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Transgenic Cotton and Sterile Insect Releases Synergize Eradication of Pink Bollworm a Century After It Invaded the United States

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Transgenic Cotton and Sterile Insect Releases Synergize Eradication of Pink Bollworm a Century After It Invaded the United States Transgenic cotton and sterile insect releases synergize eradication of pink bollworm a century after it invaded the United States Bruce E. Tabashnika,1, Leighton R. Liesnerb, Peter C. Ellsworthc, Gopalan C. Unnithana, Jeffrey A. Fabrickd, Steven E. Naranjod, Xianchun Lia, Timothy J. Dennehya,2, Larry Antillab, Robert T. Statene, and Yves Carrièrea aDepartment of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; bArizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, Phoenix, AZ 85040; cDepartment of Entomology, University of Arizona, Maricopa, AZ 85138; dUS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Maricopa, AZ 85138; and eAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, AZ 85040 Edited by David Denlinger, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and approved November 20, 2020 (received for review September 10, 2020) Invasive organisms pose a global threat and are exceptionally Transgenic Bt cotton helped to reduce the total annual cost of pink difficult to eradicate after they become abundant in their new bollworm damage and insecticide treatments to $32 million in the habitats. We report a successful multitactic strategy for combating United States (18). Although Bt cotton kills essentially 100% of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), one of the world’s susceptible pink bollworm larvae (19–21), this pest rapidly evolved most invasive pests. A coordinated program in the southwestern resistance to Bt proteins in laboratory selection experiments in United States and northern Mexico included releases of billions of ArizonaandinBtcottonfieldsinIndia(20–24). To delay the sterile pink bollworm moths from airplanes and planting of cotton evolution of resistance to Bt cotton, farmers in Arizona planted engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium “refuges” of non-Bt cotton that yielded abundant susceptible moths Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). An analysis of computer simulations to mate with the rare resistant moths emerging from Bt cotton and 21 y of field data from Arizona demonstrate that the transgenic (Fig. 1A). The refuge strategy, which has been mandated in the Bt cotton and sterile insect releases interacted synergistically to re- United States and many other countries, but was not adopted duce the pest’s population size. In Arizona, the program started in 2006 and decreased the pest’s estimated statewide population size widely by farmers in India, helped preserve pink bollworm sus- AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES from over 2 billion in 2005 to zero in 2013. Complementary regional ceptibility to Bt cotton in Arizona from 1996 to 2005 (24). efforts eradicated this pest throughout the cotton-growing areas of As part of a coordinated, multitactic effort to eradicate the pink the continental United States and northern Mexico a century after it bollworm from the southwestern United States and northern had invaded both countries. The removal of this pest saved farmers Mexico, a new strategy largely replacing refuges with mass releases in the United States $192 million from 2014 to 2019. It also elimi- of sterile pink bollworm moths was initiated in Arizona during nated the environmental and safety hazards associated with insec- 2006 (Fig. 1B;24–27). To enable this novel strategy, the US En- ticide sprays that had previously targeted the pink bollworm and vironmental Protection Agency granted a special exemption from facilitated an 82% reduction in insecticides used against all cotton the refuge requirement, which allowed Arizona cotton growers to pests in Arizona. The economic and social benefits achieved demon- strate the advantages of using agricultural biotechnology in concert Significance with classical pest control tactics. We report eradication of the pink bollworm, one of the world’s eradication | invasive species | genetically engineered crop | sterile insect most damaging crop pests, from the cotton-growing areas of technique | Pectinophora gossypiella the continental United States and northern Mexico. A coordi- nated, multitactic program achieved this success a century after nvasive life forms pose a major global threat and are especially the pest invaded both countries. The program included re- Idifficult to eradicate after they become widespread and abun- leases of billions of sterile pink bollworm moths from airplanes dant in their new habitats (1–4). The pink bollworm (Pectinophora and planting of cotton engineered to produce insect-killing gossypiella), one of the world’s most invasive insects, is a voracious proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Analysis of lepidopteran pest of cotton that was first detected in the United computer simulations and 21 y of field data from Arizona indi- States in 1917 (5–8). For most of the past century, it was partic- cate these