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Cleveland GSA Poster 2018 Does oreodont morphology and their extinction correlate with grassland expansion in North America’s central-western Great Plains? Claire Cleveland, Mark Patzkowsky, and Russell Graham Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State Univeristy, University Park, PA 16802 Introduction Stratigraphy and Time Morphological Traits Taxonomic Relationships Compared Conclusions 8 Stevens and Stevens Oreodonts are one of the most abundant, widespread, and Ustatochoerinae Ustatochoerus Ustatochoerinae 1. Body size is the primary driving attribute in the Brachycrurinae 23.2 - 8.0 (15.2 Ma) Ticholeptinae (2007) diverse mammal groups in early Neogene North America. Yet, Merychyinae Mediochoerus oreodont moprhospace (43%) and is observed Eporeodontinae 18.6 - 13.0 (5.6 Ma) Merycochoerinae Brachycrurinae oreodonts went extinct in the late Miocene while other less Promerycochoerinae E. thurstoni 4 southwestern origin Brachycrus along PCA axis 1. Herbivory type is the secondary abundant groups such as camels and peccaries survived. As Merycoidodontinae 17.3 - 14.0 (3.3 Ma) AGE B. rusticus driving attribute (13%) and is observed along EPOCH Central American origin Ticholeptus grasslands expanded, open savannas replaced closed forests. This PERIOD 18.8 - 14.7 (4.1 Ma) Ticholeptinae Phenacocoelus PCA axis 2. change increased selection for grazing morphologies reecting a 0 22.2 - 20.1 (2.1 Ma) PCA 2 Land MammalAge before Age present (Ma) Merychyus change of diet. As distances between feeding patches increased, 23.1 - 15.6 (7.5 Ma) Paroredon 26.7- 24.0 (2.7 Ma) 2. Oreodonts start in the morphospace as small- eciency of locomotive morphology (cursoriality) became 5 Ustatochoerus major Merychyinae Paramerychyus (12-10 Ma) -4 21.0 - 19.6 (1.4 Ma) more widespread among species of surviving mammals. To assess Morphospace: medium intermediate-grazing herbivore medium browers followed by a period of size Oreodontoides the response of oreodonts to environmental change, a series of 28.4 - 25.7 (2.7 Ma) range expansion as they transition from browsing Merycoides Eporeodontinae mastication and cursorial traits were measured and tested for 27.0 - 19.0 (8.0 Ma) to an intermediate herbivore (generalists). This is MESSINIAN -8 Eporeodon -10 -5 0 5 10 15 31.0 - 24.8 (6.2 Ma) correlations with an increasingly open, grassland environment 7.5 PCA 1 followed by a second period of specializing in Hemphillian using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). E. occidentalis Merycochoerus Stevens and Stevens northwestern origin 20.0 - 17.0 (3.0 Ma) Merycochoerinae which two groups emerge, smaller intermediate Submerycochoerus (2007) 20.7 - 19.9 (0.8 Ma) QUESTIONS Hypsiops herbivores and larger grazers. Finally, oreodonts 26.6- 20.8 (5.8 Ma) 8 return to a more generalist space of medium body 1. What are the driving attributes in an oreodont morphospace? Ticholeptinae Promerycochoerus 10 Phenacocoelinae 25.4 - 21.7 (3.7 Ma) Promerycochoerinae TORTONIAN Merycochoerinae Mesoreodon size and intermediate herbivory type. Eucrotaphinae 29.8 - 27.6 (2.2 Ma) Desmatochoerus 27.0 - 25.7 (1.3 Ma) 2. Does oreodont morphospace occupation change through time? Outgroup Merycoidodon Merycochoerus proprius 36.5 - 29.8 (6.7 Ma) Megoreodon 4 26.2 - 25.7 (0.5 Ma) (18-17 Ma) M. presidioensis Merycoidodontinae southern Great Plains origin 3. Is a trend toward grazing morphologies observed? Morphospace: larger grazing herbivore Clarendonian Ash Hollow Fm Hollow Ash 3. Although oreodonts trend through time toward 4. How do the current, competing hypotheses of taxonomic a larger grazing specialized morphology, they 12.5 relationships compare in an oreodont morphospace? 0 PCA 2 return to a more generalist intermediate herbivory SERRAVALLIAN EucrotaphusBlickohyus EporeodonMerycochoerusMerycoidesHypsiopsOroedontoidesPhenacochoelusParoreodon MerychyusTicholeptusMediochoerusBrachycrus type just prior to their extinction. Valentine Fm Valentine 33.4 - 27.7 (5.7 Ma)31.9 - 27.7 (4.2 Ma) 31.9 - 18.8 (13.129.4 Ma) - 17.5 (11.929.4 Ma) - 17.5 (11.923.0 Ma) - 17.5 (5.5 29.4Ma) - 18.8 (10.623.0 Ma) - 19.2 (3.8 Ma)19.2 - 18.8 (0.4 Ma) 23.0 - 5.2 (17.8 18.8Ma) - 12.5 (6.3 Ma)19.2 - 12.5 (6.7 Ma) 17.5 - 12.5 (5.0 Ma) -4 Barstovian 15 4. Commonalities between the hypotheses of Methods Ticholeptinae Fm LANGHIAN MIOCENE taxonomic relationships are supported overall in Olcott Merycoidodon culbertsoni -8 OGALLALA GROUP -10 -5 0 5 10 15 NEOGENE (32.8-33.7 Ma) the oreodont morphospace. However, several Morphospace: small-medium browsing herbivore PCA 1 Phenacocoelinae Illustrations by the Frick Labratory at the American Museum opportunities for consideration of new traits in Fm of Natural History under the supervision of Hazel de Berard. Split Rock Lander Lander 17.5 Merycochoerinae (1998) Eucrotaphinae (1998) rening these relationships may be considered Fm water Attributes measured (up to 69 per specimen) include 13 cranial Hemingfordian within the oreodont morphospace. Running- traits to construct a 3D mesh of mastication, depicted in red. Stevens and Stevens (2007) subfamily group identications and relationships (top) and Lander (1998) BURDIGALIAN Andrsn Rch Fm Illustrations not to scale and oriented for direct comparison. subfamily group identications and relationships (bottom) are applied to specimens in the morphospace. 