Study of Rohtang Pass

Final Report Study of Rohtang Pass Sponsor Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board ______________________________________________ National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur ‐ 440 020 October, 2012 Final Report “STUDY OF ROHTANG PASS” Sponsor Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board ___________________________ National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 October, 2012 CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.1 1.2 Study Objectives 1.2 1.3 Scope of Work 1.2 1.3.1 Air Environment 1.2 1.3.2 Water Environment 1.4 1.3.3 Land Environment 1.4 1.3.4 Solid Waste 1.5 1.3.5 Biodiversity 1.5 1.4 Past Studies 1.5 Chapter 2 : Air Quality Monitoring 2.1 Winter Air Quality Monitoring 2.1 2.1.1 Description of Sites 2.1 2.1.2 Results of Winter Monitoring 2.5 2.2 Summer Air quality Monitoring 2.8 2.2.1 Results of Summer Monitoring 2.9 2.3 Conclusions 2.14 Chapter 3 : Air QualityModeling 3.1 Preamble 3.1 3.2 Meteorological Data 3.2 3.3 Vehicular Sources 3.3 3.4 Applicable Emission Factors 3.4 3.5 Paved Road Dust 3.4 3.6 Modeling Results 3.5 3.6.1 PM Concentration 3.5 3.6.2 NO2 Concentration 3.6 3.6.3 CO Concentration 3.8 3.7 Conclusions 3.9 Chapter 4 : Water Environment 4.1 Introduction & Objective 4.1 4.2 Methodology 4.1 4.3 Sampling Procedure 4.4 4.4 General Observations 4.5 Chapter 5: Impact of Tourism on Solid Waste Management and Sanitation 5.1 Preamble 5.1 5.2 Geographical Features of the Study Area 5.2 5.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant at Manali 5.3 5.4 Solid Waste Management for Manali 5.3 5.5 Sanitation 5.4 Study of Rohtang Pass | i Chapter 6: Assessment of Soil, Soil Erosion and Conservation Measures for Erosion 6.1 Introduction 6.1 6.2 Geomorphology of the Study Area 6.2 6.3 Site Factors for Erosion 6.3 6.4 Results and Discussions 6.7 6.5 Chemical Properties 6.8 Chapter 7: Biological Environment 7.1 Introduction 7.1 7.2 Methodology 7.1 1. (A) Assessment of Flora at Select Locations in the Study Area 7.1 1. (B) Assessment of Fauna at Select Locations in the Study Area 7.10 2. Impact of Tourism on Biotic Component in the Study Area 7.13 Chapter 8: Assessment of Impacts of Vehicular Pollution on Glacial Environment 8.1 Preamble 8.1 8.2 Selection of Sampling Locations at Rohtang Pass 8.2 8.3 Sampling Procedure 8.5 8.4 Processing of Filters in the Laboratory 8.6 8.5 EC OC Analysis 8.6 8.6 Ion Analysis 8.9 8.7 Analysis of Molecular Marker 8.10 Chapter 9: Remote Sensing Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.1 9.2 Study Area 9.1 9.3 Methodology 9.1 9.4 Results and Discussion 9.7 9.5 Summary of Remote Sensing Analysis 9.17 Chapter 10: Recommendations 10.1 Recommendations 10.1 10.2 Transport Sector Action Plan 10.1 10.2.1 Approach and Issues 10.1 10.2.2 Recommended Plan 10.2 10.3 Water Environment 10.7 10.4 Solid Waste Management 10.8 10.5 Soil Erosion vis-à-vis Land Sliding 10.9 10.6 Biological Environment 10.10 10.7 Glaciers 10.10 Study of Rohtang Pass | ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Study area of Rohtang Pass 1.3 Figure 2.1 Air Quality Monitoring Locations 2.2 Figure 2.2 Air Quality Monitoring Locations 2.3 Figure 2.3 RSPM Concentrations in April at 3 Locations 2.6 Figure 2.4 PM2.5 Concentrations in April at 3 Locations 2.6 Figure 2.5 RSPM Concentrations at the Monitoring Sites in May 2.11 Figure 2.6 PM2.5 Concentrations at Monitoring Locations During May 2.12 Figure 2.7 Site wise Variation of Elements (As, Ni and Pb) 2.13 Figure 3.1 Wind Rose for the Month of May, 2012 3.2 Figure 3.2 The Three Vehicle Counting Locations 3.3 3 Figure 3.3 Contour Map of PM10 in μg/m Due to Vehicular Sources & Paved Road Dust 3.5 3 Figure 3.4 Three Dimensional Contour Map of PM10 in μg/m Due to Vehicular Sources 3.6 and Paved Road Dust 3 Figure 3.5 Observed and Predicted Concentrations of PM10 in μg/m at the Monitoring Sites 3.6 3 Figure 3.6 Contour Map of NO2 in μg/m Due to Vehicular Sources in the Study Domain 3.7 3 Figure 3.7 Three Dimensional Contour Map of NO2 in μg/m Due to Vehicular Sources 3.7 3 Figure 3.8 Observed and Predicted Concentrations of NO2 in μg/m at the Monitoring Sites 3.8 Figure 3.9 Contour Map of CO in μg/m3 Due to Vehicular Sources in the Study Domain 3.8 Figure 3.10 Three Dimensional Contour Map of CO in μg/m3 Due to Vehicular Sources 3.9 Figure 3.11 Observed and Predicted Values of CO in μg/m3 Due to Vehicular Sources at the 3.9 Monitoring Sites Figure 4.1 Beas and Chenab River Basin 4.1 Figure 4.2 Water Sampling Locations Between Manali to Koksar 4.3 Figure 8.1 Tourist Influx at Manali During 2011 8.3 Figure 