two tactics interacted synergistically to suppress the ularly destructive in the southwestern United States, including pest. By eradicating the pink bollworm, the program ended the Arizona, where its larvae fed almost exclusively on cotton, con- damage it caused to cotton and the insecticide sprays used to suming the seeds inside bolls and disrupting lint production (6, 8). control it, yielding economic, environmental, and social benefits. In 1969, its peak seasonal density at an Arizona study site was 1.8 million larvae per hectare (ha), which translates to over 200 billion Author contributions: B.E.T., L.R.L., P.C.E., T.J.D., L.A., and R.T.S. designed research; L.R.L., larvae in the 126,000 ha of cotton planted statewide that year P.C.E., G.C.U., J.A.F., S.E.N., X.L., L.A., and R.T.S. performed research; B.E.T. and Y.C. ana- lyzed data; B.E.T. wrote the paper; B.E.T. conducted modeling; and L.R.L., P.C.E., J.A.F., (9, 10). In 1990, this pest cost Arizona cotton growers $48 million, S.E.N., T.J.D., L.A., R.T.S., and Y.C. contributed to revising the paper. including $32 million damage to cotton despite $16 million spent Competing interest statement: B.E.T. and J.A.F. are coauthors of patents on engineered for insecticides sprayed to control it (11). In several field trials, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins (US10704059) and potentiating Bt toxins mass releases of sterile pink bollworm moths to mate with wild (US20090175974A1), respectively. T.J.D. is retired and was previously employed by moths reduced progeny production somewhat, yet did not sup- Monsanto, Bayer CropScience, and BASF. press established populations because the sterile moths did not This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. sufficiently outnumber the wild moths (6, 12–14). Published under the PNAS license. Pink bollworm control was revolutionized in 1996 by the in- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected]. troduction of cotton genetically engineered to produce insecticidal 2Retired. proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt proteins This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/ kill some major insect pests yet are not toxic to most nontarget doi:10.1073/pnas.2019115118/-/DCSupplemental. organisms, including people and many beneficial insects (15–17). Published December 28, 2020. PNAS 2021 Vol. 118 No. 1 e2019115118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019115118 | 1of5 Downloaded at DigiTop - USDA's Digital Desktop Library on January 7, 2021 Bt cotton and sterile insect releases interact additively, the projected time to achieve eradication is also 15.6 y because the sterile insect releases alone did not decrease population size. Thus, the simulated outcome of eradication in 3 y with Bt cotton and sterile releases combined indicates synergy between these two tactics. In a second set of simulations, we increased the population growth rate per generation (Ro) from 1.6 to 3.2 and the effective number of sterile moths released per generation (Seff)from3 million to 120 million while keeping all other values the same as in the realistic scenario described above. As in the realistic scenario, the combination of Bt cotton and sterile releases caused eradi- cation in 3 y (Fig. 2B). However, with the higher Ro, the pop- ulation increased to its carrying capacity with either Bt cotton or sterile releases alone (Fig. 2B). Additional sensitivity analyses imply that under a wide range of reasonable assumptions, the combination of Bt cotton and sterile releases can interact syner- gistically to rapidly eradicate pink bollworm (SI Appendix,Table S1 and Figs. S1–S5). Fig. 1. Management strategies. (A) The refuge strategy is the primary ap- proach adopted worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to Bt crops and was used in Arizona from 1996 to 2005. Refuges of non-Bt cotton planted near Bt cotton produce abundant susceptible moths (blue) to mate with the rare resistant moths (red) emerging from Bt cotton. If the inheri- tance of resistance to Bt cotton is recessive, as in pink bollworm, the het- erozygous offspring from matings between resistant and susceptible moths die when they feed on Bt cotton bolls as larvae (24). (B) Bt cotton and sterile moth releases were used together in Arizona from 2006 to 2014 as part of a multitactic program to eradicate the pink bollworm. Susceptible sterile moths (brown) were released from airplanes to mate with the rare resistant moths emerging from Bt cotton. The few progeny produced by such matings (48) are expected to be heterozygous for resistance and to die when they feed on Bt cotton bolls as larvae. plant up to 100% of their cotton with Bt cotton (28). We previ- ously reported data from 1998 to 2009 showing that this innovative strategy sustained susceptibility of pink bollworm to Bt cotton while reducing the pest’s population density (25). Here, to test the idea of eradicating pink bollworm with the combination of Bt cotton and sterile releases, we conducted computer simulations and analyzed field data collected in Arizona from 1998 to 2018. Results Simulated Effects of Bt Cotton and Sterile Insect Releases.
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