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La "Poena Cullei"

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La D O C U M E N T O S I LA «POENA CULLEI», UNA PENA ROMANA EN FUENTERRABIA (GUIPUZCOA) EN EL S. XVI 1. CARACTERISTICAS DE LA «POENA CULLEIn ENTRE LOS ROMANOS. 1 .1 . Concepto . La poena cullei (de culleus, saco') es una pena sancionada por la ley romana y destinada a los parricidal. Pero no siempre fue asi, pues el periodo republicano no tenia caracter penal sino que solamente era considerada como un medio de procuratio prodigii: la ley no tomaba postura ante un hecho tan terrible al no creer que algo semejante fuera posible z. No deja de ser curioso el inter6s que tiepen diversos pueblos no romanos y las llamadas de atencibn que hacen cuando en esa misma epoca y, en especial, en las anteriores los romanos legisla- ban sobre el tema tipificandolo como un delito mil. Asi, Estrabon I senala que los patrolaias o parricidas (asesinos de su padre o algltn pariente proximo a su gens/gentilitas) eran lapidados arrojandolos 1. Sobre la etimologia del tdrmino culleus, ver A. WALDE, S. R. HOFMANN, Lateinisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 1 (Heidelberg, 1982), 303. Sobre las diversas acepciones del tcrmino ver, por ejemplo, H . GEORGES - K. E . GEOR- cFs, Ausfiihrliches Lateinisch -Deutsches Hand Worterbuch 1 (Hannover, 1985), 1788 ; P. G. W. GLARE (Ed.), Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1985), 465. 2. DOLL, R., Zur Bedeutung del poena cullei im romischen strafrecht in cAtti del Congresso Internazionale di Diritto Roma= II (Roma, 1933) . 363-008 . A este autor sigo, junto a otros, en la parte romana pero el Derecho Penal Romano estA en alza y hay estudios mil recientes, como el de E. NARDI, titulado L'otre dei parr:cidi e le bestie incluse, publicado en aSeminario Giurudico della University de Bolognaa, XC (Mildn, 1980), 1-3, que trata es- pecialmente el caracter de expiatto o suplicio de la pena para calmar la ira de los dioses, de que hate referencia el Prof. J. LALINDE (Derecho Histdr ico Espanol, Barcelona, 1974, pig. 365 . Pero entrarfa en otro apartado, como veremos. 3. Geografia 111,3,7,2, versi6n de A. GARcfA BELLmo, en Espana y los espanoles hate dos mil anos segtin la «GeografiaD de Estrab6n (Madrid, 1945-1978, en su 6.* edit .), pAg . 122, donde dice de los pueblos del norte del r1o Duero que «a los criminales se les despena y a los parricidal se les lapida sacandoles fuera del limite de su patria o de su ciudadD. 582 Documentos fuera de los limites del territorio de la gentilitas. Y esto no debe sorprender, pues los condenados a muerte por delitos que ponian en peligro el orden social y hacian perder cohesi6n a los miem- bros de la familia eran ejecutados de dicha manera y con este evidente significado juridiC0 4. Estrab6n, en suma, debia saber que el jefe o concejo de cada genos en Grecia juzgaba especial- mente sobre cuatro delitos: sacrilegio, parricidio, adulterio-viola- ci6n y robo (delitos que s61o podian cometerse dentro de la genos), y la sanci6n era Ctnica : la atimia o expulsi6n acompanada de la lapidacibn fuera del territorio familiar (para los delitos de parri- cidio y sacrilegio) 5. 1 .2. El parricidio. Definir el significado exacto de la palabra «parricidio» no es nada facil. Sabemos que se compone de dos palabras: caedere (con el significado de adar muerte)>) y otra palabra desconocida que la simbologia popular relaciona con oparientes», en particular el padre o la madre 6. Asi to aseguran otras fuentes 7. Seg6n Mommsen, si bien el termino inicialmente servia para designar el homicidio malicioso, el asesinato o la muerte violenta en los ultimos tiempos de la Rep6blica romana se emple6 para designar el asesinato entre parientes 8. Con el tiempo, en concreto con Pompeyo 9 fue perfilandose el concepto, derivandolo al final a la 4. LoMAS, J., Asturias Prerromana y Altoimperial, Sevilla, 1975 pig. 64. 5. Scgiun BERMrjo BARRERA, J. C., Mitologia y mitos de la Hispania Pre- rrornana, II (Madrid, 1986), 28-31. 6 COROMINAS, J., Diccionario crit:co etimologico de la lengua castellana, Madrid, 1954-57 (4 vols .) y ss. Otras fuentes (como la de PRISCIANO, 1, 33) dan tres derivaciones de la palabra parricidio : de par, pater y pareus . 7. Enciclopedia Italiana . Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, XXVI (Roma, 1949), 403 .404. Afirma que la palabra parricidas se cita ya en una ley atri- buida a Numa Pompilio, aunque el articulista no to cree relacionado con el parricidio. Sobre esta antigua ley habla FESTo diciendo a . nam parricida non utique is qui parentem occidisset discebatur sed qualecumque hominem indemna- tum, ita fuisse iudicat lex Numae Pompili regis his composita verbisv 8 MOMMSEN, Romisches Strajrecht (Berlin, 1902), 644, n. 2. Y en versi6n castellana Derecho Penal Romano (Bogota, 1976), 405-406 . Hay tun otros clisicos que to trataron como son: HIPPELL, Deutsches Sirafrecht, 1 (1925), 62; BAR, Geschi. d. Deutsch . Strafrecht (1882), 23 y ss .; OSENBRUCCEN, Das pa- rrzculium d. alt. rcm Rechts, en aKieler phil . Stud .n (Kie!, 1341); BRUNER, De parricidi crcmine et quaestioribus parricidii (Helsing fors, 1856) : BRUNEN- AiEISTER, Das Totungsuerbrechen: im altrbmischen Recht (Leipzig, 1887); FE- RRINI, Diritto penale Romano (Milan, 1899 . Reimpr . Roma, 1976) 388-392. 