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Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 4 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah10 XXXII.—Note on the varieties of Dr. J.E. Gray Published online: 16 Oct 2009.

To cite this article: Dr. J.E. Gray (1869) XXXII.—Note on the varieties of dogs , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 4, 3:15, 236-240, DOI: 10.1080/00222936908695922 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222936908695922

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Genus CORALLIOPHAGA~Blainv. Cora[liophaga llt~ophagella~ Lam. (Carelita)~ Lain. 24 ; Deless. pl. 11. £ 11. Arab. Kino-O-Sim% in )~Iadrepores. Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 XXXII. Note on t]~e Varleties of Dogs. By Dr. J. E. GRAY. THE variations of domestic dogs is a subject that has not been sufficiently studied~ and one that is well worthy of atten- tion. Colonel Charles Hamilton Smith devoted the fifth volume of Jardine's ~Naturalist's Library,' to the natural history of dogs. He divides domestic dogs thus:--l~ feral dogs; Dr. J. E. Gray oJ~ t]te VarletZes of Dogs. 237 27 wolf-dogs ; 37 watch-clogs ; 47 greyhounds ; 57 i 6~ dogs; and 7 77 mastiffs. Prof. Fitzinger 7 in the ~ Sitzungsberiehte der kalserl. Akad. der Wissensch.' for July 18677 has published an elaborately compiled essay on the subject; but I do not consider it satis- factory. He divides them into seven groups 7 and regards the deformed 7 short-legged 7 and the hairless dogs as two of them. I. Canes clomestlcf~ containing forty-eight varieties 7 inclu- ding the following English-named ~togs :--shepherd's 7 ~ Iceland dog~ Pomeranian dog or dog 7 Siberian dog~ pariah dog~ watch-dog 7 New-Zealand dog 7 Esquimaux dog. II. Canes extrarif: thirty varieties~ including the 7 comforter or Maltese dog~ springer~ water-spaniel or p-oodl% Newfoundland dog 7 Scotch terrier. III. Canes vertagi: twelve varieties~ including the Turn- spits. IV. Canes sagaces: thirty-five varieties 7 including 7 bloodhound 7 Scotch bloodhound~ water-hound~ pointer 7 breac 7 leviner or lynmer or talbot~ foxhound 7 harrier 7 7 stag-- hound. V. Canes molossi7 containing nineteen varieties~ including mastive or or ban-dog~ pug-dog or mops~ terrier or pincher 7 bull-dog. VI. Canes lejoorar~i: thirty-nine varieties 7 including the greyhound 7 boarhound~ Danish dog~ Dalmatian or coaeh-dog~ Irish wolf-hound 7 lureher. ¥II. Canes caraibcei: six varieties 7 as the ~ naked dog 7 and crested dog. The varieties of dog are chiefly characterized by the differ- ence in the development of the various parts of the animal~ as 7 for example,-- 1. The length of the head~ and especially of the nos% com- pared with its diameter or circumference. 2. The length and strength of the body and lirabs 7 some- times very slender~ as in the greyhound 7 or massiv% as in the Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 mastiff. 3. The size 7 form~ and natural direction of the ears 7 as :-- (1) erect 7 or projecting outwards ; (2) drooping on the sides of the head ; (3) folded back on the sides of the neck. 4. The size of the upper lip. 5. The presence or absence of the dew-claw or internal toe. The varieties characterized by these differences in the rela- tive development of the various parts 7 without destroying the general symmetry of the animal~ are further subdivided-- Ann. &Mug. iV. Itfst. Ser. 4. Vol. iii. 17 238 Dr. J. E..Gray on the Var letles of Dogs. 1. By the variation in the character of the hair~ as to Whether it is short and smooth~ or longer~ soft and curly: or stiff and harsh or bristly. 2. By the colour of the skin and the fur that covers it. These variations are to be found in almost all the varieties produced by a different proportion of the parts: thus there are smooth curly-haired~ and rough-haired greyhounds; and it is the same with other varieties. At the same tim% not only can the desired difference in the proportion of the parts~ but also the colour and kind of hair be perpetuated by careful breeding and weeding. The second kind of variation ought rather to be called ab- normalities or physical defects~ though they are continued by breeding and weeding for spccial purposes~ and are even car- ried to such a great extent as to be absolute deformities. The principal of these are :-- 1. The short and more or less bandy legs of the turnspit and lurchers~ which are common to and . 2. The more or less imperfect development of the upper jaw~ found in the bull-dog~ pug-dog~ and different breeds of spaniels. 3. The great development of the ball of the eyes, so as to become too large for the orbit and exceedingly prominent and liable to aecident~ found in some breeds of spaniels and terriers. 4. The more or less complete want of hair~ which is gene- rally accompanied by a more or less complete want or great imperfection in the development and rooting of the teeth~ showing the relation between these two organic productions. F. Cuvier~ in his article on the Dog~ proposes to arrange them into three groups~ according to a difference in the pro- portion and position of the parietal and other bones~ which arrangement is followed by Youatt~ in his essay on dogs ; but the characters are very indefinite ; and I find there is very little difference in the form and character of the skulls of the normal vanieties of dogs : they only differ a little in the length and comparative and absolute width of the nose. Indeed it is Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 very difficult to find the slightest difference between the skulls of dogs that are very different in external appearance. In what I am more inclined to call monstrosities than varie- ties~ such as the bull-dog, which is characterized by the mal- formation or imperfect development of the upper jaw, the skull varies according to the extent of the deformity. It is the same with the large-eyed breeds of spaniels and terriers. The skulls of these animals also differ from one another in the completeness or imperfection of the ossification~some Dr. J. E. Gray on the Varieties of Dogs. 239 skulls having a large fontanel, and others being imper- fect in the hinder part, as the. skull, of the Ja~anese sleeve- dog, figured in the ~Proceedmgs of the Zool Soc.' for 1867, p. 41. The skeletons of the short and bandy-legged dogs of course vary, like the dogs themselves, in the extent of the development of these bones. The pure breeds of the domestic dog may be arranged, ac- cording to the form and development of the ears~ thus :--

