Phylogenetic Dispersion and Diversity in Regional Assemblages of Seed Plants in China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Phylogenetic Dispersion and Diversity in Regional Assemblages of Seed Plants in China Phylogenetic dispersion and diversity in regional assemblages of seed plants in China Hong Qiana,b,1,2, Tao Denga,1, Yi Jinc,1, Lingfeng Maod, Dan Zhaoe, and Robert E. Ricklefsf,2 aCAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; bResearch and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL 62703; cState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; dCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; eInstitute of Ecological Resources and Landscape Architecture, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; and fDepartment of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121 Contributed by Robert E. Ricklefs, June 20, 2019 (sent for review January 2, 2019; reviewed by Zhiyao Tang and Yaowu Xing) Species assemble into communities through ecological and evolu- ronmental filtering than communities in less stressful conditions. tionary processes. Phylogenetic niche conservatism—the tendency Thus, communities in more stressful environments should exhibit of species to retain ancestral ecological distributions—is thought higher phylogenetic relatedness (clustering) and lower phylogenetic to influence which species from a regional species pool can persist diversity. in a particular environment. We analyzed data for seed plants in Most of the major clades of present-day organisms first China to test hypotheses about the distribution of species within appeared when our planet was dominated by tropical environ- regional floras. Of 16 environmental variables, actual evapotrans- ments (10, 11). For example, many taxonomic families of seed piration, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual plants originated during the warm period between the beginning precipitation most strongly influenced regional species richness, of the Cretaceous and the end of the Eocene (12), when global phylogenetic dispersion, and phylogenetic diversity for both climate cooling (13) forced clades of warm-adapted plants at gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering higher latitudes to retreat to lower latitudes, evolve tolerance of plants). For most evolutionary clades at, and above, the family colder temperatures, or become extinct. Because ecological traits level, the relationships between metrics of phylogenetic dispersion tend to be phylogenetically conserved (1, 6, 7), few members of (i.e., average phylogenetic distance among species), or phylogenetic clades cross major ecophysiological boundaries, particularly to- diversity, and the 3 environmental variables were consistent with ward harsher (e.g., colder) environments (14). Thus, most trop- the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, which predicts closer ical clades fail to disperse into extratropical regions because they phylogenetic relatedness and reduced phylogenetic diversity with lack ecological and physiological adaptations to survive winter increasing environmental stress. The slopes of the relationships be- temperatures below freezing (15, 16). Accordingly, species in tween phylogenetic relatedness and the 3 environmental drivers regions with colder and drier (i.e., more stressful) climates identified in this analysis were steeper for primarily tropical clades, should be more closely related phylogenetically (clustered) due implying greater niche conservatism, than for primarily temperate to PNC. This expectation is often referred to as the “tropical clades. These observations suggest that the distributions of seed niche conservatism” hypothesis because adaptations to tolerate plants across large-scale environmental gradients in China are con- freezing conditions rarely evolve in tropical clades (6, 7). strained by conserved adaptations to the physical environment, i.e., phylogenetic niche conservatism. Significance environmental filtering | niche conservatism | phylogenetic diversity | phylogenetic relatedness | seed plants Ecological and evolutionary processes work together in the assembly of regional and local communities from available he presence of a species in a local ecological assemblage, or species pools based on species traits linked to ecological tol- Tcommunity, reflects the interplay between ecological and erances. Because phylogenies summarize the evolutionary evolutionary processes (1, 2). The species composition of a spa- history of the clades within them, phylogeny-based approaches tially defined assemblage depends on the regional species pool, are essential to understanding the origin of variation in species whose composition reflects large-scale biogeographical processes richness across environmental gradients. Here, we analyze, that influence speciation, extinction, and dispersal. A local as- within a phylogenetic context, a comprehensive dataset on the semblage can include only species whose environmental tolerances distributions of seed plants in China. Specifically, we examined allow them to maintain populations under the local abiotic and relationships between indices of phylogenetic structure and biotic conditions of the environment (3, 4). At a broad spatial environment for individual clades, from taxonomic families to scale, environmental filtering is thought to play a strong role in the root of the phylogeny of the Chinese seed plants. We found determining the