DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermal Catalytic Treatment (Thermolysis): an Effective Process for the Removal of COD and Color from Industrial Wastewater

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermal Catalytic Treatment (Thermolysis): an Effective Process for the Removal of COD and Color from Industrial Wastewater Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 818-826 J. Environ. Treat. Tech. ISSN: 2309-1185 Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com Thermal Catalytic Treatment (Thermolysis): An Effective Process for the Removal of COD and Color from Industrial Wastewater Mohit Nigam1, Sunil Rajoriya2*, Shraddha Rani Singh1, Pradeep Kumar3* 1Raja Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus, Agra-283105, India 2Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut-250005, India 3Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India Received: 03/02/2020 Accepted: 13/04/2020 Published: 20/05/2020 Abstract Nowadays, water pollution control is one of the global concern areas of scientific research. To meet stringent regulating measures set by various regulatory authorities for effluent discharge, it is a challenging task for various industries. Various processes such as adsorption, biological process, thermal catalytic, membrane technology, electrochemical etc. are reported for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Amongst all the above processes, thermal catalytic process has appeared as an advance process for the treatment of highly polluted wastewater originating from various industries. In this paper, mechanism of thermal catalytic (thermolysis) process towards the pollutant removal has been discussed. This paper provides information about the recent research on thermal catalytic process for the treatment of synthetic and real industrial wastewater. In addition to this, a case study on the treatment of tannery wastewater using thermolysis process has also been investigated. The obtained results showed that maximum 65.25% COD and 72.65% color were reduced using copper sulphate salt with catalyst mass loading of 2 kg/m3 at pH of 4. Keywords: Chemical oxygen demand, Color, Wastewater treatment, Tannery wastewater, Thermal catalytic process 1 Introduction1 catalytic process has gained attention for the treatment of Water is one of the most precious compounds of nature for wastewater discharge from different industries. This novel living life on earth. All living organism must have water in process not only creates the desirable transformation but also order to survive. There would be no life on earth without water. decreases the total processing cost and has been found to be It covers more than 71% of the earth surface, whereas less than more energy efficient in comparison to many other 1% of water is for drinking purpose as per international conventional techniques. Thermal catalytic treatment offers standards. Thus, major global challenge for the 21st century to immense potential for the removal of hardly degradable organic have drinkable water (1, 2). Human health is affected by water pollutant from various industrial effluents (17). Thermal quality typically due to the presence of contaminants in catalytic process is an attractive destruction process for the drinking water from highly polluted wastewater. With Strictest treatment of wastewater in which organic and/or inorganic regulation standards set by different regulatory authorities and substances in aqueous/synthetic solutions gets decomposed and increasing environmental awareness industries faces form precipitate at moderate or an elevated temperatures and challenges, it requires appropriate waste water treatment self (autogenous) pressure in the absence of air/oxygen with or technologies (3-4). Several industries such as food processing, without metal salt catalysts like copper sulphate, copper oxide, textiles, distilleries, pulp and paper industries, tanneries and magnesium oxide, ferric chloride etc. (18, 19). Due to its ease many other industries are continuously polluting aquatic in operation, relatively simple equipment design, less medium in numerous different ways, either discharge directly maintenance and low energy consumption, thermal catalytic and/or from the treatment plants of wastewater that do not process can be applied almost all types of waste water. The fulfill their obligation; as they contains hardly degradable main advantages and disadvantages of thermal catalytic process organics substances. Traditional biological treatment methods are given in Table 1. This process has been successfully applied are incapable to treat such larger complex compounds (5, 6). In in different type of industries such as pulp and paper mills (20), the past years, several researchers have studied on the various textile (21-22), alcohol distillery (17-18,23) waste water, treatment technologies such as electrochemical methods (7-9), Petrochemical wastewater (19), sugar industry waste water Adsorption (10, 11), biological process (12), membrane (24). Further thermal catalytic treatment process may be used processes (13), Advance oxidation process (14) and as a pre-treatment, post-treatment, or even as the main combination of biological and advance oxidation process (15, treatment of wastewater because of versatility of the treatment 16) for the treatment of wastewater. In the recent years, thermal process (25). Corresponding author: (a) Sunil Rajoriya, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut-250005, India. E-mail: [email protected]; and (b) Pradeep Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India. Email: [email protected]. 