Актуальные вопросы современной социа льной политики: Опыт России и Китая 20 ferent from theattitudeofinhabitants oftheChinaRepublic. as itisoftencalledbyforeign authors, isambiguous,andmostimportantly, dif- isvery foreign researchers attheSCS. this maybebecausethesystem wasfullyoperational only in2016. in-depth analyzesofthesocial credit systemlaunchedinChina, intheworld.Inpart, has beenpoorlyworkedoutfrom a scientificpointofview. There are stillfewserious, interest inthisphenomenon.However, despitesignificantpublic resonance, thisproblem fenders, statesmenand,ofcourse, scientistsofvariousspecializationshaveanincreased public ofChina,isa widelydiscussedtopicintheworldcommunity. Humanrightsde- The socialcredit system(hereinafter — SCS),created andintroduced inthePeople’s Re- Introduction Российская Федерация;[email protected] сийской Федерации (Северо-Западный институт управления РАНХиГС), Санкт-Петербург, Российская академиянародного хозяйства и государственной службыприПрезиденте Рос­ Байер Ю. П.,ВасильеваВ.А.,Ветренко И. А.* of Management,Branch ofRANEPA), Saint-Petersburg, RussianFederation; *[email protected] Russian Presidential AcademyofNationalEconomyandPublic Administration Institute (North-West Julia Р. Bayer, A.Vetrenko* Inna Valeria A.Vasilyeva, Researchers Foreign of Eyes the through of People’s the of System Credit Social The DOI It shouldbenotedthatthe attitudeofforeign researchers tothe“Chinesesystem”, andanalyzeprevailing istoidentify The purposeofthisarticle pointsofviewamong

10.22394/1726-1139-2020-7-20-31 the People’s For citing:Julia Р. Bayer, Valeria A.Vasilyeva,InnaVetrenko. TheSocialCredit Systemof Keywords: socialcredit, socialtrust,management,control, socialcredit system ing thissystem,draws conclusions,anddevelopsrecommendations. discusses thefivemainfears associatedwithSCS,aswellthefiveadvantagesofintroduc - credit system,launchedinChina,sofarscares therest oftheworld.Inthisregard, thearticle researchers which gave reason was carried out inthe article, toconclude that the social authors believe, will help to increase the sincerity of life. An analysis of the materials of foreign peace ofmind.Theformationthepopulation’s habitlivingincontextSCS,as formation ofcitizens’behavioronthebasisopenness,followingritualsanddesire for practice theprincipleofgoldenmean,thatapplicationSCSwillcontributeto is topromote theformationofcitizens’behaviorbasedonopenness,followingrituals. the managementparadigm basedontheprinciplesofConfucianismandTaoism, itsmaintask social credit closetoours mentallyandhistorically, systemforChinaisvery itfitswellwith analyzes thebasicprinciplesofSCS,whichallowedustodraw thefollowingconclusions: ence andpractice amongforeign researchers ontheSocialCredit System(SCS).Thearticle andanalyzetheideascurrently istoidentify The purposeofthisarticle availableinworldsci- ABSTRACT Управленческое консультирование. 2020.№ 7.С.20–31 . it SystemofthePeople’s Republic ofChinathrough theEyes ofForeign Researchers // Для цитирования: consulting. 2020.No. 7.Р. 20–31. The main conclusions are made, suchas the fact that this system allows you to put into УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ Republic of China through the Eyes of Foreign Researchers Julia Р. Bayer, InnaA. Vetrenko. TheSocialCred Valeria A.Vasilyeva, - . №7 . 2020 Republic // Administrative

