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Universidad San Francisco De Quito UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería “Los Exportadores más Grandes del Mundo”: Caracterización de los Primeros Eslabones de la Cadena de Suministro del Palmito Ecuatoriano en el Noroccidente del País. Santiago Xavier Moreno Valle Carlos Suárez, Ph.D., Director de Tesis Tesis de grado presentada como requisito para la obtención del título de Ingeniero Industrial. Quito, diciembre 2014 UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería HOJA DE APROBACIÓN DE TESIS “Los Exportadores más Grandes del Mundo”: Caracterización de los Primeros Eslabones de la Cadena de Suministro del Palmito Ecuatoriano en el Noroccidente del País. Santiago Xavier Moreno Valle Carlos Suárez, Ph.D. Director de Tesis ……………………………………. Danny Navarrete, MSc. Miembro del Comité de Tesis ……………………………………. Diego Guilcapi, MSc. Miembro del Comité de Tesis ……………………………………. Ximena Córdova, Ph.D. Decana de la Escuela de Ingeniería Colegio Politécnico Miembro de Comité de Tesis .…………………………………. Quito, diciembre del 2014 ©Derechos de Autor Por medio del presente documento certifico que he leído la Política de Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito y estoy de acuerdo con su contenido, por lo que los derechos de propiedad intelectual del presente trabajo de investigación quedan sujetos a lo dispuesto en la Política. Asimismo, autorizo a la USFQ para que realice la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de investigación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. Firma: _____________________________________ Nombre: Santiago Xavier Moreno Valle C. I.: 171627689-2 Fecha: 5 DEDICATORIA Quisiera dedicar esta tesis en especial a mi hermana Gaby, quien se ha convertido en mi mayor inspiración y modelo a seguir por su tenacidad, constancia y ejemplo de vida. A mis padres, Mónica y Xavier, quienes con su amor y dedicación han forjado la persona que soy. Siempre me han brindado su ayuda incondicional para alcanzar cualquier meta que me he propuesto, sin ser esta la excepción. Santiago Moreno 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a las personas que estuvieron prestas a brindar su ayuda para la realización de las entrevistas en los diferentes casos de estudios, quienes con su conocimiento y experiencia dan un gran realce e importancia al presente trabajo de tesis. Igualmente, agradezco al Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, en especial a Carlos Suárez, por brindarme su apoyo y guía durante la realización de este trabajo de tesis. A Danny Navarrete, profesor y amigo, quien con sus consejos acertados me mantuvo enfocado en culminar este trabajo de la mejor manera posible. A Xavier, mi padre, quien con su ayuda y palabras de aliento me motivó constantemente a culminar esta etapa importante de mi vida. Todo se lo debo a él! Santiago Moreno 7 RESUMEN El presente trabajo de tesis describe un estudio realizado a los primeros eslabones de la cadena de suministro de la producción del Palmito ecuatoriano con el fin de caracterizarlos para determinar las interrelaciones existentes entre los distintos actores tanto al interior de cada eslabón de la cadena, como también las interrelaciones entre los actores de los distintos eslabones. Para lograrlo, se realizaron estudios de casos con los mejores representantes en cada uno de los eslabones. Se trabajó sobre la estructura de la cadena de suministro, es decir los controladores logísticos e inter-funcionales y se investigó además los atributos de calidad, tiempo, flexibilidad y costos. La información recolectada se aplicó a un modelo de sistemas dinámicos que permitió identificar las relaciones entre los diversos actores de los eslabones y las oportunidades de mejora. Los resultados de la presente investigación muestran que los procesos productivos no están estandarizados, que los propietarios de plantaciones tienen una resistencia a los cambios para mejorar la productividad y al asesoramiento técnico, la información que generan no la comparten y tienen incipientes relaciones de cooperación comunitaria que los podría beneficiar. La simulación permitió crear y evaluar escenarios de mejora con ahorros significativos en los costos de producción, maximizando así las ganancias de los diferentes eslabones de la cadena. 8 ABSTRACT The thesis described below shows the study of the first stages of the Ecuadorian Palmito´s production supply chain in order to characterize it and determine the interrelationships between the different actors within each stage, as well as the interrelations between the actors of the different stages. To achieve this objective, case studies were performed selecting the best representatives in each of the stages. The structure of the supply chain was studied based on the logistical drivers and cross- functional drivers; furthermore the attributes of quality, time, flexibility and costs were also included in the study. The recollected information was used as an input to build a dynamic system model, the same that simulated the relationships between the various actors of the stages and opportunities for improvement. The results of this research showed that the production processes are not standardized, the cultivated area owners have a resistance to changes to improve productivity, resistance to technical advice, and also a lack of sharing the information generated in each stage. The simulation allowed creating and evaluating scenarios obtaining significant savings in production costs, maximizing the profits of the different stages the supply chain. 9 Tabla de Contenidos CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................. 17 1.1 Antecedentes ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Importancia y Justificación ................................................................................... 18 1.3 Objetivos ............................................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 Objetivo Final .................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Objetivos Específicos ........................................................................................ 22 CAPÍTULO 2. REVISIÓN LITERARIA ....................................................................... 24 2.1 Cadenas de Suministro en el Sector Agrícola ....................................................... 24 2.2 Globalización de las Cadenas de Suministro Agrícolas ....................................... 27 2.3 Rol de Las Cadenas de Suministro Agrícolas en Latinoamérica .......................... 29 2.4 Competitividad con Equidad................................................................................. 30 CAPÍTULO 3. MARCO TEÓRICO ............................................................................... 34 3.1 Administración de la Cadena de Suministro ......................................................... 34 3.1.1 Concepto............................................................................................................ 34 3.1.2 Objetivo de una Cadena de Suministro ............................................................. 35 3.1.3 Fases de Decisión en una Cadena de Suministro .............................................. 36 3.1.4 Estrategia Competitiva y su Ajuste en la Cadena de Suministro ...................... 38 3.1.5 Métricas y Controladores de la Cadena de Suministro ..................................... 43 3.1.6 Integración de la Cadena de Suministro ............................................................ 47 3.1.6.1 Alcance .......................................................................................................... 47 3.1.6.2 Objetivo ......................................................................................................... 48 3.1.7 Caracterización de la Cadena de Suministro ..................................................... 54 3.2 Temas Referentes al Palmito de Pejibaye ............................................................. 55 3.2.1 Historia .............................................................................................................. 55 3.2.2 Características ................................................................................................... 56 3.2.3 Condiciones Ecológicas .................................................................................... 57 3.2.4 Morfología ......................................................................................................... 60 3.2.5 Propiedades Nutricionales del Palmito en Conserva......................................... 63 3.2.6 Productos “No Tradicionales” Industrializados ................................................ 65 3.2.7 Logística ............................................................................................................ 65 3.2.8 Dinámica de Sistemas ....................................................................................... 65 CAPÍTULO 4. METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................. 68 10 4.1 Justificación .......................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Estudio de Casos – Antecedentes ........................................................................ 69 4.2.1 ¿Cuándo Utilizar la Metodología de Estudio de Casos? ................................... 70 4.2.2 Conducción del Estudio
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