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Invaluable Books of Brahmvidya
INVALUABLE BOOKS OF BRAHMVIDYA VACHANAMRUT AND SWAMI NI VAATO 1 Table of Contents PART 1 - BRAHMVIDYA ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 The capacity of the human-brain to learn several kinds of knowledge ............................................... 6 1.2 The importance of Brahmvidya (Knowledge of atma) .......................................................................... 7 1.3 The Imporance and the necessity of Brahmvidya .................................................................................. 8 PART 2 - VACHANAMRUT…………..…………………………………...………..…………14 2.1 The aspects of Vachanamrut and the subjects explained therein ....................................................... 15 2.1.1 The aspects of Vachanamrut ......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 The topics covered in the Vachanamrut are spiritual, not mundane or worldly………………………………………………………………..………………16 2.2 Essence, secrets, and principle of all the scriptures in Vachanamrut ......................................... 18 2.3 Opinions About The Vachanamrut ................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 The opinions of the Gunatit Gurus .............................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 The opinions of prominent learned personalities ....................................................................... 22 2.4 The -
List of OBC Approved by SC/ST/OBC Welfare Department in Delhi
List of OBC approved by SC/ST/OBC welfare department in Delhi 1. Abbasi, Bhishti, Sakka 2. Agri, Kharwal, Kharol, Khariwal 3. Ahir, Yadav, Gwala 4. Arain, Rayee, Kunjra 5. Badhai, Barhai, Khati, Tarkhan, Jangra-BrahminVishwakarma, Panchal, Mathul-Brahmin, Dheeman, Ramgarhia-Sikh 6. Badi 7. Bairagi,Vaishnav Swami ***** 8. Bairwa, Borwa 9. Barai, Bari, Tamboli 10. Bauria/Bawria(excluding those in SCs) 11. Bazigar, Nat Kalandar(excluding those in SCs) 12. Bharbhooja, Kanu 13. Bhat, Bhatra, Darpi, Ramiya 14. Bhatiara 15. Chak 16. Chippi, Tonk, Darzi, Idrishi(Momin), Chimba 17. Dakaut, Prado 18. Dhinwar, Jhinwar, Nishad, Kewat/Mallah(excluding those in SCs) Kashyap(non-Brahmin), Kahar. 19. Dhobi(excluding those in SCs) 20. Dhunia, pinjara, Kandora-Karan, Dhunnewala, Naddaf,Mansoori 21. Fakir,Alvi *** 22. Gadaria, Pal, Baghel, Dhangar, Nikhar, Kurba, Gadheri, Gaddi, Garri 23. Ghasiara, Ghosi 24. Gujar, Gurjar 25. Jogi, Goswami, Nath, Yogi, Jugi, Gosain 26. Julaha, Ansari, (excluding those in SCs) 27. Kachhi, Koeri, Murai, Murao, Maurya, Kushwaha, Shakya, Mahato 28. Kasai, Qussab, Quraishi 29. Kasera, Tamera, Thathiar 30. Khatguno 31. Khatik(excluding those in SCs) 32. Kumhar, Prajapati 33. Kurmi 34. Lakhera, Manihar 35. Lodhi, Lodha, Lodh, Maha-Lodh 36. Luhar, Saifi, Bhubhalia 37. Machi, Machhera 38. Mali, Saini, Southia, Sagarwanshi-Mali, Nayak 39. Memar, Raj 40. Mina/Meena 41. Merasi, Mirasi 42. Mochi(excluding those in SCs) 43. Nai, Hajjam, Nai(Sabita)Sain,Salmani 44. Nalband 45. Naqqal 46. Pakhiwara 47. Patwa 48. Pathar Chera, Sangtarash 49. Rangrez 50. Raya-Tanwar 51. Sunar 52. Teli 53. Rai Sikh 54 Jat *** 55 Od *** 56 Charan Gadavi **** 57 Bhar/Rajbhar **** 58 Jaiswal/Jayaswal **** 59 Kosta/Kostee **** 60 Meo **** 61 Ghrit,Bahti, Chahng **** 62 Ezhava & Thiyya **** 63 Rawat/ Rajput Rawat **** 64 Raikwar/Rayakwar **** 65 Rauniyar ***** *** vide Notification F8(11)/99-2000/DSCST/SCP/OBC/2855 dated 31-05-2000 **** vide Notification F8(6)/2000-2001/DSCST/SCP/OBC/11677 dated 05-02-2004 ***** vide Notification F8(6)/2000-2001/DSCST/SCP/OBC/11823 dated 14-11-2005 . -