which meant the idea of creating a provisions ofConfucianism, LegismandTaoism. tion ofChinesemanagerialthoughtandtakesallthebest, reliable andtestedfrom the and state leadershipChinese nation. In this way party relies on the millennia-old tradi- enter a newera ofreform andopenness,tobegina newpaththegreat revival ofthe velopment ofmanagementscienceinChina. a personal exampleofthoseinpower, becameoneofthemainincentivesforde- called fortheupbringingofethicalstandards amongthepeoplethrough educationand of societywiththehelpstrictmeasures (socalledwhip),andtheConfucians,who followers ofShangYang, theso-calledlegalists-legists,whoadvocatedmanagement and againinChina —mutualresponsibility [9,p. 22]. This systemwascalled“baojia”andformanycenturiesitperiodicallyappeared again mentioned above)regularly reported onallmovementsofresidents totheirsuperiors. of allfamilymembers, andtheelder(theone,beingresponsible forthecommune, The lawalsoprescribed thatthere shouldbeplatesonthedoors ofhouseswitha list for thecrimescommitted.Andevenminormisconduct,punishmentswere severe. eachother,ilies (socalledcommune)toobserve thus bearingcollectiveresponsibility great Chinesereformer, ShangYang, ordered thepeopletosplitintogroups of5–10 fam- mentality andinthetraditions ofpublicadministration. B. Even intheI century creation ofa socialcredit system”were published[14, p. 88]. “Some commentsfrom theOfficeofStateCouncilChinaRepublicabout technical planforthedeploymentofsystemwasdeveloped,andinsame2007, formulated in2007 bytheformerPRCPresident HuJintao.Onhisinitiative,thefirst and implementa SocialCredit (trust)System — SCS(internationalabbreviation) was this statehasdeepmentalandhistoricalroots. For thefirst time,theneedtodeploy China belongstothetraditional easterncivilizations,respectively, whatishappeningin The originsofChina’s socialcredit system:background analyze allthearguments forandagainstSCS. andmethod wasa criticalanalysis,withthehelpofwhichitpossibletoidentify ods andspecialtoolsforassessingthedataarray onthetopicunderstudy. Themain entific citationindices(RSCI,Scopus,Web-of-Science),aswellscientometricmeth- for harmony between a for harmony between • • • order toachievethe“Chinesedream” three basicconditionsare necessary: izing a nationalrevival andachievingprosperity. Inhisconcept,SiJinpingsaidthatin

Moreover, President of China Si Jinping formulated the “Chinese dream” back in 2013, Recently, strong SiJinpingsaidthattheparty’s centralized leadership allowedusto The disputethathasbeengoingonformore thousandyears the thantwo between But, aswenotedabove,thebasicprinciplesofSCSare deeplyrooted intheChinese In ourstudy, weusedthemethodsofcontentanalysispublicationsplacedinsci- It iswellknownthat,according tothetraditions ofConfucianism,trustisa synonym whole nationandthedream ofeachChineseindividually”[13, p. 32]. the 1.3 billionpeople,shouldbecombined. TheChinesedream is the dream ofthe The forces ofthenation,whichare bornofthegreat cohesion of56 nationalities is reform andinnovation. spirit, thecore ofwhichispatriotism,aswellthespirit era, thecore ofwhich toexalttheunityofChinesepeople,based ontrust,theChinese It isnecessary continue andexpandthedevelopmentpathcorresponding toChineserealities. managed tocreate a great Chinesecivilization,then,allthemore, wewillbeableto characteristics. TheChinese nation isa ofoutstandingcreativity. Sincewe “It isimperative tofollowthe Chinese path,thatis,thepathofsocialismwith УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ person, society and the state [3; 11]. In turn, harmony is the prosperous state, the dream and powerful of real- . №7 . 2020

