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Evolución Paleoambiental Del Delta Del Río Colorado Basada En El Análisis De Diatomeas

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Evolución Paleoambiental Del Delta Del Río Colorado Basada En El Análisis De Diatomeas EVOLUCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL DEL DELTA DEL RÍO COLORADO BASADA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE DIATOMEAS TESIS DOCTORAL LIC. ROCÍO FAYÓ 2018 DIRECTORA: DRA. MARCELA ALCIRA ESPINOSA CO-DIRECTOR: DR. FEDERICO IGNACIO ISLA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MAR DEL PLATA Imagen de portada: Vista del margen izquierdo del río Colorado en el sitio Ea. San Pedro. Fotografía tomada durante la campaña de febrero del año 2016, desde la isla vegetada que se formó durante los últimos diez años. “Este campo fue mar de sal y espuma. Hoy oleaje de ovejas, voz de avena. Más que tierra eres cielo, campo nuestro. Puro cielo sereno… Puro cielo.” Extracto del poema“Campo nuestro” Oliverio Girondo (1946) AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi sincero y profundo agradecimiento a todas las personas e instituciones que colaboraron de una u otra forma en el desarrollo de esta tesis. A la Escuela de posgrado de la FCEyN de la UNMdP por darme la oportunidad de realizar un Doctorado no arancelado, público, laico y de calidad. A los jurados las Dras. María Virginia Mancini e Inés Sunesen y al Dr. Marcelo Arístides Zárate, por su compromiso y buena predisposición en la lectura crítica del trabajo. Sus sugerencias y aportes mejoraron sustancialmente el manuscrito. A mis queridos directores la Dra. Marcela Alcira Espinosa y el Dr. Federico Ignacio Isla. Su confianza en estos años de trabajo, su paciencia, guía y cariño son invaluables para mí. Gracias por sembrar la semilla de la investigación en mi vida y ayudarla a crecer con tenacidad. Llevaré dentro de mí atesoradas todas las enseñanzas que me brindaron, su calidad y calidez. Muchas gracias, muchas veces!. Gracias por abrir las puertas de su casa, por los asados en sierras, por los mates, los consejos, las correcciones y enseñanzas. Gracias por acompañarme, alentarme y dejarme ser. A mi amigo y colega Dr. Camilo Vélez-Agudelo, con quien compartí minuto a minuto el desarrollo de etapa formativa, afrontando a la par inquietudes, dificultades taxonómicas, estadísticas y logros. Gracias parsa querido por estar siempre dispuesto a trabajar y crecer en equipo, por tu humildad y ayuda en cada paso. Gracias por acercarme a la bella Colombia y su hermoso pueblo, música y sabores. A mi querida Dra. Melina Márquez por su amistad, ayuda y contención. Gracias por tu solidaridad en el trabajo diario, por los recordatorios de fechas importantes, por tu ayuda en el profesorado y por traer rock al laboratorio. Al Dr. Jerónimo Pan por su inmensa colaboración en las traducciones y el armado de manuscritos. A José Bedmar y Reinaldo Maenza por su ayuda, fuerza, energía y buena predisposición en las campañas. A Melisa Albisetti por su ayuda con los mapas e imágenes. A mis colegas del laboratorio de micropaleontología la Dra. Laura Ferrero y Lic. Lucas Flores, por compartir sus conocimientos y experiencias. A mis compañeros del grupo de investigación, amigos y colegas del Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario (IGCyC-CIC), con quienes compartí distintas etapas de la tesis, cursos y el amor por las ciencias del ambiente, la biología, la geomorfología, la geología, la música, la comida, las marchas y las luchas. Gracias por su ayuda, apoyo constante y por darme el enorme privilegio de conocer y vivir en la Antártida. Gracias Roberto Donna (IGCyC) y Astrid Záfiro (IAA), por su compañerismo, predisposición y sincera amistad en el continente blanco. Ha sido un enorme placer trabajar y crecer junto a ustedes en nuestro querido Instituto. Las investigaciones realizadas en la tesis fueron llevadas a cabo con los subsidios FONCyT-PICT 1856/12,1146/16 y gracias al otorgamiento de la Beca Interna de Postgrado CONICET (2014-2019). Agradezco especialmente a mi hermosa familia, de la cual sigo aprendiendo día a día a ser mejor persona, a defender mis convicciones con integridad y a perseverar para alcanzar mis sueños y metas. Gracias por darme el ejemplo y tantas herramientas valiosas!. A mis queridos amigos por todo su apoyo, cariño, risas y mates. Muy especialmente quiero agradecer a mi hermana Dani y a Nico. El amor incondicional de ambos, cada palabra, cada gesto cotidiano, su ayuda y contención, me dio una luz cálida y aire fresco, esenciales para transitar este camino. Gracias mis amores por creer en mí, darme fuerzas y recorrerlo junto conmigo. Esta tesis está dedicada a ellos. Mar del Plata, Diciembre 2018 ROCÍO FAYÓ: tesis doctoral ÍNDICE ÍNDICE..………………………………………………………………..........................I ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS……………………………………………………………….IV RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………...