filtration system Ionizer Switchboard Electrical Switchboard Filter
Ionizer 1m /30 water
3/4n metres Pool n met e rs
Pump (Hidrion.com)
Technical Design Guidelines:
-1% slope • Considerations for roof area for rain harvesting: • Annual rainfall: 765 mm; water consumption: 6 L/user • Distinction between change room/washing water & bathhouse water • Encourage swimmers to shower/use toilet before entering bathhouse zone Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland • Horizontal flow constructed wetland: • 1m2 of wetland for every 30L water • Length of wetland should be 3-4x its width • Permeable exterior surfaces to reduce rainwater entering sewage pipe • Ionization system to eliminate chemicals from being released into HFCW Phragmites Australis Typha Latifolia Scirpus Lacustris Equisetum Hyemale
18 19
N
50-60 15 C
22 C 32 C
30 30 S S Draught Buffer Space Naturally Pre-heated Mechanically Pre-heated Overheating Ventilation Ventilation South-facing Winter arden PART 2 PART 2
10 km
5 km
10 km B r a or
ricu ture Lek Watersource WWT 1 km
estaurants
Lek Watersource
T Bathhouse 5 km i ester r an ar en
ieu West
B o o esources r a or r an eatin et ork ouseho s Lek Watersource i h a WWT 1 km
u in tations estaurants Water n rastructure oute Marineterrein T
ieu West
o o esources
r an eatin et ork ouseho s i h a i nkanaa Bethune o er u in tations Watersources Water n rastructure oute Marineterrein 2 km
20 21
i nkanaa Bethune o er Watersources
2 km PART 3 PART 3
PART 3: Spatial implications & large scale impact
In order to apply and integrate the above mentioned techniques, the bathhouse’s 340 000 kWh electricity is produced annually. This excess electricity can be fed back into the area and daily user capacity must be determined. The Therme Vals in Switzerland, by Peter urban energy grid or supplied to surrounding programs on the Marineterrein. Zumthor, is approximately 4000m2, accommodates 200 visitors/day and offers a quiet and exclusive atmosphere. Kirkkonummi Uimahalli is 4120 m2, accommodates 450 visitors/day and In regards to water source and sink techniques, the roof catchment area for rainwater acts as a busy public multi-sport and recreational centre. The desired user capacity for the harvesting and the dimensions of the Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland are also dependent Marineterrein bathhouse is 250 people/day and 2200 m2 with the hope of achieving public on user capacity and size. In order to harvest enough rainwater to flush 6L of toilet water 250 space that promotes social interactions in parallel with a place of refuge within the city centre. times/day, 540 000 L of water is needed annually. Therefore the catchment area of the roof must be a minimum of 706 m2 and the rainwater storage tank must be 27 m3. 30 L of water With this information, we can determine the amount of MSFW required to generate must be exchange per person, therefore the HFCW will require 250m2 of land. See Appendix energy for the bathhouse, as well as determine the spatial implications of the anaerobic C for further calculations and Appendix B for a complete list of programs/systems and their digestion process and other capacity-sensitive techniques. In order to provide enough energy dimensions. Figure 17 visualizes the techniques that will be integrated into the Marineterrein for a 2200m2 bathhouse, 660 000 kWh of thermal heat and 440 000 kWh of electricity are bathhouse. Figure 18 is a Material Flow Analysis overview of the combined annual waste, required each year. Therefore, the minimum amount of MSFW that needs to collected and energy and water flows proposed in the design. Figure 19 & Figure 20 illustrate an example of processed is 2000 tons/year. See Appendix C for calculations. Figure 16 illustrates a map initial schematic design studies that are currently in process. indicating the necessary MSFW collection zones surrounding the Marineterrein. If everyone in these zones and the restaurants on the site separate their food waste, the bathhouse is able The implementation of the above mentioned integrated techniques into the to function as an energy neutral system year-round. The plug-flow digestion tank and biogas Marineterrein bathhouse offer obvious local benefits, however these decisions also have large storage are slightly larger then necessary to accommodate the potential of excess energy scale urban impacts. As previously stated, all waste in Amsterdam must travel from its source to for unforeseen future growth on the Marineterrein. Given the heat/electricity ratio output for the AEB in Westpoort. However, if all MSFW is collected from the indicated zones, unseparated every 1000 tons MSFW, and the fact that more heat is required then electricty, an excess of residual waste will decrease from 78% to 52% of the 370 kg total annual waste produced per person. Within the Centre alone, the annual number of garbage truck trips required to Figure 16: Map of waste collection districts in Amsterdam. transport residual waste to AEB is reduced to 3259, thereby reducing transportation trips by 9%. However, the MSFW will still need to be transported a short distance to the Marineterrein, and therefore approximately 285 local trips will be required to collect and delivery MSFW to the site each year. The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion is a carbon-neutral k 1 system, thus reducing toxins that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere by waste incineration. The effluent can be used as a natural fertilizer which can then be sold tothe agricultural industry or local gardens. Finally, by integrating and making visible the food waste-to-energy infrastructure into the design of public space, the Marineterrein bathhouse 00 5 also acts a showcase for sustainability and education.