species composition of an assemblage, whereby that phylogenetic niche conservatism plays an important role in species that cannot survive and reproduce in the local physical the assembly of regional floras in China. environment are excluded (5). The ability of a species to tolerate Author contributions: H.Q. and R.E.R. designed research; H.Q., L.M., D.Z., and R.E.R. per- a particular set of ecological conditions reflects its evolutionary formed research; H.Q., T.D., L.M., and D.Z., compiled data; H.Q., T.D., and Y.J. analyzed history of adaptation. The phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) data; and H.Q. and R.E.R. wrote the paper. hypothesis states that species with shared evolutionary history (i.e., Reviewers: Z.T., Peking University; and Y.X., Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, species in an evolutionary clade) tend to tolerate similar envi- Chinese Academy of Sciences. ronmental conditions and thus exhibit similar geographic distri- The authors declare no competing interest. butions (6, 7). Accordingly, PNC has important consequences for Published under the PNAS license. the assembly of both local communities and the regional species 1H.Q., T.D., and Y.J. contributed equally to this work. pools from which local communities are assembled (1). The PNC 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or hypothesis [i.e., retention of ecological traits over evolutionary [email protected]. time among related clades or species (8, 9)] predicts that com- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. munities developing under more stressful (e.g., colder, drier, more 1073/pnas.1822153116/-/DCSupplemental. seasonal) conditions should be more strongly structured by envi- First published October 28, 2019. 23192–23201 | PNAS | November 12, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 46 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1822153116 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 For seed plants (Spermatophyta), empirical studies have in- 2) Are the relationships between phylogenetic relatedness and deed shown that phylogenetic relatedness increases, and phylo- climate variables stronger for families that originated in trop- genetic diversity decreases, with decreasing temperature and ical climates than for those that originated in temperate cli- precipitation (e.g., refs. 17 and 18). However, most previous studies mates? Considering that tropical plants are more sensitive to on phylogenetic structure of plant communities have focused ex- cold temperature than are temperate plants, we predict that clusively on angiosperms (flowering plants). All of the families of the relationships between phylogenetic relatedness and cli- gymnosperms—conifers and their relatives—originated long be- mate variables are stronger for ancestrally tropical families fore global climate cooling began in the Eocene. In contrast to (hypothesis H2). angiosperms, which diversified mainly during the late Cretaceous 3) To what extent are the relationships between phylogenetic and Cenozoic, and whose patterns of phylogenetic structure along metrics and environmental variables for individual major environmental gradients are generally consistent with the tropical clades (families, orders, and node-based clades above the niche conservatism hypothesis, gymnosperm diversity and domi- ordinal level) consistent with the tropical niche conservatism nance declined, and many gymnosperm clades went extinct, after hypothesis (i.e., phylogenetic relatedness increases, and phy- the end of the Cretaceous (19). Several living clades of gymno- logenetic diversity decreases, with decreasing temperature sperms are confined to small refugia, suggesting that their cur- and water availability)? Given that predictions from the trop- rent distributions might not be shaped primarily by climate. Thus, ical niche conservatism hypothesis have been confirmed in the relationship between phylogenetic structure and climate for previous studies on angiosperms as a whole
Recommended publications
  • Seed Ecology Iii
    SEED ECOLOGY III The Third International Society for Seed Science Meeting on Seeds and the Environment “Seeds and Change” Conference Proceedings June 20 to June 24, 2010 Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Editors: R. Pendleton, S. Meyer, B. Schultz Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Preface Extended abstracts included in this proceedings will be made available online. Enquiries and requests for hardcopies of this volume should be sent to: Dr. Rosemary Pendleton USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque Forestry Sciences Laboratory 333 Broadway SE Suite 115 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 87102-3497 The extended abstracts in this proceedings were edited for clarity. Seed Ecology III logo designed by Bitsy Schultz. i June 2010, Salt Lake City, Utah Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Table of Contents Germination Ecology of Dry Sandy Grassland Species along a pH-Gradient Simulated by Different Aluminium Concentrations.....................................................................................................................1 M Abedi, M Bartelheimer, Ralph Krall and Peter Poschlod Induction and Release of Secondary Dormancy under Field Conditions in Bromus tectorum.......................2 PS Allen, SE Meyer, and K Foote Seedling Production for Purposes of Biodiversity Restoration in the Brazilian Cerrado Region Can Be Greatly Enhanced by Seed Pretreatments Derived from Seed Technology......................................................4 S Anese, GCM Soares, ACB Matos, DAB Pinto, EAA da Silva, and HWM Hilhorst
