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Early British Comics and the Investigation of Popular Culture, C.1890 - C .1902

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Early British Comics and the Investigation of Popular Culture, C.1890 - C .1902 DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY School of Communications 'ONE HUNDRED LAUGHS FOR ONE HALFPENNY': Early British Comics and the Investigation of Popular Culture, c.1890 - c .1902 A Thesis submitted to Dublin City University in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Marcus Free January 1990 DECLARATION I, Marcus Free, being a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as awarded by Dublin City University, declare that while registered as a candidate for the above degree I have not been a registered candidate for an award of another University. Secondly, that none of the material contained in this thesis has been used in any other submission for any other award. Further, that the contents of this thesis are the sole work of the author except where an acknowledgement has been made for assistance received. Signed Date Marcus Free Signed Date Professor Farrel Corcoran Head - School of Communications Dublin City University Signed Date Professor James Curran Goldsmith's College University of London ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people, without whose advice, encouragement, patience and practical assistance this work would have been impossible. My supervisors, Dr. Desmond Bell and Professor Farrel Corcoran. Fellow postgraduates Niall Meehan, Tanya Kiang, Pat Campion, Raymond Boyle, Jean O' Halloran, Celia Keenaghan, Meldy Pelejo and Enda Scott for a combination of critical feedback, typing, proof­ reading, empathy and lunchtime company through the smog-bound winters. John Fleming for his typing and punctuational corrections. The staff of the School of Communications and the library staff at Dublin City University, especially Ann Rafter for the inter-library loan service. Kevin Carpenter and the staff of the library at the University of Oldenburg, at which I conducted most of my primary research. The Grap family, and in particular Frau Grap, whose generosity and good humour kept me going through the many long weeks in the "ra-ra raum" . Finally, my parents for their endless patience and support. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations List of Figures Introduction Chapter 1 ... Tradition, History and the Comics - Notes Part One Chapter 2 ... Theory and Popular Culture: a Problem of Périodisation - Notes Chapter 3 ... Culture and Class In Victorian Britain - Notes Part Two Chapter 4 ... The Origins of the Comics: The Victorian Periodical Press - Notes Chapter 5 ... Towards a 'Mass' Entertainment: Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday - Notes Chapter 6 ... Ally Sloper and the 'New' Democracy - Notes Part Three 169 Chapter Seven ... Harmsworth's Arrival: 'Scissors and Paste1 and 'Good Taste' 170 - Notes 193 Chapter Eight ... Rereading the Comics, Part I: Condescension, Cartoons and Competitions 196 - Notes 243 Chapter Nine ... Rereading the Comics, Part II: Fictional and Non-Fictional Narratives 248 - Notes 268 Part Four 270 Chapter Ten... The Emergence of the Comic Strip: Chubblock Homes to the 'World Famous Tramps' 271 - Notes 294 Chapter Eleven ... The Quixotic Travels of Weary Willy and Tired Tim: the Ideology of the Tramp 296 - Notes 324 Chapter Twelve ... Towards the Modern Comic Strip: 'Neglected Jim' and the 'Happy Hooligan' 326 - Notes 359 Conclusions 361 Chapter Thirteen ... Comics and Contemporary Culture: Populism and the 'Popular' 362 - Notes 373 Bibliography 374 Section I: Primary Sources Cited 374 Section II: Secondary Sources 380 List of Abbreviations Used in the Text Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday ........ ASHH Comic Cuts .............. .......... CC Illustrated Chips ................. IC Funny Wonder ...................... FW Big Budget ........................ BB List of Figures Figure Page 4.1 'Tom and Jerry "Masquerading it" among the Cadgers in the "Back Slums" in the Holy Land' (from Pierce Egan and George Cruikshank (1821), Life in London - reproduced from Louis James (1976) English Popular Literature 1819-1851, p.147) 111 5.1 'The "Unprofessional Vagabond"' (from Judy, 2 July 1873, p. 112 - reproduced in David Kunzle, 'The First Ally Sloper: The Earliest Popular Cartoon Character as a Satire on the Victorian Work Ethic', Oxford Art Journal Vol. 8, no.l, 1985) 135 5.2 'The First Favourite Everywhere' (from ASHH (date unknown) * reproduced in Peter Bailey, 'Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday: Comic Art in the 1880s', History Workshop 16, 1983) 136 6.1 'Sloper's Christmas