C. the 21

Topical issues of modern social policy: Experience of Russia and China Актуальные вопросы современной социа льной политики: Опыт России и Китая 22 to introduce citizen and disseminate SCS throughout by 2020, when every the country tem for 2014–2020” was officially published. Thus, the State Council of the PRC planned On 27 ofJune,2014, the“Plan(Circular) fortheConstructionof theSocialCredit Sys- of thePRC Review ofscientificliterature andapproaches to thesocialcredit system ing amongthescientificcommunity. forms suchdifferent, andsometimesevencounterattack, assessments ofSCS,includ- Middle Kingdom,butare notentirely cleartorepresentatives ofothercountries, which torically matured. Thatiswhytheydonotcauserejection amongtheinhabitantsof continuation ofthemanagementtraditions inthiscountry, whichhasmentallyandhis- predictpartially thecourse ofeventsanddirections oftheirownlives. conditions, thiswillhelptoincrease thesincerityoflife,andwillallowpeopletoatleast following rituals and striving for peace of mind; as people develop habits living in SCS SCS itself);theuseofwillhelptoshapecitizens' behaviorbasedonopenness, toimprove oneself (thisistruebothforindividualsandorganizationsserves and the time”,whichislargely beingabsolutizedinTaoism. Thissuggeststhat:anypractice principleof“following the circumstancesmodern conditions,ofthemostimportant of other, withthecommunity, andthestate. withtheparty interdependence for the behavior of any Chinese in relations people with each between disorder, onthecontrary, theindestructibleorder ishidden;strengthening thebasic which assumes that the disorder is hidden in the visible order, but in the apparent es” — onaspecificsituationbaseduniformassessmentsystemforall;accounting, etration andremoval ofopposites,thesolutionallissues“according tocircumstanc- the Great Limitprincipleunderlying theChinesementality, whichimpliestheinterpen- and managementideology, shouldprovide thefollowingpositions:implementationof agement atthepresent historical stage.SCS,withintheframework course oftheparty software solutionsinthissystemmustfullycomplywiththeideologyofChineseman- • • • • • pressed by: you toputintopractice theprincipleofgoldenmeanormiddlepath,whichisex- the family, communityandpeople,fulfillinga publicduty, pursuing theChinesedream”. in Confucianismis“overcoming oneselfasa separate from individualwhoisbeingapart of tradition.rituals involving the observance As for self-improvement, its key meaning ment, obeyingtotherulesofdecencyandnormssociety, of andtheperformance highest duty, goalandneedoftheChinese.Harmonyisachievedthrough self-improve- Thus, theSCSisnota newformofestablishingorder inChina,buta harmonious The socialcredit systemshould alsocontributetotheimplementation,inspecific administration, contourofparty-state Since SCSisthemostimportant thehardware- of theChinesedream. trariness instructionsanddonotfollowthecourse ofofficialswhodonotfollowparty administration anddependenceofthelivesordinary peopleonthepossiblearbi- refusal from excessive and unfruitful regulation of all aspects of the life of the Chinese, tion; development of averaged norms and values that are acceptable to the general popula- ates misconductandmakesjudgmentsfree from biasandone-sidedness; strengthening justice,whennotofficials orneighbors,artificial intelligenceevalu- but life; condemnation ofallextremes and thedesire fora full,open,nothavingdarksecrets and deficiency; moderationcompliance withthenecessary andrejection extremes oftwo —excess If we analyzethe basic principlesofSCS, it becomes obvious thatthis system allows

УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ . №7 . 2020

social control [38].Ina research Nightmare: paper“Orwell’s China’s SocialCredit Sys - proposing thatthenewsystembecallednot a systemofsocialcredit, buta systemof to democratic idealsandeconomicstability[24;26;29; 32;34]. fears whoseethe principles of ofoutsideobservers the socialcredit system asa citizens oftheMiddleKingdom whoare satisfiedwithSCS [25;30;45],aswellthe are being activelydiscussed —thepositiveeffectof introduction of thesystemand number of studies willcontinue to grow exponentially, since on the Internet they both according to Scopus, 24 titude ofscientiststothisChinesephenomenon,onthe other[20;26;40;47]. In2019, base) thatdescribethesystemindetail,ononehand [23;36;42;44] andthe at- citizen andthestate[35;41; 46],ordiscusstheSCSinlightofpoliticalissues[39]. of thissystem,itsfeatures andforecasts ofthedevelopmentrelations the between and theseare byresearchers mainlyarticles from Chinathatdescribeeithertheoperation interest in this topic could not be called massive. Separate are articles being published, scammers, or, evenworse, criminals. social circle weapon inthehandsofeither becomea — somedaythiswillcertainly freedom. Total control, interference in personal life, tracking movements, purchases, the socialcredit systeminChina, trustisbasedoninformationa citizen’sdailylife. (credit history, workexperienceinoneplace,etc.)isthebasisoftrust a client, soin socially duetosuchillegalorunethicalaction.Andbothinthebankingsystem,information unlawful ornon-documentedactions(defaults,fraud, etc.),thestatuscanbechanged order ofthewholesociety”[27]. “social-credit relations ofallentitiesconstitutethecredit environment andthesocial relationship “citizen —citizen”and — society”basedonethics.Inotherwords, ards throughout theirlives,thatis,the andcodesofconductthatcitizensmustobserve economic meaning,theterm“credit” alsoreflects thesocialmeaning —ethicalstand- deferred payments.IntheChineselanguage, inadditiontothegenerally accepted the West,andinRussia,term“credit” ismostoftenunderstood asa systemof ously perceived outsideofChina,sincethere are differences certain interminology. In parents [37]. — from thefactsoftrafficeverything violationstotheinabilitytake care ofelderly gcheng (ShandongProvince), a successfulsocialcredit system takesintoaccount ity notonlyfinancially, butalsoinallspheres ofhumanactivity. For example,inRon- were aimedatcollectinginformation abouteachcitizeninorder todeterminereliabil- last century. Butonlyafter2007 andonlyinChina, bigdatatechnologies(bigdata) determine customerreliability, were investigatedmuchearlier, from the70-s of response then. However, thisdocument inthescientificworlddidnot receive a more orlessnoticeable State CouncilofthePRConcreation ofa socialcredit system”were published. system” waspublishedin2014, backin2007, “Somecommentsfrom theOfficeof efits, orshouldtobepunishedsomehow[36]. the citizen,andthesecredit ratings willdeterminewhethera citizencanreceive ben- indicators (points)basedonthehistoricalandcurrent socialandeconomicactivitiesof will beevaluatedaccording tohis“creditworthiness” and“loyalty”usingquantitative