Kirtan Leelaarth Amrutdhaara
KIRTAN LEELAARTH AMRUTDHAARA INSPIRERS Param Pujya Dharma Dhurandhar 1008 Acharya Shree Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj Ahmedabad Diocese Aksharnivasi Param Pujya Mahant Sadguru Purani Swami Hariswaroopdasji Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj (Kutch) Param Pujya Mahant Sadguru Purani Swami Dharmanandandasji Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj (Kutch) PUBLISHER Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple (Kenton-Harrow) (Affiliated to Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj – Kutch) PUBLISHED 4th May 2008 (Chaitra Vad 14, Samvat 2064) Produced by: Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple - Kenton Harrow All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. © Copyright 2008 Artwork designed by: SKSS Temple I.T. Centre © Copyright 2008 Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple - Kenton, Harrow Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple Westfield Lane, Kenton, Harrow Middlesex, HA3 9EA, UK Tel: 020 8909 9899 Fax: 020 8909 9897 www.sksst.org [email protected] Registered Charity Number: 271034 i ii Forword Jay Shree Swaminarayan, The Swaminarayan Sampraday (faith) is supported by its four pillars; Mandir (Temple), Shastra (Holy Books), Acharya (Guru) and Santos (Holy Saints & Devotees). The growth, strength and inter- supportiveness of these four pillars are key to spreading of the Swaminarayan Faith. Lord Shree Swaminarayan has acknowledged these pillars and laid down the key responsibilities for each of the pillars. He instructed his Nand-Santos to write Shastras which helped the devotees to perform devotion (Bhakti), acquire true knowledge (Gnan), practice righteous living (Dharma) and develop non- attachment to every thing material except Supreme God, Lord Shree Swaminarayan (Vairagya). There are nine types of bhakti, of which, Lord Shree Swaminarayan has singled out Kirtan Bhakti as one of the most important and fundamental in our devotion to God. -
The Inner Light: the Beatles, India, Gurus, and the Legacy
The Inner Light: The Beatles, India, Gurus, and the Legacy John Covach Institute for Popular Music, University of Rochester Arthur Satz Department of Music Eastman School of Music Main Points The Beatles’ “road to India” is mostly navigated by George Harrison John Lennon was also enthusiastic, Paul somewhat, Ringo not so much Harrison’s “road to India” can be divided into two kinds of influence: Musical influences—the actual sounds and structures of Indian music Philosophical and spiritual influences—elements that influence lyrics and lifestyle The musical influences begin in April 1965, become focused in fall 1966, and extend to mid 1968 The philosophical influences begin in late 1966 and continue through the rest of Harrison’s life