20 References Stevens, M. S., and J. B. Stevens. 2007. Family Mericoidodontidae. Pp. 157-168. In D. R. Prothero, and S. E. Foss, eds. The Evolution of Artiodactyls. Johns Hopkins University Press. Lander, E. B. 1998. Oreodontoidea. Pp. 402-425. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs, eds. Evolution of Morphospace Morphospace Through Time Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Harrison Fm Cambridge University Press. AQUITANIAN 22.5 Joeckel, R. M., S. T. Tucker, and L. M. Howard. 2017. Geology and paleontology along part of the Niobrara 8 8 8 Small-Medium Medium-Large Small-Medium Medium-Large River in northern Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division 170. Sandstone to sandy siltstone, Browsing Intermediate Browsing Intermediate Prothero, D. R., and R. J. Emry. 2004. The Chadronian, Orellan, and Whitneyan North American Land Mammal Small Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores localized tuaceous beds Size Medium Ages. In M. O. Woodburne, ed. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy Large Final 9-14 Ma and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York. 15-17 Ma 4 4 Late 4 Tedford, R. H., L. B. A. III, A. D. Barnowsky, I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, R. M. H. Jr., J. E. Storer, C. C. S. III, M. R. 17-20 Ma South Dakota 20-23 Ma Voorhies, S. D. Webb, and D. P. Whistler. 2004. Mammalian biochronolgy of the Arikareean through Tuaceous sandstone Early 25.5-28 Ma 25 28-30 Ma Hemphillian Interval. Pp. 169-231. In M. O. Woodburne, ed. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North Arikareean Wyoming Initial 30+ Ma America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York. ARIKAREEAN GROUP Swinehart, J. B., V. L. Souders, H. M. DeGraw, and J. Robert F. Diendal. 1985. Cenozoic paleogeography 0 0 0 of western Nebraska. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology:209-229. PCA 2 PCA 2 Sandstone PCA 2 CHATTIAN Fm Crossbedded to massive sandstone, 27.5 -4 -4 Monroe Creek Monroe clay-pebble lenses common -4 Fm Acknowledgements Nebraska Smaller Larger Smaller Larger Gering Intermediate Grazing Intermediate Grazing Epiclastic and uviatile volcanoclastic Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores sandstone and loess -8 -8 -8 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Brown OLIGOCENE Sltst BdSltst PCA 1 30 PCA 1 PCA 1 Colorado Aeolian volcanoclastic loess Body Size Initial (>30 Ma) Early (30-20 Ma) County Data Summary We would like to thank Judi Sclafani, Heather 8 8 Jones, Curtis Congreve, Donald Prothero, and Data includes 121 individuals 8 Small-Medium Medium-Large Small-Medium Medium-Large Browsing Intermediate RUPELIAN Browsing Intermediate Emmett Evano for their suggestions during Whitneyan Whitney Mbr Whitney Aeolian volcanoclastics representing 15 genera Browser 15-17 Ma Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores Brule Fm Brule Herbivores Intermediate 17-20 Ma the development of this work. Grazer 28-30 Ma Data includes 113 individuals 32.5 representing 17 genera 4 4 Siltstone/mudstone to primarily aeolian 4 volcanoclastics Orellan Orella Mbr Orella Specimen Data Summary PALEOGENE 0 0 0 PCA 2 PCA 2 WHITE RIVER GROUP Claystone /silty claystone to aeolian PCA 2 volcanoclastic siltstones This material is based upon work supported by the 35 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE1255832. Any opinions, ndings, and conclusions Channel Fill sandstone or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reect the views of the National Science Foundation. -4 -4 Chadron Fm Chadron -4 Chadronian Channel Fill sandstone and conglomerates PRIABONIAN Smaller Larger Smaller Larger EOCENE Intermediate Grazing Intermediate Grazing Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores Herbivores 37.5 -8 -8 -8 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 PCA 1 PCA 1 Data was gathered in collections at the American Museum of PCA 1 Herbivory Type Late (20-15 Ma) Final (<14 Ma) Natural History, the University of Nebraska State Museum, the A generalized stratigraphic column of the North American central-western Great Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and the Peabody Museum Plains (Joekel et al. 2017; Tedford et al. 2004; Prothero and Emry 2004; Swinehart Trait correlations with PCA axis 1 (Body Size) Morphospace occupation changes through time along PCA axis 1 (Body Size) of Natural History. et al. 1985). and PCA axis 2 (Herbivory Type). and PCA axis 2 (Herbivory Type)..
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