The RACIAL ANATOMY of the PHILIPPINE ISLANDERS
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The RACIAL ANATOMY of the PHILIPPINE ISLANDERS FIG. 1.—The Iberian Filipino. Iberian ears. A sclu FKJ. 2.—The Modified Primitive Filipino. Modified teacher from the Batanes Islands, north of the Island Primitive ears. A muchuvha front the Yisavan Islands, south Luzon. of the Island of Luzon. THE RACIAL ANATOMY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDERS INTRODUCING NEW METHODS OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SHOWING THEIR APPLICATION TO THE FILIPINOS WITH A CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN EARS AND A SCHEME FOR THE HEREDITY OF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS IN MAN BY ROBERT BENNETT BEAN, B.S., M.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, THE TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUI SIANA, NEW ORLEANS, LA.; FORMERLY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL, MANILA, P.I. WITH NINETEEN ILLUSTRATIONS REPRODUCED FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS SEVEN FIGURES PHILADELPHIA & LONDON J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 1910 COPYRIGHT, 1910 BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Published November, 1910. Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company The Washington Square Press, Philadelphia, U. 8. A. To MY WIFE ADELAIDE LEIPER BEAN TO WHOSE CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT, INSPIRATION, AND ADVICE THIS WORK IS LARGELY DUE &376>r PREFACE HIS book represents studies of the T human form rather than the skeleton, and embodies the results of three years' in vestigation of the Filipinos. A method of segregating types is introduced and affords a ready means of comparing different groups of men. The omphalic index is established as a differential factor in racial anatomy, the ear form becomes an index of type, and other means of analyzing random samples of man kind are presented for the first time. The book, therefore, represents a new de parture in anthropology, and the term racial anatomy of the living is not inappropriate as a title. Approved methods of the Old World have been utilized, and it is to be hoped that this contribution from the New World will be received with due consideration as a striving after truth. I owe a great deal to Professor J. Playfair McMurrick and to Dr. A. Hrdlicka for their advice and inspiration during the inception of the studies. Grateful acknowledgment is ex- 7 PREFACE tended to the Honorable Dean C. Worcester for access to his valuable collection of photo graphs, many of which cannot be duplicated elsewhere. To Dr. Paul C. Freer I am in debted for constant encouragement, literary criticism and liberality, and to Dr. It. P. Strojig for procuring materials for publica tion. A large share of credit belongs to my wife, who assisted me in measuring the stu dents, in the computations, in the arrangement of materials, in the literary product, and who by her liberality alone made possible the pub lication of the work. I wish here to sound a warning to the gen eral reader that the Introduction to this book need not be read, because it is unnecessary for the understanding of the remainder of the book and is technical, although it is to an ex tent explanatory. No attempt has been made to give references to the literature, because references have been given already in the Philippine Journal of Sci ence, where the original monographs of the author covering a part of the subject matter of this book have appeared from time to time during the past few years. The object of this book is to establish definite 8 PREFACE types of man that may be recognized by ear form, cephalic index, nasal index and other factors, that such types may be studied in fam ilies through several generations to establish their hereditary characteristics, and this is the author's reason for the present publication. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 15 I. TYPES OF FILIPINO STUDENTS 25 II. THE BENGUET, LEPANTO, AND BONTOC IGOBOTS .. 46 III. THE SUBMERGED TENTH OF MANILA 86 IV. TYPES OF MEN AT TAYTAY 108 V. TYPES OF WOMEN AT TAYTAY 125 VI. THE MEN OF CAINTA 143 VII. THE RELATION OF MORPHOLOGY TO DISEASE .... 150 VIII. THE OMPHALIC INDEX 160 IX. A CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO EARS 166 X. GENERALIZATIONS 199 XI. CONCLUSIONS 220 APPENDIX: PALEOLITHIC MAN IN THE PHILIP PINES: HOMO PHILIPPINENSIS 227 ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 1. The Iberian Filipino ^ V Frontispiece 2. The Modified Primitive Filipino... J 3. 4. The Alpine Filipino 25 5. The Iberian Filipino 46 6. Absolute length of the body parts of a Senoi man and an Igorot man 60 7. MerkeFs standard female European and a typical Igorot 62 8. Fritsch's standard male European and Igorot men 64 9,10. The Australoid Filipino 86 11,12. The Cro-Magnon Filipino 108 13. Fritsch's average European and the average Taytayan... 