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PSYCHOSYNTHESIS: Systems Psychology
nothing else! You know very well that whatever came out from our sea, even if for an inch, it would die. What proof do you have of these other lives and seas?” And many other fish echoed him. To an expert in systems, the universe appears to be an integrated hierarchy of causes and effects in which each upper level has a greater number of possibilities and a greater number of opportunities compared to the lower level and, therefore, greater potential for choice and self- determination. In addition, the upper level is more refi- ned. At each system, including humans, it is a requisite of evolution to adapt to the principles and hierarchies of the upper-systems in which the system is inserted, to which it belongs and from which it depends. R.Harrison, PSYCHOSYNTHESIS: a scholar in the field of organization, points out that one of the key elements of organization in living organisms SYSTEMS PSYCHOLOGY is their hierarchical nature. Thus the cells combine to form tissues, the tissues to form organs, etc. It was clear Every time science looks into an aspect of life on the to him that there are different levels of complexity and planet, it discovers it is a component of a whole in which that at each level of complexity the observed phenome- each part is related to the others. Every structure, every non shows properties that do not exist at the lower level. being is united with the planetary life and makes with it In the early 1920s, one of the exponents of this line of a whole. -
Reading the World, Writing the Mind: Ideology, Morphogenesis, Revolution
READING THE WORLD, WRITING THE MIND: IDEOLOGY, MORPHOGENESIS, REVOLUTION by Philip Edmond Olsen A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences with a Concentration in Philosophy Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2014 READING THE WORLD, WRITING THE MIND: IDEOLOGY, MORPHOGENESIS, REVOLUTION by Philip Edmond Olsen This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Daniel White, and has been approved by the members of her/his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ____________________________ Dr. Daniel White ____________________________ Dr. Michael Harrawood ______________________________ Dean Jeffrey Buller, Wilkes Honors College ___________ Date ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Daniel White, for his insight, conversation, and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Harrawood for giving me a lot of books and talking about philosophy with me. Finally, I would like to thank Calvin Bankert, John Carney, Alexa Robinson, Janeen Smith, and Daniel Zengotita for talking to me about things. It all helped. iii ABSTRACT Author: Philip Edmond Olsen Title: Reading the World, Writing the Mind: Ideology, Morphogenesis, Revolution Institution: Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Daniel White Degree: Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences Concentration: Philosophy Year: 2014 In the 1960s, the French Communist thinker Louis Althusser undertook to reorient capitalistic societies toward realizing socialist ideals. -
Terms for Talking About Information and Communication
Information 2012, 3, 351-371; doi:10.3390/info3030351 OPEN ACCESS information ISSN 2078-2489 www.mdpi.com/journal/information Concept Paper Terms for Talking about Information and Communication Corey Anton School of Communications, Grand Valley State University, 210 Lake Superior Hall, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-616-331-3668; Fax: +1-616-331-2700 Received: 4 June 2012; in revised form: 17 August 2012 / Accepted: 20 August 2012 / Published: 27 August 2012 Abstract: This paper offers terms for talking about information and how it relates to both matter-energy and communication, by: (1) Identifying three different levels of signs: Index, based in contiguity, icon, based in similarity, and symbol, based in convention; (2) examining three kinds of coding: Analogic differences, which deal with positive quantities having contiguous and continuous values, and digital distinctions, which include “either/or functions”, discrete values, and capacities for negation, decontextualization, and abstract concept-transfer, and finally, iconic coding, which incorporates both analogic differences and digital distinctions; and (3) differentiating between “information theoretic” orientations (which deal with data, what is “given as meaningful” according to selections and combinations within “contexts of choice”) and “communication theoretic” ones (which deal with capta, what is “taken as meaningful” according to various “choices of context”). Finally, a brief envoi reflects on how information broadly construed relates to probability and entropy. Keywords: sign; index; icon; symbol; coding; context; information; communication “If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange apples then you and I will still each have one apple. -
Diversity and Complexity of the Theory and Social Thought That Contribute to Contemporary Planning