9.1 Base Map of Study Area (Manali to Khoksar) 9.2 Figure 9.2 Location Map of Ground Truth and Ground Control Points 9.6 Figure 9.3 False Colour Composite (FCC) Image of 17 July 2012 9.8 Figure 9.4 False Colour Composite (FCC) Image of 27 October 2011 9.9 Figure 9.5 False Colour Composite (FCC) Image of 31 January 2011 9.10 Figure 9.6 False Colour Composite (FCC) Image of 29 October 2005 9.11 Figure 9.7 Supervised Classification for LULC (17 July 2012) 9.12 Figure 9.8 Supervised Classification for LULC (27 October 2011) 9.13 Figure 9.9 Supervised Classification for LULC (31 January 2011) 9.14 Figure 9.10 Supervised Classification for LULC (29 October 2005) 9.15 Study of Rohtang Pass | iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Air Quality Levels and Number of Vehicles 1.5 Table 2.1 Ambient Air Pollutants and their Standard Measurement Procedures 2.4 Table 2.2 Air Quality Status at Palchen (Winter) 2.5 Table 2.3 Air Quality Status at Kothi (Winter) 2.7 Table 2.4 Air Quality Status at Solang Valley (Winter) 2.7 Table 2.5 Average Concentration of Ions in μg/m3 in Winter 2.7 Table 2.6 Average Concentration of Elements in μg/m3 in Winter 2.8 Table 2.7 Air Quality Status at Palchen (Summer) 2.9 Table 2.8 Air Quality Status at Kothi (Summer) 2.9 Table 2.9 Air Quality Status at Solang Valley (Summer) 2.10 Table 2.10 Air Quality Status at Marhi (Summer) 2.10 Table 2.11 Air Quality Status at Koksar (Summer) 2.10 Table 2.12 Average Concentrations of Ions in Summer at 5 Monitoring Locations 2.13 Table 2.13 Average Element Concentrations in Summer at 5 Monitoring Locations 2.13 Table 3.1 Applicable Emission Factors for Vehicular Source 3.4 Table 3.2 Vehicle Weight 3.4 Table 3.3 Paved Road Emission Load (kg/day) 3.5 Table 3.4 Percent Exceedance of PM10 and PM2.5 During May and April 3.9 Table 4.1 Water Sampling Locations 4.2 Table 4.2 Physico-chemical Characterization of Beas and Chandra River Water Samples 4.6 Table 4.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Springs and Municipal Water Supply Samples 4.6 Table 4.4 Physico-chemical Characterization of Ground Water and Nallah Samples 4.7 Table 4.5 Trace Metal Analysis of Water samples from Rivers, Springs, Ground Water, Water 4.8 Supply Schemes and Nallahs Table 4.6 List of Algal Species Found in the Water Bodies of Rohtang Study 4.9 Table 4.7 Density and Species Composition of Phytoplankton in Water Samples Collected 4.9 from Various Sources Table 5.1 Tourist Statistics for Manali for the Period 2011 5.2 Table 6.1 Details of Soil Sampling Locations 6.5 Table 6.2 Physical Characterization of Soil Samples Collected Between Manali-Rohtang NH-21 6.6 Table 6.3 Chemical Characterization of Soil Samples Collected Between Manali- 6.6 Rohtang NH-21 Table 6.4 Mechanical Characterization of Soil Samples Collected Between Manali- 6.7 Rohtang NH-21 Table 7.1 Select Locations for Biodiversity Studies During May, 2012 7.1 Table 7.2 A : Flora of Rohtang Pass Region in Manali Forest Range Kullu District 7.4 Table 7.2 B: Flora of Rohtang Pass Region, with Medicinal Value, in Manali Forest Range, 7.4 Kullu District & Koksar Region of Lahul District Table 7.3 A. Density, Frequency and Dominance and IVI of Trees in Solang Valley 7.7 Table 7.3 B. Density, Frequency and Dominance and IVI of Trees in Kothi (Tungu) 7.7 Forest Area Table 7.3 C. Density, Frequency and Dominance and IVI of Trees in Gulaba (Rahla Fall) 7.7 Forest Area Study of Rohtang Pass | iv Table 8.1 Prediction of Particular matter Emissions (Kg/day) from Vehicles 8.3 Table 8.2 Sampling Locations for Collection of Snow Samples 8.4 Table 8.3 OC and EC Concentration in Glacier Samples 8.8 Table 8.4 Ion Concentration (in mg/kg) in Glacier Samples 8.10 Table 8.5 Molecular Markers and Their Probable Sources 8.11 Table 9.1 Details of Satellite Data 9.3 Table 9.2 Details of Ground Truth Locations in the Study Area 9.4 Table 9.3 Landuse Pttern of Study Area in Percentage 9.17 LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1 Water Sampling at Various Source 4.3 Plate 4.2 Field Laboratory Established for Water Quality Analysis for Physico-Chemical 4.4 Parameters Plate 4.3 Water Quality Analysis for Microbiological 4.5 Plate 5.1 Tourist Places at Manali Rohtang Pass 5.1 Plate 5.2 Solid Waste Management at Manali 5.4 Plate 5.3 Common Toilet Facility and Portable Prefabricated Toilets 5.5 Plate 5.4 Horses used by Tourist as Source of Animal Dung 5.5 Plate 5.5 Tourist Throwing Liter Along the Road 5.6 Plate 5.6 Non Compliance of Waste Management by Hotels 5.6 Plate 5.7 Promotional Activities for Clean Environment, H.P.

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