Note: Harrison began using LSD in the spring of 1965 and discontinued in August 1967 Songs by other Beatles, Lennon especially, also reflect Indian influences The Three “Indian” songs of George Harrison “Love You To” recorded April 1966, released on Revolver, August 1966 “Within You Without You” recorded March, April 1967, released on Sgt Pepper, June 1967 “The Inner Light” recorded January, February 1968, released as b-side to “Lady Madonna,” March 1968 Three Aspects of “Indian” characteristics Use of some aspect of Indian philosophy or spirituality in the lyrics Use of Indian musical instruments Use of Indian musical features (rhythmic patterns, drone, texture, melodic elements) Musical Influences Ravi Shankar is principal influence on Harrison, though he does not enter the picture until mid 1966 April 1965: Beatles film restaurant scene for Help! Harrison falls in love with the sitar, buys one cheap Summer 1965: Beatles in LA hear about Shankar from McGuinn, Crosby (meet Elvis, discuss Yogananda) October 1965: “Norwegian Wood” recorded, released in December on Rubber Soul. -
Pramukh Swami's Work
Pramukh Swami's Work “In the good of others lies our own...” This maxim by Pramukh Swami Maharaj is not only an inspiring call for all humanity, but also reflects the spirit of his services to man and society. Acclaimed as a unique and rare holy soul of India, Pramukh Swami Maharaj was born on 7 December 1921 in the village of Chansad, Gujarat. He is the fifth successor in the illustrious spiritual tradition of Bhagwan Swaminarayan (1781-1830) who established the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. Pramukh Swami Maharaj was born in the village of Chansad, 12 km from Vadodara in Gujarat on 7 December, 1921. Known as Shantilal in his childhood, he was wedded to devotion from a young age. His parents, Motibhai and Diwaliben Patel, were adherents of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. Shastriji Maharaj had discerned the potential of young Shantilal from the very day he initiated him as a disciple. While studying in 6th grade, Shantilal received the call from guru Shastriji Maharaj to renounce his home. With the blessings of his parents, he left home at the age of 18 and was initiated by Shastriji Maharaj in January 1940 and was renamed as Sadhu Narayanswarupdas. For 11 years, Narayanswarupdas served under guru Shastriji Maharaj. During the initial years, he toured with him and studied Sanskrit and the shastras. He excelled in studies but had to discontinue them to serve in the mandir-building activities. In 1943, he played an important role in the construction work of the mandir in Atladra. From 1946-1950, he was given the responsibility of Kothari of the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir in Sarangpur. -
Dipika's Detailed 2020 Hindu Calendar Prem Namaste, Vanakkum, Jai Mata Di, Jai Shree Krsna, Jai Shree Raam We at Pray That You Are Well