818 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 818-826 Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of thermal catalytic treatment process S.No. Advantages Dis-advantages 1. Simple equipment required, low maintenance, easy to 1. Need of cleaning of the reactor wall at Periodic operate. interval since charred/solid residue gets attached to reactor wall. 2. Efficient for reduction in the COD, color, odor, TDS etc. 2. Requirement of acidic resistant reactor since the process is generally effective under acidic conditions. 3. Less sludge generated. 3. Required physicochemical monitoring of the effluent. 4. Residue generated after thermolysis process has good calorific value. 5. Operating cost is low since no nutrient and air are required. 6. Small space required for the treatment. 7. Good sludge settling and easy dewatering due to presence of Metallic oxides/hydroxides. It may be economical and a better supplement to the are broken down thermally and chemically and undergo biological and oxidation processes. In this process, organic complexation. Finally, it transforms into insoluble substrate precipitates in the form of solid, can be used as a fuel particles/molecules which settle down in the reactor. These and the ash obtained may be mixed with organic manure for use insoluble particles become precipitate in terms of COD and in agriculture/horticulture. The major objective of the present color removal. Additionally, larger complex compounds are study is to provide the detailed information about the recent broken down into the smaller soluble compounds. Due to the research on the thermal catalytic process towards the treatment development of insoluble precipitates, substantial reduction in of industrial wastewater. The mechanism of thermal catalytic terms of COD and color from wastewater takes place (26, 24, process has also been discussed. A case study on the treatment 27). The steps in the mechanism of thermolysis process have of tannery wastewater has also been studied in order to check been shown in Fig. 1. Thermal catalytic reaction in the absence the efficiency of the thermal catalytic process. of catalyst can be represented as: 2 Mechanism of thermal catalytic (thermolysis) ComplexorganiccompoundsH2 O heat Solid residue lower molecular weight organics process Thermal catalytic reaction in the presence of catalyst can be In thermolysis process, dual mechanisms occur written as: simultaneously. The wastewater is subjected to heat in the presence of metal based catalyst. At the initial stage, the both Catalyst H2 O heat simple and complex organic compounds present in wastewater Complexorganiccompounds Solid residue lower molecular weight organics +∆ Thermal Energy Metal based + catalyst (Room temp. to moderate temp. up to 950C) Disintegration of organic matter Organic Compounds + Other Contaminants Entrapment / Solid residue has good micro Aggregation / nutrient can be used as a fertilizer Treated WasteTreated Water Complexation also has good calorific value can be used as a fuel Precipitation of organic matter in terms of COD/Color reduction Figure 1: Mechanism of thermal catalytic process 819 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 818-826 Table 2: An Overview of thermolysis process towards the treatment of industrial wastewater in recent years Initial Type of Optimum Type of Range of Important S. No. characteristics catalyst process References wastewater Parameters outcomes of wastewater used parameters COD=108 Alcohol kg/m3, BOD=50 pH = 1 to 12, pH=1, COD reduction= Lele et al. 1 distillery kg/m3, pH=4.5, Nil temp. = 160 to Temp.=250oC t = 59% at pH 1 R (31) wastewater color=dark 250°C 2 h (temp. 230°C) brown Distillery COD reduction wastewater COD= 35000 Temperature Dhale et al. 2 Nil Temp=150oC =40%, color after biogas mg/L =150°C t = 0.6 h (33) R reduction = 30% generation pH= 5, C =5 pH=5 to 10.5, w COD Pulp and COD=7 kg/m3 kg/m3 for COD, CuSO ,CuO, Cw=1-8kg/m3 reduction=63.3% Garg et al. 3 paper mill Color=dark 4 C =2 kg./m3 for activated carbon Temp. w Color (20) waste water brown pH=10.8 Color, CuSO range=20-95oC 4 removal=92.5% catalyst COD= 34000 Bio-digester Temp. =100- mg/dm3, effluent from 140oC Cw=2 to pH=1, COD reduction BOD=6300 Chaudhari et 4 alcohol CuO 5kg/m3, Temp.=140oC, =70%, BOD mg/dm3,pH = al. (18) distillery Pressure C =3kg/m3 reduction=83% 7.8, color = w plant range=1-9 bar blackish brown COD=2884 pH=2-12 CuSO 5H O, mg/L BOD 4. 2 Temp.= pH=4, C =4 COD 3days CuO, ZnO, w Desizing at 20oC=3275 atmospheric kg/m3, Temp. = reduction=71.6%, Kumar et al. 5 FeSO 7H O, wastewater mg/L 4. 2 temp. to 95oC 95°C t =4 h, Color (21) Al (SO ) 16H R Color=520(PCU 2 4 3. 2 Catalyst CuSO removal=87.2% O 4 ) dose=1-8 kg/m3 COD Composite COD=1960 pH=2 to 12 CuSO , FeSO , reduction=77.9%, wastewater of mg/L, 4 4 C =1 to 12 pH=12 C = 6 Kumar et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Combustion, Thermal Treatment, & Air Pollution Control Engineering