1. DOGS. The ears moderate, ovate, erect or spreading. Shepherd's dog. Esquimaux dog. Spitz dog. o New-Holland dog or . II. TERRIERS. The ears moderate, broad, ~nore or less elon- gate~ spreading, sometimes droo_ping at the end. The ears of the dogs of this variety are very generally trimmed or cut off more or less near to the base ; and some writers, as Youatt, in figuring the breeds, draw the figures from specimens that have the ears so trimmed ! The tail also is often more or less truncated artificially. Terrier or Pincher. Bull-terrler. Bull-dog. Turnspit. Mops or Pug-dog. HI. GREYttOUNDS. The ears moderate~ wide, more or less elongate and folded bact~ beMnd on the sides of the ]tea£ The dogs of this kind vary greatly in the fur, and are very apt to be more or less hairless or naked. Greyhound, Naked dogs. Dalmatian or Danish or Coach-dog. Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 IV. HOUNDS. The ears large, broad, flat, and dependent on the sides of the face. The legs are generally very large; the hair is short and smooth, or elongate~ smooth, more or less curled~ or wiry. Mastiff and Bloodhounds. Hound, Talbot, Foxhound, Harriers, Beagle. Pointer. 17" 240 Dr. J. E. Gray on the Varieties of Dogs. Spaniels, Setter. Cocker~ Springer. ~ewfoundland c~og. (Smith~ Dogs~ t. 5.) Water-Spaniel and Poodlcs. Scotch Terrier and stout-legged Spaniel.

The popular nomenclature of dogs is very loose and indefi- nite : thus both terriers and spaniels are called Scotch terriers ; any long and slender-legged dog is called a greyhound~ espe- cially if it has a slender nose ; and dogs are called different varieties on the most trivial characters~ as the extent of the feathering on the legs /)r of the hair on the feet~ the presence or absence of the small internal toe or dew-elaw~ and the ex- tent of the membrane between the bases of the toes. By careful breeding and weeding~ all the characters of either of these classes of variation may be kept more or less pur% the colour and the nature of the fur being as permanent and necessary for the pnrity of the breed as the form and proportion of the different parts of the animal. From the accidental commingllng of dogs at large, there are formed hybrids between almost all established and re- cognized breeds of dogs; but the results of such illicit con- nexion are much more rare than one might expect~ the pups arising from such careless breeding being very commonly de- stroyed~ from the contempt with which they are universally regarded by all classes of persons, the. dog-fanciers~ even among the poorest classes~ always calling such dogs and valueless. It is curious to see even young boys, who, no doubt, take their cue fl'om some dog-fancier of their acquaint- anee~ fl'om whom they learn the points of a pure breed~ say of such a or dog that it is only a cur and not worth having. It is a general belief that the offspring of such dogs~ even of the same litter, have an inclination to return more or less completely to the breed of one of the parents ; but of this I have no certain knowledg% and the instances of the breeding ~)f such curs in that manner must be comparatively rare. I have a friend who has a dog that was bred between a

Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 greyhound and a terrier bitch ; it is black and tan~ most beau- tifully formed, intermediate in contour between the two pure breeds ; but on showing the dog to a country boy~ he at once said he would not keep such a dog ; it was only a "cur not worth a shilling ; it was neither a good greyhound nor a good ~errier~ a regular cur ;" and, beautiful as the animal is to unsophisticated~ or, rather, uneducated eyes~ it is regarded with contempt in the village.