Helen Levitt

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Helen Levitt Dossier pédagogique Helen Levitt « In the street » 2 juin au 18 septembre 2016 (Galerie 2) Le Château d’Eau présente une sélection de l’œuvre d’Helen Levitt, photographe américaine de l’après-guerre qui sans jamais avoir recherché la célébrité est reconnue aujourd’hui comme maître de la « street photography ». Pendant près de soixante ans et sans que jamais ses images ne cherchent à raconter une histoire ou à défendre une thèse sociale, mais avec une empathie certaine, elle fera des rues des quartiers pauvres new-yorkais son domaine de prédilection. En se glissant subrepticement et essentiellement dans l’univers des enfants et de leurs jeux de rues, elle s’émerveille devant l’énergie créatrice de leurs dessins à la craie sur les murs et les trottoirs et capte ainsi la poésie des rues avec des images à la fois spontanées et exigeantes, la solitude des vieux et la chorégraphie de la vie à l’emporte-pièce. Biographie Helen Levitt a grandi à Brooklyn dans l’Etat de New-York. Abandonnant l'école, elle apprend par elle-même la photographie en travaillant avec un photographe commercial. Alors qu'elle enseigne les arts à des enfants en 1937, elle est intriguée par le caractère éphémère des dessins à la craie qui sont, à cette époque, partie intégrante de la culture des gamins des rues de New York. Elle achète un Leica et commence à photographier les graffitis et les enfants qui les font. Ses photographies rencontrent le succès lorsqu'elles sont publiées en 1987 dans In The Street: chalk drawings and messages, New York City 1938–1948. Cet ouvrage fut désigné comme l'un des 100 meilleurs livres de photos et sa première édition est aujourd'hui recherchée par les collectionneurs. Elle étudia avec de très grands photographes comme Walker Evans et Edward Steichen. Elle exposa pour la première fois au Museum of Modern Art, , après quoi elle trouva un emploi de photographe documentaire pour la presse. À la fin des années 1940, elle fut brièvement réalisatrice d'un film de court-métrage In the Street. En 1959 et 1960, elle reçoit deux bourses de la Fondation Guggenheim pour prendre des clichés en couleur des rues de New York mais une bonne part de son travail a été volée dans un cambriolage. Les photos restantes, et d'autres prises dans les années suivantes, ont été publiées dans Slide Show: The Color Photographs of Helen Levitt (2005). Elle est restée une photographe active pendant près de 70 ans et vivait toujours près de New York où elle menait une vie discrète. Elle est décédée le 29 mars 2009 à l’âge de 95 ans. Appareil Leica utilisé par Helen Levitt Le graffiti Le graffiti existe depuis l’apparition de l’homme. C’est à la préhistoire qu’apparaît cette forme d'expression. Les gravures ou peintures rupestres ont permis a l’homme de laisser une trace de son passage et de prouver sa présence. Elles sont apparues sur les parois des grottes comme celles de Lascaux.. Les premiers hommes utilisaient des os creux afin de souffler des pigments et tracer ainsi les contours de leurs mains, ils inventèrent de cette manière la technique du pochoir et de la bombe aérosol Dans les années 1970, le graffiti moderne fait son apparition en Amérique du Nord dans les quartiers populaires des grandes villes et plus particulièrement dans la ville de New York. C’est dans le Bronx, Harlem ou encore à Brooklyn que le graffiti connaît une ascension fulgurante. Dans les métros, les trains de banlieue, les abris de bus ou sur les façades des monuments et des bâtiments le graffiti devient une forme d’expression urbaine. Face à cette expansion du tag, les graffeurs développent un style particulier et original afin de se démarquer les uns des autres, notamment par des lettres pleines : le graffiti, mais aussi en adoptant des styles différents, comme le «wildstyle», dans lequel les lettres sont entremêlées, fusionnées et extravagantes, et dont il est parfois impossible de lire le contenu. Cette culture de rue fut importée par les graffeurs américain en Europe dans les années 1980. Le graffiti évolue rapidement et au début des années 2000 arrive ce qu'on appelle « la nouvelle génération ». Le lettrage devient plus carré, et l'évolution des technologies de spray lui permet de peindre plus vite, avec de nouvelles couleurs et de nouveaux effets. La Street photography La photographie de rue (« Street Photography » en anglais) est une branche de la photographie dont le sujet principal est une présence humaine, directe ou indirecte, dans des situations spontanées et