    Call us today at 865.694.7517 | Email: [email protected] Web: www.focusenv.com Combustion, Thermal Treatment, & Air Pollution Control Engineering Capabilities OVERVIEW evaluate fans, ductwork, hooding, and general air Focus personnel have extensive experience in the handling systems. design, evaluation, and operation of combustion Emissions Estimates and Waste Characterization systems and associated air pollution control equipment for our clients. This Focus engineers have extensive experience estimating capability extends to emissions from processes including estimation of virtually all kinds of removal efficiencies across various types of air processes and air pollution control systems using both theoretical and pollution control real world estimation techniques. Focus maintains a equipment. Hands-on stack testing database to verify emissions estimates experience enables us to very effectively evaluate and generated for specific applications. These estimates recommend alternative/comparable energy sources as form the basis for air permit applications and design. well as troubleshoot combustion problems and air For the proper design of any treatment system, an pollution control equipment. accurate accounting of all process inputs is an Focus has experience with the following combustion essential requirement. Focus has developed special equipment applications: expertise and engineering analytical tools to ensure emissions and wastes are adequately characterized, Hospital / Medical / Infectious Waste Incinerators categorized, and inventoried.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems Study U.S. Department of Energy Internal Review Panel Report
    DOE/EM —0268-96003365 Integrated Thermal Treatment Systems Study U.S. Department of Energy Internal Review Panel Report April 1995 Cudahy, J. Escarda, T. Gimpel, R. Huffman, G. Kolts, J. Musgrave, D. Peters, R. Seeker, R. Swartz, V. Torbert, M. Vavruska, J. U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management r 5 j Office of Technology Development - •* « ,^ ~ r i" • x Washington DC, 20585 j "^ ' [^ , DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED INTEGRATED THERMAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS STUDY INTERNAL REVIEW PANEL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Technology Development (OTD) commissioned two studies to uniformly evaluate nineteen thermal treatment technologies. These studies were called the Integrated Thermal Treatment System (ITTS) Phase I and Phase II. With the advice and guidance of the DOE Office of Environmental Management's (EM's) Mixed Waste Focus Group, OTD formed an ITTS Internal Review Panel, composed of scientists and engineers from throughout the DOE complex, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the California EPA, and private experts. The Panel met from November 15-18, 1994, to review and comment on the ITTS studies, to make recommendations on the most promising thermal treatment systems for DOE mixed low level wastes (MLLW), and to make recommendations on research and development necessary to prove the performance of the technologies on MLLW. The ITTS evaluated thermal treatment technologies integrated into systems that could likely be implemented as regional treatment facilities for MLLW typical of that in the DOE complex. The Panel's primary observations are: Thermal Treatment Technologies • The integrated systems that appear to have the most versatility (capability to treat a wide variety of waste) include variations of the rotary kiln, plasma arc, and direct vitrification.
    [Show full text]
  • Possibilities for Reducing CO and TOC Emissions in Thermal Waste Treatment Plants: a Case Study
    energies Article Possibilities for Reducing CO and TOC Emissions in Thermal Waste Treatment Plants: A Case Study Janusz Bujak 1,*, Piotr Sitarz 2 and Rafał Pasela 1 1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] 2 PPM PROMONT Bujak Sp. z o.o.—Sp. K., Bydgoszcz, Jagiello´nska35, 85-097 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-501-541185; Fax: +48-523-220853 Abstract: The technology of waste-management thermal processing may pose a threat to the natural environment through the emission of harmful substances, such as CO, NOx, SO2, HCl, HF, total organic carbon (TOC) and dust, as well as dioxins and furans. Due to the advantages of thermal waste treatment, including the small volume of solid residue produced and possible thermal energy recovery, thermal waste treatment is widely applied. Continuous research is necessary to develop methods for reducing the risk of harmful substances being produced and methods for the effective removal of pollutants resulting from flue gases. This paper presents an analysis of the results and conditions of the experimental redesign of a thermal industrial waste (polypropylene) treatment plant. The purpose of the redesign was to improve the quality of gasification and afterburning processes taking place in the combustion and afterburner chambers (through the installation of an additional section), thus resulting in a reduction in the concentrations of CO and total organic carbon (TOC) in flue gases. The research concerned a facility implementing the combustion process on an industrial scale.