    [Show full text]
  • Floral Symmetry Affects Speciation Rates in Angiosperms Risa D
    Received 25 July 2003 Accepted 13 November 2003 Published online 16 February 2004 Floral symmetry affects speciation rates in angiosperms Risa D. Sargent Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada ([email protected]) Despite much recent activity in the field of pollination biology, the extent to which animal pollinators drive the formation of new angiosperm species remains unresolved. One problem has been identifying floral adaptations that promote reproductive isolation. The evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical corolla restricts the direction of approach and movement of pollinators on and between flowers. Restricting pollin- ators to approaching a flower from a single direction facilitates specific placement of pollen on the pollin- ator. When coupled with pollinator constancy, precise pollen placement can increase the probability that pollen grains reach a compatible stigma. This has the potential to generate reproductive isolation between species, because mutations that cause changes in the placement of pollen on the pollinator may decrease gene flow between incipient species. I predict that animal-pollinated lineages that possess bilaterally sym- metrical flowers should have higher speciation rates than lineages possessing radially symmetrical flowers. Using sister-group comparisons I demonstrate that bilaterally symmetric lineages tend to be more species rich than their radially symmetrical sister lineages. This study supports an important role for pollinator- mediated speciation and demonstrates that floral morphology plays a key role in angiosperm speciation. Keywords: reproductive isolation; pollination; sister group comparison; zygomorphy 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of pollinator-mediated selection in angiosperms is well supported by theory (Kiester et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Calophyllum Inophyllum Linn
    Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Order: Malpighiales Family: Calophyllaceae Genus: Calophyllum Species: C. inophyllum de.wikipedia.org Plant profile Calophyllum inophyllum is a low-branching and slow-growing tree with a broad and irregular crown. It usually reaches 8 to 20 metres (26 to 66 ft) in height. The flower is 25 millimetres (0.98 in) wide and occurs in racemose or paniculate inflorescences consisting of 4 to 15 flowers. Flowering can occur year-round, but usually two distinct flowering periods are observed, in late spring and in late autumn. The fruit (the ballnut) is a round, green drupe reaching 2 to 4 centimetres (0.79 to 1.57 in) in diameter and having a single large seed. When ripe, the fruit is wrinkled and its color varies from yellow to brownish-red. Uses Calophyllum inophyllum is a popular ornamental plant, its wood is hard and strong and has been used in construction or boatbuilding. Traditional Pacific Islanders used Calophyllum wood to construct the keel of their canoes while the boat sides were made from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) wood. The seeds yield a thick, dark green tamanu oil for medicinal use or hair grease. Active ingredients in the oil are believed to regenerate tissue, so is sought after by cosmetics manufacturers as an ingredient in skin cremes. The nuts should be well dried before cracking, after which the oil-laden kernel should be further dried. The first neoflavone isolated in 1951 from natural sources was calophyllolide from Calophyllum inophyllum seeds. The leaves are also used for skin care in Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Samoa.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Ultramafic Geocology of South and Southeast Asia
    Galey et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:18 DOI 10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9 REVIEW Open Access Ultramafc geoecology of South and Southeast Asia M. L. Galey1, A. van der Ent2,3, M. C. M. Iqbal4 and N. Rajakaruna5,6* Abstract Globally, ultramafc outcrops are renowned for hosting foras with high levels of endemism, including plants with specialised adaptations such as nickel or manganese hyperaccumulation. Soils derived from ultramafc regoliths are generally nutrient-defcient, have major cation imbalances, and have concomitant high concentrations of potentially phytotoxic trace elements, especially nickel. The South and Southeast Asian region has the largest surface occur- rences of ultramafc regoliths in the world, but the geoecology of these outcrops is still poorly studied despite severe conservation threats. Due to the paucity of systematic plant collections in many areas and the lack of georeferenced herbarium records and databased information, it is not possible to determine the distribution of species, levels of end- emism, and the species most threatened. However, site-specifc studies provide insights to the ultramafc geoecology of several locations in South and Southeast Asia. The geoecology of tropical ultramafc regions difers substantially from those in temperate regions in that the vegetation at lower elevations is generally tall forest with relatively low levels of endemism. On ultramafc mountaintops, where the combined forces of edaphic and climatic factors inter- sect, obligate ultramafc species and hyperendemics often occur. Forest clearing, agricultural development, mining, and climate change-related stressors have contributed to rapid and unprecedented loss of ultramafc-associated habitats in the region. The geoecology of the large ultramafc outcrops of Indonesia’s Sulawesi, Obi and Halmahera, and many other smaller outcrops in South and Southeast Asia, remains largely unexplored, and should be prioritised for study and conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visual Guide to Collecting Plant Tissues for DNA