9. Con 61 e1 tema se regu16 por medio de una Ley especial (De lege Pom- peia de Parricidis) estableciendo que eran considerados parientes las siguien- para la Htstoria del Derecho Espanoi 583 muerte cometida contra los ascendientes, descendientes y cdnyu- ges como actualmente tienen aceptado determinados paises'°. Aunque cabria en este apartado, por su complejidad dejamos a parte la tentativa de homicidio ". tes personas : ascendientes, descendientes, hermanos y hermanas, hermanos y hermanas del padre o de la madre (tios), los hijos de estos (primos), el ma- rido y la mujer, los que hubiesen celebrado esponsales, los padres de los c6nyuges (suegros), los padrastros y los hijastros y el patrono y la patrona. Ver CLOUD, Parricid:um : from the lex Numae to the Lex Pompeta de Parri- czdzs, ZSS 88 (1971), 1-66; V. COLI, Parricidas, aScrittiD, 1 (Milano, 1973), 509- 540; K KUPISZWFSKI, Quelques remarques sur le parricldium dans le droet romain classique et post-class:que, aStudi Volterran, 4 (1971), 601-614) ; B. SAN- TALucfA, Diritto processuale penale nell'antica Roma (Milan, 1989). De la Lex Pompeia de Parrlcidus nos hablan : - MARCIANO en 8 dtsputatzonum (quien el 14 de institut :onum to extiende al sobrino) quien la define diciendo : «Lege Pompeia de parrlcidils cavetur, ut, sI quis patrem, matrem, avum aviam, fratrem sororem patruelem ma- truelem, patruum avunculum amitam, consobrinum, vitncum, privignum pri- vignam, patronum patronam occiderit cuiusve dolo malo id factum crit, ut pocna ea teneatur, quae est legls Corneliae de sicarns sed ct mater, quae fllium filiamve occiderit, eius legis poena adflcitur, et avus, qui nepotem oc- clderit: et practerea qui enim venenum, ut patri daret, quamvls non potuerit dare-. - SCAFVOLA 4 de Regularum presenta un caso curioso: «Frater autem eius, qui cognoverat tantum nec patri indicaverat, relegatus est et medicus suplicio affectusu. - ULPIANo 8 de Officio Proconsulis la extiende a otras cualesquier per- sonas qu~c mataren parientes («proinde conscii etiam extranei eadem poena adficiendi suntn) completando y referenciando a MARCIANO . - PAULO en Libro singulari, De poenis omnium afirma que debe permi- tirse siempre acusar de la pena de parricidio a aquellos de quienes se sos- pecha que to cometicron. - Finalmente MODCSTINO (para senalar la opim6n de gran parte de los juristas clasicos consagrados por la Ley de Citas) en 12 Pandectarum cita al parricldio como establecido por los more matorum y anade: «ut parriclda virgls sanguineis verberatus deinde culleo insuatur cum cane, gallo galllna- ceo et vipera et simia: deirde in mare profundum culleus iactatus. Hoc ita, si mare proximum sit: alioqum bestirs obicltur secundum dive Hadriani cons- titutionem . Qui alias personas occiderint praeter matrem et patrem et avus et aviam (quos more maiorum punlri supra dlximus), capitis poena plecten- tur aut ultimo supplicio mactantur. Sane si per furorem aliquis parentem occiderit, inpunitus erit, ut divi fratres rescripserunt super eo, qui per fu- rorem matrem necaverat : nam sufficere furore ipso eum puniri, diligentius- que custodienum esse aut etiam vinculis coercendumn 10 . Ya QUINTILIANO perfllaba el concepto diciendo ser parricida quien mata al pater aparricida matrisque quoque aut fratris inter fectorD. El pater regula de forma absoluta su familia con poder («manus, potestasu) de vlda y muerte sobre los llbres y no libres de aquella. Este poder empez6 a rebajarse con la intervenc16n estatal desde el s. I. Asi, ADRIANO castlgaba con la adeportatio in insulamu al padre que matase a su hijo «latroms potius (more) quam patrls iure» (D .48,9,5) . Y aunque PAPINIANO en Su 6poca cita aun el aius vitae neclsque,, el cristianismo, en especial CONSTANTINO (C .Th.9 .15.1 ; C 9,17 .1) y JUSTINIANo despuds contribuyeron a su abolici6n (cit. IGLESIAS, J., Derecho Romano, Ariel (Barcelona, 1972, en su 6' edic .) . 584 Documentos 1.3. Cantenido. 1 .3.1 . Caracteres materiales de la poena culei . La poena culei es muy anterior a su tipificaci6n como delito. Quizas la mejor definici6n se deba a T. Mommsen 11: ael saco (aculleuso) era la forma de ejecucibn capital que se aplicaba a los autores de parricidio y, en general, a los autores de homicidio de una persona libre dado el amplio sentido primitivo de este delito. El procedimiento de ejecucifin, aparte de la creencia segiin la cual el agua tenfa una virtud purificadora t', creencia que intervenia en general en toda expiacibn, tenia su fundamento en Respecto a los pafses que tipifican aun el parricidio como delito diferente del homicidio/asesinato, contemplando a veces el infanticidio como delito asimismo distinto, estarian : Francia, cuyo C6digo Penal (art .
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