    [Show full text]
  • In Situ Thermal Treatment Methods
    United States Office of Solid Waste and EPA 542-F-01-012 Environmental Protection Emergency Response May 2001 Agency (5102G) www.epa.gov/superfund/sites www.cluin.org A Citizen’s Guide to In Situ Thermal Treatment Methods EPA uses many methods to clean up pollution at Superfund and other sites. Some, like in situ thermal treatment methods, are considered new or innovative. Such methods can be quicker and cheaper than more common methods. If you live, work, or go to school near a Superfund site, you may want to learn more about cleanup methods. Perhaps they are being used or are proposed for use at your site. How do they work? Are they safe? This Citizen’s Guide is one in a series to help answer your questions. ? What are in situ thermal treatment methods? In situ thermal treatment methods, in general, are ways to move or mobilize harmful chemicals through soil and groundwater by heating them. The heated chemicals move through the soil and ? groundwater toward underground wells where they are collected and piped to the ground surface. There the chemicals can be treated above ground by one of the many cleanup methods available. How do they work? All thermal methods work by heating polluted soil and groundwater. The heat helps push chemicals through the soil toward collection wells. The heat also can destroy or evaporate certain types of chemicals. When they evaporate, the chemicals change into gases, which move more easily through the soil. Collection wells capture the harmful chemicals and gases and pipe them to the ground surface for cleanup.
    [Show full text]
  • LCA of Thermal Conversion of Poultry Litter at BMC Moerdijk
    LCA of thermal conversion of poultry litter at BMC Moerdijk LCA of thermal conversion of poultry litter at BMC Moerdijk Authors: Lonneke de Graaff Ingrid Odegard Sanne Nusselder Delft, CE Delft, March 2017 Publication code: 17.2H94.01 Energy technology / Biomass / Animal manure / Poultry/ Thermal treatment / Electricity / Ash / LCA / Environmental factors Commissioned by: BMC Moerdijk All public CE publications are available at www.cedelft.eu More information on this study can be obtained from the project leader Lonneke de Graaff. © copyright, CE Delft, Delft CE Delft Committed to the Environment CE Delft draagt met onafhankelijk onderzoek en advies bij aan een duurzame samenleving. Wij zijn toonaangevend op het gebied van energie, transport en grondstoffen. Met onze kennis van techniek, beleid en economie helpen we overheden, NGO’s en bedrijven structurele veranderingen te realiseren. Al 35 jaar werken betrokken en kundige medewerkers bij CE Delft om dit waar te maken. 1 March 2017 – LCA of thermal conversion of poultry litter at BMC Moerdijk Contents Summary 5 1 Introduction 12 2 Methodology 13 2.1 Aim and intended readership 13 2.2 ISO standard 13 2.3 Function and functional unit 14 2.4 Routes 14 2.5 System boundaries 16 2.6 Environmental impact categories 17 2.7 LCA method – further scope definition 18 2.8 Nutrient balance method 19 2.9 Software and databases 20 3 Inventory and data quality 21 3.1 Carbon fixation inventory 21 3.2 Fertilizer substitution inventory 22 3.3 Inventory and data quality per route 23 4 Nutrient balance 27
    [Show full text]
  • Trends and Drivers in Alternative Thermal Conversion of Waste
    Trends and drivers in alternative thermal conversion of waste IEA Bioenergy: Task 36 September 2020 xxxx: xx IEA Bioenergy: Task XX Month Year xxxx: xx Trends and drivers in alternative thermal conversion of waste Dieter Stapf, Giovanni Ciceri, Inge Johansson Corresponding author: Dieter Stapf, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Acknowledgement: Funding of the BKV-study on Thermal processes for feedstock recycling of plastics waste by BKV GmbH and Plastics Europe AISBL is greatfully acknowledged. IEATitle Bioenergy: of publication Task 36 SubtitleSeptember of publication 2020 Authors and / or acknowledgements here Edited by Copyright © 2020 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy The IEA Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) but is functionally and legally autonomous. Views, findings and publications of the IEA Bioenergy TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries Abstract IEA bioenergy Task 36 “Material and energy valorisation of waste in a circular economy” prepared this report about trends in waste management for the example of municipal solid waste (MSW). Within the waste hierarchy, recycling is given preference over recovery, and waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion is given preference over landfilling. MSW is non-hazardous household and commercial waste, of which more than one third typically is biogenic in origin. Incineration represents the state-of-the-art WtE technology; alternative thermal treatment technologies such as gasification and pyrolysis have had far fewer applications to MSW due to economic factors and relatively low technology readiness. This is a situation that is currently changing.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Treatment of Waste Guidelines (2014)
