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Developing Teleonics As a Process-Based Systems Method for Psychological Practice

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Developing Teleonics As a Process-Based Systems Method for Psychological Practice DEVELOPING TELEONICS AS A PROCESS-BASED SYSTEMS METHOD FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE LYNN EDWARDS . Bachelor of Social Science, B.A. Honours, M.A. (Psychology) Town Cape ....... Dissertation Presented for the Degree of DOCTOR OFof PHILOSOPHY Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University February, 1996. Promoters: Prof. G. G. Jaros (Principal supervisor) Dr. B. Bridger Dr. S. Shuda , I'\ l''" i"·~r:-, ! .. " nf i'' •·,,! 1 r,l., ·~ h:,~ t p ·1 rh,i· .... Hi; r, • • t0 n r, ., ' . c ~ : 1 ' : '~ ;I r, - .. t~ .. The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town MT 150. 19 Et:>W~ cr1 / 10CJ6 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part, being submitted at a university for a degree. Signature: Signature Removed Date: DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to My brother and father who, through their living and dying, enriched my experiencing in a way that is connected to everything that I do. My mother, husband and sons (David, Gregory and Robert), for the ongoing connections that are attractors for so much that is good and beautiful. DEVELOPING TELEONICS AS A PROCESS-BASED SYSTEMS METHOD FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE ABSTRACT This dissertation is a response to the call for theoretically coherent practical methods which encourage and facilitate systemic thinking in psychology (Boden, 1972; Jordaan & Jordaan, 1984; Lazarus, 1990; Norcross & Grencavage, 1990; Von Bertalanffy, 1968; Winburn, 1991). Teleonics is a developing ecology of process-based systems ideas, where process is foregrounded relative to structure. From a teleonics perspective, structure and process are viewed as inextricably linked, while the foregrounding of process is viewed as having significant implications for how meaning is constructed from observations. Given the dominance of the structure-based orientation to psychology during the modern period, a process-based systems approach is a contribution to the development of postmodern thinking in psychology. Through a process of reviewing the systems thinking literature, and illuminating those premises that point to a distinction between process- and structure-based thinking, the following process-based systems premises are punctuated: * life is essentially of a process nature, * nature is approximate rather than definite, * organization in nature is dynamic, * systems function according to principles of autonomy and integration, * creation is a process of emergence and * teleos is a character of living systems. By relating these premises to the field of psychology, further premises of governance and the union of opposites are punctuated. A review of selected psychological literature is provided to draw distinctions about how the above­ mentioned process-based systems premises relate to psychological theory and practice. In line with the postmodern trend to coherence between theory and practice, teleonics is proposed as a contribution not only to creative theory building but, also to application. In support of coherence between theory and practice in psychology, epistemological tools and tasks for systemic intervention are discussed. The methodological approach of this dissertation is consistent with the conceptual theorist style (Reason & Rowan, 1981 a) . A systems methodology, namely that of double description (Bateson, 1979; Keeney, 1983) is used to connect the theoretical and the applied aspects of this study. The theoretical aspect of the double description was formulated by a review, synthesis and integration of the literature. The applied aspect was formulated by means of a report on fieldwork undertaken in the form of a series ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND THANKS I hereby acknowledge and thank * for being the complete supervisor: Gyorgy * for inspiration, support and critique in the development of my ideas: Gyorgy Jaros, Svea van der Hoorn, Anacreon Cloete and Bob Bridger * for collaboration and contribution: all my therapy clients, past and present, especially 'Sue' * for generous assistance in the production of the figures and the final production of the document: Jon * for the many discussions and ideas: Biomatrix group Gyorgy, Anacreon, Elizabeth, Linda, Mladen * for being ever generous with his computer and technical knowledge: Brent * for internet and other invaluable support: Svea * for unconditional love: my mother Pearl, my husband John and my children David, Gregory and Robert * for assistance with grammatical and related issues: Hiliary and Bonn * for babysitting support: Cathi of case studies. A particular contribution of this dissertation is the specification and illustration of three teleonics maps namely, spiral mapping, teleos mapping and telentropy tracing. The application of these maps is presented via an elaborated format case study of an individual adult therapy case, and four further cases presented in a circumscribed format (Carlson-Sabe Iii & Sabelli, 1984). The circumscribed case studies include a single session intervention and a health enhancement workshop. The methodology of this dissertation can be located in new paradigm (postmodern) research. The soundness of endeavour (Reason, 1988c) of this dissertation can be appreciated in relation to validity in terms of the philosophical ideas supporting new paradigm research. Other contributions are that it promotes convergence and informed divergence in psychological theory, is an example of the development of systems theory at the level of micropractice, explores the concept of levels in psychology, and contributes to the further development of teleonics as a process-based systems ecology of ideas. The introduction of visual maps, as practical non-verbal tools for the communication of concepts and observations in psychological practice, is a particularly useful contribution. In this dissertation, teleonics is demonstrated as a process-based systems model which facilitates the practical operationalizing of process-based systems thinking. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1 .1 Introduction ••..•.••••.•......••.•••....•.••••...•••....••••..•••.•.. 1 1.2 The distinction between structure- and process-based systems thinking ••••..••• 2 1.3 Process-based systems thinking premises ..••..•...•.•••......••••••..•••• 2 1.4 Process-based systems thinking In psychology ............................. 3 1.5 Introducing teleonlcs ................................................. 4 1.6 Methodology, design and method ........................................ 7 1. 7 Thesis format ....................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO: PROCESS-BASED SYSTEMS THINKING: CHALLENGING THE BOUNDARIES OF STRUCTURE . 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Science and hollsm . 11 2.3 Structure- versus process-based systems thinking . 13 2.4 Some general premises of process-based systems thinking ••••••••••••••••.• 17 2.4.1 Process nature of life ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 17 2.4.2 Approximate rather than definite . 19 2.4.3 Dynamic organization ................................................ 20 2.4.4 Autonomy and Integration ............................................ 22 2.4.5 Creation as emergence ............................................... 23 2.4.6 Teleos ............................................................ 25 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................ 26 CHAPTER THREE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROCESS-BASED SYSTEMS THINKING AND PSYCHOLOGY . 27 3.1 Introduction ........................................................ 27 3.2 Process vis-a-vis structure In psychology: Overview ....................... 27 3.3 Premises of process-based systems thinking In psychology • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 32 3.3.1 The approximate nature of systems . 33 3.3.2 The process nature of systems ........................................ 34 3.3.3 Dynamic organization • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • 36 3.3.4 Union of opposites •••••...••.....•.••..•••.•••••••••.•..••••••.••••• 38 3.3.5 Teleos In systems •••..•..........••........•.••••.....••.••••••..... 39 3.3.6 Governance In systems .............................................. 41 3.3. 7 Emergence In systems ............................................... 43 3.4 A process-based systems approach to psychology . 44 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................ 47 CHAPTER FOUR: INTRODUCING TELEONICS, A PROCESS-BASED ECOLOGY OF IDEAS . ~ 4.1 Introduction ........................................................ 49 4.2 Teleonlcs a process-based ecology of Ideas .............................. 52 4.2.1 Approximate and relative nature of knowledge . 52 4.2.2 The essential process nature of llfe ..................................... 54 4.2.3 The dynamic (self) organization In llvlng systems .......................... 57 4.2.4 Union of opposites .................................................. 65 4.2.5 Teleos ............................................................ 66 4.2.6 Governance ........................................................ 69 4.2. 7 Emergence .......................................................
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