Conclusion The objective of this report was to investigate how the flows of organic waste, energy, and water can be locally managed and integrated into the design of a public bathhouse. Understanding the existing situation of these three flows within the context of Amsterdam and the Marineterrein was essential in order to have a critical view on current techniques and explore alternative and innovative opportunities, at both the urban and building scale. This research will be used as a reference point throughout the duration of the project. As I move 21 740 Residents forward, the intention of this research is to integrate these techniques, from the beginning, as Collection Points a valuable part of the architectural design of the bathhouse and re-imagine energy production Marineterrein as contributing to valuable urban social space on the Marineterrein and the greater urban fabric.
22 23 PART 3 PART 3
ain ater atch ent oo
ain ater tora e
WWT
oo a i htin Steam Sauna 41 C nterna nsu ation 60-90 C To itchen inks ho ers Hot Pool Pool Hot 43 C 33 C 43 C Munici a Water u 33 C Café 43 C 18-21 C
Upward Floor Airflow
50 60 oni ation i tration ste M W o ection
atura Mech
enti ation
eat eco er ro ut ut Water Waste Bunker
Bio as tora e outh Winter ar en
i estion Tank
u cess ori onta o ectricit onstrcute Wet an i estate
ricu ture
Figure 17: Diagram of integrated techniques to optimize waste, energy & water flows in the bathhouse.
24 25 PART 3 PART 3 nnua Waste, Water ner o o Marineterrein Bathhouse
People IN 75 000 75 000 People OUT
25.8T 3.2 T Feces Urine Rainwater WWTP 540 T Toilets 569 T Black Water & AEB
1 800 T Showers 1 800 T rey Water
Potable Municipal 7 850 T 2 800 T itchen 2 800 T Water rey Water 5 169 T
2 250 T Bathhouse 2 250 T HFCW 2 250 T Canal Water Treated rey Water Water 2 250 T HRV Unit
85 % Thermal Heat 74 000 kWh 440 000 kWh Electricity
CHP Thermal Heat 660 000 kWh ocal Energy Electricity rid 340 000 kWh
Biogas Thermal Heat 320 000 Nm 6 000 kWh 346 000 kWh Anaerobic MSFW 2000 T 2000 T Digestion MSFW 740 T 740 T Agricultural Digestate Natural Industry Storage Fertilizer Collection 286 286 Storage Trucks 286 Collection 740 T Trucks*
* Collection trucks should leave site with residual waste, fertilizer, or other. Focus is that trucks should not leave empty.
Figure 18: Material Flow Analysis of waste, energy & water per year
26 27 PART 3 PART 3
Figure 19: Initial Schematic Design #1 Figure 20: Initial Schematic Design #2
2
12
7 1 1 5 2 6 3
6 8 3 4 4 8-9-10-11 7-9-10 5
13
11
Existing Building Existing Building
Plan Plan
4 4 10 9 9 3 5 8 1-2 6 7 3 7 1 2 11 10 Section A-A’ Section A-A’
Explanation:: 1 - cold spaces Explanation:: This design stronger focuses on the north-south orientation of the pool to 2 - hot spaces This design attempts to bridge the ‘water-side’ and back side’ in order to create 1 - cold spaces accommodate windows, as well as a south-south-west facing winter garden that 3 - main pool a stronger connection by using a raised corridor. This element, which I imagine 2 - hot spaces is sloped 55ª. The pool hall severs an existing building in order to optimize the 4 - large sauna to be very transparent, allows the user to view the digester and other integrated 3 - main pool lighting, views and connection to water. 5 - constructed wetlands techniques that are being showcased. The programs are more spread out to create 4 - large sauna 6 - digestion process a complex--like design, allowing users to feel apart of the Marineterrein, rather 5 - winter garden Disadvantages: 7 - café/lobby then a single building on the site. The pool is oriented in the same direction as the 6 - constructed wetlands X Lack of connection between water & ‘rear’ 8 - changeroom/wash existing buildings, and will rely mostly on roof lighting. 7 - digestion process X Separation between bathhouse & energy production digester 9 - office 8 - café/lobby X Lacking defined entrance 10 - technical room Disadvantages: 9 - changeroom/wash * A feature that must still be addressed in both schematic designs is how the user 11 - floating saunas X Currently no winter garden as buffer zone 10 - office moves from the different bathhouse programs. An up-to-date schematic design 12 - ampitheatre X Digester & wetlands can still be better integrated into bathhouse programs 11 - technical room with be included to the report after P2. 13 - harbour pool X Transition from bathhouse to harbour can still be better connected -