Appeal' (from ASHH, No. 294, 1889) 158 6.2 'A. Sloper Tackles the Strikers' (from ASHH No. 284, 1889) 159 7.1 'Portrait of the Editor of "Comic Cuts"' (from CC 57, p.2, 1891) 186 7.2 'Mr. Chips's Little Game' (from IC 27, p.l, 1891) 186 7.3 'Ally Made a Freemason' (from ASHH, No. 207, 1889) 187 7.4 'Mr. Chips's Adventures' (from IC 35, p.l, 1891) 188 8.1 Comic Cuts 119, p.l, 1892 204 8.2 Comic Cuts 119, p.2, 1892 205 8.3 Comic Cuts 119, p.3, 1892 206 8.4 Comic Cuts 119, p.4, 1892 207 8.5 Comic Cuts 119, p.5, 1892 208 8.6 Comic Cuts 119, p.6, 1892 209 8.7 Comic Cuts 119, p.7, 1892 210 8.8 Comic Cuts 119, p.8, 1892 211 8.9 'He wanted to make an "impwession"' (from IC 70, p.2, 1892) 212 8.10 'Through the seaside window' (from CC 54, p.2, 1891) 212 8.11 'Hirsute adornments extraordinary,' (from CC 54, p.l, 1891) 212 8.12 'An optical error' (from CC 53, p.4, 1891) 'Behind and before' (from CC 53, p.4, 1891) 213 8.13 'Who they thought they would marry and the specimens they got' (from CC 18, p.8, 1890) 213 8.14 'The "Patent Safety" Burglar Ejector' (from CC 53, p.l, 1891) 214 8.15 'Some puzzles of the seaside' (from CC 16, p.8, 1890) 215 8.16 'A quiet drive by the sea' (from 'Mr. Punch at the seaside' (no date)) - reproduced in John K. Walton (1983), The English Seaside Resort: A Social History 1750-1914, p.204 215 8.17 ''Oof gatherers at Margate' (from ASHH No. 269, 1889) 216 8.18 'After the Regatta' (from CC 23, p.4, 1890) 217 8.19 'Blouses and Bloomers - A case of general utility' (from CC 259, p.l, 1895) 217 8.20 'The spinning wheel' (from FW 187, p.4, 1896) 217 8.21 'Keeping up with the procession' (from IC 49, p.5, 1891) 'Profitable athletics' (from IC 49, p.5, 1891) 218 8.22 'Real portrait of the editor of "Comic Cuts" at last' (from CC 16, p.8, 1890) 218 8.23 'Got a bite' (from IC 10, p.4, 1890) 218 9.1 'A Sad Mishap' (from ASHH No. 234, 1898) 260 10.1 'Innocents on the River' (from 1C 298, p.l, 1896) 276 10.2 'Adventures of Chubblock Homes and Shirk the Dog Detective' (from FW 219, p.l, 1897) 277 10.3 'Adventures of Chubblock Homes and Shirk on the scent of Babez Jalfour' (from CC 256, p.5, 1895) 278 10.4 'Ephriam Broadbeamer, smuggler, pirate and other things' (from FW 284, p.4, 1898) 278 10.5 'Hiram B. Boss' (from FW 259, p.1898) 279 10.6 'A shock from a telegraph pole' (from CC 256, p.8, 1895) 280 10.7 'Mr. Comic Cuts' new office-desk' (from CC 282, p.l, 1895) 280 11.1 'Weary Willy and Tired Tim have a lively time at Tudor Street' (from IC 396, p.l, 1898) 300 11.2 'A wild night's adventure with Spring-Heeled Jack' (from IC 471, p.l, 1899) 301 11.3 'The adventures of the Wandering Knight Don Quixote de Tintogs and Sancho his pal' (from CC 442, p.8, 1898) 302 11.4 'Remember Majuba' (from FW 35, p.l, 1899) 303 11.5 'The noble army of weary unwashed wanderers spifflicate the Boer Army' (from IC 486, p.l, 1899) 304 11.6 'How Pretoria was captured by Weary Willy and Tired Tim' (from IC 503, p.l, 1900) 305-6 12.1 'Editorial Chat' (from CC 659, p.6, 1902) 332 12.2 'The Mackabeentosh family compete in a great walking contest' (from CC 686, p.l, 1903) 333 12.3 'Jim tries to stop a motor-car and gets a very nasty jar!' (from CC 714, p.l, 1904) 334 12.4 'The private diary of the Mackabeentosh family, - Neglected Jim's great idea' (from CC 702, p.l, 1903) 335 12.5 'Bat-eared Bill and Mooching Mike start a cat's meat round' (from The World's Comic, No. 295, p.l 1898) 336 12.6 'The Adventures in Australia of Happy Ikey Hoogan and his brother Gloomy Gus' (from BB 322, pp. 164-65, 1903) 337 12.7 'Hans und Fritz' ((no date) - from George Perry and Alan Aldridge (1971), The Penguin Book of Comics, pp. 98-99) 338 12.8 'Tommy Tootle and Billy Bootle at it again' (from CC 315, p.5, 1896) 339 12.9 'Happy Ike introduces his nephews to the Bunsey Boys' (from The Jester and Wonder 82, p.l, 1903) 340 12.10 'Neglected Jim tumbles up against the amazing luck of Lucky Lucas' (from CC 728, p.l, 1904) 341 12.11 'Lucky Lucas saves Neglected Jim from being monkeyised' (from CC 737, p.l, 1904) 342 12.12 'Lucky Lucas and Happy Harry are painted and pained this week' (from CC 766, p.8, 1905) 343 INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER ONE TRADITION, HISTORY AND THE COMICS I Exploring Comicology 'Comics' [1] are becoming an increasingly complicated phenomenon. Though normally associated in Britain with juvenile diversion, in both Britain and the US they appear to be undergoing a significant transformation. The American comics industry has long straddled the worlds of children's and adult reading. Increasingly now, the industry revolves intentionally around a mature, adult readership, and the product itself is characterised by greater sophistication.
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