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 101 432 EA 006 709 AUTHOR Gutenschwager, Gerald TITLE Planning and Social Theory: A Selected Bibliography. Exchange Bibliography No. 179. INSTITUTION Council of Planning Librarians, Monticello, Ill. PUB DATE Mar 71 NOTE 13p. AVAILABLE FROMCouncil of Planning Librarians, P.O. Box 229, Monticello, Illinois 61856 ($1.50) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.58 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Bibliographies; City Planning; Decision Making; Futures (of Society); Information Theory; Organizational Theories; *Planning; Policy Formation; Social Change; *Social Factors; *Social Sciences; Systems Analysis; Technological Advancement; *Theories ABSTRACT This bibliography's meant to reflect the growing diversity and complexity of the theory and social thought that contribute to contemporary planning. The purpose of this bibliography is to explore this diversity as it pertains to the various biases in planning as a social process. The organization of the document reflects the various levels--individual, organizational, social, and urban--at which social theory has been formulated with pertinence to planning.(Author/MLF) Council of Planning LibrariansEXCHANGE BIBLIOGRAPHIES March 1971 1 PLANNING AND SOCIAL THEORY: A Selected Bibliography Gerald Gutenschwagcr, Associate Professor of Planning School or Architecture, Washington University, Saint Louis .`i4'4 . '4.1 '4" OF HI At nt 11 ARE Tt t OC . 00.10. tovi 8ts1 Mrs. Mary Vance, Editor Post Office Box 229. Monticello, Illinois61856 2 COUNCIL OF PLANNING LIBRARIANS Exchange Bibliography #179 PLANNING AND SOCIAL THEORY: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald Gutenschwager Associate Professor of Plpnning School of Architecture Washington University Saint Louis INTRODUCTION The following bibliography is meant to reflect the growing diversity and complexity of theory and social thought which contributes tocontemporary 'planning as a professional discipline. -
The Social System of Systems Intelligence – a Study Based on Search Engine Method
In Essays on Systems Intelligence, eds. Raimo P. Hämäläinen and Esa Saarinen: pp. 119-133 Espoo: Aalto University, School of Science and Technology, Systems Analysis Laboratory Chapter 5 The Social System of Systems Intelligence – A Study Based on Search Engine Method Kalevi Kilkki This essay offers an preliminary study on systems intelligence as a social system based on four cornerstones: writings using the terminology of systems intelligence, search engines, models to describe the behavior of social phenomena, and a theory of social systems. As a result we provide an illustration of systems intelligence field as a network of key persons. The main conclusion is that the most promising area for systems intelligence as social system is to systematically apply positive psychology to develop organizational management and to solve our everyday problems. Introduction The social system of systems intelligence is an ambitious topic, particularly for a person without any formal studies in sociology. Moreover, systems intelligence is a novel area of science and, hence, the development of its social structures is in early phase. It is even possible to argue that there is not yet any social system of systems intelligence. The approach of this study is based on four cornerstones: first, the literature that has used concept of systems intelligence, second, search engines, third, models to describe the behavior of social phenomena, and forth, a theory of social systems. As a result we may be able to say something novel about the development of systems intelligence as a social system. As to the social systems this essay relies on the grand theory developed by Niklas Luhmann (Luhmann 1995). -
Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory
Democracy & Nature, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2000 Aleksandr Bogdanov and Systems Theory ARRAN GARE ABSTRACT The signi cance and potential of systems theory and complexity theory are best appreciated through an understanding of their origins. Arguably, their originator was the Russian philosopher and revolutionary, Aleksandr Bogdanov. Bogdanov anticipated later developments of systems theory and complexity theory in his efforts to lay the foundations for a new, post-capitalist culture and science. This science would overcome the division between the natural and the human sciences and enable workers to organise themselves and their productive activity. It would be central to the culture of a society in which class and gender divisions have been transcended. At the same time it would free people from the deformed thinking of class societies, enabling them to appreciate both the limitations and the signi cance of their environments and other forms of life. In this paper it is argued that whatever Bogdanov’s limitations, such a science is still required if we are to create a society free of class divisions, and that it is in this light that developments in systems theory and complexity theory should be judged. Aleksandr Bogdanov, the Russian revolutionary, philosopher and scientist, has a good claim to being regarded as the founder of systems theory.1 His ‘tektology’, that is, his new science of organisation, not only anticipated and probably in uenced the ideas of Ludwig von Bertalanffy—who must have been familiar with his work,2 but anticipated many of the ideas of the complexity theorists. As Simona Poustlinik commented at a recent conference on Bogdanov: It is remarkable the extent to which Bogdanov anticipated the ideas which were to be developed in systems thinking later in the twentieth century. -
An Overview of the Soft Systems Methodology Stuart Burge