dans des lieux publics comme la rue, les parcs, les plages, les grands magasins ou les manifestations. Les débuts de la photographie de rue aux Etats-Unis peuvent-être mis en parallèle avec ceux du jazz en musique, tous deux exprimant franchement une représentation de la vie quotidienne. Ce lien est visible dans les travaux de l’école de photographie de New-York qui n’était pas une institution formelle mais plutôt un courant de pensée constitué de groupes de photographes new-yorkais du milieu du XXe siècle. Cadrage et déclenchement sont deux composantes décisives de cet art, dans le but de créer des images à un moment décisif ou percutant. Certains photographes comme Henri Cartier-Bresson privilégient les moments forts, d’autres au contraire comme Robert Frank ou William Klein des moments faibles, d’autres enfin privilégient l’aspect anecdotique d’une situation comme Robert Doisneau. Henri CARTIER-BRESSON : Derrière la gare St- Lazare (1932) On voit dans cette photographie que le photographe s’est placé face à une situation d’inondation pour montrer le reflet de la gare et de ce qui l’entoure. L’espace vide en bas et sur la droite de l’image était vacant avant l’irruption du personnage. Le fait de déclencher à ce moment précis ou après avoir couru sur l’échelle il saute avant qu’il ne touche la surface de l’eau est un « instant décisif » pour la réussite de la photo puisque sa présence vient occuper la partie vide de l’image et parfaire la composition. Sans cette fraction de seconde saisie la photo n’existerait pas. Robert FRANK : Les Américains (1959) Ici Robert Franck nous donne l’ambiance générale de ce snack du point de vue où il est assis en train de manger. La situation est banale et par soucis de réalisme il n’a pas éprouvé le besoin de se déplacer pour exclure du cadre le plateau de gâteau à la gauche de l’image. C’est un moment et un cadrage possible parmi d’autres. Robert DOISNEAU : Venus prise à la gorge (1964) Ici ce qui fait l’intérêt de la photo c’est uniquement son aspect anecdotique lié à l’humour de la situation où l’on voit des ouvriers tenir par les seins la statue qu’ils déplacent. Chez Helen Levitt on peut repérer chacune de ces trois approches : Donne un exemple d’un moment fort:……………………………………………………………………….. Donne un exemple d’un moment faible ou flottant :…………………………………………………………. Donne un exemple d’une forme anecdotique :……………………………………………………………… Les Thèmes Si la Street photography constitue le genre auquel se rattache le travail d’Helen Levitt, elle privilégie des thèmes particuliers. L’enfance C’est un thème qui a été traité par beaucoup de photographes car comme on le dit il est très photogénique et poétique. En France Robert Doisneau l’a beaucoup pratiqué. Et c’est surtout les jeux de rue qui en constitue un véritable motif. Fais la liste des situations dans lesquelles Helen Levitt photographie les enfants : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. D’après toi à quelle origine sociale appartiennent-ils.(riches, pauvres, classe moyenne) A quoi le vois- tu ? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Le ville de New-York Helen Levitt a surtout photographié New-York dans les années 60 /70. Quelle image nous donne-t-elle des quartiers qu’elle photographie ? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Les Graffitis Beaucoup d’images montrent des dessins d’enfants réalisés à la craie sur les murs et les trottoirs mais il existe aussi d’autres formes d’inscriptions sur les murs de New-York. Fais en une liste : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Les autres thèmes abordés Dresse une liste de ces thèmes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. L’Humour En Photographie il y a plusieurs manières de provoquer le rire ou le sourire : - L’humour de situation : quand l’action ou le personnage est drôle en soi - L’humour lié à l’instant : le rire peut venir de cette fraction de seconde saisie par le photographe et qui devient drôle car détachée de son contexte (instant décisif) - L’humour de point de vue : choisir un angle de vue, un cadrage, une composition qui rendent la situation amusant Donne des exemples dans l’exposition : Humour de situation :………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Humour de l’instant saisi :………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Humour de point de vue :…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Noir et blanc ou couleur Alors qu’ Helen Levitt photographiait en noir et blanc comme la plupart des photographes
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