……...VIII ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….. .X CAPÍTULO I. Introducción General 1.1. Diatomeas como modelo de estudio …………………………………….…... 1 1.2. Aplicación de las diatomeas fósiles en reconstrucciones paleoambientales... 5 1.3. Análisis autoecológico de diatomeas…………………..…...………………. 7 1.4. Reconstrucciones paleoambientales en Argentina………………………… 9 1.5. Sistemas deltaicos……….………………………………………..….……. 14 1.6. Cambios en el nivel del mar durante el Holoceno en Argentina…....……… 20 Preguntas………..……………………..……………………………………. 22 Hipótesis…………………………………..................................................... 23 Objetivo general……………………………………………...……………..….23 Objetivo particulares…………………………………………………………. 23 CAPÍTULO II. Área de estudio 2.1. Ubicación……………………………………………….……………….. 25 2.2. Clima, régimen fluvial y régimen mareal 2.2.1. Características climáticas……………………………….………… 28 2.2.2. Características hidrológicas del delta…………………………… 29 2.2.3. Régimen mareal del delta……………………………..…………. 33 2.2.4. Vegetación…………………………………………………….…. 34 2.3. Antecedentes geológicos y paleontológico...................................................... 35 I ROCÍO FAYÓ: tesis doctoral 2.4. Cambios hidrológicos históricos e influencia antrópica……….……..……….40 CAPÍTULO III. Materiales y métodos 3.1.Trabajo de campo y muestreo…………………………………................................45 3.2. Tareas de laboratorio………………………………………………………...….....46 3.3. Análisis de datos…………………………………………………………………...53 CAPÍTULO IV. Análisis de las sucesiones sedimentarias 4.1. Sitio La Chiquita 4.1.1. Introducción…………………………………………….……..…………55 4.1.2. Resultados 4.1.2.1. Descripción litológica y cronología………….………………...58 4.1.2.2. Análisis de diatomeas de la sucesión sedimentaria LCH……....63 4.2. Sitio Las Isletas 4.2.1. Introducción.…………………………….………………………..……..67 4.2.2. Resultados 4.2.2.1. Descripción litológica y cronología…………………………....68 4.2.2.2. Análisis de diatomeas de la sucesión sedimentaria LI………....72 4.3. Sitio Estancia San Pedro 4.3.1. Introducción.…………………………………………………..……...….75 4.3.2. Resultados 4.3.2.1. Descripción litológica y cronología………………………..…..77 4.3.2.2. Análisis de diatomeas de la sucesión sedimentaria SP…....…...80 4.4. Análisis de escalamiento multidimensional (NMDS)……………….. …………...83 4.5. Comparación de datos granulométricos y contenido de materia orgánica de las sucesiones sedimentarias estudiadas………………………………………...................92 II ROCÍO FAYÓ: tesis doctoral CAPÍTULO V. Interpretación paleoambiental de las sucesiones sedimentarias 5.1. Sitio La Chiquita ………….………...………..........................................................96 5.2. Sitio Las Isletas………..……………...………......................................................101 5.3. Sitio Estancia San Pedro.…………...……….........................................................106 5.4. Cambios paleoambientales y variaciones holocenas del nivel del mar………..…113 CAPÍTULO VI. Discusión General...........................................................................130 6.1. Dominio de diatomeas ticoplanctónicas en depósitos holocenos de la llanura deltaica del río Colorado……………………………………………………………....131 6.2. Evolución paleoambiental del delta del río Colorado comparada con otras reconstrucciones deltaicas basadas en diatomeas……………………………………..135 6.3. Aplicación de los estudios paleolimnológicos en la evaluación de sistemas sometidos a cambios naturales y antrópicos………………………………………......144 CAPÍTULO VII. Conclusiones………….………………………………………………………146 Consideraciones finales….……………..........................................................151 CAPÍTULO VIII. Referencias bibliográficas………………….…………………..152 APÉNDICE FOTOGRÁFICO…………………………………………..………….196 III ROCÍO FAYÓ: tesis doctoral ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO I. Introducción General 1.1. Mapa de ubicación de los principales sitios de Patagonia y Buenos Aires que poseen reconstrucciones paleoambientales basadas en diatomeas………........................ 13 1.2. Clasificación ternaria de las costas clásticas..….…………………………………. 18 1.3. Componente evolutivo en la génesis de costas transgresivas y regresivas…......... 19 1.4. Curvas del nivel del mar propuestas para la provincia de Buenos Aires e inmediaciones………………………...…………………………………………………. 22 CAPÍTULO II. Área de estudio 2.1. Sistema hidrográfico Desaguadero-Salado-Chadileuvú-Curacó-Colorado……… 26 2.2. Mapa de ubicación del río Colorado........................................................................ 27 2.3. Localidades de la llanura deltaica y obras de irrigación del río Colorado.............. 27 2.4. Gradiente de precipitación media en la cuenca del río Colorado………............... 28 2.5. Gradiente de temperatura media anual en la cuenca del río Colorado……………. 29 2.6. Serie histórica del caudal del río Colorado en la estación de aforo de Pichi Mahuida………………………………………………………………………………….. 32 2.7. Hidrograma del caudal medio y la salinidad del río Colorado con anterioridad y posterioridad a la construcción de la presa-embalse Casa de Piedra.....................……...... 33 2.8. Ubicación
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