The AsianInstituteforPolitical Studies(South Korea) expressed concern, particular And onlyin2018 appear(11 dida seriesofarticles publications intheScopusdata - The first ontheideasof “socialcredit” articles appeared in2006[43],butuntil2017 It is this aspect that worriesmost of those whohave absorbed the Westernvalues of While thestatusofa credit entityintheeconomicsense canchangeasa result ofany nameofthesystemusingphraseThe very “socialcredit” isalready ambigu- Of course, credit scoringissues,orrather, theuseofinformationtechnologyto Despite thefactthatcrucialdocument“Theprogram ofbuildinga socialcredit УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ articles have already articles been published. We predict that the . №7 . 2020

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Topical issues of modern social policy: Experience of Russia and China Актуальные вопросы современной социа льной политики: Опыт России и Китая 24 oughly. in thecaseofinappropriate behaviorare describedinmore detailandmore thor - and “bad”behavior. Scientistshave foundthatthecauseinvestigativerelationships and revealed a behavior reports websiteoftheBeijingSocialCredit published ontheofficial System, from Munich(Germany)[24] analyzedabout200,000 behavioral records andcitizen regarding the“honesty”andtransparency ofcitizens'assessments.A research team ing toa more honestandlaw-abidingsocialbehavior. vision andtheuseofconfidentialdata,butasa tooltoimprove the qualityoflifelead- provided bythe SCS, andthesystemitselfisperceived notasaninstrumentofsuper- wealthy citizens,especiallyinurbanareas, haveaccesstoa widerrange ofbenefits knowledge andare more opentotechnologicalchange.Inaddition,more educatedand degree of approval may simply be that the richer educated citizens have technical litical, and social freedom and citizens' capabilities. One explanation for such a state andprivateSCSs,sinceitisprecisely thesethatpotentiallyaffecteconomic,po- male gender, are more highly educatedandliveinurbanareas. of approval bythepopulationofSCS. withpeopleofdifferented a seriesofinterviews ages,whichalsoshowedhighlevels their disapproval bytheSCSsystem.To correct sucherrors, theresearchers conduct- research waspurely scientific,itislikely thatsomeofthe respondents didnotexpress were participants informedthatthequestionnairessurvey were anonymousand the tion amongrespondents livingunder anauthoritarianregime. Despitethefactthat clearly donotapprove ofSCS.Ofcourse, itislikelythattheanswers reflect somecau- Only 19% of respondents perceive SCS as neutral, while only 1% reported that they respondents either unequivocally or with a high levelofapproval bythesystem.Forthe populationshowsa very example,80%of of respondents report inSCSof[31, localself-governmentparticipating p. 1573], while widely usedinChina —more than80%ofrespondents usecommercial SCSand7% are notpriorityinthemindsofChinese citizens.ThestudyshowsthatSCSisalready by a Germanresearcher36], thearticle GeniusKostka[31] emphasizes thatthesegoals infrastructure”surveillance [21; 22] andasaninstrumentofsocialmanagement[28; or fearfortheleakofconfidentialinformation. for thecitizensofChina,newsystemprovides more advantagesthaninconvenience to SCS.Theresults ofthisstudy confirmthehypothesesof researchers [34;36] that organized through websites and asked questions to Chinese people about their attitude by 22.8%,andpopulationsatisfactionhasbecomehigherthan96%.Thestudywas has been operating formore than 5 years, tax conflicts anddisputes have decreased awarded andfairly. impartially Inaddition,inRongcheng,where thesocialcredit system 80% oftheChinesepopulationapprove thesystemandare convincedthatpointsare adjustments toreporting. only intensify, as you can always find ways and people to change their score, or make principle unacceptableindemocracies, theauthors suggestthatcorruptioninChinawill citizens withoutexception.Inadditiontotheconvictionthatsucha control systemisin the totalcontrol thatshouldbeubiquitousundersucha systemandappliestoall ment ofbills)forwhichChinesecitizensare beingreduced points are concernedabout on thered light,stayingontheInternetfora longtimeplayingvideogames,latepay- tem”, AIPSscientistsanxiouslyrecounted “disturbances”inpubliclife(crossing theroad The viewofresearchers inothercountriescarriesa significantshare ofskepticism At first sight,it seemsillogicalthatwealthierandmore educatedcitizenssupport Interestingly, strong supporters ofCSCare generally older, havehigherincomes,are While otherstudiesindicatethattheemerging SCSisbeingdesignedasa “state However, aftera large casestudyconductedin2019 [31], itturnedoutthatabout

УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ significant asymmetry between the description of the events between of “good” significant asymmetry high degree of confidence approve SCS. . №7 . 2020 high its developmentinChina.Burilina M. agree thatthissystemstillneeds tobestudiedandconstantlymonitortheprogress of and evenloyal.There are nofrank fears ornegativeassessments;rather, theauthors credit systemshowsthattheattitude towards itinthepost-Soviet spaceismore calm a similar systeminRussia[12]. on internationalrelations intheworld[15], aswellthepossibilityofintroducing 5; 7] anditsassessmentintermsofviability[4;6],risksprospects [17], theimpact 2018, a numberofpublicationsappear, describingthesystemofsocialcredit itself[1; outright fear[18; 19; 33]. behavior, preferences, friends,etc.,already refers theChinesesystemtoa fieldof tion intothepersonal livesofcitizens,whetheritisrecognition ofpeopleonthestreet, information about a so farscares therest oftheworld.Andifresearchers agree with theneedtoreceive researchers, givesreason toconcludethatthesocialcredit system,launchedinChina, receive rewards, sothatChinesethemselvesare pretty satisfiedwiththissystem. way oflife”havemuchmore togeta goodeducation,succeedinbusiness, opportunities [7], describing life with a state, businessandpeople,instabilizingthelegalsystem.Grigorenko O. andZhulevF. intheformofstrengtheningtion ofSCSinthecountry sincerityintheinteraction ofthe [17] points tothepositiveeffectexpectedbyGovernmentofChinafrom theintroduc- useful in resolvingwould, in her opinion, be very migration issues in Europe. Timofeeva in mentality, religions, moral standards andrights.However, the“socialcredit” method in RussiaandEurope itwillnotbeeasytointroduce sucha systemduetodifferences which isdesignedtoaccustomcitizensself-discipline,andexpresses theopinionthat the socialcredit systemand,analyzing,argues fortheirfailure. of criticismthesocialcredit system”,theauthorlistsstandard thesesfrom criticsof predominantly emotionalnature “Ontheissue ofsuch criticalevaluations.Inthearticle traditions andvalues. and emphasizetheneedtoproceed from a different statesysteminRussia,Russian doubt saythatitisimpossibletousetheSCSofChina inRussianconditions“asitis” technologization ofsociety”[5].Moreover, scientists[6;8;13] degrees with varying of China andnotonly(Alibaba,WeChat,etc.),thatis,SCScontributestothe“further munication technologiesandtheirimplementationinbusinessprojects commonin because itsfullfunctioningisbasedontheuseof“bigdata”,informationandcom- ing system.Thelastbutnottheleast,SCSofChinaisalsowelcomedbyscientists of thedata,pointingtoobviousadvantagesintroducing a full-fledgedcredit scor- China andRussia,theynoteonlythedifference inthesetofindicators andthescale CCK were reviewed by A. promising projectconvicts, wouldbea very forRussia. concludes thattheintroduction ofhigh-techmeansmonitoring,forexample,former (according tothepractical experienceofChinatoday, morality ismoney),theauthor the citizen’s moral consciousness.Pointing outthechangesinconceptofmorality that denunciationinthelegalandindustrialspheres willworktoincrease thegrowth of dubiousprospects, despitethefactthatChinesethemselvesbelievetion hasvery by D. Beloborodov [1]. Henotedthatsucha momentof“rating” citizensas- denuncia

An analysisofRussian-languagescientificpublicationsontheissuesPRCsocial Russian researchers drew theirattentiontoSCSinChinaalsorelatively recently. Since In general, ananalysisofthematerialsforeign, mostlyAmericanandEuropean Pashkovskaya I. From ourpointofview, todomore wewilltry profound on. analysisfurther From a varying degreeA number ofpublicationsthat givea varying ofnegativeassessmentthe juridical point of view, the problem of applying fiduciary ratings was considered УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ V. andValentseva N. citizen in terms of their financial viability or credit history, penetra- “social credit”, noted that citizens who have so to say, “right Bespalko [2]. He madea points out the imperfection of thesystem, A. [4] pointsoutthe imperfection I. [12], comparingthereputation systemsof convincing conclusion about the . №7 . 2020

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A.