    Thermal Treatment of Waste Guidelines 2014 May 2014 Introduction and Scope The Thermal treatment of waste guidelines 2014 (“the 2014 guidelines”) set out SEPA’s approach to permitting thermal treatment of waste facilities and our role as a statutory consultee of the land use planning system. They update and replace SEPA’s Thermal treatment of waste guidelines 2009. The 2014 guidelines are aimed at those involved in the land use planning system, local authority waste managers, the waste industry and SEPA staff. They will also promote public understanding of SEPA’s approach to both planning applications and environmental licensing. The guidelines apply (but without excluding other potential thermal recovery technologies) to the treatment of municipal and/or commercial and industrial waste by combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma systems and anaerobic digestion (“AD”). While AD plants are not strictly thermal treatment plants, we believe the biogas produced should be used in the most energy efficient way. For this reason AD plants are included within the guidelines but only in respect of the use of the biogas. The guidelines describe what is expected from developers in order to comply with the Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (“PPC Regulations”) and provide advice on the type of information SEPA requires when determining permits. The practical implications of the PPC Regulations and these guidelines are that plants should: • be designed, equipped and operated using Best Available Techniques and in such a manner that the requirements of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EC) (“IED”) are met and ensure that no significant pollution is caused; • only recover energy from waste which has been subject to all reasonably practicable measures to recover materials for recycling.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Review of Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Treatment Practices
    WASTE TO ENERGY A Technical Review of Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Treatment Practices FINAL REPORT Prepared for: Environmental Quality Branch Environmental Protection Division 3rd Floor 2975 Jutland Road Victoria, BC V8T 5J9 Attention: Christine Woodhouse Prepared by: Stantec 4370 Dominion Street, Suite 500 Burnaby, BC V5G 4L7 Tel: (604) 436-3014 Fax: (604) 436-3752 Project No.: 1231-10166 Date: March 2011 Waste to Energy A Technical Review of Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Treatment Practices Final Report Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The province of British Columbia is committed to achieving ambitious goals for sustainable environmental management, including realizing greenhouse gas reductions, leading the world with the best air quality bar none and ensuring municipal solid waste (MSW) is managed to minimize environmental impacts. Representing approximately 3% of the province‟s available biomass resources, a portion of the municipal solid waste stream is a bioenergy source produced in all our communities that has the potential to be used as a fuel supply for the generation of electricity or for the generation of hot water or steam for community energy systems. Anticipating increased interest in Waste to Energy (WTE) projects, the province is considering updates and revisions to the 1991 Emission Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. This WTE background report supports the Ministry of Environment‟s scoping phase, and is intended to be used as a supporting document for subsequent steps, including preparation of emission guidelines. This background report addresses the concept of what constitutes good performance, based on best practices in the WTE field in order to provide guidance on potential stack emissions limits and the design and operation of WTE facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Waste Management Through the Application of Thermal Methods
    6 Solid Waste Management through the Application of Thermal Methods Konstantinos Moustakas and Maria Loizidou National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Unit of Environmental Science & Technology 9, Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, Athens Greece 1. Introduction Human life in modern societies is inevitably related to waste generation. Around 255 million tones of municipal solid waste were generated in the 27 Member-States of the European Union in 2006, an increase of 13% in comparison to 1995. This represented an average of 517 kg of municipal waste per capita, an increase of 9% over 1995. Therefore, it is not strange that waste management has become a crucial subject with increasing interest for scientists, local authorities, companies and simple citizens. The effective management of solid waste involves the application of various treatment methods, technologies and practices. All applied technologies and systems must ensure the protection of the public health and the environment. Apart from sanitary landfill, mechanical recycling and common recycling routes for different target materials, the technologies that are applied for the management of domestic solid waste include biological treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion) and thermal treatment technologies (incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, plasma technology). Fig. 1. Different biological and thermal methods for solid waste management Source: Waste Management, Book edited by: Er Sunil Kumar, ISBN 978-953-7619-84-8, pp. 232, March 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM www.intechopen.com 90 Waste Management This chapter focuses on the description of the alternative thermal practices for municipal solid waste management. Thermal methods for waste management aim at the reduction of the waste volume, the conversion of waste into harmless materials and the utilization of the energy that is hidden within waste as heat, steam, electrical energy or combustible material.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical and Environmental Comparison Among Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios
    sustainability Article Technical and Environmental Comparison among Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenarios Deborah Panepinto * and Mariachiara Zanetti Department of Engineering for Environment, Land and Infrastructures (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-090-7660 Abstract: In order to determine the optimal final destination of municipal solid waste, it is necessary to consider both monetary costs and environmental externalities, as well as the local availability of waste-processing industrial infrastructure. The paper examines the results obtained from a technical, economic, and environmental comparison between different scenarios for waste management: in particular, the solutions of gasification and pyrolysis were studied and, afterwards, were compared with direct combustion in incineration plant (from the point of view of the thermal treatment) and final disposal in landfill. In order to perform this analysis, 19 plants operating on full scale were analyzed. The comparison took into account environmental, energy, and economic aspects. From the environmental and energetical point of view, the tool of mass and energy balance was used to address some key environmental aspects. In particular, some indexes were defined in order to perform a comparison among the different analyzed solutions. As concerns the economic point of view, conventional economic criteria were considered. The analysis showed advantages for the examined thermal treatment solutions. The comparison methodology that has been defined can establish a more general useful approach in order to help the definition of the best solution for waste Citation: Panepinto, D.; Zanetti, M. management planning. Technical and Environmental Comparison among Different Keywords: municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal; thermal treatment; landfill; environmental Municipal Solid Waste Management aspects; economic aspects Scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Treatment of PFAS in Environmental Media: a Review of the State-Of-The-Science
    Thermal Treatment of PFAS in Environmental Media: A review of the state-of-the-science Marc A. Mills, Ph.D. and Diana Bless USEPA ORD Kavitha Dasu, Ph.D., Dinusha P. Siriwardena, Ph.D., Amy Dindal Battelle Memorial Institute PFAS Background • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that have been in use since the 1940s. • PFAS are (or have been) found in a wide array of consumer products like cookware, food packaging, and stain and water repellants used in fabrics, carpets and outerwear. • PFAS can also be found at manufacturing and processing facilities, and airports and military installations that use firefighting foams which contain PFAS. • Because of their widespread use and environmental persistence, most people have been exposed. • Some PFAS chemicals can accumulate and can stay in the human body for long periods of time. • There is evidence that exposure to certain PFAS may lead to adverse health effects. 2 Purpose of this workshop • Due to the unique and atypical properties of PFAS, there is a need for research, development, and implementation of existing and innovative technologies to effectively treat PFAS in contaminated media. • Thermal treatment technologies are common remediation approaches for contaminated media and waste. • Limited information exists on the efficacy, potential atmospheric emissions, operational conditions, costs, etc. for thermal treatment technologies specifically targeted for PFAS. • The purpose of this workshop is to review the state-of-the-science review on thermal
    [Show full text]
  • Incineration Fly Ash and Its Treatment to Possible Utilization: a Review
    energies Review Incineration Fly Ash and Its Treatment to Possible Utilization: A Review Altaf Hussain Kanhar, Shaoqing Chen and Fei Wang * State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; [email protected] (A.H.K.); [email protected] (S.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-571-87952628; Fax: +86-571-87952438 Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: Incineration has gained popularity over landfill as a key solution for the reduction of massively increasing volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation worldwide and in particular China. However, it is not the end solution. The disposal of the incineration residues, which are enriched with a wide range of heavy metals and soluble salts, has become a challenge for the environmental managers. The aim of this study was to review the increasing urbanization and its repercussion on waste generation in China; waste management options were compared for possible environmentally friendly considerations. Treatment techniques of incineration fly ash were discussed to determine the effectiveness of obtaining environmentally stable material, and, finally, possible applications of incineration fly ash for utilization were discussed based on identifying the processing suitability, performance and environmental impact of incineration fly ash for its applications. Keywords: municipal solid waste; incineration; fly ash; urbanization; heavy metals; treatment techniques 1. Introduction In 2016, around 2.01 billion tons of solid waste was generated worldwide. With increasing population, urban expansion and industrialization, the annual waste generation is expected to increase by 70% in the coming two decades [1]. Chinese urban expansion is increasing year by year and so is the generation of municipal solid waste.
    [Show full text]