    A visual guide to collecting plant tissues for DNA Collecting kit checklist Silica gel1 Permanent marker and pencil Resealable bags, airtight plastic container Razor blade / Surgical scissors Empty tea bags or coffee filters Ethanol and paper tissue or ethanol wipes Tags or jewellers tags Plant press and collecting book 1. Selection and preparation of fresh plant tissue: Sampling avoided. Breaking up leaf material will bruise the plant tissue, which will result in enzymes being released From a single plant, harvest 3 – 5 mature leaves, or that cause DNA degradation. Ideally, leaf material sample a piece of a leaf, if large (Picture A). Ideally should be cut into smaller fragments with thick a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2 should be enough, but this midribs being removed (Picture C). If sampling robust amount should be adjusted if the plant material is leaf tissue (e.g. cycads, palms), use a razor blade or rich in water (e.g. a succulent plant). If leaves are surgical scissors (Picture D). small (e.g. ericoid leaves), sample enough material to equate a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2. If no leaves are Succulent plants available, other parts can be sampled such as leaf buds, flowers, bracts, seeds or even fresh bark. If the If the leaves are succulent, use a razor blade to plant is small, select the biggest specimen, but never remove epidermal slices or scoop out parenchyma combine tissues from different individuals. tissue (Picture E). Cleaning Ideally, collect clean fresh tissues, however if the leaf or plant material is dirty or shows potential contamination (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree of the Year: Liquidambar Eric Hsu and Susyn Andrews
    Tree of the Year: Liquidambar Eric Hsu and Susyn Andrews With contributions from Anne Boscawen (UK), John Bulmer (UK), Koen Camelbeke (Belgium), John Gammon (UK), Hugh Glen (South Africa), Philippe de Spoelberch (Belgium), Dick van Hoey Smith (The Netherlands), Robert Vernon (UK) and Ulrich Würth (Germany). Affinities, generic distribution and fossil record Liquidambar L. has close taxonomic affinities with Altingia Noronha since these two genera share gum ducts associated with vascular bundles, terminal buds enclosed within numerous bud scales, spirally arranged stipulate leaves, poly- porate (with several pore-like apertures) pollen grains, condensed bisexual inflorescences, perfect or imperfect flowers, and winged seeds. Not surpris- ingly, Liquidambar, Altingia and Semiliquidambar H.T. Chang have now been placed in the Altingiaceae, as originally treated (Blume 1828, Wilson 1905, Chang 1964, Melikan 1973, Li et al. 1988, Zhou & Jiang 1990, Wang 1992, Qui et al. 1998, APG 1998, Judd et al. 1999, Shi et al. 2001 and V. Savolainen pers. comm.). These three genera were placed in the subfamily Altingioideae in Hamamelidaceae (Reinsch 1890, Chang 1979, Cronquist 1981, Bogle 1986, Endress 1989) or the Liquidambaroideae (Harms 1930). Shi et al. (2001) noted that Altingia species are evergreen with entire, unlobed leaves; Liquidambar is deciduous with 3-5 or 7-lobed leaves; while Semiliquidambar is evergreen or deciduous, with trilobed, simple or one-lobed leaves. Cytological studies have indicated that the chromosome number of Liquidambar is 2n = 30, 32 (Anderson & Sax 1935, Pizzolongo 1958, Santamour 1972, Goldblatt & Endress 1977). Ferguson (1989) stated that this chromosome number distinguished Liquidambar from the rest of the Hamamelidaceae with their chromosome numbers of 2n = 16, 24, 36, 48, 64 and 72.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • From Dereplication and Anti-Inflammatory Screening of Clusiaceae and Calophyllaceae Species to Novel Immunomodulatory Coumarins from Mesua Lepidota
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Okina From dereplication and anti-inflammatory screening of Clusiaceae and Calophyllaceae species to novel immunomodulatory coumarins from Mesua lepidota Submitted by Séverine Derbre on Wed, 04/29/2015 - 21:58 From dereplication and anti-inflammatory screening of Clusiaceae and Titre Calophyllaceae species to novel immunomodulatory coumarins from Mesua lepidota Type de Communication publication Type Communication sans actes dans un congrès Année 2014 Langue Anglais Date du 08 2014 colloque Titre du 22e GP2A meeting of the "Groupement des Pharmacochimistes de l'Arc Atlantique colloque Rouger, Caroline [1], Derbré, Séverine [2], Litaudon, Marc [3], Awang, Khalijah [4], Auteur Charreau, Béatrice [5], Richomme, Pascal [6] Pays France Ville Nantes Vascular endothelium plays a central role in the development of inflammatory and immune processes, which are involved in graft rejection1. Many Clusiaceae/Calophyllaceae species (pantropical plants) biosynthesize original polyphenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties2-3. Bark, leaves and occasionally fruits from thirteen Malaysian plants belonging to the genus Calophyllum, Mesua (Calophyllaceae), Garcinia (Clusiaceae) were extracted using DCM and MeOH as the solvents. Each extract was then submitted to a HPLC- PDA-MSn dereplication analysis and its anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). This allowed to select the bioactive fruits DCM extract of Mesua lepidota T. Anderson for an advanced Résumé en phytochemical study, which led to the identification of several new coumarin anglais derivatives. A flow cytometry study revealed that the major component of this extract, namely lepidotol A (1), significantly inhibited the VCAM-1, HLA-II and HLA- E expression of HUVECs previously activated by TNF-α or IFN-γ cytokines.