Review of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)
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Review of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for Automated Vehicles Identifying potential barriers and challenges for the certification of automated vehicles using existing FMVSS Preliminary Report – March 2016 Anita Kim, David Perlman, Dan Bogard and Ryan Harrington Technology Innovation and Policy Division Prepared for: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office (ITS JPO) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E. Washington, DC 20590 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the United States Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Review of FMVSS for Automated Vehicles: Preliminary Report i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2016 Preliminary report, August 2015 - March 2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. FUNDING NUMBERS Review of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for Automated Vehicles: Identifying Inter-Agency Agreement DTFH61-13- potential barriers and challenges for the certification of automated vehicles using existing FMVSS V-0020 HW56A1 6. AUTHOR(S) 5b. CONTRACT NUMBER Anita Kim, Dan Bogard, David Perlman, Ryan Harrington 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Technology Innovation and Policy Division DOT-VNTSC-OSTR-16-03 55 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING U.S. Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1200 New Jersey Ave, SE Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The agreement Officers Representative for this study was Kevin Dopart, Vehicle Safety and Automation Manager at ITS JPO. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public at the Volpe website 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The purpose of this work is to identify instances where the existing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards may pose challenges to the introduction of automated vehicles. It identifies standards requiring further review - both to ensure that existing regulations do not unduly stifle innovation and to help ensure that automated vehicles perform their functions safely. The Volpe team conducted two reviews of the FMVSS: a driver reference scan to identify which standards include an explicit or implicit reference to a human driver and an automated vehicle concepts scan to identify which standards could pose a challenge for a wide range of automated vehicle capabilities and concepts. In summary, the review revealed that there are few barriers for automated vehicles to comply with FMVSS, as long as the vehicle does not significantly diverge from a conventional vehicle design. Yet, automated vehicles that begin to push the boundaries of conventional design (e.g., alternative cabin layouts, omission of manual controls) would be constrained by the current FMVSS or may not fully meet the objectives of the FMVSS. Many standards, as currently written, are based on assumptions of conventional vehicle designs and thus pose challenges for certain design concepts, particularly for ‘driverless’ concepts where human occupants have no way of driving the vehicle. Some constraints, of course, may be warranted; this work does not assess the merits of potential future requirements for such vehicles. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Automated vehicles, autonomous vehicles, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, motor vehicles, regulation, standards 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unlimited Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 Review of FMVSS for Automated Vehicles: Preliminary Report ii Acknowledgments The U.S. Department of Transportation John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), in Cambridge, Massachusetts, prepared this report for the U.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office (ITS JPO). The project team consisted of Anita Kim, David Perlman, Dan Bogard and Ryan Harrington of Volpe’s Technology Innovation and Policy division. Kevin Dopart of the ITS JPO provided project oversight. This project was funded by the ITS JPO and conducted in coordination with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It benefited significantly from insights and comments offered by representatives from the NHTSA Office of Chief Counsel and Office of Vehicle Safety Research. In particular, the project team would like to thank Rebecca Yoon, Tim Johnson, Jesse Chang, and Cem Hatipoglu, for their valuable technical insight and guidance. Review of FMVSS for Automated Vehicles: Preliminary Report iii Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... viii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 FMVSS Scan Approach ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Driver Reference Categories ....................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Vehicle Concept Descriptions ..................................................................................................... 4 Summary of Findings ........................................................................................................ 8 3.1 Driver Reference Scan ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Automated Vehicle Concepts Scan ............................................................................................. 9 3.2.1 Conventional Vehicle Concepts ..................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Advanced Concepts ...................................................................................................... 10 3.2.3 Low-Speed Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 11 3.2.4 Aftermarket Systems ................................................................................................... 11 3.2.5 FMVSS Definitions ........................................................................................................ 12 3.3 Table Summaries of Standards by Series .................................................................................. 12 3.3.1 Driver References and AV Issues by Standard, 100 series ........................................... 14 3.3.3 Driver References and AV Issues by Standard, 200 series ........................................... 17 3.3.4 Driver References and AV Issues by Standard, 300-500 series .................................... 19 Summary and Areas for Further Discussion .................................................................... 20 Appendix A: Automated Vehicle Concept Descriptions .......................................................... 22 Appendix B: Reference Language – Excerpts from FMVSS ..................................................... 26 Review of FMVSS for Automated Vehicles: Preliminary Report iv List of Tables Table 1 Driver Reference Categories and Descriptions ................................................................................ 3 Table 2 Automated Vehicle Concepts by Category ....................................................................................... 7 Table 3 Summary of Driver Reference Scan and Advanced Vehicle Concepts Scan, 100 Series ................ 14 Table 4 Summary of Driver