Operating Systems and Computer Networks

Exercise 1: Introduction to Operating System

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS)

• Operating System is – a program that manages computer hardware and resources – providing Interfaces between hardware and applications – the intermediary between computer and users • Functions: – For Users: convenient usage of computer system and usage of applications – For System: Management of Computer Resources and abstraction of underlying (complex) machine

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS)

Computer systems •provide a capability for gathering data (i.e. data mining, to get information that lead to tailored comercials) •performing computations (modeling large system instead of building them) •storing information, (Photos, tables, etc.) •communicating with other computer systems (I.e. Internet)

“The operating system defines our computing experience. It is the first software we see when we turn on the computer and the last software we see when the computer is turned off.”

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS)

User

Application

Interfaces nice

Operating System

Interfaces ugly

Hardware

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – OS Examples

• Common OS families: – Windows family – UNIX family – … • Examples: 386BSD, AIX, AOS, Amoeba, AndroidOS, Angel, Artemis microkernel, BeOS, Brazil, COS, CP/M, CTSS, Chorus, DACNOS, DOSEXEC 2, GCOS, GEORGE 3, GEOS, iOS, ITS, KAOS, Linux, LynxOS, MPV, MS-DOS, MS- Windows 10, MVS, Mach, MINIX, Multics, Multipop-68, Novell NetWare, OS X, OS/2, PalmOS, Pick, Plan 9, QNX, RISC OS, STING, System V, System/360, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, TRUSIX, TWENEX, TYMCOM-X, Thoth, VM/CMS, VMS, VRTX, VSTa, VxWorks, WAITS, …

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.2 – OS Management Functions

• Process Management (Like Multitasking)

• Memory Management (Cache and Main Memory)

• Data / File Management (Effective use of HDD)

• Device & Resources Management (Easy implementation of i.e. USB-devices)

See lecture notes for detailed information

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Batch Systems & SPOOL

Batch: SPOOL: • Executes a series of • Temporal storing of jobs sequential from an Interface into a jobs/transactions buffer before processing • Non-interactive Data • Example: Printing handling • E.g.: Cronjobs

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Single User - Single Task & Multi-User

Single User – Single Task Multi User • One user, one task • Many users at one • Advantage: effective computer at the same / • Example: Electronic different times Dictionary • Example: Unix

Multi-Tasking • Many jobs are placed in the CPUs • parallel processing of jobs • CPUs serve many users by sharing processor time

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Multi-User & Time-Sharing

Time-sharing • Many jobs are placed in the CPU • Virtual parallel processing of jobs • no true simultaneous execution of different programs • 1 CPU serves many users by sharing processor time • While one process awaits I/O, another process is executed

Multi-Processing • Same as multitasking but with more than 1 CPU available • Jobs are divided among CPUs / Cores by the managing software

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Multi-Programming & Parallel Computing

Parallel Computing Distributed Systems • Multiple processors • Independent multiple • Simultaneous execution computers of multiple tasks • Networked – to provide • Increased throughput, access to resources for reliability and more users economical • Increased computational speed, functionality, data availability, reliability • Example: Cloud System

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Distributed Systems & Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems Graphical User Interface • Reaction time + operation • Interaction with computer time < maximum delay through direct • Hard & soft real-time manipulation of graphical • Examples: images – hard: pace-makers, • Example: X-Window process control systems System – Soft: multimedia, virtual reality

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – PC, Workstation

Personal Computers (PC) Workstation • Small, relatively • Moderate CPU power, inexpensive memory capacity, • Provide interface for multitasking ability, single users graphics • Light-weight usage: word • Designed for technical processing, spread applications – CAD, CAM sheets, internet access, etc Games

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems • Special purpose systems built-in specific devices • Low cost, low power consumption • Example: microwave oven, video consoles, Car-Computer, In-House technology

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Server, Mainframe

Server Mainframe • Smaller version of • Large in size (can fill up mainframe (in size and to 1 room/mainframe) task) • Powerful batch system for bulk data processing, • Multi-User system financial transaction • Offer Hard- and Software- processing etc Resources • Owned solely by huge • Ex.: Providing Web- corporations, Services governmental agencies, universities • Usage in sophisticated Web- or Cloud-Services Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Supercomputer

• Very fast computers • Used for highly calculation intensive tasks – quantum mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling etc. • Often uses Linux or Unix as OS • 2012 – Cray Titan - 17.59 petaflops • 2013 - Tianhe-2 – 33,86 petaflops (16.000 Nodes with 3,2 Million Cores)

Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc.