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Note on the Varieties of Dogs Dr This article was downloaded by: [York University Libraries] On: 22 November 2014, At: 06:43 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 4 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah10 XXXII.—Note on the varieties of dogs Dr. J.E. Gray Published online: 16 Oct 2009. To cite this article: Dr. J.E. Gray (1869) XXXII.—Note on the varieties of dogs , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 4, 3:15, 236-240, DOI: 10.1080/00222936908695922 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222936908695922 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 236 Dr. J. E. Gray or, the Va~'ieties oflDogs. 2. Rupellaria earclltoldes (Veneru2ls)~ Deless. Rec. de Coq. pl. 5. L 3. _Pullastra cardltoides~ Catlow. Hab. Tsus-Sima (in oyster-shells)~ Oki Islands. 3. Rupellaria macrophylla~ Desh. (Venerupis)~ Cat. Conchi£ Brit. Mus. p. 193. Hab. Kuro-Sima. 4. Rupellaria monstrosa~ Chemn. (Venus)~ Conch. pl. 42. £445, 446. Itab. Tsus-Sima (in slate-stone)~ Kino-O-Sima (in Madre- pores). Genus CLEMENTIA,Gray. 1. Clementia? similis~ Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 151. £ 154. Arab. Tatiyama. 2. Clementia moretonens~s~ Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 18. Arab. Kino-O-Sima. Genus TRAPEZIUM~Megerle. 1. Tra2ezium angulatum, Lain. ( Gyioricardia), Lam. 2; Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 2. fi 2. Hab. Kino-O-Sim% in Madrepores. 2. Trajoezium rostratum~ Lam. ( Cypricarclla)~ Lain. 3. Chama rostrata~ Wood. Hab. Tsus-Sim% in oyster-shells. Genus CORALLIOPHAGA~Blainv. Cora[liophaga llt~ophagella~ Lam. (Carelita)~ Lain. 24 ; Deless. pl. 11. £ 11. Arab. Kino-O-Sim% in )~Iadrepores. Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 XXXII. Note on t]~e Varleties of Dogs. By Dr. J. E. GRAY. THE variations of domestic dogs is a subject that has not been sufficiently studied~ and one that is well worthy of atten- tion. Colonel Charles Hamilton Smith devoted the fifth volume of Jardine's ~Naturalist's Library,' to the natural history of dogs. He divides domestic dogs thus:--l~ feral dogs; Dr. J. E. Gray oJ~ t]te VarletZes of Dogs. 237 27 wolf-dogs ; 37 watch-clogs ; 47 greyhounds ; 57 hounds i 6~ cur dogs; and 7 77 mastiffs. Prof. Fitzinger 7 in the ~ Sitzungsberiehte der kalserl. Akad. der Wissensch.' for July 18677 has published an elaborately compiled essay on the subject; but I do not consider it satis- factory. He divides them into seven groups 7 and regards the deformed 7 short-legged 7 and the hairless dogs as two of them. I. Canes clomestlcf~ containing forty-eight varieties 7 inclu- ding the following English-named ~togs :--shepherd's dog 7 terrier~ Iceland dog~ Pomeranian dog or spitz dog 7 Siberian dog~ pariah dog~ watch-dog 7 New-Zealand dog 7 Esquimaux dog. II. Canes extrarif: thirty varieties~ including the spaniel 7 comforter or Maltese dog~ springer~ water-spaniel or p-oodl% Newfoundland dog 7 Scotch terrier. III. Canes vertagi: twelve varieties~ including the Turn- spits. IV. Canes sagaces: thirty-five varieties 7 including hound 7 bloodhound 7 Scotch bloodhound~ water-hound~ pointer 7 breac 7 leviner or lynmer or talbot~ foxhound 7 harrier 7 setter 7 stag-- hound. V. Canes molossi7 containing nineteen varieties~ including mastive or mastiff or ban-dog~ pug-dog or mops~ terrier or pincher 7 bull-dog. VI. Canes lejoorar~i: thirty-nine varieties 7 including the greyhound 7 boarhound~ Danish dog~ Dalmatian or coaeh-dog~ Irish wolf-hound 7 lureher. ¥II. Canes caraibcei: six varieties 7 as the hairless dog~ naked dog 7 and crested dog. The varieties of dog are chiefly characterized by the differ- ence in the development of the various parts of the animal~ as 7 for example,-- 1. The length of the head~ and especially of the nos% com- pared with its diameter or circumference. 2. The length and strength of the body and lirabs 7 some- times very slender~ as in the greyhound 7 or massiv% as in the Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 mastiff. 3. The size 7 form~ and natural direction of the ears 7 as :-- (1) erect 7 or projecting outwards ; (2) drooping on the sides of the head ; (3) folded back on the sides of the neck. 4. The size of the upper lip. 5. The presence or absence of the dew-claw or internal toe. The varieties characterized by these differences in the rela- tive development of the various parts 7 without destroying the general symmetry of the animal~ are further subdivided-- Ann. &Mug. iV. Itfst. Ser. 4. Vol. iii. 17 238 Dr. J. E..Gray on the Var letles of Dogs. 1. By the variation in the character of the hair~ as to Whether it is short and smooth~ or longer~ soft and curly: or stiff and harsh or bristly. 2. By the colour of the skin and the fur that covers it. These variations are to be found in almost all the varieties produced by a different proportion of the parts: thus there are smooth curly-haired~ and rough-haired greyhounds; and it is the same with other varieties. At the same tim% not only can the desired difference in the proportion of the parts~ but also the colour and kind of hair be perpetuated by careful breeding and weeding. The second kind of variation ought rather to be called ab- normalities or physical defects~ though they are continued by breeding and weeding for spccial purposes~ and are even car- ried to such a great extent as to be absolute deformities. The principal of these are :-- 1. The short and more or less bandy legs of the turnspit and lurchers~ which are common to terriers and spaniels. 2. The more or less imperfect development of the upper jaw~ found in the bull-dog~ pug-dog~ and different breeds of spaniels. 3. The great development of the ball of the eyes, so as to become too large for the orbit and exceedingly prominent and liable to aecident~ found in some breeds of spaniels and terriers. 4. The more or less complete want of hair~ which is gene- rally accompanied by a more or less complete want or great imperfection in the development and rooting of the teeth~ showing the relation between these two organic productions. F. Cuvier~ in his article on the Dog~ proposes to arrange them into three groups~ according to a difference in the pro- portion and position of the parietal and other bones~ which arrangement is followed by Youatt~ in his essay on dogs ; but the characters are very indefinite ; and I find there is very little difference in the form and character of the skulls of the normal vanieties of dogs : they only differ a little in the length and comparative and absolute width of the nose. Indeed it is Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 06:43 22 November 2014 very difficult to find the slightest difference between the skulls of dogs that are very different in external appearance. In what I am more inclined to call monstrosities than varie- ties~ such as the bull-dog, which is characterized by the mal- formation or imperfect development of the upper jaw, the skull varies according to the extent of the deformity. It is the same with the large-eyed breeds of spaniels and terriers. The skulls of these animals also differ from one another in the completeness or imperfection of the ossification~some Dr. J. E. Gray on the Varieties of Dogs. 239 skulls having a large fontanel, and others being imper- fect in the hinder part, as the. skull, of the Ja~anese sleeve- dog, figured in the ~Proceedmgs of the Zool Soc.' for 1867, p. 41. The skeletons of the short and bandy-legged dogs of course vary, like the dogs themselves, in the extent of the development of these bones. The pure breeds of the domestic dog may be arranged, ac- cording to the form and development of the ears~ thus :-- 1. DOGS. The ears moderate, ovate, erect or spreading. Shepherd's dog. Esquimaux dog. Spitz dog. o New-Holland dog or Dingo. II. TERRIERS. The ears moderate, broad, ~nore or less elon- gate~ spreading, sometimes droo_ping at the end. The ears of the dogs of this variety are very generally trimmed or cut off more or less near to the base ; and some writers, as Youatt, in figuring the breeds, draw the figures from specimens that have the ears so trimmed ! The tail also is often more or less truncated artificially.
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