Dipika©s Detailed 2020 Hindu Calendar Prem Namaste, Vanakkum, Jai Mata Di, Jai Shree Krsna, Jai Shree Raam We at www.dipika.org.za pray that you are well... Many thanks for remaining an awesome Hindu¼ Many have asked us to compile an article on the Hindu calendar for example what are the Festivals dates and Rahu kalam . *** Do note that SOME of the information given below for the festival dates is from the S.A.H.M.S. We don't take any responsibility for the information supplied by them. We ONLY have done this for Hindu uniformity within South Africa. Should you have any issues with their dates below please do contact them on 031 3091951 or email [email protected] ***. {Another point of note is when you see a * before a prayer date it means this is not in the general Hindu calendar that Hindus have in their homes. I have added these dates because these are equally important prayer dates that sadly seems to be ignored every year.} DO NOTE:- All times indicated below, associated with the start or end of a religious day are in 24-hour format. Firstly the Festival dates are the dates that a Hindu observes. This is quite self explanatory. For example for Shree Ganesh Chaturthi, we have a full explanation of this very important festival date on our website. Many ask what is this festival all about and how does one go about celebrating it. Hence this website is meant to make people from all cultures more aware of these important Hindu festival dates. -
The Glories of the Month of Kartika
3ب&≥∂π∞¨∫∂≠ªØ¨¥∂µªØ∂≠*®πª∞≤® TThhee GGlloorriieess ooff tthhee mmoonntthh ooff KKaarrttiikkaa Kartika M aas, also know n as Damodara M aas is described in the scriptures as the best among months. ª®∫¥®´Ω𮪮ªπ®¿®¥Ø¿¨ª®µ¥®¥®ª∞Ω®∑π∞¿®µ≤®π®¥ ¥®ÆØ®≤®πª∞≤®¿∂∫ª®´Ω®ªª®ªØ®∞Ω®∞≤®´®∫∞Ω𮪮¥ Ω®µ®∫∑®ª∞µ®¥ªº≥®∫∞¥®∫®µ®¥≤®πª∞≤®Ø∑π∞¿®Ø ¨≤®´®∫∞ª∞ªØ∞µ®¥™®≤∫¨ªπ®µ®¥´Ω®π®≤®¥®¥® ¨ª¨∫®¥∫¨Ω®µ®¥¿®∫ªº≤®π∂ª∞™®±∞ª¨µ´π∞¿®Ø ∫®¥¨Ω®≥≥®©Ø®ª®¥¿®ª∞µ®ª®ªØ®¿®±®µ®´∞©Ø∞Ø .≠®≥≥∑≥®µª∫ ªØ¨∫®™π¨´3º≥®∫∞∞∫¥∂∫ª´¨®πª∂,¨ ∂≠®≥≥ ¥∂µªØ∫ *®πª∞≤®∞∫¥∂∫ª´¨®π ∂≠®≥≥∑≥®™¨∫∂≠∑∞≥Æπ∞¥®Æ¨ ,¿ ©¨≥∂Ω¨´ #Ω®π®≤® ∞∫ ¥∂∫ª ´¨®π ®µ´ ∂≠ ®≥≥ ´®¿∫ $≤®´®∫∞ ∞∫ ¥∂∫ª ´¨®π /®´¥® /ºπ®µ® 4ªª®π® *Ø®µ´® ! * ®πªª∞≤® ∂π ªØ¨ ≠¨∫ª∞Ω®≥ ∂≠ ∂≠≠¨π∞µÆ ≥®¥∑∫ ª∂ +∂π´ * π∫µ® ≥®∫ª∫ªØ¨¨µª∞π¨¥∂µªØ∂≠#®¥∂´®π® * ®πªª∞≤®∫ª®πª∞µÆ≠π∂¥ ªØ. ™ªªØ- ∂Ω æØ∞™ØÆ≥∂π∞≠∞¨∫* π∫µ®!∫∑®∫ª∞¥¨∂≠©¨∞µÆ ©∂ºµ´æ∞ªØπ∂∑¨∫©¿, ∂ªØ¨π8®∫Ø∂´®'. ©∫¨πΩ∞µÆΩ𮪮∞µ ªØ¨¥∂µªØ∂≠* ®πªª∞≤®∞∫Æ≥∂π∞≠∞¨´∞µªØ¨/ºπ®µ®∫' ) ∫2®ª¿®¿ºÆ®∞∫ªØ¨©¨∫ª∂≠¿ºÆ®∫®Æ¨∫®∫ªØ¨5¨´®∫®π¨ ªØ¨ ©¨∫ª ∂≠ ∫™π∞∑ªºπ¨∫ ®∫ &®µÆ® ∞∫ ªØ¨ ©¨∫ª ∂≠ π∞Ω¨π∫ ∫∂ *®πªª∞≤® ∞∫ ªØ¨ ©¨∫ª ∂≠ ¥∂µªØ∫ ªØ¨ ¥∂∫ª ´¨®π ª∂ +∂π´ *π∫µ® !2≤®µ´®#/ºπ®µ® 3ب Ω𮪮 ©¨Æ∞µ∫ ∂µ +ªØ . ™ª∂©¨π ®µ´ ∂µ¨ ¥®¿ ∂©∫¨πΩ¨ ªØ¨ ≠∂≥≥∂æ∞µÆ ≠∂π¨¥∂∫ª ®™ª∞Ω∞ª∞¨∫ ªØπ∂ºÆØ∂ºªªØ¨¨µª∞π¨¥∂µªØ∂≠* ®πªª∞≤®, )®∑®™Ø®µª∞µÆªØ¨Ø∂≥¿µ®¥¨∫∂≠ªØ¨+∂π´ 6 ∂π∫Ø∞∑* π∫µ®©¿∂≠≠¨π∞µÆÆØ¨¨≥®¥∑∫ ≠≥∂æ¨π∫ ∞µ™¨µ∫¨ ≠∂∂´®µ´¨ª™ /𮙪∞™¨©π®Ø¥®™®π¿®™¨≥∞©®™¿ 6 ∂π∫Ø∞∑∂≠3º≥∫∞´¨Ω∞ & ∞Ω¨∞µ™Ø®π∞ª¿ /¨π≠∂π¥®º∫ª¨π∞ª∞¨∫ ´®¥∂´®π®®∫ª®≤®¥µ®¥®∫ª∂ªπ®¥´®¥∂´®π®®π™®µ®¥ µ∞ª¿®¥´®¥∂´®π®®≤®π∫∞∑®ªØ¨ª∫®ª¿®Ω𮪮º´∞ª®¥ ' 1(40 1 * 3(5 (+ 2 +78+9 (µ ªØ¨ ¥∂µªØ ∂≠ *®πªª∞≤® ∂µ¨ ∫Ø∂º≥´ ´®∞≥¿ æ∂π∫Ø∞∑ +∂π´ #®¥∂´®π® ®µ´ -
Why I Became a Hindu
Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita -
A Reflection on the Challenges for Hindu Women in the Twenty-First