System Thinking: Approaches and Methodologies An Overview of the Soft Systems Methodology Stuart Burge The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was born out of research conducted at Lancaster University to apply Systems Engineering approaches to solve “management/business problems”. In other words they attempted to apply a Hard Systems approach to fix business problems. What they discovered was the approach often stumbled at the first step of problem definition. This happens quite simply because the different stakeholders have divergent views on what constitutes the system, the purpose of the system and therefore the problem. Two key players in the development of the SSM are Peter Checkland [1999] and Brian Wilson [2001] who through “action research” were able to put together a practical and pragmatic approach to the identification and solution of “soft” ill-defined problems. This methodology was more than just a process; Checkland and Wilson also developed a set of tools to help users carry out the steps. These include: • Rich Picture • Conceptual Model • CATWOE • Formal Systems Model More on these later because, at this point, I would like to focus on the approach. Figure 1 presents a view of the SSM. Since its origin back in 1970’s and 80’s it has changed as various workers have added their bit. Figure 1 shows a 7-step process approach to SSM. I have chosen this view, that while it is an early representation, it does allow several key and important aspects of SSM to be made clear. Figure 1: The 7 Step Soft Systems Methodology © Burge Hughes Walsh 2015 page 1 System Thinking: Approaches and Methodologies Before launching into detail about the 7-steps it is worthwhile explaining the overall philosophy behind SSM. -
Rethinking the Pragmatic Systems Biology and Systems-Theoretical Biology Divide: Toward a Complexity-Inspired Epistemology of Systems Biomedicine
Rethinking the pragmatic systems biology and systems-theoretical biology divide: toward a complexity-inspired epistemology of systems biomedicine Srdjan Kesić* Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,” University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia * Corresponding author: Srdjan Kesić, PhD Assistant Research Professor, Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research ―Siniša Stanković,‖ University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd., 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia. Tel: +381 61 3127580 E-mail: [email protected] Short Title: Systems biology and epistemology of systems biomedicine 1 Abstract This paper examines some methodological and epistemological issues underlying the ongoing ―artificial‖ divide between pragmatic-systems biology and systems-theoretical biology. The pragmatic systems view of biology has encountered problems and constraints on its explanatory power because pragmatic systems biologists still tend to view systems as mere collections of parts, not as ―emergent realities‖ produced by adaptive interactions between the constituting components. As such, they are incapable of characterizing the higher-level biological phenomena adequately. The attempts of systems-theoretical biologists to explain these ―emergent realities‖ using mathematics also fail to produce satisfactory results. Given the increasing strategic importance of systems biology, both from theoretical and research perspectives, we suggest that additional epistemological and methodological insights into the possibility of further integration between traditional experimental studies and complex modeling are required. This integration will help to improve the currently underdeveloped pragmatic-systems biology and system-theoretical biology. The ―epistemology of complexity,‖ I contend, acts as a glue that connects and integrates different and sometimes opposing viewpoints, perspectives, streams, and practices, thus maintaining intellectual and research coherence of systems research of life. -
Bibliography on World Conflict and Peace
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 097 246 SO 007 806 AUTHOR Boulding, Elise; Passions, J. Robert TITLE Bibliography on World Conflict and Peace. INSTITUTION American Sociological Association, Washington, D.C.; Consortium on Peace Research, Education, and Development, Boulder, Colo. PUB DATE Aug 74 NOT? 82p. AVAILABLE FROMBibliography Project, c/o Dorothy Carson, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302 ($2.50; make checks payable to Boulding Projects Fund) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 BC Not Available from !DRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Bibliographies; *Conflict Resolution; Development; Disarmament; Environment; *Futures (of Society); *Global Approach; Instructional Materials; International Education; international Law; International Organizations; *Peace; Political Science; Social Action; Systems Approach; *World Affairs IDENTIFIERS *Nonviolence ABSTRACT This bibliography is compiled primarily in response to the needs of teachers and students in the new field of conflict and peace studies, defined as the analysis of the characteristics of the total world social system which make peace more probable. The introduction includes some suggestions on how to use the bibliography, sources of literature on war/peace studies, and a request to users for criticisms and suggestions. Books, monographs, research reports, journal articles, or educational materials were included when they were:(1) related to conflict management at every social level,(2) relevant to nonviolence, and (3) classic statements in an academic specialization, such as foreign policy studies when of particular significance for conflict studies. A subject guide to the main categories of the bibliography lists 18 major topics with various numbered subdivisions. Th%. main body of the bibliography lists citations by author and keys this to the topic subdivisions. -