28 29 REFERENCES REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Alonso, C. et al. “Potential for energy saving in transitional spaces in commercial buildings.” citybreaths.com/post/40011703127/amsterdam-morphology-a-history. International Conference CleanTech for Sustainable Building. Lausanne: 2011. “Netherlands Weather and Climate: Average Monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperatures, Humidity, Wind Speed.” World Weather & Climate Information, 2015. https:// Beer CW, Guilmartin LE, McLoughlin TF, White TJ. 1999. Swimming pool disinfection: efficacy weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Netherlands. of copper/silver ions with reduced chlorine levels. J Environmental Health, 61(9): 9-12. “N.V. Nuon Energy Annual Report 2014.” N.V. Nuon Energy, Amsterdam, 2014, 7. Best, Elly P. Netherlands wetlands: proceedings of a symposium held in Arnhem, the Netherlands, December 1989. Dordrecht u.a.: Kluwer, 1993, 145. “Rainwater Harvesting - Made Simple.” Oasis. http://oasis-rainharvesting.co.uk/sizing_the_ tank. Chaudhary, Binod. “Dry Continuous Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste in Thermophilic Conditions.” Asian Institute of Technology, May 2008. “Renewable Energy Infrastructure and Public Space.” LAGI: Land Art Generator Initiative. August 22, 2011. http://landartgenerator.org/blagi/archives/1583. Circle Economy, Fabric, Gemeente Amsterdam and TNO. “Circular Amsterdam: A vision and action agenda for the city and metropolitan area.” 2016. Saari, Arto, and Tiina Sekki. “Energy Consumption of a Public Swimming Bath.” The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal TOBCTJ 2, no. 1 (2008): 202-06. City of Amsterdam. Towards Amsterdam Circular Economy. Amsterdam, 2015. Sperl, Louisa K. “Innovative Waste Management for a Circular Economy in the Netherlands.” “Collecting and Using Rainwater at Home.” CMCH-SCHL (2013). https://www.cmhc-schl. Trier University of Applied Sciences Business School, February 10, 2016. gc.ca/odpub/pdf/67925.pdf. “Swimming Pools Updated Guidance for 2011.” Sport England, February 2011. “Constructed Wetlands to Treat Wastewater.” Wastewater Gardens, January 05, 2012. “Toilet.” Conserve H2O. Accessed November 20, 2016. http://www.conserveh2o.org/ “Energy Efficiency in Swimming Pools.” Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group. January 2012. toilet-water-use. http://pwtag.org/technicalnotes/energy-efficiency-in-swimming-pools/. Tsang, Ernest. “Resilience in Adopting Green Building Design - Natural Lighting for Indoor Gollwitzer, Esther, Florian Gressier, and Søren Peper. “Passivhaus-Hallenbad Bambados Swimming Pools.” Network. http://network.wsp-pb.com/article/resilience-in-adopt- Monitoring.” Passivhaus Institut, August 2015. ing-green-building-design-natural-lighting-for-indoor-swimmi.
Gemeente Amsterdam (2015). Afvalketen in beeld Grondstoffen uit Amsterdam. Uggetti, Enrica, Bruno Sialve, Eric Trably, and Jean-Philippe Steyer. “Integrating Microalgae Production with Anaerobic Digestion: A Biorefinery Approach.” Biofuels, Bioproducts and Gemeente Amsterdam. “Kerncijfers Amsterdam 2016: Onderzoek, Informatie en Statistiek.” Biorefining 8, no. 4 (2014): 516-29. Amsterdam. (May, 2016). Vasudevan, R., O. Karlsson, K. Dhejne, P. Derewonko, and J.C. Brezet. “The Methanizer: A De Haan, Klaas-Bindert. “Interactive Maps.” Gemeente Amsterdam. http://maps.amsterdam. Small Scale Biogas Reactor for a Restaurant.” TU Delft, October 2010. nl/bouwjaar/?LANG=en. Weber, C. “Energy Efficiency in Public Indoor Swimming Pools.” Passipedia. November 6, Heer, Lukas, and Fallon Walton. “Kompogas Energy Production.” Interview. Hitachi Zosen 2014. https://passipedia.org/planning/non-residential_passive_house_buildings/swimming_ Inova AG, November 22, 2016. pools/energy_efficiency_in_public_indoor_swimming_pools.
“Historisch stedenbouwkundige analyse & inventarisatie van monumenten en Wildenburg, Marcel (Beleidsadviseur Afdeling Schoon & Heel, Gemeente Amsterdam, beeldbepalende gebouwen.” Gemeente Amsterdam: Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie, Stadsdeel Centrum). ”Loading Rate & Numer of Amsterdam Garbage Trucks.” E-mail February 2012. interview by author. November 29, 2016.
Hitachi Zosen Inova. ”Waste Is Our Energy.” (2015). http://www.hz-inova.com/cms/ “WRAP and the circular economy.” WRAP and the circular economy | WRAP UK. http://www. wp-content/uploads/2016/01/HZI_Company-Brochure_EN_web.pdf. wrap.org.uk/about-us/about/wrap-and-circular-economy.
“Horizontal Subsurface Flow CW.” SSWM. 2014. http://www.sswm.info/category/ Zafar, Salman. “Negative Impacts of Incineration-Based Waste-to-Energy Technology.” implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/semi-centralised-wastewater-treat- Alternative Energy News. September 2008. http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/nega- ments/h. tive-impacts-waste-to-energy/.
Minkjan, Mark. “Amsterdam’s Morphology, A History.” City Breaths. January 11, 2013. http://
30 31 APPENDIX A APPENDIX A
Area of Focus
1:2500
32 33 APPENDIX A APPENDIX A
1660 1782
1:25000
Amsterdam Centre
1875 1950
Water Before 1860 1860-1919 1920-1945 1946-1965 Land 1966-1990 After 1990 2016 Unknown
Expansion of Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam, n.d) Morphology of the Marineterrein
34 35 APPENDIX B APPENDIX B PROGRAM SIZE REQUIREMENTS TECH. REQUIREMENTS/NOTES BASIC VOLUME (1:500) REFERENCES
Waste Bunker - Access by truck delivery - Reduce smell via door positioning
- Dry continuous plug-flow reactor at Digestion Tank thermophilic conditions
Digestate - 1000 kg MSFW = 370 kg natural fertilizer
Biogas Upgrader - 1000 kg MSFW = 160 Nm3 biogas & Storage
3 CHP Unit - 160 Nm biogas = 390 kWhel, 333 kWhth
1m²/30L water
2 HF Constructed - 1m /30L water - Basin lines with impermeable liner 3/4n metres
n m Wetland - length 4x width - Gravel layer 3-32 mm diametre eters - Native species: Phragmites Australis, Typha Latifolia, Scirpus Lacustris, Equisetum Hyemale
-1% slope
Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland Rainwater Storage & Roof - Tank: 27 m3 - Average annual collection: 540 000 L Catchment Area - Roof Area: 706m2
36 N 37
50-60º 15ºC
22ºC 32ºC
30º 30º S S Draught Buffer Space Naturally Pre-heated Mechanically Pre-heated Overheating Ventilation Ventilation South-facing Winter Garden APPENDIX B APPENDIX B
PROGRAM SIZE REQUIREMENTS TECH. REQUIREMENTS BASIC VOLUME REFERENCES
Main Pool Area: 540m2 Air Temp.: 33ºC Water Area: 220m2 Water Temp.: 32ºC
- Natural roof lighting - Windows only on N & S, height should be halft the length of the deck - upward-directed laminar air flow
Winter Garden Area: 300m2 Air Temp.: 25ºC
- South-facing with 30º tolerance - Glazed roof at 50-60º - Provides mechanical or natural ventilation
Large Sauna Area: 48m2 Air Temp.: 60-90ºC
- Use internal insulation & insulated ` barriers
Sm. Sauna 1 Area: 12m2 Air Temp.: 70-90ºC
Sm. Sauna 2 Area: 12m2 Air Temp.: 70-90ºC
Steam Room Area: 12m2 Air Temp.: 41ºC 85-100% humidity 38 39 APPENDIX B APPENDIX B
PROGRAM SIZE REQUIREMENTS TECH. REQUIREMENTS BASIC VOLUME REFERENCES
Wash Area: 50m2 Air Temp.: 25ºC
Changerooms Area: 200m2 Air Temp.: 25ºC
Hot Pool/Room Area: 48m2 Air Temp.: 43ºC Water Temp.: 42ºC
- Use internal insulation & insulated ` barriers
Ex. Hot Pools Area: m2 Water Temp.: 35-40ºC
- Shield pools from wind & use covers to avoid heat loss
Cold Pool Area: 38m2 Air Temp.: 15ºC Water Area: 15m2 Water Temp.: 14ºC