A Reflection on the Challenges for Hindu Women in the Twenty-first Century1 Neelima Shukla-Bhatt Introduction T the turn of the 21st century, it is clear that religion is not an insti- Atution of the past; it continues to be a powerful force in societies across the world. For this reason, some purely secularist and sociologi- cal theories of religion of the early twentieth century, which led to a wide spread view that religion was on the decline in the modern times, have proved to be limited, even though they are helpful in examining the social aspects of religious life.2 As Brian Hatcher suggests in a recent article, a major shortcoming of the secularist approaches to religion has been a purely dichotomous view of faith vs reason and tradition vs modernity. Instead of the demise of religion, Hatcher finds transforma- tion of religion with changing times, as proposed by sociologist Damiele Hervieu-Leger a more helpful way to understand religious phenomena (Hatcher 2006: 54–55). An aspect of religion that is widely debated with regard to need for transformation is treatment of women. In most organized religions of the world, women have not enjoyed equal rights with men. The norms assigned to them by male religious authorities have subjected them to various forms of marginalization. A major challenge for religious communities across the world today is to ensure that their religious practices and values are compatible with the ideal of gender equality as an aspect of the ideology of social justice, which is being widely upheld across the globe. -
RELIGIOUS RITES 1 Shree Swaminarayano Vijayteteram Shree Nanarayandev Sahitya Series No - 49 in the Memory of New Temple of Lord Shri Narnarayan Dev RELIGIOUS RITES
RELIGIOUS RITES 1 Shree Swaminarayano vijayteteram Shree Nanarayandev Sahitya Series No - 49 In the memory of new temple of Lord Shri Narnarayan Dev RELIGIOUS RITES -:Author :- Dr. Swami Satya prasad dasji Vedantacharya By inspiration of Param Pujya Dharma Dhurandhar 1008 Acharya Sri Kaushalendraprasadji Maharaj Published by Mahanat Sadguru Purani Swani Sri Dharmnandan dasji Shree Swaminarayan Mandir - Bhuj 2 RELIGIOUS RITES Available at Shree Swaminrayan mandir, Shree Narnarayan Dev Kothar opp City police Station Bhuj - Kutch Pin No. 370001 All Rights reserved © Shree Swaminarayan Mandir - Bhuj First Edition :- Copies :- 3000. Samvat :- 2066 Vaishakh Sud 5 Date :- 18 - 5 - 2010 Price :- Rs. 20 Typing & set by :- Dr. Swami Satyaprasad dasji Printed in India at Shree Narnarayan Printing Press Shree Swaminarayan mandir - Bhuj RELIGIOUS RITES 3 Introduction The rites perform by the devotees of uddhav sect are entirely according to shastra and shastrokta way. Hence this sect is entirely Vaidic sect already proved the shikshapatri written by Bhagwan Swaminaryan himself contains the rules, religious rules. Shree Satamand muni Virchit Satsangijivan is also included. This book highlights the practice Urdava Pundra bearing putting kanthi along the neck and Nitya Puja is based on totally scientific way and classical system have the generation may ask some questions as to what is the benefit of Tilak and wearing kanthi around the neck and worshipping. What do they get by Bhakti. So Swamiji has explained the above questions in classical way the benefit, bodily mentally and financially. And next what ever we do, one must know the basic reason of our act so that we may know its result. -
2020 Dallas Vaisnava Calendar
