Operating Systems and Computer Networks Exercise 1: Introduction to Operating System Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS) • Operating System is – a program that manages computer hardware and resources – providing Interfaces between hardware and applications – the intermediary between computer and users • Functions: – For Users: convenient usage of computer system and usage of applications – For System: Management of Computer Resources and abstraction of underlying (complex) machine Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS) Computer systems •provide a capability for gathering data (i.e. data mining, to get information that lead to tailored comercials) •performing computations (modeling large system instead of building them) •storing information, (Photos, tables, etc.) •communicating with other computer systems (I.e. Internet) “The operating system defines our computing experience. It is the first software we see when we turn on the computer and the last software we see when the computer is turned off.” Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – Operating System (OS) User Application Interfaces nice Operating System Interfaces ugly Hardware Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.1 – OS Examples • Common OS families: – Windows family – UNIX family – … • Examples: 386BSD, AIX, AOS, Amoeba, AndroidOS, Angel, Artemis microkernel, BeOS, Brazil, COS, CP/M, CTSS, Chorus, DACNOS, DOSEXEC 2, GCOS, GEORGE 3, GEOS, iOS, ITS, KAOS, Linux, LynxOS, MPV, MS-DOS, MS- Windows 10, MVS, Mach, MINIX, Multics, Multipop-68, Novell NetWare, OS X, OS/2, PalmOS, Pick, Plan 9, QNX, RISC OS, STING, System V, System/360, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, TRUSIX, TWENEX, TYMCOM-X, Thoth, VM/CMS, VMS, VRTX, VSTa, VxWorks, WAITS, … Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.2 – OS Management Functions • Process Management (Like Multitasking) • Memory Management (Cache and Main Memory) • Data / File Management (Effective use of HDD) • Device & Resources Management (Easy implementation of i.e. USB-devices) See lecture notes for detailed information Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Batch Systems & SPOOL Batch: SPOOL: • Executes a series of • Temporal storing of jobs sequential from an Interface into a jobs/transactions buffer before processing • Non-interactive Data • Example: Printing handling • E.g.: Cronjobs Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Single User - Single Task & Multi-User Single User – Single Task Multi User • One user, one task • Many users at one • Advantage: effective computer at the same / • Example: Electronic different times Dictionary • Example: Unix Multi-Tasking • Many jobs are placed in the CPUs • parallel processing of jobs • CPUs serve many users by sharing processor time Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Multi-User & Time-Sharing Time-sharing • Many jobs are placed in the CPU • Virtual parallel processing of jobs • no true simultaneous execution of different programs • 1 CPU serves many users by sharing processor time • While one process awaits I/O, another process is executed Multi-Processing • Same as multitasking but with more than 1 CPU available • Jobs are divided among CPUs / Cores by the managing software Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Multi-Programming & Parallel Computing Parallel Computing Distributed Systems • Multiple processors • Independent multiple • Simultaneous execution computers of multiple tasks • Networked – to provide • Increased throughput, access to resources for reliability and more users economical • Increased computational speed, functionality, data availability, reliability • Example: Cloud System Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.3 – Distributed Systems & Real-time Systems Real-time Systems Graphical User Interface • Reaction time + operation • Interaction with computer time < maximum delay through direct • Hard & soft real-time manipulation of graphical • Examples: images – hard: pace-makers, • Example: X-Window process control systems System – Soft: multimedia, virtual reality Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – PC, Workstation Personal Computers (PC) Workstation • Small, relatively • Moderate CPU power, inexpensive memory capacity, • Provide interface for multitasking ability, single users graphics • Light-weight usage: word • Designed for technical processing, spread applications – CAD, CAM sheets, internet access, etc Games Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Embedded Systems Embedded Systems • Special purpose systems built-in specific devices • Low cost, low power consumption • Example: microwave oven, video consoles, Car-Computer, In-House technology Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Server, Mainframe Server Mainframe • Smaller version of • Large in size (can fill up mainframe (in size and to 1 room/mainframe) task) • Powerful batch system for bulk data processing, • Multi-User system financial transaction • Offer Hard- and Software- processing etc Resources • Owned solely by huge • Ex.: Providing Web- corporations, Services governmental agencies, universities • Usage in sophisticated Web- or Cloud-Services Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc. Q1.4 – Supercomputer • Very fast computers • Used for highly calculation intensive tasks – quantum mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling etc. • Often uses Linux or Unix as OS • 2012 – Cray Titan - 17.59 petaflops • 2013 - Tianhe-2 – 33,86 petaflops (16.000 Nodes with 3,2 Million Cores) Faculty of Engineering Operating Systems and Institute of Computer Engineering Computer Networks Exercises Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger Alexander Maxeiner, M.Sc..