- Use internal insulation & insulated ` barriers
40 41 APPENDIX B APPENDIX B
PROGRAM SIZE REQUIREMENTS TECH. REQUIREMENTS BASIC VOLUME REFERENCES
Lobby Area: 100m2 Air Temp.: 18-21ºC
Cafe Area: 150m2 Air Temp.: 18-21ºC
Office Area: 50m2 Air Temp.: 18-21ºC
Storage Area: 100m2 Air Temp.: 18ºC
Cafe WC Area: 16m2 Air Temp.: 18ºC
2 Harbour WC & Area: 16m Air Temp.: 18ºC Changerooms
Technical Space Area: 100m2 Air Temp.: 18ºC
- Location of Ionization system
42 43 APPENDIX C APPENDIX C
Restaurant: Annual Food Waste Production Existing Residual Waste Transport in Amsterdam Centrum
Small restaurant food waste: 20kg/day (Vasudevan, 2013) Amsterdam garbage truck loading rate: 7000 kg (Wildenburg, 2016) Large restaurant food waste: 41kg/day (Vasudevan, 2013) Amount of garbage trucks available in Amsterdam Centrum: 7 (Wildenburg, 2016) Annual amount of garbage collection days in Centrum: 104 (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015) = Average restaurant food waste 30 kg/day • 300 operating days Population of Amsterdam Centrum: 86 499 (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016) = 9000 kg/year food waste Total annual amount of residual waste in Centrum: 86499•(78%•370kg) = 24 963 611 kg
Annual required # of trucks for residual waste collection in Centrum: 3 566 Catchment Roof Area & Tank Size Calculation Average Daily Trip for one truck: (3 566/7 trucks)/104 annual collection days = 5 (a) Daily user capacity = 250 (b) Annual operating days = 300 Proposed Residual Waste Transport in Amsterdam Centrum (c) Toilet water used per flush = 6 L (Conserve H20, 2016) (d) Adjustment for loss = 20% (CMHC-SCHL, 2013) Total annual amount of residual waste in Centrum: 86499•(78%•370kg) = 24 963 611 kg Population in Centrum not required to separate MSFW: 64 159 Maximum rainwater collection (e) = (d)[(a)•(b)•(c)] = 1.2[250•300•6] =540 000 L -> Annual amount of residual waste: 64 159•(78%•370kg) = 18 516 287 kg Population in Centrum required to separate MSFW: 22 340 (f) Annual Rainfall in Netherlands = 765 mm (World Weather & Climate Information, 2015) -> Annual amount of residual waste: 22 340•(52%•370kg) = 4 298 216 kg Total annual amount of residual waste in Centrum: 22 814 503 Catchment Roof Area = (e)/(f) = 540 000 L/765 mm = 706 m2 Annual required # of trucks for residual waste collection in Centrum: 3 259 Tank Size = 5% of Annual rainwater demand (Oasis, 2015) Decrease in annual amount of trucks required to travel to AEB: 9%
3 540 000 L•0.05 =27 000 L = 27m Residents required to collect MSFW:
District Code District Name Population Required waste for energy needed in Bathhouse A04a Oosterdokseiland 469
A04b Scheepvaarthuisburt 728 Assumed area of bathhouse: 2200 m2 A04c Rapenburg 1017 1000 kg organic waste = 333 kWhth & 390 kWhel A04d Lastage 1067
A04e Nieuwmarkt 1625 Required energy = 660 000 kWhth & 440 000 kWhel A04f Uilenburg 1145 6 1000[333 kWhth • 660 000 kWhth ] = 1.982 kg A04g Valkenburg 1161 6 1000[390 kWhel• 440 000 kWhel] = 1.128 kg A08d Plantage 2077
A09a Marineterrein-Etablissement 63 1.9826 kg is greathen then 1.1286 kg, therefore 1.9826 kg organic waste is required. To generalize asumptions, lets assume 26 kg of organic waste is required. Therefore, if each resident produces A09b Kattenburg 1703 92 kg organic waste, a minimum of 21 740 people are required. A09c Wittenburg 2211 A09d Oostenburg 1557
A09e Czar Peterbuurt 1973 Shower Use A09i Kadijken 2819 Average Flow Rate: 8 litres per minute M33a Oostelijk Handelskade 1485 Average Shower: 3 minutes Total 21100 Annual # of people: 75 000
Annual amount of shower water: 1 800 000 L
44 45
1