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Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Assessment of Draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan (Fasdp)

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Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Assessment of Draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan (Fasdp) LOI #: MOFA/GFSDP/PPA/CS/LOI/2010/01 Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK MARCH 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized WEST AFRICA REGIONAL FISHERIES PROGRAM IN GHANA (WARFPG) Submitted to: The Secretary to the Fisheries Commission and Director of Fisheries, The Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra Ghana Public Disclosure Authorized By: United Kingdom: Ghana Office: Church Barn House No. F872/1, Fifth Close, Ring way Church Lane Estates Accra-Ghana Tickenham Tel: 0302 912909 Fax: 0302 242425 Bristol, BS21 6SD Public Disclosure Authorized Tel: +44 (0) 1275 811345 Fax: +44 (0) 1275 811333 E-mail: [email protected] www.theIDLgroup.com PROJECT TEAM: Terry Green - Project Director Peter Jon Nelson – Team Leader - Environmental and Social Assessment Consultant, Victoria Wiafe - Project Manager – IDF Group Ghana Dr Andrew Baio – International Fisheries Consultant – Sierra Leone Dr. Edward Kofi Abban National Fisheries Consultant – Ghana CSIR Audrey Allotey Research Assistant ii ACRONYMS AF Affected Fisheries CMA Co-management Associations EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FC Fisheries Commission MCF Monitoring, Control and Surveillance MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture MPA Marine Protected Area NPF National Process Framework NGO Non-governmental organisation PAP Person affected by the project PC Participating Communities RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework TURF Territorial User Rights to Fisheries WARFP West Africa Regional Fisheries Programme WB World Bank ZMGFR Zoning Map of Ghana’s Fishery Resources iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 PART A – ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ASSESSMENT AND DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 1. INTRODUCTION 7 2. PLAN AND PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION 11 Part 1 The Draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan 11 Part 2 The World Bank’ Contribution to the Ghana Fisheries Plan 11 3. BASELINE CONDITIONS 15 3.1 Profile of the Fisheries Industry 15 3.2 Environmental Conditions 20 4. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 25 4.1 World Bank and Other Donors’ Safeguard Policies 25 4,2 Governance Framework in Ghana 28 5. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD ISSUES 37 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF DRAFT FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (FASDP) 45 6.1 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts 6.2 Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts 7 ASSESSMENT OF POLICY OPTIONS 53 8 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 57 PART B NATIONAL PROCESS FRAMEWORK AND DRAFT NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT POLICY 9 DRAFT NATIONAL PROCESS FRAMEWORK 67 10 DRAFT RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXES 1 Annex 1 to the Terms of Reference 2 Environmental and Social Evaluation Matrix v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report draws together the contents of two separate documents which examine a number of interrelated issues concerned with environmental and social safeguards for the development of the fisheries sector in Ghana. The first document (Part A) contains the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) of the Ghana Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan (FASDP) together with a draft of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) that will be adopted by the Government of Ghana. This document is reproduced in Chapters 1-8 of the Composite Report. The second document (Part B) contains the outline structure of Ghana’s National Process Framework (NPF) for implementing the design and implementation of local fishery co-management,maintaining sustainability of local livelihoods and local monitoring of fisheries efforts together with an outline Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These elements are covered in Chapters 9-10 of the Composite Report. This Composite Report and its individual components have been prepared on behalf of the Government of Ghana and the World Bank. Following review by both parties, it will be adopted as part of the framework leading to promotion of the Ghana Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan. Chapter 1 of the Report describes the need for environmental and social safeguards in the fisheries sector. It notes that the overall aim of FASDP is to improve fish stocks and increase the sustainability of fishing activity which will have long term environmental and social benefits for the Country. Chapter 2 summarises the basic aims of the Ghana Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan and proposals for financial and technical aid which are being developed by the World Bank. A decision on funding support will be taken by the World Bank in 2011. The World Bank is proposing to support FASDP under four key components. These are Good Governance and Sustainable management of the fisheries; reduction of illegal fishing; increasing the contribution of the marine fish resources to the local economies and assisting with coordination, monitoring, evaluation and programme management. Chapter 3 provides a baseline description of the current nature and importance of Ghana’s marine and inland fisheries which provide 65% of the countries protein requirements, and sustain the livelihoods of almost 10% of the Ghana’s population. Unfortunately however, fishing is approaching a crisis. In recent years the annual volume of catch has fallen (from in excess of 500,000 to under 400,000 tonnes) but at the same time fishing effort has increased. If it were not for government subsidy the economic returns could no longer be justified since it costs more to catch and land fish than they are actually worth in the market place. Fishing activity (principally trawling) is causing substantial damage to the marine environment, while illegal methods in the canoe sector, including dynamiting and use of chemicals threaten fish stocks and human health Chapter 4 examines the governance, legislative and policy framework under which reforms in the fisheries sector will take place. The chapter identifies five World Bank safeguard policies that are potentially triggered by FASDP. These are OP 4.01, Environmental Assessment; OP4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.09 Pest Management and OP 4.11 Physical and Cultural Resources and OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. In most cases, the range of projects proposed under FASDP would have minimal impacts under these safeguards but there is nevertheless a need to ensure that adequate 1 protection and mitigation is provided through implementation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan Chapter 5 considers the four funding components under which the World Bank is proposing to support the Ghana Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector Development Plan. These cover: 1. Good governance and sustainable management of the fisheries, 2. Reduction of illegal fishing, 3. Increasing the contribution of the marine fish resources to the local economy, and, 4. Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation and Program Management. The potential for investment to give rise to adverse effects on the environment and/or social conditions is reviewed. It is concluded that that there are unlikely to be any significant adverse environmental or social effects as a result of the planned investments. The only possible exception relates to the effectiveness of measures that are put in place under Sub-Component 1.2 to support pilot stakeholder- based fishery initiatives. The outcome of the overall program will depend heavily on the success of these pilots. For this reason it is essential that planning of the pilot initiatives is linked closely with measures for supporting alternative livelihoods and strengthening processing and marketing initiatives under Sub-Components 1.3 and 1.4. Chapter 6 provides an analysis of the environmental and social issues raised by the wider fisheries and aquaculture programme and as such it constitutes the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA). A matrix is used to identify potential interactions between elements of marine and inland fishery capture operations and the natural environment together with possible socio-economic effects. A similar matrix is also used to examine the potential for aquaculture development. The overall effects of the planned interventions are positive in terms of both environmental and socio-economic gains, but there are potentially some adverse social and economic consequences for a limited number of individuals, whose livelihoods will be affected by restrictions on access to fishing or from changes in economic conditions affecting the purchase, processing and marketing of fish. Mitigation measures are considered subsequently in Chapter 8. Chapter 7 briefly considers the possible consequences of taking no action to deal with the declining stocks and profitability of fishing (the do-nothing option A). This is a standard part of the methodology for conducting an Environmental and Social Assessment. The conclusions are compared with the alternatives of taking limited action (a ‘weak’ option B) or of implementing the full set of plans and proposals (the ‘optimum’ option C). The comparison includes the conclusion that the fisheries industry is often studied and dealt with in isolation from other parts of the economy. However, in order for the planned reforms to have maximum beneficial impact a new approach is required to integrated coastal development, in which a range of ministries and agencies should be involved. Chapter 8 sets out a draft Environmental and Social Management Framework
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