Topical issues of modern social policy: Experience of Russia and China Актуальные вопросы современной социа льной политики: Опыт России и Китая citizen, for the most part itreceivescitizen, forthe mostpart andprocesses informationalready availablein raphy init.Underthetermpublicitythiscaseweunderstand socialrating aswell. that, becoming public, weshould not be ashamed of our life and the facts of the biog- talking aboutpersonal privacyisridiculous andpointless,theonlythingwecandois phone, thedataofwhichisconstantly updated,transmitted, processed. Thus,atpresent, about caloriesspent,andFat Secret — aboutcaloriesintake,etc. Thisisstored inour Booking, Trip about ourmovements,Pedometer Adviser knoweverything onthephone — mation aboutcitizens’purchases (loyaltyprograms, bonussystemsand soon).Uber, simply havenotmadea statementaboutit(didn’tmakeloud). global markethavelongbeenusingforpromoting they theirproducts andservices; etc.Thesocialcreditfriends onsocialnetworks, systemuseswhatglobalfirmsandthe clipsspeciallyselectedforus,music, movies,offersgives uscontextualadvertising, friends' contacts,wewatchvideos —Googleremembers andstructures everything, other search enginehaddone itfora longtime.Whetherwemakerequests, wekeep 26 system: alsomonitoringtheinformationalready availableonthenetwork. friends, hispopularity, Thesamedoesthesocialcredit hisactivityinsocialnetworks. a candidate forfinalinterview, monitors thesocialaccountsofcandidate,his person, it systematizesthe existing data.JustlikeanHR-specialist,before inviting exist andare already inuse. SCS isjustonemore direction, where canoneusethedata,sincetheyalready that “currency” thatwepay, allowingthestatetocontrol usinthis[48].Therefore, the long beenessentiallyviolatedfora time,andinreturn, ourpromised securityis ofthegovernment ofanycountry.part Therefore, the“inviolability”ofpersonal lifehas measure given,asa necessary toensurea bio-survival oursecurityoflivesonthe our liveshaveintensifiedsomuchandtoughenedup,thatwealready perceive itas after a seriesofterrorist attacks,securitymeasures and,accordingly, waystocontrol ensure security in societies (in all, European, American, Russian and Chinese, etc.) “personal” isoftenperceived asa factwithwhichwecannotdoanything.Inorder to cessing, storage anduseofthisinformation. thing: whoandhowwillcontrolmost important theimplementationofrulesforpro- stored, towhomandonwhatgrounds canorshouldbetransmitted. And,finally, the question: whowillusethisinformationandhow. Whatinformationandforhowlongis not thefactofcollectinginformationthatmatters (wecan’t helpitanymore), butthe still usethedeathpenalty. offenses, citizensare limitedtheir freedom movement,imprisonment.Manycountries positions,purchaselicense, righttoholdcertain alcoholandcigarettes, etc.Incaseof on the basis of the law, citizens are deprived of their rights: parental, property, driving [2]. the managementsystemina givencountry wrong and violates the principle of social justice,whichis traditionally insisted on by designed tocreate conditionsfortheopensocialexistenceofsociety: analysis of the social credit system in the PRC, we will turn directly to it as a system outa well-reasoned istocarry Due tothefactthatmainpurposeofthisarticle Analysis ofthepros andconsofthesocialcredit system The socialcredit systembyitselfdoesnotcreate newdataaboutsocietyandthe Banks store dataaboutcustomers andallfinancial transactions, stores collectinfor- No matter how sad it sounds, but if we don’t Pro 2: Thesocialcredit systemitselfdoes notcreate anynewdataabouta specific It is interesting that the fact that our personal life has long ceased to be only our Contra 2: Thesocialcredit systemdeprives citizensoftheirpersonal privacy. Itis Pro 1. Throughout ofelectronic theworld,evenwithoutparticipation systems, Contra 1. Thesystemofsocialcredit candeprivecitizensoftheirrights,whichis

УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ know ourselves, then Google or any . №7 . 2020 excursions, etc.). pants doevenmore according thanisnecessary totherules(meetguests,conduct feedback and losingthe ability to rent- or housing leadsto the fact that the partici such sites,interpersonal communication, reviews andtrust.Fear ofreceiving negative of a rating anda feedbacksysteminthem. On thecontrary, allsharingisbasedon the person. Noneoftheapplicationusers haveevercomplained abouttheexistence rating andwithouthavingread thereviews, wedonotevenbegincommunication with Thereitself “turnshimoff”. are manysuchapplications,withouthavingstudiedthe Uber, if the driver rating is below 4.5,and if its rating is below 4.0,then the system has 300 websiteifhehasfivenegativereviews? ontheCouchsurfing surfer Andwithonethat we deal with a back? No, because his “social credit” is mostly negative. Will rent a housethrough personAirbnb fora withthree negativeandonepositivefeed - with therapidly developingand already thrivingsharingeconomy. Let's think,willwe social ties. for example). (givingsociallyexpectedanswers tothetrickyquestionsof employer,an interview cumulated socialcredit willspeak for theemployeebetterthan he does forhimselfin At thesametime,socialcredit theworkofHRspecialists,sinceac- will simplify considers normal. thistobewell-establishedandperfectly plying fora job,everyone reliability. Nowitdoesn’t occurtoanyoneprotest againsttheassessmentwhenap- obtaining ofa comprehensive assessmentofthe candidate,includingintheaspectof social creditcreditBoth social systemdoes. HR specialistsetastheirgoaltheand the methods forevaluatingcandidatesorexistingemployeesare nodifferent from whatthe assessment-center,oped: interviews, 360 degrees, KPI,etc.Theseandmany other accesses tosocialbenefits.Themethodsforassessingpersonnel are welldevel- very children, students, workers. gets different Everyone grades, different salaries, different and social mobility[16]. We evaluatepeopleand they evaluate us. We evaluate school- classic Р. requires a separate careful presentation, soweare nottalkingaboutit. mational (postindustrial), from Christian to post-Christian, have changed. This topic sional. Unlesssocialelevators, duetothetransition ofsocietyfrom industrialtoinfor- three mainparameters ofthestratification ofsociety: economic,politicalandprofes- Since thegreat sociologistwrote hiswork,littlehaschanged;wecontinuetodwellby convincingly proved thatweare already bornunequal,thatsocialequalityisa utopia. ticle remain supporters ofP. gaining its popularity especially in Western European countries. The authors of the ar- from ourpointofview, isfearofnon-compliance,beingworse thanothers. evaluated andcompared withothers. Thebasisofthenegativeattitudetowards this, creating a one thingtosimplyowninformation,andanotheruseitevaluaterate citizens, according totheseparameters, whichiswhyitcausessucha waveofcriticism.It trade andtransport organizations, andothers. Thesocialcredit systemevaluatespeople of banks, Internet providers,the service mobile operators, online stores, social networks, Sesame Credit's own rating service. mation fortheworkofSCSinChinawasworld's largest onlineplatformtrading with other socialandcommercial institutions.Thatiswhyoneofthefirst providers ofinfor-

Pro 4: Thesocialcredit systemactuallyhasalready entered ourlives,together Contra 4: theassessmentsystemislike“thelastjudgmentin life,”itwilldestroy Pro 3: Weare bornnotequal,thiswas describedindetailbythementionedabove Contra isequal.Thisthesis 3: Evaluatingpeopleisinhumanebecauseeveryone Not a socialcredit systemdeprivespeopleoftheirprivacy, butnewtechnologiesin reviews and all are positive? And finally, we most often cancel the order at Sorokin, having convincingly developed the theory ofsocialstratificationA. Sorokin, havingconvincinglydevelopedthetheory justified stratification of our information society. People do not like to be УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ classical theory ofsocialstratificationA. Sorokin’s classical theory [16], who . №7 . 2020