Information System Meta-Synthesis Research Based on SOA
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 586 The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal, 2014, 8, 586-593 Open Access Information System Meta-Synthesis Research Based on SOA Shibin He*, Juhui Cao and Yi Zhang Department of Military Engineering, Logistics Engineering University, Chongqing, China Abstract: This paper is to about the main contents and basic working principles of information system meta-synthesis based on SOA. In the anterior part of the paper, we explained the current situations of the information system manage- ment and working conditions, and pointed out the reasons why we had to think over the disadvantages and advantages of information system meta-synthesis. In the middle part of the paper, we point out the basic principles of SOA, and intro- duced the layers of the SOA structure. And then, we created a probable architecture of the information system meta- synthesis based on SOA. In order to explain more clearly of this structure, the papaer described the mapping relationships between task requests and services by using nodes network structure, and some mathematics methods or models were used to analyze. Some formulas were also used to express the longest and the average distance of the services responding time. Three main physical layers were created in this architecture, public core service layer, service construction layer and service application layer. Each layer contained different services and achieved different functions. Finally, we took a cer- tain area information system as an example to illustrate the main contents of this structure, and analyzed the relationships among those layers. In the end of the paper, we summed up all the advantages and superiorities of information system meta-synthesis based on SOA, and proposed the research keynotes in the future. -
A Review of Problem Structuring Methods for Consideration in Prognostics and Smart Manufacturing
A Review of Problem Structuring Methods for Consideration in Prognostics and Smart Manufacturing Patrick T. Hester 1, Andrew J. Collins 2, Barry Ezell 2, John Horst 3 1 Department of Engineering Management & Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 [email protected] 2 Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA 23435 3 Engineering Laboratory, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MA 20899 ABSTRACT environments has been exacerbated in recent years. “Modern engineering systems and manufacturing processes Successful use of prognostics involves the prediction of are becoming increasingly complex, and are operating in future system behaviors in an effort to maintain system highly dynamic environments. Thus, sustaining the availability and reduce the cost of maintenance and repairs. reliability of such systems is becoming a more complex and Recent work by the National Institute of Standards and challenging requirement” (Lee, Ghaffari, & Elmeligy, 2011, Technology indicates that the field of prognostics and health p. 111). Prognostics and health management, specifically for management is vital for remaining competitive in today’s smart manufacturing, is a promising area of research as a manufacturing environment. While prognostics-based means for maintaining complex system reliability and for maintenance involves many traditional operations research- helping to make the U.S. succeed globally; however, it has centric challenges for successful deployment such as limited yet to be universally embraced due to a number of factors availability of information and concerns regarding that will be discussed later in this paper. We argue that computational efficiency, the authors argue in this paper that prognostics and health management requires a the field of prognostics and health management, still in its preprocessing step, known as problem structuring, in order embryonic development stage, could benefit greatly from to allow it to reach its full potential. -
TOWARD a FEMINIST THEORY of the STATE Catharine A. Mackinnon
TOWARD A FEMINIST THEORY OF THE STATE Catharine A. MacKinnon Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England K 644 M33 1989 ---- -- scoTT--- -- Copyright© 1989 Catharine A. MacKinnon All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 1991 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MacKinnon, Catharine A. Toward a fe minist theory of the state I Catharine. A. MacKinnon. p. em. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN o-674-89645-9 (alk. paper) (cloth) ISBN o-674-89646-7 (paper) I. Women-Legal status, laws, etc. 2. Women and socialism. I. Title. K644.M33 1989 346.0I I 34--dC20 [342.6134} 89-7540 CIP For Kent Harvey l I Contents Preface 1x I. Feminism and Marxism I I . The Problem of Marxism and Feminism 3 2. A Feminist Critique of Marx and Engels I 3 3· A Marxist Critique of Feminism 37 4· Attempts at Synthesis 6o II. Method 8 I - --t:i\Consciousness Raising �83 .r � Method and Politics - 106 -7. Sexuality 126 • III. The State I 55 -8. The Liberal State r 57 Rape: On Coercion and Consent I7 I Abortion: On Public and Private I 84 Pornography: On Morality and Politics I95 _I2. Sex Equality: Q .J:.diff�_re11c::e and Dominance 2I 5 !l ·- ····-' -� &3· · Toward Feminist Jurisprudence 237 ' Notes 25I Credits 32I Index 323 I I 'li Preface. Writing a book over an eighteen-year period becomes, eventually, much like coauthoring it with one's previous selves. The results in this case are at once a collaborative intellectual odyssey and a sustained theoretical argument.