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Characterization of Conocarpus Species for Salt Affected Soils

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Characterization of Conocarpus Species for Salt Affected Soils Characterization of Conocarpus species for salt affected soils AMJAD SAEED 1999-ag-1091 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND RANGE MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2015 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the contents of the thesis, “Characterization of Conocarpus species for salt affected soils” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references, standard mathematical and genetic models/equations/formulae/protocol etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/degree. The university may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage. Amjad Saeed Reg. No. 1999-ag-1091 To, The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Amjad Saeed, Reg. No. 1999-ag-1091 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the external examiner(s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: 1. Chairman: ---------------------------------------------------- (Dr. Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui) 2. Member: ---------------------------------------------------- (Dr. Irfan Ahmad) 3. Member: ---------------------------------------------------- (Dr. Muhammad Saqib) DEDICATIONS TO My Graceful and Polite FATHER (LATE), Who Was the First and Last For My Life PARENTS, BROTHER For Their Unlimited Love, Affection and Countless Prayers & to my friends and colleagues For Whom, Support and Patience during This Whole Course of Study ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I am highly grateful to Almighty “ALLAH” who blessed me health, thoughts and courage to complete this study. My special praises are for the HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (SAWW), the greatest social reformer, who is forever a torch of guidance for the entire humanity. While wishing to acknowledge my well-wishers I am deeply indebted to Dr. Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui, Professor, Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for his excellent supervision and pains taking scrutiny of this study and writing of this manuscript. I offer my great sense of gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Irfan, Assistant Professor, Dr. Farukh Nawaz, Assistant Professor and Mr. Muhammad Asif Chohan, Lecturer, Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for providing valuable suggestions and boosting up my morale during the conduct of this study. I am highly indebted to Dr. Muhammad Saqib, Associate Professor, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for his constructive criticism and valuable suggestions to improve this manuscript and especially thanks for Rai Muhammad Rafique Senior Research Officer, PFRI Faisalabad, Ch. Riaz Virk Research Officer, PFRI Faisalabad and Mansoor Ali Research Officer, PFRI Faisalabad for their support and guidance on each step. No acknowledgement could ever adequately express my obligations to my affectionate and adoring parents and loving friends, especially thanks to, Mr. Nadeem Ahmad, Tajmal Husnain, Rizwan Asghar Cheema, Zulqarnain Khan, Dr. Gulfam Hassan, Waqas Chokus, Shahzad Kasuri, Ali Gujar, Waqar Ahmad, Hafeezur Rehman, Hamza Khalid, Shoib Shafqat, Imdad Hassan, M.Waqas Joyia, Haseeb Zafar and Shampy Baba who always raised their hands in prayers for me and without whom moral support, the present distinction would have merely been a dream. Finally, as is customary, the errors that remains, are mine alone. CONTENTS Chapter Title Page No. 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34 5 SUMMARY 85 LITERATURE CITED 87 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title PageNo. 3.1 Soil used for Experiment No. 2 33 3.2 Salt-affected sites used in Experiment No. 3 33 3.3 The characteristics of irrigation water used in the experiments 33 4.2.1 Effect of conocarpus species on soil pHs. FC: field capacity 63 Effect of conocarpus species on soil electrical conductivity (ECe). FC: 4.2.2 64 field capacity Effect of conocarpus species on soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). 4.2.3 64 FC: field capacity 4.3.1 Effect of conocarpus species on soil organic matter percentage (% age) 78 4.3.2 Effect of conocarpus species on soil bulk density (g cm-3) 78 4.3.3 Effect of conocarpus species on soil infiltration rate (cm hr-1) 78 4.3.4 Effect of conocarpus species on soil pH 79 4.3.5 Effect of conocarpus species on soil ECe (dS m-1) 79 4.3.6 Effect of conocarpus species on soil SAR ((mmol L-1)1/2) 79 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 4.1.1 Effect of salinity on shoot fresh weight of conocarpus species 36 4.1.2 Effect of salinity on shoot dry weight of conocarpus species 36 4.1.3 Effect of salinity on root fresh weight of conocarpus species 37 4.1.4 Effect of salinity on root dry weight of conocarpus species 37 4.1.5 Effect of salinity on shoot length of conocarpus species 38 4.1.6 Effect of salinity on root length of conocarpus species 38 4.1.7 Effect of salinity on number of branches of conocarpus species 39 4.1.8 Effect of salinity on necrosis % of conocarpus species 39 4.1.9 Effect of salinity on shoot Na+ concentration of conocarpus species 40 4.1.10 Effect of salinity on root Na+ concentration of conocarpus species 40 4.1.11 Effect of salinity on shoot K+ concentration of conocarpus species 41 4.1.12 Effect of salinity on root K+ concentration of conocarpus species 41 Effect of salinity on shoot K+ : Na+ concentration of conocarpus 4.1.13 42 species 4.1.14 Effect of salinity on root K+ : Na+ concentration of conocarpus species 42 Effect of salinity and water stress on shoot height of conocarpus 4.2.1 43 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on root length of conocarpus species. 4.2.2 43 FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on stem diameter of conocarpus 4.2.3 49 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on shoot fresh weight of conocarpus 4.2.4 49 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on shoot dry weight of conocarpus 4.2.5 50 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on root fresh weight of conocarpus 4.2.6 50 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on root dry weight of conocarpus 4.2.7 51 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on number of branches of conocarpus 4.2.8 51 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on necrosis % of conocarpus species. 4.2.9 52 FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on stomatal conductance of 4.2.10 52 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity WS: water stress Effect of salinity and water stress on sub stomatal conductance of 4.2.11 53 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on photosynthetic rate of conocarpus 4.2.12 53 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress transpiration rate of conocarpus 4.2.13 54 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on water use efficiency of 4.2.14 54 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on memberane stability index of 4.2.15 55 conocarpusspecies.FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on chlorophyll contents of 4.2.16 55 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity WS: water stress Effect of salinity and water stress on water potential of conocarpus 4.2.17 56 species. FC: field capacity WS: water stress Effect of salinity and water stress on osmotic potential of conocarpus 4.2.18 56 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress turgur potential of conocarpus 4.2.19 57 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on Na+ in shoot of conocarpus 4.2.20 57 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on Na+ in root of conocarpus species. 4.2.21 58 FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress Na+ concentration in leave of 4.2.22 58 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on K+ concentration in shoot of 4.2.23 59 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on root K+ concentration of 4.2.24 59 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on leave K+ concentration of 4.2.25 60 conocarpus species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on shoot K+ : Na+ of conocarpus 4.2.26 60 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on root K+ : Na+ of conocarpus 4.2.27 61 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on leaf K+ : Na+ of conocarpus 4.2.28 61 species. FC: field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on SOD of conocarpus species. FC: 4.2.29 62 field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on POD of conocarpus species. FC: 4.2.30 62 field capacity Effect of salinity and water stress on CAT of conocarpus species. FC: 4.2.31 63 field capacity 4.3.1 Effect of salinity and sodicity on plant height of conocarpus species 72 Effect of salinity and sodicity on stem circumference of conocarpus 4.3.2 72 species 4.3.3 Effect of salinity and sodicity on biomass of conocarpus species 73 Effect of salinity and sodicity on Na+ in shoot of conocarpus species.
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