118 14. Outlines parallel to the sagittal plane in a Taytayan boy 119 15,16. The B. B. B. Filipino 125 17,18. The Modified Primitive or Adriatic Filipino 143 19. Types of Filipino ears 166 20. Diagram representing scheme for heredity 200 21. Homo Philippinensis 227 22. 23, 24, 25. Homo Philippinensis 229 26. Sagittal outline of head of Homo Philippinensis 230 INTRODUCTION A METHOD OF GROUPING INDIVIDUALS BY THE USE OF THREE MORPHOLOGIC FACTORS ATERIALS for the present work be M gan to accumulate in 1905, when the author measured a few negroes in Balti more at the Anatomical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University. To these were added the measurements of about 100 negroes in the Free Dispensary of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1906, the measurements of more than 1,000 students at the University of Mich igan, and the measurements of 1,500 school children of Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1905-7. After my arrival in the Philippines, in June, 1907, I measured about 800 students of the Trade and Normal Schools of Manila, more than 100 Igorots, 500 individuals of Taytay and Cainta, and about 200 subjects of Male- con Morgue. In addition I examined the ears of several thousand Filipinos from every part of the Archipelago. The original copies of all the above records are on file at the Wistar In stitute of Anatomy, Philadelphia, Pa. 15 INTRODUCTION After having measured the students at the University of Michigan it seemed essential to devise a method of classifying the individuals, because a system of means or averages is a very inadequate way to determine the compo sition of a body of people, and because the usual method of classifying indices does not always represent natural groups. At the time I believed that Deniker's classification of the people of Europe into six primary and four secondary races fitted the classes of students to some extent, although the types of students found in the University of Michigan were somewhat different from those of Deniker's European races. The accumulation of mate rials necessitated the selection of a method of treatment that would facilitate a rapid com parison of the groups with each other and with other groups of individuals, therefore three cardinal anthropomorphic characters were selected and treated as if they mingled in the usual Mendelian proportions with the formation of types much as if they were the results of interbreeding trihybrids (see pages 18 and 40). The three factors used in the segregation of the types of students are the cephalic index, stature, and eye color, the latter as represented 16 INTRODUCTION by Martin's Augenfarbentafel, a box with ar tificial eyes numbered by decreasing intensity of pigment from 1 to 16. Each of the three factors is divided into three grades, and all the individuals who have any one factor in the middle grade are classed as intermediates or blends. The Cephalic Index (of the head, not the skull index) is: Dolichocephalic or longheaded.. .less than 77.5. Mesocephalic from 77.5 to 80 inclusive. Brachiocephalic or broad headed.. more than 80. The Stature is: Tall above 170 centimeters. Medium from 160 to 170 centimeters inclusive. Small below 160 centimeters. The Eye Color is: Fair above number 10. Medium from numbers 6 to 10 inclusive. Dark below number 6. To illustrate the method adopted in classify ing the types, four groups are utilized. The first group is that of 127 instructors and ad vanced students measured at the University of Michigan in the early part of 1907, pub lished here for the first time; the second group is that of 90 negroes measured at the Johns 2 17 INTRODUCTION Hopkins Dispensary in 1906, also published here for the first time; the third group is that of the 104 Igorots measured at Baguio in 1908; and the fourth group is that of the 183 men of Taytay measured in 1909. Not all the groups can be treated with the same factors, because of the absence of fair eyes in the last three groups. The ear form is substituted for the eye color of the negroes, and the nasal index is used instead of the eye color for the Igorots and the men of Taytay. ADVANCED STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Tall Tall Tall Tall Dolicho Brachy Dolicho Brachy Eyes Fair Fair Dark Dark Number of individuals.... 23 17 16 4 Small Small Small Small Brachy Dolicho Brachy Dolicho Eyes Fair Fair Dark Dark Blend Number of individuals.... 3 3 3 1 62 When the number of individuals of each type is compared with the theoretical results of crossing trihybrids that obey Mendel's laws, a striking similarity is noted. The calculated percentage proportion is as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. Mendelian trihybrid. 42 14 14 14 5 5 5 1 Michigan students... 33 25 23 5 4 4 4 18 INTRODUCTION The conformity of the types at the Univer sity of Michigan to Mendelian trihybrids is well marked for a random sample, such as the students represent, although the conformity may be only incidental, and the preponderance of some types over others due to chance rather than to the dominant or recessive characters.