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Anatomy of Pollen Cones and Pollen in Podocarpus Gnidioides Carrière (Podocarpaceae, Coniferales)
    1 2 Bull. CCP 4 (1): 36-48 (6.2015) V.M. Dörken & H. Nimsch Morphology and anatomy of pollen cones and pollen in Podocarpus gnidioides Carrière (Podocarpaceae, Coniferales) Abstract Podocarpus gnidioides is one of the rarest Podocarpus species in the world, and can rarely be found in collections; fertile material especially is not readily available. Until now no studies about its reproductive structures do exist. By chance a 10-years-old individual cultivated as a potted plant in the living collection of the second author produced 2014 pollen cones for the first time. Pollen cones of Podocarpus gnidioides have been investigated with microtome technique and SEM. Despite the isolated systematic position of Podocarpus gnidioides among the other New Caledonian Podocarps, it shows no unique features in morphology and anatomy of its hyposporangiate pollen cones and pollen. Both the pollen cones and the pollen are quite small and belong to the smallest ones among recent Podocarpus-species. The majority of pollen cones are unbranched but also a few branched ones are found, with one or two lateral units each of them developed from different buds, so that the base of each lateral cone-axis is also surrounded by bud scales. This is a great difference to other coniferous taxa with branched pollen cones e.g. Cephalotaxus (Taxaceae), where the whole “inflorescence” is developed from a single bud. It could be shown, that the pollen presentation in the erect pollen cones of Podocarpus gnidioides is secondary. However, further investigations with more specimens collected in the wild will be necessary. Key words: Podocarpaceae, Podocarpus, morphology, pollen, cone 1 Introduction Podocarpus gnidioides is an evergreen New Caledonian shrub, reaching up to 2 m in height (DE LAUBENFELS 1972; FARJON 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Female Conifer Cone Fossils, Morphology and Phylogenetics
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EVOLUTION OF THE FEMALE CONIFER CONE FOSSILS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETICS Daniel Bäck Degree project for Bachelor of Science with a major in Biology BIO602, Biologi: Examensarbete – kandidatexamen, 15 hp First cycle Semester/year: Spring 2020 Supervisor: Åslög Dahl, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Examiner: Claes Persson, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Front page: Abies koreana (immature seed cones), Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden Table of contents 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Brief history of Florin’s research ............................................................................... 3 2.2 Progress in conifer phylogenetics .............................................................................. 4 3 Aims .................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 4 4.1 Literature: ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 RStudio: .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Angiosperms and Phylogenetic Relationships Among
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.078212; this version posted May 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Chloroplast genome analysis of Angiosperms and phylogenetic relationships among Lamiaceae members with particular reference to teak (Tectona grandis L.f) P. MAHESWARI, C. KUNHIKANNAN AND R. YASODHA* Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore 641 002 INDIA *Author for correspondence R. YASODHA, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India Telephone: +91 422 2484114; Fax number : +91 422 248549; e.mail: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.078212; this version posted May 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Availability of comprehensive phylogenetic tree for flowering plants which includes many of the economically important crops and trees is one of the essential requirements of plant biologists for diverse applications. It is the first study on the use of chloroplast genome of 3265 Angiosperm taxa to identify evolutionary relationships among the plant species. Sixty genes from chloroplast genome was concatenated and utilized to generate the phylogenetic tree. Overall the phylogeny was in correspondence with Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) IV classification with very few taxa occupying incongruous position either due to ambiguous taxonomy or incorrect identification. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from almost all the taxa indicating the possibility of their use in various genetic analyses.
    [Show full text]