2020 Dallas Vaisnava Calendar 7 – Tue Purnima (Time adjusted for Daylight Savings Time) Sri Balarama Rasayatra Sri Krishna Vasanta Rasa January Sri Vamsivadana Thakura App. 6 – Mon Putrada Ekadasi (fasting from grains and beans) Sri Syamananda Prabhu App. 7 – Tue Break fast 07:30-10:52 13 – Mon Sri Abhirama Thakura Disapp. Sri Jagadisa Pandita Appearance Tulsi Jala Dan begins 10 – Fri Purnima 17 – Fri Srila Vrindavana Dasa Thakura Disapp. Sri Krishna Pusya Abhiseka 18 – Sat Varuthini Ekadasi (fasting from grains and beans) 14 – Tue Pancami 19 – Sun Dvadasi , Break fast 06:52 – 11:15 Sri Ramachandra Kaviraja Disapp. 22 – Wed Amavasya, Sri Gadadhara Pandita App Srila Gopala Bhatta Goswami App. 25 – Sat Aksaya Trtiya, Candana Yatra starts (continuses for 21 days) 15 – Wed Sri Jayadeva Goswami Disapp. 29 – Wed Jahnu Saptami Ganga Sagara Mela 16 – Thu Saptami May Sri Locana Dasa Thakura Disapp. 1 – Fri Srimati Sita Devi (consort of Lord Sri Rama) App 20 – Mon Sat-tila Ekadasi (fasting from grains and beans) Sri Madhu Pandita Disapp. 21 – Wed Dvadasi, break fast 07:28 – 10:55 Srimati Jahnava Devi Disapp. 24 – Fri Amavasya 3 – Sun Mohini Ekadasi (fasting from grains and beans) 29 – Wed Vasanta Pancami 4 – Mon Dvadasi , Break fast 06:36 – 11:08 Srimati Visnupriya Devi App. 5 – Tue Trayodasi Sarasvati Puja Sri Jayananda Prabhu Disapp Srila Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura Disapp. 6 – Wed Nrsimha Caturdasi – App. Of Lord Nrsimhadeva Sri Pundarika Vidyanidhi App. (Fast today till dusk) Sri Raghunandana Thakura App. 7 – Thurs Pratipat Srila Raghunatha Dasa Goswami App. Krishna Phula Dola, Salila Vihara 31 – Fri Sri Advaita Acarya App – Fast today until noon Sri Paramesvari Dasa Thakura Disapp. -
Dhyana in Hinduism
Dhyana in Hinduism Dhyana (IAST: Dhyāna) in Hinduism means contemplation and meditation.[1] Dhyana is taken up in Yoga exercises, and is a means to samadhi and self- knowledge.[2] The various concepts of dhyana and its practice originated in the Vedic era of Hinduism, and the practice has been influential within the diverse traditions of Hinduism.[3][4] It is, in Hinduism, a part of a self-directed awareness and unifying Yoga process by which the yogi realizes Self (Atman, soul), one's relationship with other living beings, and Ultimate Reality.[3][5][6] Dhyana is also found in other Indian religions such as Buddhism and Jainism. These developed along with dhyana in Hinduism, partly independently, partly influencing each other.[1] The term Dhyana appears in Aranyaka and Brahmana layers of the Vedas but with unclear meaning, while in the early Upanishads it appears in the sense of "contemplation, meditation" and an important part of self-knowledge process.[3][7] It is described in numerous Upanishads of Hinduism,[8] and in Patanjali's Yogasutras - a key text of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.[9][10] A statue of a meditating man (Jammu and Kashmir, India). Contents Etymology and meaning Origins Discussion in Hindu texts Vedas and Upanishads Brahma Sutras Dharma Sutras Bhagavad Gita The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Dharana Dhyana Samadhi Samyama Samapattih Comparison of Dhyana in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism Related concept: Upasana See also Notes References Sources Published sources Web-sources Further reading External links Etymology