couch- 27

Topical issues of modern social policy: Experience of Russia and China Актуальные вопросы современной социа льной политики: Опыт России и Китая social credit system itself.Already now, themore understandable istheassessment, In addition, the transparency of scoring methods is a of rewards andpunishmentswill influenceandwillaffecttheperception ofthesystem. that publicopinionwillchange asthesystemdevelops.Itisobviousthatbalance trust” [10]. and loseconfidence,sothat a person simplydoesnotdare, simplycannotlosethis and conscientiouscitizens,themechanismsforpunishing thosewhoviolatethelaw general. toimprove boththemechanismsforencouraging Itisnecessary law-abiding take a firmholdoncreating a systemforassessingreliability thatcovers thesociety in Party ofChina.Henoted:“To combattheacuteproblem oflacktrust,weneedto by SiJinpingata meetingofthePolitburo oftheCentral CommitteeoftheCommunist The maintarget functionofthesocialcredit system wasformulatedinDecember, 2016 Conclusion level ofcorruption. positionstothemostworthy, offeringimportant service, thiswill directly reduce the public rating thatthecandidatealready has. validity ofallkindsmodernassessmentmethodssimplyfadesincomparisonwiththe social credit willeasetheworkof HR-specialists,aswehavealready mentioned.The Germany in the1930s, Hitlerwouldnothavecometopower).Andimagine how much (ifthesocialcreditdate canapplyforpublicservice systemhadalready existedin years, itwillbemuchmore difficulttomisleadpeoplewitheffectivetechnologies. political “product”, butwhena “product” hasa rating thathasbeencreated overthe can’t we canalwaysaskhimtostopthecarandleave,buta politician,oncebeingchosen, for a “trip”,4–5years longandmore? Moreover, having seenthedriver’s unreliability, use thesamesystemwhenwetrustourlivestopolitics,notforanhouroftravel, but Uber driverbasedoninformationabouthisexperienceandrating, thenwhycan’t we getting intopower, thatis,havinga lowvalueofsocialcredit. Ifwetrustour lifetothe being transferred intoquantitativeindicators, canprevent the“negative”citizensfrom and authoritariansocietiesisnotapplicableindemocratic countries. crease inthenumberofusers ofdatingsites. ships. Perhaps thiswillalsoaffectthegrowth inthenumberofmarriagesandde- peopleandwillallowustoquicklyestablishinterpersonallevel oftrustbetween relation - evaluates, evaluation ity” to“quantity”cannotbutfrighten,therefore, who anassessmentsystem isimportant, opinion accumulatedbyeachcitizenaboutit.Ofcourse, sucha transition from “qual- who isnottrustworthy. our neighbors, socialcredit willhelpustodistinguishwhoisa “person tobetrust”,and his rating willbelowduetohisactions?Ina modernsocietywhere wedon’t evenknow a negative reaction, andifitdoes,shouldbealarming:maybea person knowsthat themselvesknowthis.Thus,thesocialcreditthe participants systemshouldnotcause conversely, allow you to trust a 28 Of course, SCS initiatives are still at an experimental stage, and it is quite possible The systemofsocialrating candidatesforpublic willallowtooutlinemostworthy You can set some “threshold value” of social credit, upon reaching whichthecandi- Pro 5: Thesocialcredit system,asanaccumulated publicopinionabouteachcitizen, Contra 5: Thesocialrating systemisdesignedtodevelopandmaintaintotalitarian We canassumethatthepresence ofelectronic “publicopinion”willincrease the The social credit into a system will be converted Evaluation andratings helpnavigatethesocialspace,givea signalofdangeror,

be replaced easily. Moreover, modern PR-technologists can beautifully “pack” any УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ parameters, assessment person based on his “earned karma” , impartiality of assessment. methodology, impartiality quantitative indicator by thepublic condition of citizens' trust in the . №7 . 2020 / social credit. And

12. 11. 10. References • • • • • lead to: ship. then variousnon-profit andmanagementstructures andorganizations, andtheirleader- not onlyChinesewillberated asindividuals,butalsocompanieslegalentitiesand rating system that is being created is no more than just the first step. In the near future, ping’s speeches andnormativedocumentshaverepeatedly notedthattheindividual sessment of the behavior of only ordinary Chinese, but this is not entirely true. Si Jin- project inChina. the more itisbeingfulfilled,thestronger fortheentire impartially isthepublicsupport

9. 8. 7. 3. 2. 1. 6. 5. 4. a transparent systemofsocialstratification. ; and impersonality; responsible attitudetotheirsocial behavior, depriving themoffeelingsimpunity membersfaster establishmentoftrustbetween ofsociety; developing transparent e-democracy; The workingsystem of social credit, as conceived by theChinese leadership, should Our analysisshowedthatthevastmajorityofpublicationsreduce theSCStoanas-

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